Index

Aberbach,Joel D., 172 n. 18 Abolitionists, 26 abortion, 75 Abramowitz, Alan, viii n. 24 Abramson, Paul R., 219 n. 18 active party volunteers, 148 Adams, John, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 54,80 Adams, John Quincy, 308 Adams, Samuel, 300 Adler, Scott, 353 n. 16 Mrica, one-party system in, 14-15 Mrican Americans

attachment of, to Democratic party, 30 causes of increase in voter turnout of, 371 change in party identification of, 1952-1996,

372 change in presidential vote of, 372 effects of civil rights movement on, 383 opinions on the role of government in provid-

ing aid to, 381 party activists, 154, 155 party identification vs. independence and, 90 party loyalties and, 89-91 pluralist model and, 376,378 political behavior of, 370-75 progress of, 379-84 third parties and, 74-76 two-party model and, 376, 378-79 voterturnoutand,287-88,379 winning of elected offices by, 374

aggregative party system, 29 Agranoff, Robert, 307,319 n. 13 Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA),

358 Alaska, 38 Aldrich, John H., vi, viii n. 15, 3, 16 n. 6, 42 n. 7,

219n.17 Alexander, Herbert E., 123 n. 24,244 n. 1, 277

n. 3, 277 n. 5, 277 n. 11,277 n. 12,278 n. 19 Task Force on Campaign Finance Reform, 247,

274 on trends in campaign spending, 255

Alexander, Lamar, 203, 210, 215, 234, 263, 272 Alien and Sedition Acts, 48, 58 Allardt, Erick, 65 n. 29 Almond, Gabriel, 16 n. 12,65 n. 13 Althoff, Philip, 172 n. 23 Amenta, Edwin, 319 n. 33,319 n. 34 The American Commonwealth (Bryce), 137

American Federation of Labor (AFL), 74, 247, 264,358

American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 262

American Independent party, 75 American Labor party, 61, 7 4 American party, 66 American party system

changes since World War II, 390-96 coalitional changes in, 391-93 criticisms of, 405-10 early party culture, 48-52 early party era: 1790-1800, 44-48 early party organization, 52-53 equilibrium of, 24 evaluation of, 405-10 fragmentation of, 28 historical overview of, 43 ideological shifts in, 393-96 major eras in history of, 53-56 marginal majoritarian nature of, 37 mass support changes in, 390-91 one-party dominance in, 56-57 party competition patterns in, 56-57 party shifts in, 22, 391-93 patterns of party politics in, 56 periods of one-party control in, 36-38 realignment of, 398-400 reforms and, 406-10 responsible-party model and, 407-9 social group coalitional character of parties in,

29-31 strategic adaptation to change and, 411 technological developments in campaigning

and, 55-56 transitional pluralism in, 56-57 two-party competition in, 56-57 types of adaptation for, 387-89 types of changes likely to occur in, 402 value of studying, 410-11 variation in party strength by state and region,

38-40 weaknesses of, 411

American Political Science Association (APSA), 408 American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&n, 262,

310 The American Voter, 92, 224, 229 America Unequal (Danziger and Gottschalk), 364 Amway Corporation, 117, 262

413

414 Index

Anderson,John, 68, 72 Andrew,Joe, 109 Anti-Federalists, 44, 75, 103 Anti-Masonic party, 66, 104 Anti-Monopoly party, 67 anti-primary enthusiasts, 185-187 apology strategy, 314 Apter, David E., 16 n. 9, 17 n. 36 Archer, Dennis, 109 Aristotle, 10, 16 n. 18 Arkansas,39 Armey, Richard, 118, 327, 347 Arterton, F. Christopher, 219 n. 3, 245 n. 31,315,

320n. 58 Asher, Herbert, 319 n. 39,319 n. 40,319 n. 42,

319 n. 43 Asian Americans, 3 75 Association of University Professors, 10 Atlantic Richfield, 262 Atwater, Lee, 108 Australian ballot system, 180 Awami League (Bangladesh), 5

Bachrach, Peter, 11, 17 n. 24 Baer, Denise L., 172 n. 21 Baker, Ross K., 219 n. 21 balance-of-power theory, 377 Banfield, Edward C., 146 n. 2 Barbour, Haley, 108, 109 Barnes, Roy, 346 Bartels, Larry M., 213, 219 n. 17, 261 Bauer, Gary, 346 Baxter, Leone, 307 Bayh, Birch, 345 Beard, Charles, vi Beck, Paul Allen, viii n. 14, 123 n. 32, 147 n. 10,

147 n. 13,172 n. 5,172 n. 15,173 n. 42,194 n. 16, 353 n. 36

on differences of principle between parties, vi on impact oflocal activists, 117, 135

Bedford, Gunning, 350 bedsheet ballot, 281 Behr, Roy L., 72, 77 n. 2, 77 n. 3, 77 n. 4, 78 n. 7,

78 n. 8, 78 n. 9, 78 n. 10,78 n. 11,78 n. 12 benchmark poll, 310 Bennett,W. Lance, 319 n. 45 Berelson, B., 229,245 n. 13,318 n. 7 Bernstein, Mary, 319 n. 33,319 n. 34 Bibby, John, 146 n. 6, 147 n. 6, 147 n. 8 Biersach, Robert, 147 n. 6, 147 n. 7 Bilandic, Michael, 137, 139 Black and Tan Republicans, 76 Black Caucus, 373 Boehner, John, 347 Borquez,Julio, 412 n. 20 Bositis, David A., 172 n. 21 Bowles, Chester, 199 Box-Steffensmeier,]anet M., 278 n. 40 Bradley, Bill, 69 Bradley, Thomas, 314 Breckinridge Southern Democratic party, 66-67 Brock, William, 109, 114,316

Broder, DavidS., 124, 146 n. 1, 316,403 Brodsky, David, 101 n. 41 Brody, Richard, 279,303 n. 1 Brown, Ron, 108, 361 Brown and Williamson Tobacco, 262 Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka,

357,359 Bryan, William Jennings, 26, 67 Bryce, James, 14, 17 n. 32, 137, 147 n. 16,219

n. 5, 410,412 n. 24 Buchanan, Pat, 202,210,218,234 Buckley v. Valeo, 251,263,277 Bull Moose Progressive Movement, 26, 54, 68,

71,357 Bullock, Charles, III, 97, 99, 101 n. 41, 101 n. 45 Burke, E., conception of political parties, 6 Burman, Stephen, 385 n. 23,386 n. 41 Burnham, Walter Dean, viii n. 1, 65 n. 23,65

n. 32, 303 n. 14,403,412 n. 14,412 n. 16 on decline in voter turnout, 289 on realignment, 403

Burr, Aaron, 44, 49, 53 Bush,George,22,55,154,203,213,235-37,313 Byrd, Robert, 327 Byrne,]ane, 137, 139

Caddell, Patrick, 308, 312 Cain, Bruce, 353 n. 25 Calhoun, John C., 49,50 California, 39 California Club movement, 172 n. 7 Cameron, Charles, 353 n. 16 campaign committees, 120 campaign finance

basic principles for reform of, 273-74 big money in, 261 concerns about, 270-77 congressional campaigns and, 258-60 contribution limits and, 252-53 1996 election and, 247-48 expenditures for congressional campaign,

258,259 federal regulations of, 251-55 increased party participation in, 266 increasing costs and, 255-58 irrational aspects of, 273 national party finance regulation administra-

tion and, 254-55 PACs and, 266-70 presidential prenomination costs, 257 presidential spending legal limits, 256 public funding and, 253-54 publicity requirements and, 251-52 reforms needed in, 270-77 regulation history of, 248-51 role of citizen contributions in, 260 role of parties in, 263-66 role of special interest groups in, 260-63 spending limits and, 252-53 task force recommendations for reform of,

274-77 unfairness element in, 272

campaign process candidate effects and, 222 candidate objectives and, 222 characteristics of, 225 as communication process, 225, 226 concerns about, 242-43 critical newspaper coverage and, 243 differences in, 220-21 effects of, 229-30 evaluation of, 241-41 importance of, 221 interest group effects and, 223 interest group objectives and, 223 interest group role in, 239-41 low voter turnout and, 243 media effects and, 222-23 media objectives and, 222-23 media role in, 230-32, 242, 243 negative attack strategy in, 235-37 PACsand,240-41 party effects and, 222 party objectives and, 222 party role in, 239-41 presidential debates and, 238-39 relevance of, for public, 223 the South and, 237 stimulus-response model of, 228 strategy of, 227, 228, 233-38 tactics of, 228-29 theoretical models of, 224-29 types of, 233-38

Campbell, Angus, 42n. 3, 101 n. 25, 101 n. 36, 245 n. 8, 245 n. 14,245 n. 15,318 n. 7, 385 n.24

Canfield, James L., 169, 173 n. 47 Caraway, Hattie, 310 Carmichael, Stokely, 374,386 n. 37 Carmines, Edward, vii, viii n. 23, 42 n. 8, 78 n. 18,

172 n. 26, 371, 385 n. 8, 385 n. 9, 385 n. 25, 385 n. 31,412 n. 6

Carter, Dan T., 101 n. 40 Carter, Jimmy, 22, 36, 55, 110,210,237,308, 313,

315,341,361 Case, Francis, 250 Catholic Young Men's Club, 10 caucus system, 182, 197 Ceaser,}amesW:, xii n. 6, 122 n. 2, 122 n. 5 Center for Political Studies, 147 n. 10 Cermak,Anton, 138, 139 Chambers, William, 17 n. 35, 42 n. 9, 65 n. 5, 65

n. 7, 65 n. 8, 65 n. 9, 65 n. 11,65 n. 14,65 n.16, 65 n. 17, 65 n. 18, 65 n. 19, 65 n. 20, 65 n. 21,65 n. 22,65 n. 23,65 n. 24,65 n. 32, 172 n. 3

on early party activists, 149 on early party culture, 48 on party factionalism, 50 on relevance of parties, 15

The Changing American Voter (Nie, Verba and Petrocik), 403

Charles, Joseph, 47,65 n. 6 Chevron, 262

Index 415

Chisholm, Shirley, 198 Christian Coalition, 217, 344, 346 Christian Democratic Appeal (Holland), 5 Citizens for the Republic, 5 Civil Rights Act of 1964,37,89, 154,287,291,

314,360,369,392,404 Civil Rights Commission, 360, 361 Civil Service, 357 Civil Service Reform Act of 1883, 249 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 358 Clark, Peter, 172 n. 20 Clay, Henry, 50, 54, 103 Clean Air Act of 1970,37 clientelistic party system, 29, 30 Clinton, DeWitt, 44, 45 Clinton, Hillary, 218 Clinton, William, 22, 23, 36, 37, 84, 195,203,210,

215,231 campaign finance and, 256, 273 campaign strategy of, 233-35, 237 impeachment and, 343-44, 349-52 as native-son presidential candidate, 201 political commercials and, 313 polls and, 312 public relations specialists and, 313 race issue and, 361, 364 use of campaign managers by, 308

closed primary, 183, 185, 190, 197 Closed Primary Principle, 207 co-archy, 114 Coelho, Tony, 316,317,320 n. 71 Commission on Campaign Costs, 250 Commission on Presidential Debates, 238 Commission on Race, 364 committee government theory, 324-35, 343 Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP),

248 Common Cause, 9, 10,247,271,278 n. 28 Communication Workers of America, 262 Compliance Review Commission, 208 computers, 315 Congress

campaign finance and, 258-60 committee government theory of, 324-25 factors influencing decision making of, 334 importance oflegislative district to, 3336 party cohesion in, 328-32 party government model of, 325-27 party influence on, 332-35 party organization reform and, 118-20 party role in constituency and, 335-37 party voting in, 328-32 polarization and, 342-43 presidency and, 339-43 presidential support scores for, 342 role in determining national policy, 321-22 role of parties in, 323-27,337-39 roll call votes and, 336 source of guidance and advice for, 335 structure of, 322-23 voting decisions in, 334

Congressional Government (Wilson), 103, 321

416 Index

The Congressional Party (fruman), 325 Congress oflndustrial Organizations (CIO), 74,

247,264,358 Congress of Racial Equality, 76 Connoly, Ceci, 319 n. 9 Conservative party (Great Britain), 62 conservativism, 32-33 Constitutionalists, 44 Constitutional Union party, 66, 67 Converse, Philip, 63,65 n. 31, 97, 101 n. 36,299,

303 n. 32, 353 n. 28 Conway, M. Margaret, 147 n. 12, 172 n. 23 Cook, Samuel DuBois, 97, 101 n. 37 Cook County Democratic organization, 134 Corrado, Anthony, 122 n. 12, 123 n. 25, 123 n. 36,

259, 277 n. 16, 278 n. 20, 278 n. 22, 278 n. 32, 278 n. 36, 278 n. 40

Cotter, Cornelius, 146 n. 6 Council of Economic Advisors, 365, 379 county chairperson, 131 county committees, 132 county convention, 132 Cox, Gary, 324,325,328,329,331,353 n. 11,353

n. 12 Crawford, William Harris, 54 Cronin, Thomas E., 352 n. 3 Crotty, William]., viiin. 2,122 n. 13,147 n. 14,

172 n. 6,172 n. 10,172 n. 25,173 n. 30,173 n. 34,173 n. 38,219 n. 12,219 n. 14,318 n. 4, 319 n. 44,319 n. 46,319 n. 47,319 n. 48

on Carter campaign strategy, 210 on impact of party activists, 166-67 on new technologies, 305 on polarization of party activists, 164 on social backgrounds of party activists, 153

Crump, Edward, 138 Cunningham, Noble, Jr., 77 n. I Curley,Jim, 138 Curtis, Kenneth, 110, 312 Cutwright, Phillips, 173 n. 37 Czudnowski, Moshe, 172 n. 8

Dahl, Robert, 16n. 18, 17n. 22, 17n. 23, 17n. 27, 17 n. 28,17 n. 30,65 n. 15

on concept of unanimity, 49 pluralist model and, 11, 12, 13,376

Daley, Richard]., 126, 134, 139, 140, 141 Dalton, Russell]., 42 n. 6, 100 n. 21, 117, 123

n. 32, 135, 303 n. 8, 303 n. 13, 412 n. 5 Danziger, Sheldon, 364,379,385 n. 16,385 n. 17,

385 n. 23 Daschle, Tom, 118 Davis, Gray, 345 Davis, John, 357 Davis, Thomas, 347 Dawson, Michael, 364, 385 n. 11 Declaration of Independence, 45 Delay, Tom, 347 delegate convention, 182-83 democracy, 10-14 Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee

(DCCC), 316

Democratic National Committee (DNC), 108, 114, 115

Democratic National Convention, 114 Democratic party, 26, 54, 63, 71, 104,380 Democratic Study Group (DSG), 118, 325 de Toqueville,Aiexis, 13, 16 n. 19,354,385 n. 2 Detroit study, 151-52, 153, 155-56, 160, 163 de Vries, Walter, 101 n. 32 Diamond, Robert A., 278 n. 28 direct primary, 181, 183-85, 192

arguments in controversy over, 186 closed primary, 183, 185, 190, 197 effects of, 185-89 open primary, 183, 185, 197 political competition and, 188-89 role of, 188 voter participation and, 187

district chairperson, 131 district committees, 132 district convention, 132 Dixiecrats, 26, 61, 74, 359 Dobson, James, 344 Dole, Elizabeth, 203, 218 Dole, Robert, 22, 55, 195, 202, 203-4, 210, 213,

234,256,261,316,327 Douglas, Paul H., 77 n. 7 Douglas, Stephen, 255 Downs, Anthony, vi, viii n. 16, viii n. 17, viii n. 18,

16 n. 14,411 n. 1 conception of political parties, 6 on parties as ideological competitors, 7-9, 227,

388,394 DuBois, WE. B., 354, 356, 385 n. 3 Dukakis, Michael, 210,213,236,314 Dunleavy, Kathleen, 319 n. 33,319 n. 34 Durable Inequality (filly), 384 Duverger, Maurice, 6, 148, 172 n. 2

Eisenhower, Dwight, 96, 205, 217, 341, 359 Eldersveld, Samuel]., 100 n. 11, 122 n. 10, 147

n. 9,172 n. 15, 172 n. 19,172 n. 23,173 n. 36,173 n. 37,303 n. 30,318 n. 5, 318 n. 6

election, 1998 consequences of, 347-49 low turnout in, 345 as mandate, 343 mobilization of voters by unions in, 347 as referendum, 343 as Republican defeat, 344-47 voting patterns by social group in, 348

election process changes in, 282-83 constraints on parties imposed by, 281-82 fluctuations in presidential election turnout,

284 functions of, 279-80 nonvoting and, 283-85 public involvement decline in, 279 restrictions in, 289-300 voter turnout decline and, 288 voting participation and, 283-85

Electoral College, 44, 46

electronic campaigns, 242 elite-mass linkages, 165 elitist theory, 11 Emancipation Proclamation, 355, 356, 368 The Emerging Republican Majority (Phillips), 97 environmental protection, cleavages over, 34 Epstein, Leon, 3, 16 n. 4, 16 n. 17, 65 n. 26,65

n. 27, 147 n. 23, 194 n. 2, 194 n. 3, 194 n. 15, 194 n. 17, 219 n. 1

on extension of suffrage, 58 on leadership recmitment, 180 on relevance of parties for democracy, 10

Equalized Competition Principle, 27 4 Equal Rights party, 74 Erbring, Lutz, 243, 246 n. 54, 303 n. 27 Ersson, Svante 0., 42 n. 15 Eulau, Heinz, 318 n. 5, 318 n. 6 exit polls, 311, 346

Fair Employment Practices Commission, 358, 359,360

Fair Housing Act, 361 Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, 258 Family Research Council, 346 Farah, Barbara G., 245 n. 36 Farley, James F., 309 Farm Security Administration (FSA), 358 Farmer-Labor party, 61,74 Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1925, 249-50 Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA),

250,251 Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974 (FECA),

248,251,263 Federal Election Commission, 130, 197,201,203,

251 Federalist Papers, 44, 406 Federalists, 25, 44, 45, 53, 58, 61, 75, 103 Federal Motor Voter Law, 290, 296 Federal Party Finance Law contribution limits,

252 Federal Public Housing Authority (FPHA), 358 Federal Reserve Board, 366 Feigert, Frank B., 147 n. 12,172 n. 23 Feingold, Russell, 261 Feinstein, Dianne, 351 Ferejohn,John, 353 n. 25 Ferraro, Geraldine, 75 Fifteenth Amendment, 58, 75,282 filibuster, 323 filibuster-centered partisan strategy, 327 Fiorina, Morris P., 16 n. 5, 101 n. 26, 303 n. 26,

353 n. 25 conception of political parties, 6 on importance of parties, 3 on party identification, 93, 297

floor leader, 119 Florida, 39, 40 follow-up surveys, 310-11 Forbes, Steve, 200, 202, 210, 234, 253, 256, 271 Ford,Gerald,22,200,244,361 foreign aid, cleavages over, 34 Formisano, Ronald P., 64 n. 1

France, political deadlock in, 38 Franklin, Benjamin, 44, 354

Index 417

Franklin, John Hope, 355, 356,357,364, 385 n.7

Free Sollers, 26, 66 Free Speech Principle, 274 French Revolution, 58 Frendreis,John, 147 n. 10,173 n. 40 Freneau, Philip, 45 Fries Uprising, 51 Froman, Lewis, 226, 245 n. 10 front loading, 209-11,216,276 Full Disclosure Principle, 273-74 funnel of causality model, 224-25 "The Future of the Democratic Party" (Key), 96

Gallatin, Albert, 51 Gallup, George, 309 Gaudet, H., 229, 245 n. 13 General Motors, 262 Georgia, 40 Gephardt, Dick, 118,213 Germany

party fragmentation in, 28 party system of, 20

Gerth, Hans, 16 n. 10 Gibson, James L., 146 n. 6, 147 n. 10,172 n. 11,

173 n. 40 Gillespie,]. David, 77 n. 7 Gingrich, Newt, 118, 202, 203, 259, 262, 323,

327,344,346,347 Ginsberg, Benjamin, 333, 353 n. 20 Goldenberg, Edie N., 243, 246 n. 54, 303 n. 27 Goldwater, Barry, 89, 97, 154, 205, 360, 392, 404 Gompers, Samuel, 74 Gore, AI, 109,201 Gosnell, Harold F., viii n. 19, 16 n. 11, 172 n. 9,

173 n. 35 Gottdiener, M., 304 n. 41 Gottschalk, Peter, 364, 379, 385 n. 16, 385 n. 17,

385 n. 23 Graham, Bob, 351 Gramm, Phil, 200,203,210 grandfather clause, 356 grassroots workers, 148 Gray, William, III, 366 Great Britain, 60, 322

fragmentation of party system in, 28 party shifts in, 22 party system of, 20

Green, Donald 0., 277 n. 17 Green, John C., 122 n. 12, 147 n. 6, 147 n. 8, 147

n. 10 Greenback party, 67, 7 4 Greenberg, Barbara, 194 n. 13, 353 n. 24 Greenberg, Stanley, 312 Green party, 21-22 Grenzke,Janet M., 269-70,278 n. 37 Grodzins, Morton, 65 n. 32 Gronbeck, Bruce E., 245 n. 25, 245 n. 37, 246

n. 53, 386 n. 38 Grossman, Steve, 109

418 Index

Grove City v. Bell, 332 Gurin, Gerald, 245 n. 15, 318 n. 7, 385 n. 24

Hague, Frank, 138 Hamilton, Alexander, 44, 45, 47, 49,58 Hamilton, CharlesV., 374,386 n. 37 Hanna, Mark, 249 Hansen, John M., 172 n. 1, 173 n. 43, 173 n. 45,

278 n. 18,303 n. 6, 303 n. 14,303 n. 19,303 n. 21,303 n. 23, 303 n. 24,303 n. 25,303 n. 28,303 n. 29,303 n. 31,304 n. 33,304 n. 34, 385 n. 29, 385 n. 30, 385 n. 32, 386 n.42

on civil rights movement, 382-83 on decline in voter turnout, 292, 293 on effectiveness of party activists, 167-68 on getting out the vote, 299 on increased black voter turnout, 3 71 on participation in electoral politics, 148 on party identification, 298 on political activity of blacks, 3 73

hard money, 264 Harriman Communications Center, 117 Harris, Fred, 352 n. 1, 366 Harrisburg Pennsylvanian, 308 Harris-Fulbright Natural Gas Bill, 250 Hastert,J. Dennis, 347 Hatch Act, 250, 263, 277 n. 9 Hawaii, 38 Hayes, Rutherford B., 356 Haynes, Audrey, 117, 123 n. 32, 135 Haynes, Fred, 77 n. 7 Heard, Alexander, 267,277 n. 9, 278 n. 29 Helms, Jesse, 313,314 Henry, Patrick, 44 Henry Wallace Progressives, 68 Hero, Rodney, 78 n. 16 Herring, Pendleton, 218,219 n. 24 Herrnson, Paul, 122 n. 4, 122 n. 9, 123 n. 19, 123

n. 22, 123 n. 23, 123 n. 26, 123 n. 27, 123 n. 28, 123 n. 29, 123 n. 30, 123 n. 31,245 n. 6, 246 n. 46, 246 n. 47, 320 n. 72, 335

on congressional candidates, 335 on current state of national party organization,

113 on national party as intermediary model, 116,

240 on role of parties in campaigns, 224

Hershey, Marjorie R., 245 n. 35 Hess, Stephen, 202,219 n. 8 Hesseltine, William B., 77 n. 7 Hibbs, Douglas, 333, 353 n. 19 High Federalists, 50 Hodgkin, Thomas, 16 n. 9 Hoffmann, Paul]., 172 n. 24, 173 n. 28, 173 n. 32 Hofstadter, Richard, 44, 47, 64 n. 3, 64 n. 4, 65

n. 6, 65 n. 10,65 n. 15, 100 n. 6 Hoover, Herbert, 255, 358 Horton, Willie, 313,361 Howell, William, 353 n. 16 Huang, John, 262 Huckfeldt, Robert, 117, 123 n. 32, 135

Huckshorn, Robert, 146 n. 6, 319 n. 12,319 n. 14, 319 n. 15

Hunt, Bunker, 261 Hunt Commission, 216 Huntington, Samuel, 3, 16 n. 2, 17 n. 25, 17 n. 26,

17 n. 31,17 n. 34,65 n. 12 conception of political parties, 6 on one-party systems, 15 on relevance of parties for democracy, 12, 13 stages of parties, 48

Hurja, Emil, 309

Idaho, 38 Illinois, 39 impeachment, 343-44, 349-52

consequences of, 351-52 definition of, 350 senators' views on proceedings, 351

independent expenditures, 264 independent filing, 182 Independent party, 68 independent voters, 23, 399 India, party system of, 20 Indian National Congress, 5 inflation, 333 in-kind contributions, 117 Inside Campaign Finance (Sorauf), 261 institutions, 1 interest groups, 1

campaign process and, 223 conflicts and, 57-58

interparty competition, classification of states by,40

Iowa, 205, 209 Iran-Contra scandal, 231,236,291 Israel, party system of, 28 issue advocacy ads, 264, 266 Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation

of American Politics (Carmines and Stim­son), vii

issue polarization, 402 Iversen, G. R., 23, 25, 41 n. 2 Iyengar, Shanto, 245 n. 23

Jackson, Andrew, 54, 103, 184,308 Jackson, Brooks, 261,262,263,277 n. 1, 278

n. 21,278 n. 23,278 n. 24,278 n. 25,278 n. 33, 278 n. 34, 278 n. 35, 320 n. 64, 320 n. 65, 320 n. 66, 320 n. 67, 320 n. 68, 320 n. 69, 320 n. 70, 320 n. 71

Jackson, Henry, 199 Jackson, Jesse, 108, 154, 198,208,210,237,364,

380-82 Jackson, JohnS., III, 172 n. 25, 173 n. 30, 173

n.34 Jacob, Herbert, 42 n. 14, 194 n. 5 Jacobson, Gary E., viii n. 2, 188, 194 n. 9, 277 n. 17 James, Fob, 346 Janda, Kenneth, 16 n. 7, 338, 353 n. 32 Janowitz, Morris, 242,246 n. 51,318 n. 5, 318 n. 6 Javits,Jacob K., 309,319 n. 35 Jay Treaty, 46, 52

Jefferson, Thomas, 36, 44, 46, 50, 54, 58 on issue cleavage ties to interest-group con-

flicts, 47 on need for opposite parties, 49, 57 Quids and, 66 role as party founder, 45

Jennings, M. Kent, 172 n. 12, 172 n. 22, 173 n. 29, 245 n. 10

Jewell, Malcolm E., 146 n. 3, 146 n. 5, 146 n. 6, 187, 194 n. 4, 194 n. 6, 194 n. 7, 194 n. 8, 194 n. 10

Johnson, Lyndon B., 210,217,237,280,313, 327, 341,360-361,392

Joint Center for Housing Studies, 366 Jones, Ruth S., 278 n. 40 Joseph Seagram, 262 Just, Marion R., 245 n. 28

Kansas, 38 Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854,54 Kaplan, Abraham, 123 n. 17 Katz, Daniel, 173 n. 3 7 Katz, Richard S., viii n. 7 Keefe, William]., 101 n. 32,352 n. 2, 353 n. 21,

353 n. 39, 353 n. 40 on presidents as party leaders, 341 on role of parties in Congress, 323, 334

Kefauver, Estes, 205 Keith, Bruce E., 100 n. 20, 101 n. 28 Kelley, Stanley,Jr., 245 n. 40,307,319 n. 16, 319

n. 17,319 n. 18,320 n. 55 Kelly, Edward, 139 Kemp,Jack,202,218,272 Kennedy, Edward, 108 Kennedy, John F., 36, 37,205,217,315,341,353

n.37,359 Kennelly, Martin, 139 Kentucky, 39, 51 Kerner Commission, 364 Key, V. O.,Jr., viii n. 11, viii n. 12, 9, 16 n. 13, 16

n. 15, 17 n. 33, 78 n. 14, 101 n. 24, 101 n. 33, 101 n. 34, 101 n. 35, 122 n. 8, 122 n. 11, 123 n. 14, 123 n. 18, 194 n. 11, 246 n. 55,303 n. 10,385 n. 5, 412 n. 15

on consistency of voter preferences, 92 on interest groups, 7 on local party organizations, 149 on party organization, 106 on policy cleavages, v-vi on primaries, 188-89 on realignment, 96-97, 402, 403 on relevance of parties for democracy, 14 on state party organizations, 130-31 on voter decision-making, 244 on voter turnout, 285

Kim,Jae-on, 304 n. 43 Kinder, Donald, 245 n. 23, 383, 386 n. 43 King, Anthony, 122 n. 2, 173 n. 43,303 n. 1, 353

n. 26 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 170, 300, 304 n. 35 Kingdon,John, 304 n. 38, 334, 353 n. 22 Kirkpatrick,Jeanne, 172 n. 21

Klein, Ethel, 245 n. 36 Know-Nothing party, 66 Kohl, Herb, 351 Kolodny, Robin, viii n. 7

Index 419

Koopman, Douglas L., 327, 353 n. 9 Kramer, Gerald, 167, 173 n. 39 Krasno,Jonathan S., 277 n. 17,278 n. 40 Kuklinski, James H., 304 n. 39

Labour party (Great Britain), 23, 60, 62 Ladd, Everett, 80 La Follette, Robert, 68, 72, 184, 357 La Follette family, 26 Landon, Alf, 309 Lane, Jan-Erik, 42 n. 15 La Raza Unida party, 74 Larry King Live, 69 Lasswell, Harold, 123 n. 17,215 Latinos

party involvement of, 375 third parties and, 7 4

Lawson, Kay, viii n. 8, 16 n. 3, 411 n. 2 Lazarsfeld, Paul, 229, 242, 245 n. 13, 246 n. 50,

318 n. 7 Lazarus, Edward H., 72, 77 n. 2, 77 n. 3, 77 n. 4,

78 n. 7, 78 n. 8, 78 n. 9, 78 n. 10, 78 n. 11, 78 n. 12

leadership recruitment candidate nomination, 174-75 characteristics of, 178-80 definition of, 175 eligibility requirements and, 176-77 historical periods of, 181 ideal process for, 193 importance of, 177 local level, 180-82, 189 local nomination procedures, 182-85 nonpartisan procedures for, 182 partisan procedures for, 182-85 process of, 17 5-77 role of parties in, 179-80, 190-92 as search process, 176 state level, 180-82 state nomination procedures, 182-85

legislative campaign committees (LCCs), 130 Legislative Leviathan (Cox and McCubbins),

324 Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970, 118 Leiserson,Avery, 3, 6, 16 n. 3 Lewinsky, Monica, 343, 344 liberalism, 32-33 Liberal party (Great Britain), 25, 60, 62 Liberal party (United States), 61 Libertarian party, 2 2 Liberty party, 66 Lijphart,Arend, 42 n. 15,42 n. 16,285,289, 303

n. 9, 303 n. 15,303 n. 18, 304 n. 44 Lincoln, Abraham, 255 Linder, John, 347 Lindsay,John, 134 linkmen (India), 148 Lippmann, Walter, 303 n. 3

420 Index

Upset, Seymour, 16 n. 20, 17 n. 29, 58, 65 n. 25, 65 n. 28, 65 n. 29, 219 n. 7

Literary Digest, 309 local party organizations

activities of, 135-37, 151 basic form of, 125-27 characteristics of, 133-35 city level, 133-37 developments in, 396-98 effectiveness of, 124 evaluation of, 144-46 as hybrid type, 143-44 models of, 126-27 potential organizational power of, 137 precinct level, 13 3-3 7 problems with, 144-45 role in candidate selection, 104 types of, 145 ward level, 133-37

Lockerbie, Brad, 173 n. 41 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 205 Long, Gillis, 121 Long, Huey, 138, 310 Long, Russell, 250 Long Act, 250 long ballot, 281 Los Angeles study, 151, 152, 153, 160 Los Angeles Times, 262 Lott, Trent, 118, 323 Louisiana, 39, 40, 205 low-turnout culture, 282 Lugar, Richard, 210,215,217

Mackie, Thomas T., viii n. 8 Madison, James, 44, 45, 49, 51, 54, 60, 61,350,

354 Maine, 38 Mair, Peter, viii n. 7 Maisel, L. Sandy, 147 n. 6, 194 n. 4, 194 n. 12, 319

n. 44, 352 n. 6 Malbin, Michael]., 277,278 n. 40 Manatt, Charles, 109, 115 Maraniss, David, 319 n. 24,319 n. 25 Marshall, Thurgood, 191-92,360 Marvick, Dwaine, 152, 172 n. 8, 172 n. 23, 242,

246 n. 51 Marx, Karl, 13 Maryland, 39 Marzullo, Vito, 137,140,141 Mason, George, 350 Massachusetts, 38 Matthews, Donald R., 304 n. 35,374,386 n. 34 Mayhew, David R., 37, 42 n. 11, 325, 338, 352 n. 4 Mazmanian, DavidA., 77 n. 7 McAdam, Doug, 303 n. 29 McCarthy, Eugene, 210 McCloskey, Herbert, 100 n. 9, 165, 172 n. 24, 173

n. 28, 173 n. 32 McCrae, Duncan, 304 n. 39 McCubbins, Matthew, 324,325,328,329,331,

353 n. 11, 353 n. 12 McGovern, George, 26, 255

McGovern-Fraser Commission, 207, 216 MCI,262 McPhee, William, 318 n. 7 media

campaign process and, 222-23, 230-32, 242, 243

as linkage structure, 3 public confidence in, 232 public's perception of, 232 selective coverage by, 231 voterturnoutand,297

Mencken, H. L., 217 Merkel, Peter H., viii n. 8, 411 n. 2 Merriam, Charles, vi-vii, viii n. 19, 16 n. 11

conception of political parties, 6 on interest groups, 7

Mexico, party system of, 20 Michigan, 39 Mikulski Commission, 207,208,216 militants (Europe), 148 "The Millenium Breach," 364 Miller, Arthur, 358 Miller, Arthur H., 245 n. 25,245 n. 37,246 n. 49,

246 n. 53, 246 n. 54, 303 n. 27, 386 n. 38 on interest group role in campaigns, 241 on intergroup correlations for parties, 380 on media role in campaigns, 243

Miller, Melissa, 172 n. 25, 173 n. 29, 173 n. 34 Miller, Warren, 101 n. 27, 172 n. 12, 172 n. 22,

173 n. 29, 173 n. 31, 173 n. 33, 173 n. 44, 245 n. 9, 245 n. 16, 245 n. 33, 303 n. 20, 304 n. 37,304 n. 42,318 n. 7, 353 n. 27,353 n. 29,385 n. 24,412 n. 6, 412 n. 7

on congressperson's link to constituency, 336 on 1992 election, 230, 235, 393 ftulnelofcausalitymodeland,225 on historical-era groups of electorate, 291 on party identification, 93, 404 on policy preferences of party leaders and

mass followers, 165-66 on realignment, 392 on voter turnout, 168, 301

millionaire candidates, 276 Mills, C W, 10, 16 n Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 364, 366 minority rights, cleavages over, 34 Mississippi, 40 Mississippi Freedom Democratic party, 76, 154 Mitosky, Warren, 311 Modified "quotas" Principle, 207 Moncrief, Gary, 278 n. 40 Mondale,Walter, 75,210 Monroe,James, 44, 54 Montana, 38 Moon, Henry Lee, 377 Moore, Barrington, 17 n. 34 Morris, Lorenzo, 377 Morris, Richard, 233, 308 Moyer, William G., 219 n. 13 multiparty system, 18

example of, 21 majoritarian, 19

pluralist, 19 social group affiliations in, 31

Myrdal, Gunnar, 354, 367, 385 n. 4 Myrmidons, 51

Nabisco, 262 Nash, Patrick, 139 National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People (NAACP), 76, 357, 359, 369 National Campaign Committees, 240 national chair, 108-10 national committee, 110-11 National Council of Negro Women, 358 National Democratic Party of Alabama, 154 National Election Studies, 100 n. 12, 100 n. 14,

132,384 National Fair Housing Authority, 366 National Gazette, 45 National Inquirer, 309, 310 National Liberty party, 76 National Opinion Research Center, 100 n. 2 national party as intermediary model, 116 national party convention

changed role of, 216-19 functions of, 216-19 history of, 111-12 importance of, 112-13

national party organization characteristics of, 106 components of, 113 in Congress, 119 congressional reform of, 118-20 current state of, 113-15 description of party organs, 108-13 developments in, 396-98 evaluation of, 122 fluctuations in, 102-3 historical perspective, 103-6 increased financial involvement of, 265 parties as umbrella structures in, 107-8 recent national party activities and, 115-18 reform of, since 1970, 120-21 transformation of, 105

National Presidential Gala, 262 National Recovery Program, 369 National Republican Congressional Committee

(NRCC), 316 National Republicans, 63, 103 National Youth Administration (NYA), 358 Natural Environment Policy Act of 1969, 38 Nebraska, 38 negative ads, 313 Netherlands

as example of pluralized multiparty system, 21 fragmentation of party system in, 28 party shifts in, 22, 23 party system of, 20, 41 religion and class ties to parties in, 31 social group cleavages in, 31

Neumann, Franz, 42 n. 5 Neustadt, Richard, 339, 353 n. 34, 353 n. 35, 353

n. 38

Nevada, 38 New Alliance party, 75 Newberry v. the US., 277 n. 7 New Breed Democrats, 398 New Deal, 55 New Hampshire, 205, 209, 231 New Jersey, 50 New Majority Dinner, 269 Newsweek, 257, 277 n. 13 New York, 38, 39, 50

Index 421

New York Times, 211,346,353 n. 41,353 n. 42 Nexon, David, 173 n. 27 Nicholson,Jim, 109 Nie, Norman, 100 n. 22, 101 n. 23, 303 n. 28,

304 n. 40,304 n. 43,412 n. 6, 412 n. 8, 412 n. 12, 412 n. 18

on public participation in elections, 301, 302 on realignment, 403 on socieoeconomic status and the vote, 286 on voter turnout, 292

Nimmo, Dan, 278 n. 31 Nixon, Richard, 26, 49, 84, 97, 154,237,248,255,

315,360,361 nonpartisan primary, 182 nonvoting, 283-85, 296, 300-303 North Carolina, 39

O'Hara, Rosemary, 172 n. 24, 173 n. 28, 173 n.32

Oklahoma, 38 Oliver, Melvin L., 365,385 n. 13,385 n. 14 Olson, David M., 146 n. 3, 146 n. 5, 147 n. 6, 187,

194 n. 4, 194 n. 6, 194 n. 7, 194 n. 8, 194 n. 10, 194 n. 13, 353 n. 23

one-party systems, 14-15, 19 open primary, 183, 185, 197 Orren, Gary R., 219 n. 7 Ostrogorski, M., 10, 16 n. 20, 198,219 n. 4 Overacker, Louise, 277 n. 10

Pacek, Alexander, 304 n. 44 Packwood,Bob,296 Parker, Alton, 255 Parker, Glenn R., 353 n. 10 Parker, John]., 357 Participation in America (Verba and Nie), 301 party activists

change in incentives for, 160-62 differences between Democratic and

Republican, 161 diversity of, 148-49 education level of, 153-54 functions of, 148 ideology of, 162-66 impact of, on public behavior, 166-68, 171 issue positions of, 162-66, 171 minor parties and, 168-70 motivations of, 159-62 new research on, 170 pathways to becoming, 157-59 polarization of, 164 reality of, in postwar period, 149-52

422 Index

party activists (continued) reasons for becoming, 161 representation of minorities and, 154-57 social backgrounds of, 153-57 in the South, 154

party adaptation conceptual model of, 389 types of, 387-89

party candidates, types of, 178-79 party caucus, 119 party conference, 119 party functionalists, 15 party government model, 325-27, 343 party identification

African Americans and, 89-91 fluctuations in, 86 general public and, 85-88 ideological self-placement and, 33 issue positions and, 92 overview of, 85 perceived party differences and, 91 for presidential elections, 1952-1996, 87 presidential vote and, 93 public's issue positions and, 91-92 turnout rates and, 96 vote defections and, 95 voting and, 92-96, 293-95

party line defectors, 93 The Party's just Begun (Sabato), iv The Party's Over (Broder), iv party systems

cohesiveness of opposition vote in, 28 determinants of, 57-63 differences in, 19, 20 dimensions of, 40-41 early patterns of interest-group conflicts and,

57-58 election system and, 60-62 electoral strength shifts in, 22-27 extension of suffrage and, 58-59 new claimants for power and, 59-60 party response to social problems and, 62-63 patterns of group relationships to parties in, 29 pros and cons of, 40-41 psycho-cultural socialization of citizens to, 63 types of, 19-22, 29, 60-61 See also American party system; multiparty

system; one-party system; two-party system Patterson, Samuel C., 172 n. 23 Patterson, Thomas E., 242, 246 n. 52 Pendergast, Tom, 138 Pennsylvania, 50, 51 The People's Choice, 229 Perot, H. Ross, vii, 21, 22, 30, 55, 75, 93, 195, 198,

231, 235, 254 campaign finance and, 256, 261 candidacies of, 72-74, 174 demographic characteristics of votes for, 70 party activists and, 168-69, 170 third party and, 69-71

Perry, James, 319 n. 10,319 n. 11 Peter Hart Associates, 347

Petrocik,John, 100 n. 22,412 n. 6, 412 n. 8, 412 n. 12,412 n. 14,412 n. 18

Pew Foundation, 261 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 52 Philip Morris, 262 Phillips, Kevin, 97 Pierce, Roy, 353 n. 28 Platform Committee, 217 Platt, Tom, 138 Plunkitt, George Washington, 138 Plunkitt of Tammany Hall (Riordon), 138 pluralist theory, 11,376,378 plural-party systems, 14-15 Policy and Steering committees, 120 political action committees (PACs), 116, 118,

240-41,266-70,275 political ad specialists, 312-14 political commercials, 313 political machines, 13 7-43

classic attributes of, 138-39 example of, 139-42 philosophy of, 138 role in candidate selection, 104 two-dimensional classification of, 143 types of, 142-43 uniqueness of, 137-38

political parties adaptation to modern campaign technology,

316-17 breadth of support for, 30 campaign process and, 222 compared to other groups, 9-10 contradictory roles of, 11-13 definition of, 4-9 divided government and, 338 Downs Model for, 8 as group processing interest-group demands, 7 as group seeking power by winning elections,

5-7 historical relevance of, 15-16 as ideological competitor, 7-9 ideological conflicts and, 32-35 images of, 5-9 increased neutrality toward, 84-85 intraparty patterns, 395-96 issue positions and, 34 as linkage structures, 2-3 place of, in political system, 1-4 race and, vi-vii relevance of, for democracy, 10-14 relevance sought by, 321 response of, to ideological shifts, 394-95 response of, to new issues, 401-2 role in constituency, 335-37 role in voter turnout, 295, 297-300 social conflict and, 4 variations in scholars' conceptions of, 6

pollster, 308-12 Polsby, Nelson W, 337, 353 n. 26, 353 n. 30, 353

n. 31 Pomper, Gerald M., 42 n. 13, 101 n. 33, 122 n. 2,

123 n. 25, 219 n. 9, 219 n. 13, 219 n. 15,219

n. 16, 219 n. 22,219 n. 23, 244 n. 2, 245 n. 22,245 n. 29,245 n. 30,245 n. 31,245 n. 35,245 n. 36,245 n. 39,245 n. 41,245 n. 42, 246 n. 43, 246 n. 44, 246 n. 45, 320 n. 58,386 n. 39,386 n. 40

Popular Front (France), 5 Popular Republican Movement (France), 5 Populist party, 54, 61,67-68,356 Powell, Colin, 69, 198, 200, 202, 203, 204, 218,

364 Powell, G. Bingham, Jr., 16 n. 12,42 n. 15,42 n. 17 Powell,Jody, 308 Pravda, 280, 303 n. 5 predominant-party system, 19 Preferential Commitment Principle, 207 presidency

as director of executive branch, 340-41 as head of party organization, 340, 341 partisan bases of, 339-43 responsibilities of, 340 shared power of, 339-40 trend in congressional support of, 342-43

presidential candidates campaign process and, 222 campaign tasks of, 202-3 factors contributing to survival of, 204 image of, 201-2 withdrawal of, 202

presidential caucuses, 205-6 changes since 1968,207-9 importance of, 205 state variations in, 208-9

presidential debates functions of, 239 importance of, 238-39

Presidential Election Campaign Fund, 254 presidential nominations

caucuses and, 205-6 classic model of, 195-96, 199 features of, 196-97 history of, 195-96 national convention and, 216-19 new populism model of, 196-99 pre-primary period and, 200-204 reform of, 196 regulation of, 207 uniqueness of, in United States, 195

presidential primaries, 181, 205-6 changes since 1968, 207-9 characteristics of party voters in, 212 evaluations of, 214-16 fairness problem in, 214 front loading and, 209-11 impact of, 215-16 importance of, 205 increasing adoption of, 1968-1996, 206 representativeness of voters in, 211-14 as screening process or winnowing process,

214-15 state variations in, 208-9 turnout rate for, 206, 207

presidential scandals, 84

Index 423

Pressman, Jeffrey L., 219 n. 3 Price, David E., 122 n. 8, 123 n. 21 professional campaign manager, 306-8 Proportional Representation Principle, 207 proportional representation system (PR), 289 Proposition 209,364 Prothro,JamesW, 301 n. 35,374,386 n. 34 Proxmire, William, 261 public

affect toward parties, 82-85 confidence in parties, 79-81 general positive belief in parties, 81-82 link of party identification to issue positions

of, 91-92 perception of media, 232 relevance of parties to, 80-81 strength of party identification, 85-88 support for realignment in the South, 96-99 variations in affect of, 83 variations in political independence of, 88-89

Public Notice Principle, 207 public relations specialists, 315-16 Public Works Administration (PWA), 358 Putnam, Robert D., 172 n. 18, 385 n. 33 Pye, Lucian W, 65 n. 13

Quayle, Dan, 202 Quids, 50, 66

race issue, 3 5 after World War II, 3 59-61 balance-of-power theory and, 377 causes of racial injustice/inequality, 367-68 civil rights and, 359-61 current state of, 364-67 educational disparity, 366-67 FDRand, 358 Great Depression and. 358 historical overview of, 355-64 housing discrimination, 366 income inequality, 365 in northern states, 355 periods of two-party approach to, 368-70 poverty rates and, 365-66 realignment and, 362-63 Reconstruction period and, 356 since 1964,360-64 in the South, 355-57 World War IT and, 359

Race Matters (West), 364 Radcliff, Benjamin, 304 n. 44 Rae, Nicol, 98, 101 n. 38, 101 n. 39, 101 n. 42,

101 n. 43, 101 n. 44 Rakove, Milton L., 140, 141, 147 n. 17, 147 n. 18,

147 n. 19, 147 n. 20 Rally of the French People (Gaullist), 5 Randolph, John, 66 Ranney, Austin, 42 n. 14, 100 n. 7, 122 n. 6, 194

n. 5, 406,412 n. 21,412 n. 22 Ranney Index, 39 Rapoport, Ronald, 77 n. 5, 78 n. 13, 172 n. 16,

173n. 46

424 Index

Reagan, Ronald, 22, 55, 154,203,231,237,315, 341,361

realignment American party system and, 398-400 the South and, 96-99 theory of, 400-405

red summer, 357 Reed, Ralph, 344 Reed, Scott, 203 Reeves, Keith, 314,320 n. 54 Reform Party (United States), iv, 21, 58 Rehnquist, William H., 349 Reichley, James, 122 n. 3, 303 n. 14 Republican National Committee (RNC), 115 Republican party, 26, 30, 53-54, 382 Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee,

116 Resolutions Committee, 217 Responsibility Principle, 273 responsible-party model, 337,407-9 Revenue Act of 1971,251,253 Rhode Island, 38 Rieselbach, Leroy, 352 n. 7 Right-to-life party, 75 Riker, William, 223,224,245 n. 5, 245 n. 7 RNC Task Force on Presidential Primaries and

Caucuses, 109 Rockefeller, Nelson, 205, 360 Rockman, Bert A., 172 n. 18 Rohde, DavidW, 122 n. 7, 123 n. 33, 123 n. 35,

123 n. 38, 123 n. 39, 328, 352 n. 5, 352 n. 7, 353 n. 10,353 n. 13,353 n. 14,353 n. 15, 353 n. 16

Rokkan, Stein, 57-58, 65 n. 25, 65 n. 28, 65 n. 29 Romer, Roy, 109 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 358 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 55, 76,217,309,310, 329,

331,341,344,358 Roosevelt, Theodore, 54, 68, 71,75-76, 255, 357 Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, 42

n. 12, 100 n. 1, 100 n. 2, 100 n. 3, 100 n. 4, lOOn. 5, lOOn.lO, 100n.15, lOOn. 17,100 n. 19, 101 n. 29, 101 n. 31, 123 n. 24,231, 245 n. 4, 245 n. 17, 245 n. 18, 245 n. 19, 245 n. 20,245 n. 26,245 n. 27,277 n. 15,278 n. 20, 353 n. 33, 411 n. 3

Roraback,J. Henry, 138 Rose,Richard,viiin.8 Roseboom, Eugene H., 277 n. 6 Rosenstone, Steven]., 77 n. 2, 77 n. 3, 77 n. 4, 78

n. 7, 78 n. 8, 78 n. 9, 78 n. 10, 78 n. 11,78 n. 12, 100 n. 13, 100 n. 18, 172 n. 1, 173 n. 43, 173 n. 45, 278 n. 18, 303 n. 6, 303 n. 7, 303 n. 14,303 n. 19,303 n. 21,303 n. 23, 303 n. 24, 303 n. 25, 303 n. 28, 303 n. 29,303 n. 31,304 n. 33,304 n. 34,318 n. 1, 318 n. 2, 385 n. 26,385 n. 27,385 n. 28, 385 n. 29, 385 n. 30, 385 n. 32, 386 n.42

on bonds of public to parties, 82 on civil rights movement, 382-83 on decline in voter turnout, 292, 293

on effectiveness of party activists, 167-68 on getting out the vote, 299 on increased black voter turnout, 371 on participation in electoral politics, 148 on party identification, 298 on political activity of blacks, 373 on success of third parties, 72 theory of major party failure, 305 on voter registration laws, 289

Rossi, Peter, 173 n. 37 Rossiter, Clinton, vii, viii n. 21 Rothberg, Donald M., 100 n. 8 Royko, Mike, 140, 147 n. 11, 147 n. 17 Rozell, Mark]., 101 n. 45 Rucinski, Dianne, 245 n. 37

Sabato, Larry, 123 n. 15,172 n. 12, 172 n. 13,277 n. 1, 307-8,319 n. 19,319 n. 20,319 n. 27, 319 n. 36,319 n. 37,319 n. 38,319 n. 41, 320 n. 51,320 n. 52,320 n. 59,320 n. 60, 320 n. 61, 320 n. 62, 320 n. 63, 344

Sait, Edward M., viii n. 20 Salant, RichardS., 245 n. 40 Samuelson, Robert, 257,271,278 n. 38 Sanches, Loretta, 109 Sanders,Bernard,272,344 Sanders, Lynn M., 383,386 n. 43 Sartori, Giovanni, 42 n. 4, 42 n. 15 Scammon, Richard M., ix, xii n. 10 Schattschneider,ElmerE., 16n.l, 16n.16,41

n. 1, 42 n. 10, 146 n. 4, 245 n. 11,245 n. 12, 278n. 39

on campaign finance, 272 conception of political parties, 6 on importance of parties, 3 law of imperfect political mobilization of inter­

ests, 227 on local party organizations, 127 on relevance of parties for democracy, 10

Scher, Richard, 101 n. 46, 101 n. 47 Schlesinger, Joseph A., xii n. 3 Schumer, Charles E., 351 Schumpeter,Joseph, 11,17 n. 21,280,303 n. 4 Scranton, William, 205 Seligman, Lester, 178, 194 n. 1 Shafer, Byron E., 412 n. 13 Shanks,]. Merrill, 173 n. 44,245 n. 9, 245 n. 16,

245 n. 33,303 n. 20,304 n. 42,412 n. 6, 412 n. 7

on 1992 election, 230, 235, 393 funnel of causality model and, 225 on historical-era groups of electorate, 291 on party identification, 404 on realignment, 392 on voter turnout, 168, 301

Shapiro, Thomas M., 365, 385 n. 13, 385 n. 14 Share Our Wealth movement, 310 Shaw, George Bernard, 280 Shea, Daniel M., 122 n. 12, 147 n. 6, 147 n. 8, 147

n. 10 Sheppard, Burton D., 352 n. 7 Simon, Herbert, 318 n. 5

Sinclair, Barbara, 123 n. 34, 123 n. 37,326,352 n. 6,353 n. 8

single-member district (SMD), 281, 289-90 Smith,Al, 111,255 Smith, Gordon H., 351 Smith, Robert, 312,319 n. 49,320 n. 50,377 Smith, Steve, 308 Smith, Tom, 319 n. 27,320 n. 53 Smith-Connally Act of 1943,267 Sniderman, Paul M., 365, 385 n. 12 Snowe, Olympia, 351 Snowiss, Leo, 191, 194 n. 14 social-class bias, 153 social welfare, cleavages over, 34 socioeconomic status (SES), 286 soft money, 115, 130, 264, 275 Sorauf, Frank, vi, viii n. 13, 16 n. 8, 172 n. 4, 261,

278 n. 27, 278 n. 40 South Carolina Progressive Democratic party, 76,

154 South Dakota, 38 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 76 South (United States region)

party activists in, 154 percentage of voting-age population registered

to vote in, 288 presidential campaign strategies and, 237 realignment in, 96-99

Speaker of the House, power of, 325 Specter, Arlen, 202 Sperlick, Peter, 246 n. 51 split-ticket voting, 94 Squire, Peverill, 319 n. 30 Standard Oil, 249 Starr, Kenneth, 344 state chairperson, 128, 129 state committee, 128, 129 state party convention, 128-29 state party organizations

activity of, 133, 151 basic form of, 125-27 county level, 131-33 developments in, 396-98 district level, 131-3 3 effectiveness of, 124 features of, 127 models of, 126-27 units of, 128-29 variations in, 129-31

States Rights party, 68 Steering and Policy Committee, 325 Stern, Frederick, 318 n. 5 Stevenson, Adlai, 205,359 Stimson, James, vii, viii n. 23, 42 n. 8, 78 n. 18,

172 n. 26,371,385 n. 8, 385 n.9, 385 n. 25, 385 n. 31, 412 n. 6

Stokes, Donald E., 23, 25,41 n. 2, 304 n. 37,336, 353 n. 27, 353 n. 29

stratarchy, 106, 125, 126 straw ballot, 308, 310 Strong Parties Principle, 27 4 sudden death primary, 216

Index 425

suffrage extension of, 58-59 year universal male suffrage achieved, 59

Sullivan, Denis, 198, 219 n. 3 Sundquist, James L., v, viii n. 9, viii n. 10, xii n.

22,403,412 n. 14,412 n. 19 super delegates, 215,216 Supreme Court, 111 Svara,James H., 172 n. 17,386 n. 35 Swanbrough, Robert, 101 n. 41

Taft, Robert, 205 Taft, William Howard, 55 Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, 250, 267 Taiwan, 195 Tamraz, Roger, 263 Task Force on Campaign Finance Reform,

247,257,261,265,274,277 n. 4, 277 n. 14

Tate, Katherine, 374,386 n. 36 Taylor, John, 46 technologies

adaptation of parties to, 316-17 categories of, 306 description of, 305-6 political ad specialists, 312-14 pollsters, 308-12 professional campaign manager, 306-8 public relations specialists, 315-16 as umbrella term, 306

telephone canvassing, 146 Tennessee, 39 third parties, 18

genderand,75 history of, 66-68 with most votes in presidential elections, 67 Perotand,69-71 special groups'attempts to launch, 74-76 theories to explain, 71-74 voting and, 72-74

Thurmond, Strom, 55, 68, 71 Tilly, Charles, 384, 386 n. 44 Torrance,V. Lance, 101 n. 32 tracking polls, 311 Traugott, Michael, 296 trial heat polls, 311 Triangulation Strategy, 233, 234 Truman, David, 325, 352 Truman, Harry, 359, 369 Tsongas, Paul, 210,215 Tufte, Edward R., 332, 333, 353 n. 17, 353 n. 18 Tweed, William, 138 Twentieth Century Fund, 261 Twenty-sixth Amendment, 282 two-party system, iv

African Americans and, 376,378-79 characteristics of, 18-19 coalitional flexibility in, 27 1996 election and, 21-22 equilibrium forces in, 23-26 majoritarian, 19 reasons for acceptance of, 26-27

426 Index

U.S. Conference of Mayors, 366 U.S. Tax party, 22 U.S. Tobacco, 262 US. v. Classic, 277 n. 8 UN Development Program, 366 unemployment, 333 Union Labor party, 67 United Citizens party, 76 United Negro College Fund, 366 United We Stand: How We Can Take Back Our

Country (Perot), 69 United We Stand America, Inc., 69,73 Unruh, Jesse, 261 Utah, 38

Ventura, Jesse, 77,345 Verba, Sidney, 65 n. 13, 100 n. 22,303 n. 12,303

n. 22, 303 n. 28, 304 n. 40, 304 n. 43, 412 n. 6, 412 n. 8, 412 n. 12,412 n. 18

on public participation in elections, 301, 302 on socieoeconomic status and the vote, 286 on voter turnout, 292

Vermont, 21,272, 344 Vertz, Laura L., 173 n. 40 Vines, Kenneth N., 42 n. 14, 194 n. 5 Virginia, 39, 40,51 Virginia Statute of Religious Uberty, 45 The Voter Decides, 229 voting

age and, 290-92 attitudes and, 292-95 beliefs and, 292-95 correlations with issues, 32 decline in turnout, 1960s to 1980s, 299 distrust of government and, 294 explanations for decline in, 288 factors linked to, 298 grandfather clause and, 356 group differences in turnout, 285-88 historical-generational conception of, 291-92 issues and, 32-33 life experience theory of, 292 media and, 297 mobilization and, 298-99 nonvoting, 283-85, 296, 300-303 obstacles to, 281-82 participation, 283-85 party identification and, 293-95 patterns by social groups, 348 presidential primaries and, 211-14 registration laws for, 282, 289 role of parties in turnout for, 295,297-300 trends in citizen views of politics and, 294

Voting-By-Mail, 296 Voting Rights Act of 1965,89,282,287,291,314,

331,360,361,370,373,392,404

walk-around money (warn), 307 Walker, Jack L.,Jr., 246 n. 48 Walker, Martin, 319 n. 26 Wallace, George, 55, 68, 75, 87, 169, 170,261,

404

Wallace, Henry, 55,68 Wallas, G., conception of political parties, 6 Walt Disney, 262 Walters, Ronald, 377 Walton, Hanes, Jr., 76,78 n. 15,78 n. 17,78 n. 19,

78 n. 20, 101 n. 36 Washington, George, 44, 80, 322 Washington, Harold, 139-40 Washington Post, 203, 353 n. 41 Watergate, 49, 84, 87, 114,244,262,270,291,

317 Wattenberg, Ben]., v, viii n. 10,82 Wattenberg, Martin P., 391,393,412 n. 4, 412

n. 9, 412 n. 10, 412 n. 11 Watts,]. C., 347 Wayne, Stephen]., 320 n. 56 Weber, Max, 6, 7, 9, 16 n. 10 Weicker, Lowell, 69 Werthei,mer, Fred, 277 n. 2 West, Cornel, 355, 364, 385 n. 6, 385 n. 10 West, Thomas, 385 n. 1 Westside Neighborhood Improvement

Association, 9-10 West Virginia, 38,39 When Parties Fail (Lawson and Merkel), 389 Whigs,26,54,71, 104 whip, 119-20 Whiskey Rebellion, 51 Whitaker, Clem, 307 White, Theodore, 198, 219 n. 2, 219 n. 6, 219

n. 19 "Why Political Machines Have Not Withered

Away" (Wolfinger), 142 Wielhouer, PeterW., 173 n. 41 Will, George, 203, 271 Wilson,}amesQ., 122 n. 1, 155, 172n. 7,172

n. 14,172 n. 20 Wilson, Pete, 202 Wilson, Scott, 278 n. 27 Wilson, Woodrow, 26, 54, 76, 103, 118, 122 n. 7,

196,249,283,321,324,341,357 Winograd Commission, 216 Wisconsin, 39, 181, 184,208 Wolfinger, Raymond, 142, 147 n. 21 women

increase in voter turnout for, 287 party activists, 154, 157 third parties and, 74, 75

Woodard,]. David, 246 n. 53 Woodward, Bob, 219 n. 10, 219 n. 11 Works Progress Administration (WPA), 358 Wright, John R., 278 n. 40 Wright, William, 143, 147 n. 22 Wyoming,38

Young, Andrew, 237 Young Democrats, 110 Young Republicans, 50

Zaller,John, 100 n. 9, 231,244 n. 3, 245 n. 21,245 n.24

Zeigler, Harmon, 245 n. 10