Index

AAas, J. A., 36–37Åberg, V., 234Acridine-orange leucocyte cytospin test, 94Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

CTD, 53localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP),

52–53LuxS-dependent signaling in, 43periodontal pathogens, 37

Actinomyces spp., biofilms and, 37N -Acyl homoserine lactones (AHL), 237ADA, see American Diabetes Association

(ADA)Adaptive immune responses and biofilm

infectionsANCA and BPI, 207β-lactamases, 206cell components, 204cystic fibrosis (CF), 202, 210

BALB/c mouse strain, 209P. aeruginosa, 209PBMCs, 209S. aureus, osteomyelitis case, 212

dendritic cells (DC), activation, 203lymphoid, 204myeloid (mDCs), 203natural killer (NK) cell, 203

diagnostic toolELISA technique, 205infection, 205quantiferon test, 205serological tests, use, 205T-cells response, 205

DPB, 206effector mechanisms, 201PAMPS and PRR, 201pathogen-specific virulence factors, 202T-helper cell response

measurements of cytokinescharacteristic, 210

treatment, marker for, 207types, 207

chronic infections, 207Leishmania infections, dichotomized

courses, 207Treg subset, 208

Adenoidsclinical studies, 30experimental studies on, 29

Agalar, C., 274Ahlberg, A., 83Ahmed, K. S., 162–163Akhan, S. E., 72Akira, S., 186, 188, 190–191Akiyama, H., 19–20, 123–124Alam, S. I., 125Alhede, M., 191, 231–232, 238, 240, 243Alipour, M., 216Al-Khattaf, A. S., 30Allegrucci, M., 145Allen, L., 237Allesen-Holm, M., 124, 189, 235Al-Mazrou, K. A., 30Alvarez, M. E., 189, 194Alvarez, O. M., 15Alvarez-Ortega, C., 194Amar, S., 57–58American Dental Association/Academy of

Orthopaedic surgeons (AAOS), 83American Diabetes Association (ADA), 11American Society for Microbiology (ASM), 2Amieva, M. R., 163Ammitzbøll, T., 171Amorena, B., 284Amoxicillin for periodontal diseases, 56ANCA, see Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic

auto-antibodies (ANCA)

T. Bjarnsholt et al. (eds.), Biofilm Infections, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6084-9,C© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

295

296 Index

Anderl, J.N., 124Andersen, A. S., 17Andersen, L. P., 161–162, 164Anderson, G. G., 144, 146, 148–149, 155,

194, 231Anderson, R. P., 60Andes, D., 274, 283Antibiotic resistance in biofilm

factors contributingaminoglycoside, 144host defenses, 143susceptibility, 143

Antibiotic tolerance in biofilmsantimicrobials, restricted penetration

ciprofloxacin and tobramycin, 216MDR bacteria, 222metabolic/physiological activity, 216

active and non-active cells, spatialdistribution, 217

studies, 217treatment with, 217–218

MMR, 222mode of growth

beta-lactamase, 220–221degrading enzymes, 220efflux pumps, 221–223hypermutability of, 223–224membrane vesicles (MVs), 220mexAB-oprM genes, 219MexEF-OprN efflux systems, 222MexXY-oprM efflux systems, 222quorum-sensing (QS), 219–220reverse transcriptase PCR, 219ROS, 222–223

P. aeruginosadistinct subpopulations, targeting, 217infection of, 215

persisters and phenotypic variantscells, 218mutant screens, 218regulatory protein (PvrR), 218

sub-MIC concentrations and resistanceprevention

aminoglycosides, 224beta-lactam antibiotics, 224quinolones, 224in vitro studies, 225

Antimicrobial therapy, 84–85Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic auto-antibodies

(ANCA), 206Antonelli, P. J., 31Antonios, V. S., 70, 79Anwar, H., 175

Armstrong, D. S., 167–168Arrest lesion development, 46Arterial ulcers, 14Artificial heart, see Cardiac assist deviceArtificial heart valves, infection in, 70Årtun, J., 49Aslam, S., 102ASM, see American Society for Microbiology

(ASM)Atlas, R. M., 1, 11Attström, R., 60Aul, J. J., 26Ausubel, F. M., 218Autoinducer (AI)-2 in oral biofilm

formation, 43Axelsson, P., 55Ayello, E. A., 11

BBabior, B. M., 192Bachert, C., 153Bacteria

biofilmsbiomass and, 7visualized with FISH, 27

Bacterial/permeability increasing (BPI)protein, 206

Bacteroides forsythisperiodontal pathogens, 37

Baddour, L. M., 70, 79Badersten, A., 55Baelum, V., 36, 45, 47, 49Bagge, N., 143, 176, 220–221, 224Bailey, L., 240Bakaletz, L. O., 26Balaban, N., 119, 129, 239–240Baldoni, D., 84Balint, B., 192Balloy, V., 189Baltimore, R. S., 192Banas, J. A., 49–50Banchereau, J., 203Bardow, A., 51Barraud, N., 223Bartha, R., 1Basaraba, R. DVM, 139–156Bassler, B. L., 155, 237, 239Baumann, U., 178Bayles, K. W., 3Becker, M. R., 37Becker, P., 126, 140Beenken, K. E., 125–126Bendouah, Z., 26, 147

Index 297

Berardinelli, L., 70Berbari, E. F., 76, 83Berendt, T., 115, 117, 128–129Bergstrom, J., 60Bernstein, J. M., 148Berra, L., 235, 241Berry, J. A., 30Beveridge, T. J., 122Bexfield, A., 16Biedlingmaier, J. F., 25, 30Bill, T. J., 17Biofilms

antibiotic therapy and, 2and antimicrobial agents tolerance, 2defined, 1–2development of, 1

experimental-based model, 4mode of growth, 2process stages, 4

formation in acute woundsin vivo models, 19–20

in human wounds, evidence of, 20immune response and, 19implications of, 7

Bishko, F., 117Bisno, A. L., 69Bjarnsholt, T., 1–7, 17, 19, 21, 103, 167–179,

189, 191–192, 215, 217, 220,233–234, 237–240, 274–275, 284,291–294

Blehert, D. S., 43Blot, F., 99, 273Boden, M. K., 120Boles, B. R., 223, 225, 255, 263Bolger, W. E., 153Bollinger, N., 140Bone in body

long boneanatomy of, 112articular cartilage, 112cartilage plate growing, 111circumferential lamellae, 112compact bone, 112diaphysis of, 112functions, 111growth, 111Haversian systems, 112–113marrow cavity, 112osteocytes, 113periosteum, 113straight section of, 111trabeculae, 112

Boonstra, A., 190

Borlee, B. R., 251–264Borregaard, N., 194Borriello, G., 175, 257–258Bortolussi, R., 237Bothwell, M. R., 30Boucher, H. W., 232–234Boucher, J. C., 168, 175Boucher, R. C., 167Bouza, E., 94, 97, 99Bowler, P. J., 17Boyd, A., 123BPI, see Bacterial/permeability increasing

(BPI) proteinBrady, R., 102, 111, 114, 131, 191, 201,

279, 285Brady, R. A., 111–132Bragonzi, A., 168, 175Brandt, C. M., 76Brandt, T., 175Brause, B., 76Brazova, J., 209Bremell, T., 121Bressler, A. M., 85Brinig, M. M., 36Britigan, B. E., 168Brooun, A., 218Brouillette, E., 241Brown, L. J., 54, 281Bruce, M. C., 171, 254Bruce, M. G., 163Bucher, E., 79Burne, R. A., 43, 45Buzina, W., 148Byren, I., 76, 115, 117, 128–129

CCAL, see Clinical attachment level (CAL)Calhoun, J. H., 111–117, 128Cantin, A. M., 192CAPD therapy, see Chronic ambulatory

peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) therapyCapello, W. N., 77Capnocytophaga ochracea, biofilms and, 37Cardiac assist device, 71Cardiac pacemakers infection, 78Cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) infection,

78–79Carek, P. J., 114–115Carlsson, M., 187, 206Carpenter, C. F., 85Carron, M. A., 163Carty, N. L., 267–285Cassatella, M. A., 211

298 Index

Cathetersinfection

acute pyelonetritis and sepsis, 92biofilms involvement in, 91, 96clinical evidence for, 94–95confocal microscopy use, 101detection rate of pathogens, 95diagnosis, 98–102by hematogenous route, 92and microbial diversity, 97–98pathogenesis of, 93prevention and treatment, 102–104risk factors, 94routes of, 93

uses, 91Caubet, R., 236CCR, see Concentric cylinder reactors (CCR)CDT, see Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT)Cebra, J. J., 60Cedergren, J., 171Cegelski, L., 233Cellini, L., 162Cell-to-cell signaling molecules, 74Central venous catheter (CVC) infections, 92Ceri, H., 259, 261CFU, see Colony forming units (CFU)Chadwick, V. S., 60Chaignon, P., 235Chakrabarty, A. M., 123Chalmers, N. I., 39, 268, 272, 279, 283Chambers, H. F., 85Chan, C., 123Chatzinikolaou, I., 94, 242Chen, D. L., 194Cheung, A. I., 120Chiu, A. G., 155, 271, 279Chlorhexidine-silver sulfaziadine

(CH-SS), 241Chochlear implants, infection in, 71Chole, R. A., 28, 30, 31, 277Cholesteatoma, biofilm formation in, 28Chong, P., 45Chopra, I., 232–234Cho, Y., 103, 268, 272–273, 279Christensen, G. D., 252Christensen, L. D., 143, 270, 274, 279, 283Chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

(CAPD) therapy, 81associated peritonitis, 82infection rate, 82risk factors for, 82

Chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis, 115Chronic infections and biofilms, 4

Chronic otitis media with effusion (COME), 25pathogenesis of, 26

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), 25associated bacteria

Moraxella catarrhalis, 148P. aeruginosa, 148S. aureus, 148S. pneumoniae, 148

biofilmarchitecture, 141DHPLC of, 150–151factors contributing, 152FISH and CSLM, 151formation, 140Lund–McKay scores, 147paradigm shift, 149–152pathophysiology of, 153–154study, 145–146TRFLP of, 150–151

etiology, 147fungi and H. influenzae, 147–148healthcare cost, 139medical and surgical management

FESS, 154nasal antihistamine sprays, 154nasal saline irrigations, 154nasal steroid sprays, 154oral steroid, 154sinus surgery, 154

microbial attachment, 140P. aeruginosa, development of, 140polymicrobial disease, evidence for,

148–149therapeutic interventions for, 139treatment

anti-inflammatory and antimicrobialagents, 155

bacteriophages and protozoa use, 155chemical, 155quorum sensing, 156topical saline irrigations, 155

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), 25Chronic wound

bacteria role in healingdetrimental effects, 17–18

biofilms and, 12clinical implications of, 20–21

expenses for treatment, 11morbidity and mortality, 11prevalence of, 11treatment, 14

debridement strategies, 16–17local, 15–16

Index 299

typesarterial ulcers, 14diabetic ulcers, 14neuropathic foot, 14pressure ulcers, 13–14traumatic ulcers, 14venous leg ulcers, 12–13

CH-SS, see Chlorhexidine-silver sulfaziadine(CH-SS)

Chua, J. D., 70, 78–79Chung, W. O., 60Chun, J. K., 78Cicalini, S., 94Ciofu, O., 167–179, 193, 206, 215–225Cisar, J. O., 39Clatworthy, A. E., 234, 237Clinical attachment level (CAL), 53Clostridium perfringes, detrimental

effects, 17Cochlear implant, biofilm on, 25Cohen, N., 139–156Cohen, N. A., 139, 153Collagen receptor, 120Collins, J. J., 236Colombo, A. P. V., 162Colonna, M., 190Colony biofilm

CFU, 257–258Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion assay, 259oxygen, stratification, 258preparation protocol, 258–259semi-permeable polycarbonate filter, 257side view of, 259

Colony forming units (CFU), 274–275Colvin, K. M., 251–264Colyer, R. A., 77COME, see Chronic otitis media with effusion

(COME)Competence-stimulating peptide (CSP), 45Concentric cylinder reactors (CCR), 261

American Society of testing andmaterials, 263

disks/coupons, 263growth/viability, 261–262protocol for

biofilms, evaluating antimicrobialsusceptibility, 264

inoculation, 263reactor operation, 264

studies, 263vessel, 261

Conen, A., 71, 74, 94, 97Conibear, T. C., 223

Contact-dependant signalingin oral streptococci and P. gingivalis, 43

Contamination, 18Contiguous focus osteomyelitis, 116–117Cope, E. K., 139–156Cormican, M., 94Cosseau, C., 60Costerton, J. W., 1–2, 5–6, 70, 100, 121,

123–124, 140–142, 144, 233, 284Coticchia, J., 146, 277Coticchia, J. M., 163Cotrimoxazole drug use, 84Cotton, S. L., 37Craig, A., 171“Critical colonization,” 18Crnich, C. J., 241Cryer, J., 25, 145, 149CSOM, see Chronic suppurative otitis media

(CSOM)CSP, see Competence-stimulating peptide

(CSP)Cucarella, C., 252Culture-free molecular diagnostic

techniques, 94Culture of biofilms in vitro

flow cell systembiological molecules use, 254biomass collection, 254–255diagram of, 253live imaging, experimental potential

of, 254parameters of, 255sample protocol, 255–256

static microtiter plate assays, 251attachment-deficient mutants, 252protocol, 252–253Staphylococcus aureus attachment, 252

tube biofilmsbiochemical and gene expression

studies, 256protocol for, 256–257

Curtin, J. J., 236Cutler, C. W., 190Cvitkovitch, D. G., 45Cystic fibrosis (CF), 167Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), 53Cytotoxins, virulence factors, 53

DDabbagh, K., 190Dale, B. A., 60Dandy-Walker syndrome, 101–102Daptomycin drug use, 84

300 Index

Darouiche, R. O., 69, 72, 78, 92–93, 124, 273Darveau, R., 35–61Darveau, R. P., 35, 58Dasgupta, M. K., 124Davies, D. G., 18–20, 74, 143, 187,

236–237, 277Davis, L., 20, 100, 102Davis, S. C., 271, 277–280, 283Dawes, C., 46De Beer, D., 123Debridement strategies

biofilm-based wound care regimen, 16blood and oxygen supply, 17maggot larvae use, 16

De Jonghe, M., 117De Kievit, T. R., 221DeLeon, K., 277Del Pozo, J. L., 78, 236Demedts, I. K., 204Dental caries, 35–36

arrest lesion development, 46bacterial metabolism of sugars, 45concept of, 45, 47de-and remineralization processes, 46development and progression,

45–46and ecological imbalance

acidogenic stage, 50ammonia-generating systems, 49biofilm metabolism, 50ecological caries hypothesis, 50–51“low-pH” non-mutans streptococci, 50“mixed-bacteria ecological

approach,” 50physiological activities, 50resident microflora, 50reverse hard-tissue changes, 50Streptococcus mutans cause of, 49–50transmissible infectious, 49

lesion dynamicsactive enamel caries lesion, 48activity status, 49inactive/arrested lesions, 49inactive enamel caries, 48non-operative approach, 49root/dentin, 49topical fluorides, 47whitish non-cavitated caries lesions,

48–49pH oscillations in, 46prevalence, 45severity, 45Stephan curve, 45–46

Dental implants, 71, 81Dental plaque, 36Denton, M., 176DesJardin. J., 98Desrosiers, M., 155Detection methods for in vivo biofilm models

bacteria and hydrated EPS images,fluorescent signals, 282–283

epifluorescence and CLSM, 282–283microscopic methods for

EPS, 282FISH and PNA, 284–285fluorescence-based, 283–284host interactions with electron

microscopy, high resolution, 282light microscopy of stained

specimens, 280non-microscopic methods

biofilm-specific antibodies,detection, 285

CFU data, 284enumeration of bacteria, 284whole-animal imaging, 285

Devey, M. E., 206Diabetic foot ulcers, 12Diabetic ulcers, 144′,6-Diamidino-2-phenyl indole (DAPI)

stain, 282Diaz, P. I., 39Dibdin, G. H., 176Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB), 208Dingman, J. R., 26Dirks, O. B., 47Diskin, C., 96Dixon, D. R., 60Dodson, K. W., 233Dohar, J. E., 27, 271, 277, 279Dong, Y. H., 156Donlan, R. M., 92, 96–97, 140–141, 233,

236, 282Döring, G., 169, 171, 178, 202, 206Doshi, R., 92Douglas, C. W., 57Dowd, S., 139–156Dowd, S. E., 7, 17–18, 284–285Downey, D. G., 192DPB, see Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB)Drancourt, M., 84Drenkard, E., 218, 232Dressings, 15–16Drew, R. H., 84Driffield, K., 176, 223Duguid, I. G., 123–124

Index 301

EEaglstein, W. H., 15Eckhart, L., 124, 235Edwards, R., 17–18Egestein, A., 168Eggimann, P., 241Ehrlich, G. D., 27, 141, 185, 221, 277,

279, 283Elastin binding protein (ebpS), 120Electrophysiologic devices, infection in, 70Elek, S. D., 74ELISA, see Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent

Assay (ELISA)El-Omar, E. M., 163Emery, B. E., 31Encrustation of urinary catheter, 92–93Endogenous infection, 72Endotracheal tubes (ETTs), 241“Enhanced” culturing techniques, 94–95Enterococcus faecium

quinopristin-dalfopristin use for, 84Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay

(ELISA), 207Eological caries hypothesis, 50–51EPS, see Extracellular polymeric substances

(EPS)ETTs, see Endotracheal tubes (ETTs)Eubacterium nodatum, periodontal

diseases, 52Everaert, E. P., 25, 31Exogenous catheter-associated infections, 71Exogenous infections, 72Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), 235Extracorporeal devices, 72

FFaddis, B. T., 28, 30, 277Falanga, V., 15, 21Favre-Bonte, S., 237Fejerskov, O., 38–41, 46–49Ferguson, B. J., 146Ferguson, D. A., 123–124Ferroni, A., 222FESS, see Functional endoscopic sinus surgery

(FESS)Fibronectin binding proteins (fnbA and

fnbB), 120Finkelstein, F., 82Fischer, H., 121Fitzgerald, R. J., 49Fitzpatrick, F., 18, 125Fleiszig, S. M., 276Flemmig, T. F., 51, 54

Flock, J. I., 120Flo, T. H., 189Flow cell system, 253

biological molecules use, 254biomass collection, 254–255and CCR, 261–262

American Society of testing andmaterials, 263

disks/coupons, 263growth/viability, 261–262protocol for, 263–264studies, 263vessel, 261

colony biofilmCFU, 257–258Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion assay, 259oxygen, stratification, 258preparation protocol, 258–259semi-permeable polycarbonate

filter, 257side view of, 259

diagram of, 253live imaging, experimental potential of, 254parameters of, 255Peg Lids, growth

Calgary Biofilm Device, 259–260Candida tropicalis, 259–260five-step standard procedure for

cultivation, 260protocol, 260–261reproducible growth method,

260–261surface-adherent cells, 259

protocol, 255RDR

American Society of testing andmaterials, 263

disks/coupons, 263growth/viability, 261–262protocol for, 263–264studies, 263vessel, 261

sample protocol, 255–256Fong, K. P., 53Fonseca, E. L., 144Francois, P., 123, 125Frank, D. N., 18Franklin, M. J., 254Frank, R. M., 60Frazier, O. H., 71Frederiksen, B., 167, 178–179Freedman, A., 116, 128Frippiat, F., 84

302 Index

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery(FESS), 154

Fuqua, W. C., 237Fusidic acid drug use, 84Fux, C. A., 95, 97Fuxman Bass, J. I., 189

GGallagher, A., 53Gallant, C. V., 155Galli, J., 29Garcia, R. I., 58Gardner, S. E., 19Garo, E., 263Garrett, E. S., 189–190Garzoni, C., 73Gastmeier, P., 241Gebara, E. C., 162Geffers, C., 241Geissdorfer, W., 70Geller, D. E., 170Gemella morbillorum, biofilms

and, 37Gemmell, E., 58, 61Getliffe, K., 93Ghannoum, M., 97Giacometti, A., 129Gibbons, R. J., 39Gibson, R. L., 124, 170, 233Giebink, G. S., 26Gillis, R. J., 155, 221Gingipains in P. gingivalis, 53Giulieri, S. G., 74, 76, 84Givskov, M., 167–179,

231–238, 243Giwercman, B., 176, 220Gjodsbol, K., 7Glaesener, G., 117Gliklich, R. E., 139Goldstein, W., 171Gordon, H. A., 60Gorman, S. P., 92Gosepath, J., 148Gottrup, F., 11Gotz, F., 73Graft-associated infections, 79Graham, D. Y., 164Granulocytes accumulating around implant,

74–75Gray, M., 93Green, C. M., 190Gristina, A. G., 83, 123–124Groeneveld, A., 48

HHaagensen, J. A. J., 175, 231Haas, D., 82Haffajee, A. D., 36, 52, 54–57Haggie, P. M., 192Ha, K. R., 140, 271Hall-Stoodley, L., 27, 73, 91–104, 142,

276–277, 284Hamilos, D. L., 148Hammer, B. K., 154Hammermeister, K., 70–71Hanna, H., 242Hannah, S. K., 193Hansen, A., 169, 178–179Hansen, C. R., 218Harding, K., 17–18Harris, N. L., 60Harrison, J. J., 251–264Hartl, D., 209Hart, T. C., 60Hassett, D. J., 171, 220, 223Ha, U., 103Hauber, H. P., 189Haussler, S., 174Haversian systems of compact bone in long

bones, 112–113Hawkey, P. M., 234Hayashi, F., 189Haynes, D. W., 114Head and neck biofilm-related diseases,

142–143Head, N. E., 140–141Healy, B., 116, 128Healy, D. Y., 146, 148–149HeartMate II R© device, 71Heath, J. K., 61Heilmann, C., 124, 126Heitz-Mayfield, L. J., 51Helicobacter pylori

and biofilm formationdental plaque, 162environmental, 162gastric mucosa, 163–164

colonization of, 163infection with, 163stages in, 163

Hematogenous infection, 78Hematogenous osteomyelitis

degradative enzymes, 116incidences, 115infants and children, 115infection spread, 114on long bone, 114

Index 303

monomicrobiotic in nature, 117necrosis and, 115symptoms, 114types

primary and chronic, 114–115in vertebra, 114

Hematogenous prosthetic joint infection, 83Hemmerle, J., 60Hemmi, H., 189Henderson, B., 53Hennig, S., 125Henrici, A. T., 1Hentzer, M., 4, 145, 219, 231, 237–238, 263Heraief, E., 276Hernia repair, infection in, 71Herrera, D., 56Herrmann, M., 119, 123Herzberg, M. C., 58Heydorn, A., 254, 282Hill, D., 18, 221Hoboth, C., 176, 222Hockenhull, J. C., 241Hoffmann, N., 167, 169, 174, 243, 275–276Hogan, D. A., 151Hoiby, N., 140–141, 222, 225Høiby, N., 2–3, 167–179, 201, 203, 206, 210,

223, 232, 291–294Holden, P. A., 124Holmen, L., 49Holzman, R. S., 117Homeostasis, 58Homøe, P., 25–32Hooper, L. V., 60Horvat, R. T., 202Howard, S. T., 274Huang, B., 241Huang, C. T., 220Huberman, L., 16Hudson, D. L., 240Hugoson, A., 54Hull, J., 168, 241Hunsaker, D., 139–156Hussain, M., 124

IIglewski, B. H., 140–141, 155, 237Imfeld, T., 46Immunobiology of biofilm/tissue interaction

IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression, 58–59innate host defense system, 59–60oral biofilm community, 60“priming” mechanism, 61in vitro studies, 60

TLR4 expression, 59Implant-associated infection

antimicrobial therapy, 84–85cardiac pacemakers, 78–79cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD), 78–79dental implants, 81epidemiology, 69mammary implants, 78pathogenesis

host defense around implants,74–75

mechanisms of persistence, 72–74route of infection, 72

peritoneal dialysis catheters, 81–82permanent implants used in medicine, 69

with direct extracorporeal connection,71–72

extracorporeal devices, 72intracorporeal extravascular devices,

70–71intravascular devices, 70

preventionperioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis,

82–83prophylaxis of late hematogenous

infections, 83prosthetic joint associated, 75–77vascular prostheses, 79–81

Inert medical devices, biofilms on, 25Inflammatory mediators, 58Innate defense mediator expression, 60Innate immune response for infectious

biofilms, 185definition, 186L-lactate formation, 194P. aeruginosa

chronic lung infection with, 192PMNs, 191–192

mucus, accelerated oxygendepletion, 193

protection against, 193recognition of

Burkholderia cepacia, 188complement receptors, 187–188cystic fibrosis (CF), 187MBL, 187–188membrane bound receptors, 188Mycobacterium abscessus, 187and PAMPs, 186PRRs, 186–187TLRs, 188–191

ROS, 192

304 Index

Institute for Scientific Information Web ofKnowledge

database on “biofilm” and “chronicwound,” 12

Intracorporeal deviceswith direct extra-corporeal connection

cardiac assist device, 71dental implants, 71peritoneal dialysis catheters, 71risk for infection, 71

Intracorporeal extravascular devices, 70–71Intrauterine devices, 72Intravascular devices, infection in

artificial heart valves, 70vascular prostheses, 70

Intravascular (IV) catheters, 91Intravascular stents, infection in, 70Intravenous catheters infections, 92In vivo biofilm models

animals and techniques use, 267microflora to, 272

detection methods, 279extracellular polymeric matrix, 278microscopic methods for, 280–284

disease, representative in, 268–271Haemophilus influenzae, 267host mucosa/soft-tissue

advantages of using, 275alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)

stain, 276aortic vegetations, 276clinical indications for, 275endocarditis/inflammation models, 276hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)

protocols, 276Keratitis models, 276light microscopy (LM), 276lung infection models, 275–276otitis media and sinusitis, 277wound models, 277–278

infection, foreign-body modelscatheter models, 274and intraperitoneally (IP) with, 274osteomyelitis models, 274–275subcutaneously (SC), 274UTI, 273

periodontal biofilm modelsCLSM, 272human plaque model, 272

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 267, 272urinary tract infection models (UTI)

CFU, 274pay for performance plan, 273

Irie, Y., 251–264Islam, S., 176, 224Itoh, Y., 129, 135Ito, T., 190, 204

JJackson, M. A., 114Jacobsen, S. M., 72Jaffe, R., 99Jakobsen, T. H., 231–243Jalal, S., 176, 224James, G., 11–22James, G. A., 7, 17, 20, 277Janeway, C. A., 201–202Jankovic, D., 190Jarrossay, D., 204Jassal, S. V., 71, 82Jass, J., 236Jefferson, K. K., 6Jelsbak, L., 145, 167, 177Jensen, P. O., 19, 143, 167–179, 185–194,

201–212, 237–238, 247, 291–294Jesaitis, A. J., 191Jin, L., 58Johansen, H. K., 25–32, 167–179John, A. K., 85Jones, A. M., 192Jones, D. S., 92Jonsson, K., 120Juretschko, S., 97

KKadouri, D., 155Kadowaki, N., 204Kadurugamuwa, J. L., 273, 285Kaiser, A., 82Kaisho, T., 190Kandulski, A., 163Kania, R. E., 30Kaplan, J. B., 235Kapsenberg, M. L., 190Karaolis, D. K., 241Karita, M., 162–163Kaufmann, S. H., 185Keays, T., 224Kelley, W. L., 73Kelly-Quintos, C., 129Kennedy, D. W., 148, 153Keratitis models

bacterial load and, 276endophthalmitis, 276transmission electron microscopy

(TEM), 276Keren, I., 175

Index 305

Kettle, A. J., 192Keyes, P. H., 49Keyser, R., 155Kharazmi, A., 192, 202, 237Kilian, M., 38–39, 50Kimbrell, D. A., 186Kim, J., 57–58, 217Kiran, M., 103–104Kirisits, M. J., 256, 263Kirketerp-Moller, K., 7, 17–18, 20, 95, 284Kirketerp-Møller, K., 11–22Kjerulf, A., 205Klausen, M., 4–5, 142Klebsiella pneumoniae, urease-producing

biofilm, 93Kleinberg, I., 50Klemm, P., 234Klinge, B., 71Klug, D., 78Kluytmans, M. J., 118Knee arthroplasty, infection associated with,

75–76Knobloch, J. K., 252Kobayashi, H., 169Koch, B., 155Koch, C., 179, 202Kochs postulates, 98–99Kofonow, J. M., 285Kolenbrander, P. E., 39, 44Koller, B., 189Kolpen, M., 167–179, 189, 191–192, 194Kolter, R., 252, 259Kong, K. F., 129Konig, D. P., 74Kornman, K. S., 36, 58Kreth, J., 45Kronborg, G., 192Kuboniwa, M., 53Kuehn, M. J., 234Kukavica-Ibrulj, I., 272, 275Kuypers, J. M., 121Kvist, M., 222

LLaffer. R. P., 74, 83–84Lambert, J. R., 162Lamont, R. J., 35–61Landry, R. M., 142, 254Lang, A. B., 178Langlais, F., 77Lansdown, A. B., 234Lanzetta, M., 79LAP, see Localized aggressive periodontitis

(LAP)

Larsen, M. J., 46Laryngectomy

voice prostheses insertiontrachea and oesophagus, biofilm on, 25

Lau, S., 97LBP, see Lipopolysaccharide binding protein

(LBP)Leake, J., 104Le Brun, P. P. H., 170Lechtzin, N., 222Lee, B., 175, 177Lee, J., 252Lee, J. C., 130Leewenhoeck, A., 1–2, 61, 272Leid, J. G., 17, 19, 111–132, 139–157, 191,

212, 271, 276, 279Leknes, K. N., 272, 280Lemos, J. A., 43, 45Leonhardt, A., 81Lepp, P. W., 38Leroy, M., 95Leukocyte diapedesis, 58Leunisse, C., 31Levy, J., 170Lewis, K., 95, 124, 218, 259Lew, P. D., 111, 114, 117, 129Liberatore, M., 79Liedl, B., 102Lietard, C., 71Li, J., 28, 219, 269, 275, 278–279, 285Linde, H. J., 97Lindemann, R A., 61Lindhe, J., 51Linezolid drug use, 84Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP)

expression in gingival epithelium, 59Lipsky, B. A., 117Listgarten, M. A., 39, 43Localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP)

clinical presentation of 21-year-old femalepatient, 52

pathogens for, 52Local treatment for chronic wound

devitalized tissue, removal of, 15fluid removal, 15–16growth factors and skin grafting, 16moisture balance, 15occlusive and semi-occlusive dressings, 15TIME regimens, 15

Locksley, R. M., 208Lo, E. C. M., 47Loe, H., 54Lok, C. E., 71, 82

306 Index

Lopes, J. D., 120Lopez, N. J., 56Lowenthal, A. C., 163Lower extremity ulcer, 11–12Lucas, V. S., 72Lund, V. J., 148Lu, Q., 58, 236Lutz, F., 46LuxS-dependent signaling in biofilm

development, 43

MMaaroos, H. I., 163Macfarlane, G. D., 60Machado, J., 100Macia, M. D., 176, 223, 225MacLeod, D. L., 176Macpherson, A. H., 60Maderazo, E. G., 72, 75Mader, J. T., 115, 118, 131Maeda, K., 43Mager, D. L., 37Mah, T. F., 141, 143, 219, 233Mai-Prochnow, A., 223Maira-Litran, T., 129, 233Maki, D. G., 70, 72, 92, 94, 241Maki’s semi-quantitative “roll plate”

method, 94Mammary implants

infection, 78microbiology of, 78treatment, 78

Mandsberg, L., 167–179Mandsberg, L. F., 167, 176, 222–224Manji, F., 46Mann, W. J., 148MAPK, see Mitogen-activated protein kinase

(MAPK)Marculescu, C. E., 76Marcus, R., 96, 100Marie, T., 100Marques, C. N. H., 236Marrie, T. J., 70Marshall, B. J., 163Marshall, D. A., 15Marsh, P. D., 50, 272Martí, S., 96Masada, M. P., 60Mathee, K., 168, 193Matthay, M. A., 209–211Maw, A. R., 147Mayer-Hamblett, N., 193McCormick, L. L., 202

McDevitt, D., 120, 123McGavin, M. H., 120McKenney, D., 124–125, 129McLean, R. J., 121McLeod, B. R., 236Mcnab, R., 43McNamara, P. J., 119McPhee, J. B., 219MDR bacteria, see Multidrug resistant (MDR)

bacteriaMedical fluid management devices, 92Meluleni, G. J., 206Mermel, L., 102Merril, C. R., 236Merritt, J., 43Mertz, P. M., 15Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), 76,

81, 83Metronidazole for periodontal diseases, 56Metson, R., 139“Microbial surface components recognizing

adhesive matrix molecules”(MSCRAMMS), 119

MicrobiologyE. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 73of implant-associated infections, 72–73microbial biofilms on implants, 73–74SCV and staphylococcal species, 73of wound, phases

colonization, 18contamination, 18infection, 18

Middleton, B., 237Miller, K., 168Minocycline drug use, 84Mismatch repair system (MMR), 222Mitogen-activated protein kinase

(MAPK), 188Miyazaki, E., 125Mizukane, R., 243MMR, see Mismatch repair system (MMR)Modun, B., 120Mohn, W. W., 97Molin, S., 167–179Mombelli, A., 52–53Monzon, M., 274, 280, 284–285Moreau-Marquis, S., 192, 254Morley, D., 259Morrissy, R. T., 114Moser, C., 91–105, 167–179, 185–194,

201–212, 276, 291–294Moskowitz, S. M., 175–176, 221, 224Mosmann, T. R., 208

Index 307

Moughal, N. A., 58MRSA, see Methicillin-resistant S. aureus

(MRSA)MSCRAMMS, see “Microbial surface

components recognizing adhesivematrix molecules” (MSCRAMMS)

Muhlebach, M. S., 194Muir, A., 190Mulet, X., 223Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria, 222Mulvey, M. A., 233Murakami, K., 218, 251–264Murga, R., 96Murillo, O., 274Murphy, W. M., 277Muschiol, S., 240Musk, D. J., 259

NNablo, B. J., 274, 280Naidu, A. S., 120Nalca, Y., 243Nallapareddy, S. R., 267, 270Nandakumar, K., 155Nason, R., 31Nathan, C., 185, 192Navarre, W. W., 120Nayak, D. K., 127–128Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), 15Nelson, J. D., 114Neufeld, J. D., 97“Neuro-ischemic foot,” 14Neuropathic foot, 14Neurosurgical devices, infection in, 71Neut, D., 95Newman, P., 36Nguyen, T., 120Nichols, W. W., 220Nickel, J., 96Nielsen, T., 95–97, 99–100, 202, 215, 231Nilsdotter-Augustinsson, A., 125Nilsson, I. M., 121Nishioka, G. J., 272Nistico, L., 95Nivens, D. E., 145Non-cavitated caries lesions, 49Non-dressing wound therapies, 15Nordfelth, R., 240Novick, R. P., 119NPWT, see Negative pressure wound therapy

(NPWT)Nurgalieva, Z. Z., 162–163Nwomeh, B. C., 19

Nygaard, M., 39Nylander, K., 58Nyvad, B., 35–61

OO’brien-Simpson, N. M., 53Ochsner, P. E., 71, 76–77Offenbacher, S., 60O’Grady, N. P., 241Ohtami, S., 206–207Oie, S., 123–124Oliver, A., 176, 193, 222, 225Olsen, I., 31Olsen, M. A., 78O’May, G. A., 111–132O’Neill, E., 125Ooi, E. H., 143Oral biofilms, 35

composition of, 36–38infections, 57–58signaling between bacteria within

autoinducer (AI)-2, 43density-or contact-dependant, 43exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and

transport, 44gene regulation, 43

spatiotemporal development of, 38adhesin–receptor interaction, 39cell–cell recognition, 39cellular arrangement, 39coaggregation, 39immunofluorescence study, 39interaction within, 39“plaque-free” zone, 40–41smooth-surface plaque, 39supragingival plaque, 39

Orlando, F., 273Orthopedic implants

artificial joints, 70infection rate in, 70internal fixation devices, 70

Osmon, D. R., 70, 75, 83Osteomyelitis

anatomy and function of bone, 111–114antimicrobial chemotherapy, 129defined, 111diagnosis, 128–129etiology, 116

Staphylococcus spp., 118–126host immune response in, 126–128pathogenesis

contiguous focus osteomyelitis, 116hematogenous, 114–116

308 Index

Osteomyelitis (cont.)prevention, 130–131treatments, 129–130

Osteopontin, 120Otitis media

clinical studies, 27–29middle ear mucosa biopsies, 27

experimental studies, 26–27and sinusitis, in vivo models

and CLSM, 277fluorescence microscopy (FM), 277otorhinolaryngological-associated

biofilm infections, 277pressure equalization (PE) tubes, 277scanning electron microscopy

(SEM), 277Otolaryngologic diseases, biofilms in, 31–32O’Toole, G. A., 4, 141, 143–144, 155, 231,

252, 254, 259Otorhinolaryngology, medical devices in,

30–31Ottemann, K. M., 163Otterlei, M., 189Otto, S., 97, 100, 129, 240Ott, S., 97, 100Oulahal-Lagsir, N., 154Owen, E. R., 79Oxenham, H., 70Oxley, K. S., 143

PP. aeruginosa

biofilms, 95IFN-γ mediated phagocytosis and, 19

Page, R. C., 36, 57, 60Pallasch, T. J., 83, 233Palmer, J., 39–41, 44, 139–157, 256Palmer, R. J. Jr., 35–61PAMPs, see Pathogen-associated molecular

patterns (PAMPs)Pamp, S. J., 170, 176, 216, 218–219, 221, 224,

231–232Papapanou, P. N., 54Paradigm-shifting hypothesis, 150Parkar, S. G., 155Parker, L. C., 188, 191Parkins, M. D., 121, 261Parmenter, S., 139–157Parsek, M. R., 99, 140–141, 143, 145, 231,

251–264, 278Paster, B. J., 36–37Patel, A. H., 121Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

(PAMPs), 186, 201

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), 186Patti, J. M., 120Pawlowski, K. S., 25, 31PBMCs, see Peripheral blood mononuclear

cells (PBMCs)Peacock, S. J., 121Pearson, J. P., 238Pedersen, S. S., 171, 175, 178, 187, 189,

191–194, 274–275Penna, G., 204Percival, S. L, 15Perez, A. R., 71Periodontal diseases, 36, 51

bacterial colonization patterns on, 44bacterial pathogenesis

apoptotic death and cell cycle, 53enzymes, 53

clinical parameters ofdental radiographs, 54gingival inflammation, 53PPD and CAL measurements, 53tissue destruction, 53

clinical presentation of 45-year-old malepatient, 52

epidemiologyfull-or partial-mouth examinations, 54

innate host defense status in, 59–60LAP, 52pathogens for, 52“priming” mechanism, 61refractory, 56

clinical presentation of 32-year-oldmale patient, 57

therapyamoxicillin and metronidazole, 56antibiotics use, 55–56anti-infective, 54clinical goals of, 55mechanical biofilm removal, 55microbial targets, 54mineralization within, 55post-therapy outcome, 56SRP, 55surgical procedures, 55

Perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxisdrugs, 83risk for, 82

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs), 209

Peritoneal dialysis catheters, 71, 81–82Perloff, J. R., 145Permin, H., 170Pessi, G., 194

Index 309

Pesti, L., 60Petersen, P. E., 45Petersen, T. D., 202Peterson, S. B., 251–264Petit-Bertron, A. F., 189PIA, see Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin

(PIA)Piccioli, D., 204Pierce, C. G., 260Pier, G. B., 187Pinar, E., 28Pinkner, J. S., 234Piper, K. E., 95Piraino, B., 82Pittet, D., 71, 78, 241, 273Pitts, B., 263Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs),

19, 191Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), 19,

74, 124, 233Poole, K., 222–223Porphyromonas gingivalis

disease-associated subgingival plaquein, 42

fimA, down-regulation of, 43localized aggressive periodontitis

(LAP), 52periodontal diseases, 52

pathogens, 37periopathogenic bacteria, 42signal transduction cascade in, 43

Post, J. C., 25–27, 30, 95, 140–142, 145, 153Potempa, J., 53Potera, C., 1Pourrezaei, K., 103Power, M. R., 188PPD, see Probing pocket depth (PPD)Prabhakara, R., 111–132Pressler, T., 169, 205, 207Pressure ulcers, 13–14Prevotella spp., biofilms and, 37, 39Primary hematogenous osteomyelitis, 114Prince, A. A., 146Probing pocket depth (PPD), 53Proctor, R. A., 73, 121Proesmans, M., 169, 178Prosthetic joint associated infections

debridement with retention, 76infection types

delayed, 75early, 75late, 75

one-stage (direct) exchange, 76

permanent removal of device, 77signs and symptoms, 75surgical treatment algorithm, 77synovia and synovial biopsies, 75treatment of, 80–81two-stage (staged) exchange, 76–77

Proteus mirabilis, urease-producingbiofilm, 93

PRRs, see Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)Psaltis, A. J., 52, 146–147, 152, 277Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 73

adaptability, evolutionary implicationsPAO1 strain, 177

antibiotic therapy, survival ofadaptation, 175

beta-lactam-resistant, 176CF patients, 176LPS, 176

biofilm formation, 3–4, 173architecture, depending on carbon

source, 5dispersion mechanism, 5–6driving forces for, 6microcolony, 5nutritional and environmental

conditions, 5in sputum, diversity of, 168

in CF lungs, 177chronic suppressive therapy, 178maintenance therapy, 179PMNs, 178prophylaxis and treatment of, 178–179

extrapolymeric substances within, 173lung infection

T-helper cell, response, 203lungs, conductive and respiratory zones

survival in, 169alveoles, 171CF patients, 174–175gram-stained smears, routine

microscopy, 174microscopic investigation, 172mucus, 170non-mucoid phenotype, 174–175phenotype, 174PMNs, 171, 174–175pronounced PMN-dominated

inflammation, 171maggot debridement use in, 16–17survival by adaptation

bronchoalveolar lavage studies, 168FISH, 169QSI treatment of, 169

310 Index

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (cont.)quorum sensing, 169ROS, 168sputum from cystic fibrosis,

bacteriology of, 170twitching motility, 3urease-producing biofilm, 93

Purevdorj, B., 4

QQin, Z., 124Quinolones drug use, 84Quinopristin-dalfopristin use, 84Quirynen, M., 38Quivey, R. G. Jr., 49Quorum-sensing inhibitors (QSI), 240

AHL, 237functions and products, 238P. aeruginosa, tolerance of, 239PMN, 238

Quorum sensing (QS) inhibition, 102blocking of, 103genes signalling, 28

Qvarfordt, P. G., 79

RRaad, I., 70Raad, I. I., 241Rainey, P. B., 174Ramadan, H. H., 145Ramage, G., 73Rambach, G., 187Ramey, B. E., 261, 263Ramritu, P., 241Ramsey, B. W., 170, 236, 247Rani, S. A., 258rAOM, see Recurrent acute otitis media

(rAOM)Rao, N., 117Rasmussen, L., 161–164Rasmussen, T. B., 163, 240Ratjen, F., 170, 175Ratner, A. J., 149–150Raut, W., 76Rayner, M. G., 25–26, 95Razonable, R. R., 85RDR, see Rotating disk reactors (RDR)Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 168, 222Reconstructive and aesthetic implants

breast-prostheses, 70–71nose-chin and testis-prostheses, 70–71

Recurrent acute otitis media (rAOM), 27Rediske, A. M., 236Refractory periodontitis, 56

amoxicillin and metronidazole use, 57clinical presentation of 32-year-old male

patient, 57tetracycline use, 57

Reimmann, C., 4Ren, L., 59, 140–141Resch, A., 126Rhoades, E. R., 188Rhoads, D. D., 15–16, 21Rice, K. C., 124Rickard, A. H., 263Rieger, U. M., 71, 78Rifampin drug use, 84Robert, R., 283Roberts, J. A., 233Robson, M. C., 17Rodríguez-Baño, J., 96Roghanian, A., 190Rohde, H., 125Roisman, F. R., 126Roitt, I., 201–203Romero, R., 283–284ROS, see Reactive oxygen species (ROS)Rosenthal, M. B., 273Rosenthal, V. D., 241Rotating disk reactors (RDR), 261

American Society of testing andmaterials, 263

disks/coupons, 263growth/viability, 261–262protocol for

biofilms, evaluating antimicrobialsusceptibility, 264

inoculation, 263reactor operation, 264

studies, 263vessel, 261

Rotstein, O. D., 82Roumbelaki, M., 69Rovers, M. M., 26, 32Rumbaugh, K. P., 238, 267–285Ryall, B., 194Ryden, C., 119

SSabbuba, N. A., 96Safdar, N., 94Saidi, I. S., 30, 271, 277, 279Saiman, L., 176Sakamoto, M., 97Sallay, K., 60Salvi, G. E., 60Sampath, L. A., 242

Index 311

Sanchez-Manuel, F. J., 71Sanclement, J. A., 145, 277Sanderson, A. R., 146, 148–149Sanderson, K., 194Sapico, F. L., 117Sasaki, S., 127Sauer, F. G., 234Sauer, K., 3–4, 123, 144Saygun, O., 274Scaling and root planing (SRP), 55Schaber, J. A., 20, 277–280, 282–284Schaefer, A. L., 257Schaffer, A. C., 130Schaudinn, C., 201Schinabeck, A., 97Schneider, S., 162Schnyder-Candrian, S., 211Schroeder, H. E., 58, 60Schulman, M. R., 78Schultz, G. S., 19Schwank, S., 74, 84Schwarz, F., 81Sculean, A., 81Selan, L., 102E-Selectin expression, 58Semmler, A. B., 5Senadheera, D., 45Sendi, P., 73Senior, B. A., 154Serino, G., 55Setoyama, H., 60Seymour, G. J., 61Shah, J., 78Shah, P. L., 95, 175Shanks, R. M. Q., 102Shao, H., 43Shapiro, J. A., 237Sheehan, E., 155Sheets, S. M., 53Shenker, B. J., 53Sherertz, R., 95Shiau, A. L., 124Shibutani, S., 193Shih, P. C., 220Shimono, M., 190Shirtliff, M. E., 84, 111–132, 139–157Shkreta, L., 128Shunt-associated infection, 94Sialoprotein, 120Simionato, M. R., 43Simmons, W. L., 187Simm, R., 241

Singh, P. K., 121, 140–141, 143, 145, 223, 225,255, 278

Skerrett, S. J., 188Skindersoe, M. E., 243Slobbe, L., 95Slots, J., 233Smith, A. L., 177, 269, 279Smith, R. S., 140–141, 175, 237Smooth-surface plaque development, 38

spatiotemporal development, 40–41comparison, 40–41

temporal molecular study of, 39Smuszkiewicz, P., 94Smyth, A., 233Socransky, S. S., 36, 52, 54–56Song, Z. J., 169Souto, R., 162Spear, S. L., 78Spellberg, B., 234Spencer, R., 103Spiers, A. J., 174Spoering, A. L., 218, 259Springer, T. A., 58SRP, see Scaling and root planing (SRP)Staphylococcus aureus

adherence, 74, 119–121antigens in, 130binding of, 120biofilm formation, 119, 123–124

anaerobic nature of, 124antimicrobial resistance, 122extracellular DNA (eDNA) in, 124gentamicin resistance, 124immune system and, 123multilayered, 123PIA in, 125scanning electron micrograph of

microcolony, 122in smear with CSOM, 29transposon mutagenesis, 126

cytokine production, 127fibronectin-binding proteins (FbpA and

FbpB), 121periprosthetic joint infection caused by, 73phagocytosis of, 126–127T cell-mediated immunity, 127timed expression, 127urease-producing biofilm, 93virulence, 118

expression, 119extracellular and cell-associated

products, 119responsible for, 119

312 Index

Staphylococcus epidermidisgene expression, 74protected by PIA, 19

Stapper, A. P., 5Starkey, M., 95Stark, R. M., 163Static microtiter plate assays, 251

attachment-deficient mutants, 252protocol

adherent cells, staining of, 253dye absorbed by adherent cells and

matrix, measuring, 253inoculating culture, preparation, 252inoculation and incubation, 252planktonic cells, removing, 252

Staphylococcus aureus attachment, 252Steckelberg, J. M., 70, 75, 83Steinberger, R. E., 124Steinman, R. M., 203Stephan, R., 46Stewart, P. S., 140–141, 233, 254, 257Stickler, D. J., 93, 97, 121Stolz, D. B., 146Stoodley, L., 27, 73, 140, 143, 276–277, 284Stoodley, P., 5, 91–105Store, D. G., 31Storti, A., 96Stout, R. D., 123Stover, C. K., 177Streptococcus mutans

cariogenic, 50cause of dental caries, 49–50competence in, 44–45

Streptococcus pyogenes, detrimental effectsin, 17

Subgingival plaquedisease-associated, 42–43structural features, 43

Sugawara, Y., 59Sun, D., 128, 233Supragingival plaque, 38–39

cellular arrangement in, 39Suprapubic bladder catheters, 72Suter, F., 83Suter, S., 193Svensson, A., 234Swain, T. W., 80Switalski, L. M., 121Swords, W. E., 267, 270–271, 274–275, 277

TTaga, M. E., 239Takahashi, A., 224

Takahashi, N., 49–51Takeda, K., 188–189Tal, R., 241Tamayo, R., 240Tambyah, P., 92, 94, 273Tamilvanan, S., 241Tannerella forsythia

localized aggressive periodontitis(LAP), 52

periodontal diseases, 52Tarkowski, A., 121Tarnuzzer, R. W., 19Tashiro, Y, 233Tateda, K., 169Tattevin, P., 76Teeth

bacterial colonization patterns on, 44Teles, R. P., 35–61Tenkhoff catheters, see Peritoneal dialysis

cathetersTenover, F., 104Teoman, I., 162Terminal restriction fragment length

polymorphism (TRFLP), 150Theander, T. G., 202Thomas, M. G., 121Thomsen, T. R., 91–105Thylstrup, A., 49Tiddens, H. A. W. M., 171Tissue, Infection or Inflammation, Moisture

balance and Edge effect (TIME)regimens, 15

Tolker-Nielsen, T., 215–225, 231Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

dendritic cells, 190epithelial cells line, 190MAPK, 188neutrophils, 189P. aeruginosa, 189pathways of macrophages, 189

Tonetti, M. S., 52–53, 58–59Tonsils

clinical studies, 30experimental studies on, 29

Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST), 119Trampuz, A., 69–85Transcutaneous catheter, routes of infection, 93Trauma

and osteomyelitis infections, 116traumatic ulcers, 14

Trautner, B., 92–93Travers, P., 201–203Travisano, M., 174

Index 313

Treatment strategies for biofilmC-di-GMP, 240–241formation prevention

antibodies, 233antimicrobials targeting,

combination, 232chaperone, 234P. aeruginosa, subpopulations in, 232PIA, 233pilicides, 233–234

novel and future, 242removal/killing

bacteriophages, use, 236dipersin (DspB), 235dispersal signals, 236–237DNase, 235–236electrical current, 236enzymes use, 235EPS, 235silver use, 234–235

surface coatings, 243clinical trials, 242ETTs and CH-SS, 241

type III secretion (T3SS), inhibition, 240weakening

N -acyl homoserine lactones(AHL), 237

QSI, 237–240Trengove, N. J., 15, 18Trent, M. S., 219Treponema denticola

periodontal diseases, 52Trevani, A. S., 189TRFLP, see Terminal restriction fragment

length polymorphism (TRFLP)Tripathi, A., 153Troidle, L., 82TSST, see Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST)Tube biofilms

protocol forapparatus, assembling, 256–257biomass, sampling and recovery, 257inoculation and attachment, 257

Tummler, B., 175Tunney, M., 95, 98Tu Quoc, P. H., 252Type III secretion (T3SS) inhibition, 240

UUeyama, T., 26United States

diabetes in, 11diabetic foot ulcers, 12

health care cost in, 11Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)

bacteria, free-floating forms in, 25Ure, K. J., 76Urinary catheters infections, 92Urinary tract infections (UTI), 273Uslan, D. Z., 70

VValentine, R. J., 79Valerius, N. H., 170, 232Valle, J., 252Vallet. I., 140–141Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE),

84–85van der Borden, A. J., 274, 279van der Plas, M. J., 16–17van der Ploeg, J. R., 85van der Vliet, A., 192van Gennip, M., 191, 238, 276Van Houte, J., 50Van Ruyven, F. O. J., 50Van Steenbergen, T. J., 52Van Winkelhoff, A. J., 55Vascular graft-associated infection, 79Vascular prostheses infection

microbiological diagnosis, 79polymicrobial, 79signs and symptoms, 79

Vascular prostheses, infection in, 70Vazquez-Laslop, N., 218Veeh, R., 148–149Veillonella spp., biofilms and, 37, 39Venous access devices, infection in, 70Venous leg ulcers, 12

confocal scanning laser micrographs, 13Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts infection,

101–102Verhoeff, M., 29Viducic, D., 218Vinodkumar, C. S., 236Vitronectin, 120Vlastarakos, P. V., 143von Eiff, C., 124, 273, 771Vuong, C., 19, 129, 240

WWaddell, T. K., 82Wadström, T., 163Wahl, M., 83Waldrop, T. C., 60Waldvogel, F. A., 69, 111, 114, 117, 129Walker, T. S., 144Walsh, L. J., 190

314 Index

Walters, R. C. III, 4, 216–217, 231, 233Wang, K., 97Wang, X., 28, 32, 127Ware, L. B., 209–210Wargo, M. J., 151Warwick, S., 94, 97, 99Webb, J. S., 140–141Webb, L. X., 124Wecke, J., 40, 43Wei, B. P., 71Werner, E., 217, 257–258Werthen, M., 15WestbrockWadman, S., 176Westh, J. B., 169–171, 174Whitchurch, C. B., 124, 189, 235White, D. J., 55Whiteley, M., 140–141White spot lesions on tooth, 35–36Widmer, A. F., 76, 84Wiebe, B. M., 192Willcock, L., 261, 263Willén, R., 163Williams, R. J., 74Wilson, S., 93Wimpenny, J., 121Withers, H., 237Wolcott, R., 139–157Wolcott, R. D., 15–16, 21Wolter, D. J., 176Woodworth, B. A., 155Woo, P., 97Worlitzsch, D., 4, 174–175Wozniak, D. J., 155Wu, C. L., 124Wu, H., 237–238Wyckoff, T. J. O., 174

XXavier, J. B., 235Xie, H., 43Xiong, Y. Q., 276, 285Xu, J., 60Xu, K. D., 123

YYacoub, A., 119Yager, D. R., 19Yamaguchi, K., 70Yamazaki, K., 61Yanagihara, K., 274, 280Yang, L., 174, 177, 194Yao, Y., 73–74Yarwood, J. M., 263Yilmaz, O., 53Yoon, K. S., 127Yoshinari, N., 60Yoshiyama, H., 163Young, K. A., 162You, X., 192Yu, H., 140–141

ZZambon, J. J., 60Zaura-Arite, E., 272, 278, 283Zegans, M. E., 276Zelver, N., 261Zero, D. T., 51Zhang, Z., 190, 219Ziebuhr, W., 125Zimmerli, W., 69–85Zuliani, G., 30, 143Zulkowski, K., 11–22