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INDEX

Note 1: Article numbers in square brackets refer to earlier versions of the legislation ortreaty in question. In volume 149 (Kadi cases), references to the EC Treatyare to the post-Amsterdam Treaty consolidated version

Note 2: The variants ‘Al-Qaeda’ and ‘Al-Qaida’ (with differing capitalization and useof the hyphen) both occur in cases reported in the International LawReports. Unless the reference is specifically to ‘Al Qaeda’ in an English-language legislative text, the version used in the index is ‘Al-Qaida’.

Abbreviations used in the indexAQO (Al-Qaida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 (UK))ASI (Agreement on [SFRY] Succession Issues (2001))BVerfGG (FRG Constitutional Court Law)CFI/CFIROP (Court of First Instance/Rules of Procedure)CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy)CJEC (Court of Justice of the European Communities)EC (European Community/European Communities/European Community Treaty

(1957) including amendments)ECJ (European Court of Justice/ECJ Statute)ECPSD (European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes

(1957))ETC [or TEC] (Treaty Establishing the European Community) (1957)GFS (Final Settlement (Two plus Four Agreement) (1990))GG (Basic Law (FRG))GSC (German Settlement Convention (1952/1954))HAY (Hani El Sayed Sabaei Youssef )Lisbon Treaty (2007) (Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union

and the Treaty establishing the European Community)NBS (National Bank of Serbia)NBY (National Bank of Yugoslavia)SADC (South African Development Community)TC (Torture Convention (1984))TEU (Lisbon Treaty on the European Union (2007))TO (Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 (UK))UNC (UN Charter (1945))

access to courts, right of (ECHR 6(1)): see also Prince Hans-Adam II (ECtHR)acceptance of treaty provision as bar to exercise of jurisdiction and 72jurisprudence, Waite 70-1justified restrictions/interference, requirements, legitimate aim 70-1, 72-4margin of appreciation 70-1as one aspect of ECHR 6(1) rights 70

act of State doctrine: see also judicial review/justiciability (foreign relations orprerogative power including acts of State), jurisprudence

759

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760 INDEX

act of State doctrine (acts of foreign State within its own territory:non-justiciability), State immunity from jurisdiction and, jurisprudence,Unocal 521

act of State doctrine (acts of foreign State within its own territory:non-justiciability), territorial limitation, acts outside territory/subject tojurisdiction of 500-1, 527

act of State doctrine (acts of forum State)act outside the jurisdiction involving own national

aiding and abetting acts of officials of foreign State 480-528acts of foreign officials distinguished 521-2

excess of powers challenge under Constitution distinguished 488-95, 525-6act of State doctrine, definition, theory and nature of the doctrine including

procedural aspects 495-501as choice of law rule under private international law 495-6, 499jurisdictional bar to prosecution and liability distinguished 482validity vs judicial restraint 497, 500-1waiver, possibility of, accession to human rights conventions as 493-5

admissibility (ECtHR)manifestly ill-founded applications (ECHR 35(3) [27(2)]) 51measures taken to implement UNSCR

Behrami 324-5, 394-5, 690-2Beric 324-5Bosphorus 324-5, 394-5Gajic 324-5Kasumaj 324-5

Afghanistan, Coalition operations in, as state of war 542, 564-7Ahmed (validity of anti-terrorist freezing orders) 650-758

Court’s findings/conclusion (voidness and suspension of orders) 687-8factual background 663-7

effect of TO/AQO 651-2, 666-7listing of appellants under TO and AQO 650-1

notification to applicants 664judgments

Brown 717-24Hope 650-88Mance 724-48Phillips 688-709Rodger 709-17

legislative backgroundSecurity Council resolutions, 656-60: see also sanctions (Al-Qaida/Taliban),

Security Council resolutions relating toUK terrorism orders 659-62

AQO (summary of provisions) 662-3procedure for making Orders (UN Act 1946, s 1) 652TO (summary of provisions) 660-2Terrorism Order (2009) 662

UN Act 1946, 654-6, 726-30: see also United Kingdom, Security Councilmeasures, application/compliance obligation (UN Act 1946 s 1)

UN Charter provisions 653-4procedural history






INDEX 761

A, K, M and G (Administrative Court proceedings) 664-5HAY: see also Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases)

judicial review 665-6, 725-6, 739-40request for information relating to Sanction Committee’s decision to include

on consolidated list 665ultra vires nature of orders based on

breach of right to judicial review of UN resolution (ECHR 6) 684-7, 705-9, 740breach of right to property (ECHR Protocol 1) 683-4Human Rights Act 3(1) (interpretation of legislation ‘in a way compatible with

the Convention rights’) 689-95Human Rights Act 6(1) (obligation of public authority to act in conformity with

ECHR) 689legal certainty/foreseeability test (ECHR 7) 736-8legality principle/fundamental rights 669, 683-4, 705-9, 741-2legality principle/separation of powers 669, 683-4, 696-700, 705-9, 713-14,

718, 735-6primacy of UNC obligations (UNC 103) 689-95UN Act 1946 660, 667-78, 695-708, 717-24

Order going beyond requirements of UNSCR 1371 (2001) (TO) (‘reasonablegrounds’ test) 674-7, 701-5, 719, 730-6

right to effective remedy/judicial review 705-9Al Barakaat : see Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases)Australia

act of State doctrine (acts of foreign State within its own territory:non-justiciability), territorial limitation, acts outside territory/subject tojurisdiction of 500-1, 527

act of State doctrine (acts of forum State)aiding and abetting acts of officials of foreign State 480-528

acts of foreign officials distinguished 521-2excess of powers challenge under Constitution distinguished 488-95, 525-6

act of State doctrine, definition, theory and nature of the doctrine includingprocedural aspects 495-501

as choice of law rule under private international law 495-6, 499as part of common law 481-3, 507-23as procedural bar to prosecution and liability distinguished 482validity vs judicial restraint 497, 500-1waiver, possibility of, accession to human rights conventions as 493-5

Constitution by section61 (executive power), act of State and 488-95, 525-675(iii) (Commonwealth as party) 490-1, 524-575(v) (mandamus, prohibition or injunction) 490-1, 524-5

Criminal Code (pre-2012), s 11.2 (complicity and common purpose) 480-1, 486-8judicial review/justiciability (foreign relations or prerogative power), excess of

powers under Constitution s 61 488-95, 525-6judicial review/justiciability (foreign relations or prerogative power including acts

of State), considerations of possible relevanceinternational law, status of rule under consideration (Sabbatino/Kuwait

Airways) 519developments in international law and 519jus cogens and 522






762 INDEX

Australia (cont.)public policy of forum State 519Sabbatino factors 515-16, 521-2, 523

law ofFederal Court Act 1976, s 25(6) (reserved questions) 481Geneva Conventions Act 1957 s 7(1) 480-1, 486, 488, 493-5, 506, 524Judiciary Act 1903 by section

39B 50244(3) 502

legislation, interpretation, guidelines, consistency with common law 481-3non-justiciability (act of State/political question doctrine), exceptions, torture 482,

517, 522non-justiciability (act of State/political question doctrine), reasons for/justification

absence of judicially discoverable and manageable standards 523foreign relations considerations, avoidance of embarrassment to executive 523judicial restraint 499separation of powers doctrine 523

territorial jurisdiction (criminal and tort) (including cross-border offences),jurisdictional bar to prosecution and liability distinguished 482

torturecriminal jurisdiction (including TC obligations), Crimes (Torture) Act 1988

and 480-1, 482, 486, 520-1definition/classification as, action ‘by a public official or other person acting in

an official capacity’ (TC 1)/Crimes (Torture) Act 480-1, 482as jus cogens/peremptory norm 482

AY Bank (State succession issues: justiciability) 616-40applications 627-8Court’s determination/order 639Court’s findings

judicial review/justiciability of treatiesconsent to jurisdiction by treaty parties, relevance 635-6treaties between third States and not part of forum State law 629

non-justiciability (act of State/political question doctrine)private law rights as exception 636-9review of 628-30

factual background: see also Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic (SFRY),succession issues, ASI (2001)

ASI (2001) (summary of provisions/extracts) 618-21Bank’s status/accounts with 616-17transactions on NBY accounts 621-4

parties’ argumentsCroatia 631-2Serbia and Montenegro 630-1

parties’ claims/proofs of debt 624-7Bosnia and Herzegovina 625, 633-4Croatia 626, 633-4FRY (now Serbia and Montenegro)/NBS 624Macedonia 625Slovenia 626unsecured creditors 627






INDEX 763

Campbell (SADC Tribunal)dissenting opinions

Pillay (on costs) 475-6Tshosa (on Amendment 17 discrimination) 476-7

Certain German Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) (ICJ): see also GermanSettlement Convention (1952/1954) (GSC), Chapter 6 (reparations);Pieter van Laer Painting ; Prince Hans-Adam II (ECtHR)

admissibility/challenge to the jurisdiction 94, 99-111disputes within the domestic jurisdiction of States (ECPSD 27(b)) 120, 146-7European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes (ECPSD) as basis

99-100exhaustion of established processes (ICJ ROC 79) 122-3, 150-1existence of legal dispute 101-3

Court’s analysis and conclusions 102-3, 107-11critical date (ECPSD 27(a)) 104-11, 115-20, 123-9, 134-6, 139-46,

155-65Final Settlement (Two plus Four Agreement) as novus actus interveniens

127-8, 162-3German Settlement Convention (1952/1954) (GSC)/Benes Decrees as source

of dispute 109-11, 119, 124-7, 137-9position taken by Germany during consultations/negotiations as evidence of

103, 113, 152, 154-5real cause test 108, 109-11, 119, 124-7, 130-3, 139-46, 160-1

intervention of third State (Czechoslovakia) (ICJ 62) 121-2, 148-50‘subject of the dispute’

applicability of GSC to neutral/non-German States 113-20, 121-2, 125-8,137-9, 143-5, 157-9

application of GSC VI.3 as alleged breach of Germany’s internationalresponsibility towards Liechtenstein 102-3, 113-15, 133

determination by Court 132-3jurisdiction of German courts under GSC VI.3, 110, 115-20: see also German

Settlement Convention (1952/1954) (GSC), Chapter 6 (reparations),jurisdiction of German courts (GSC VI.3)

obligation to indicate in application (ICJ 40(1)/ROC 38(2)) 100, 147-8Court’s decision/dispositif 111-12

alternative ways to resolve/acknowledge dispute, need for 129, 164-5Court’s judgment 93-112

dissenting opinions/declarationsBerman 152-66Elaraby 123-9Fleischhauer 152Kooijmans 112-23Owada 129-51

factual background/procedural history 93-4Application (Liechtenstein) 93, 95appointment of judge ad hoc (ICJ 31(2) and (3)) 93, 94Benes Decrees 97oral hearings/availability of pleadings to the public (ROC 53(2)) 94Pieter van Laer Painting 99Prince Hans-Adam II 99






764 INDEX

Certain German Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) (ICJ) (cont.)Parties’ submissions/arguments

Germany 95-6, 97, 100, 101, 104, 105-6, 131-2Liechtenstein 95, 96, 97, 101-2, 104-5, 106-7, 130-1, 132

CFSPEC competence

EC 60(1) and EC 301 [EC 228a] as enabling clause/provision 212-14, 231,276-8, 291, 314, 374-5, 376-7, 392

UNC 41 and EC 301 compared 374EC 308 flexibility clause, whether basis for Community jurisdiction 275-6

civil rights and obligations (ECHR 6(1)), classification as, enemy property,determination of validity of expropriation 68

CJEU/ECJ/CJECamendment of claim following replacement or amendment of contested decision

194-5, 464appeals

referral back to CFI for final judgment/Court’s right to give (ECJ 61) 327,338-9, 397-8

right to overrule points of law 432, 434, 435CFI procedure, addition of comments on observations, ECJ/CJEC, CFI procedure

192ex proprio motu jurisdiction

jurisprudence 264-78on matter of public policy 263-4

expedited procedure (CFIROP 76a) 190judgment, delay in implementation (CJEU/ECJ Statute 60 derogation) 471-2jurisdiction

concurrent jurisdiction with international courts 327-9ECtHR jurisdiction distinguished 325-6, 394-5

legal aid 193, 462, 473Rules of Procedure (CFI)

50 (joinder of cases) 193, 26051 (referral to Chamber) 26064(3)(a) (measures of organization: questions to parties) 193, 26076a (expedited procedure) 19099 (discontinuance of action) 193113 (voidness of purpose) 192, 195, 260115(1) (application to intervene: time limits) 192, 260116(6) (application to intervene: outside ROP 115(1) time limits) 192,

260Rules of Procedure (ECJ)

43 (joinder of cases) 36687(2) (costs: unsuccessful party) 453, 47287(4) (costs: intervening Member States and institutions) 45387(6) (costs: case not proceeding to judgment) 472

compensation for breach of ECHR (just satisfaction obligation (ECHR 41[50])), right to/measure, respect for the family (ECHR 8) and 613

competences (EC/EU prior to Lisbon Treaty)Member States, security policy 320-1UN obligations and 230-2, 290-2






INDEX 765

compulsory jurisdiction (Optional Clause) (ICJ 36(2)), acceptance andimplementation, treaty or convention conferring: see EuropeanConvention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes (1957) (ECPSD)

constitution (State), unenumerated rights, judicial restraint in respect of 611-12costs (CJEU/ECJ) 249, 308, 404-5, 453, 472-3

timing of application, relevance 473costs (SADC) (ROC 78) 475-6

derogation in time of public emergency (ICCPR 4), ‘public emergency threateningthe life of the nation’ (ICCPR 4(1)) 248, 307-8

diplomatic protection, Sanctions Committee and 243-4domestic jurisdiction (UNC 2(7)), compulsory jurisdiction (ICJ 36(2)) and,

European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes (ECPSD27(b)) 120, 146-7

Dubsky (overflights and landings (foreign military aircraft)) (Ireland) 531-78Constitutional and legislative provisions (text)

Air Navigation (Carriage of Munitions of War, Weapons and Dangerous Goods)(Amendment) Order 1989, text (extracts) 539

Air Navigation (Carriage of Munitions of War, Weapons and Dangerous Goods)Order 1973 538-9

Air Navigation (Foreign Military Aircraft) Order 1952 538Air Navigation and Transport Act 1946, s. 5 (‘State aircraft’) 536Air Navigation and Transport Act 1950 538blanket exemption 539-40Constitution

Art. 15.2 535Art. 15.6 535Art. 28.3 536Art. 28.4.1◦ 536Art. 29 536

Court’s conclusions 562-78factual background 531-2

UNSCR 1368/2001 540-1judicial review/justiciability

grounds (excess of power/ultra vires) 572-6prompt hearing requirement 576-8Security Council resolutions 569war-related decisions 569-72

overflight and landing rights as alleged participation in war being waged inAfghanistan (Constitution 28.1.3◦)

Air Navigation (Carriage of Munitions of War, Weapons and Dangerous Goods)Order 1973, text (extracts) 538-9

as breach of neutrality 567-9Dail’s consent and 542, 543existence/state of war in Afghanistan 542, 564-7

burden of proof 567individual’s standing/right to challenge (Constitution 29)

Court’s findings 567-8parties’ arguments 544, 558

interpretation of relevant legislative provisions 564






766 INDEX

Dubsky (overflights and landings (foreign military aircraft)) (Ireland) (cont.)parties’ submissions 543-6, 550-8war, definition

absence of 565-6armed conflict distinguished 564-5‘participation in’ 567-8, 569-72States or recognized belligerents, need for 567-8

overflights and landing rights, permissions as alleged excess of power/ultra viresCourt’s findings 573-6parties’ submissions 542, 546-50, 558-62

parties’ submissionsapplicant

detailed 543-50outline 542-3

respondentsdetailed 552-62outline 550-2

reliefapplicant’s request 532-3, 572grounds 533

Court’s findings 573-6respondents’ statement of opposition 533-5

EC Council, competenceEC 308 [EC 235] (implied power to enable Community to carry out its functions)

264, 376-7absence of alternative requirement 183, 206-12, 252, 271-2, 375amendment of treaty distinguished 264compliance with EC objectives (EC 2/EC 3) 208-11, 272-5, 375, 380-2compliance with EC objectives (preamble) 275-6in conjunction with EC 60(1) and EC 301 212-14, 376-7, 378-80EU 3 (single institutional framework/consistency of Union activities) and 213,

276-7, 380-2‘in the operation of the common market’ 213-14, 277, 377

EC legal order: see UN Charter (1945) (UNC), primacy (UNC 103), EC/EUand

EC Treaty (EC) (1957) (including amendments prior to Lisbon Treaty (2007))individuals, avoidance of distortion of competition (EC 3(1)(g)) and 208-11,

272-4interpretation, Council practice, relevance 274-5

EC/EU Member State agreements (TFEU 351 [EC 307] [EC 234]), compatibilityof proposed agreement with EC obligations 322-3

EC/EU treaties with third parties (TFEU 218 [EC 300])compatibility with EC Treaty (TFEU 351 [EC 307](6) [EC 228(6)] reference) 394primacy of treaty over secondary EU law/binding effect on EC institutions (EC

300(7)) 393-4ECHR (1950)

applicability to claims arising before entry into force/retroactive effect (VCLT 28)80-1

applicability ‘within their jurisdiction’ (ECHR 1)matters arising prior to entry into force, Protocol 1 and 80-1






INDEX 767

transfer of obligations to third State/international organization, relevance 71justified restrictions/interference

‘legitimate aim’, compliance with treaty obligation excluding jurisdiction toreview measures of occupying powers 72-4

‘proportionate to the legitimate aim’ 84-8municipal law and

jurisprudenceIn re S 6 (Care Order: Implementation of Care Plan) 594-5Poplar Housing 595R v. A 592-4

presumption of compatibility/obligation to interpret in manner compatible with592-6

ECtHR jurisdiction/role and powers (including ECHR 19 and ECHR 32),interpretation of municipal law/compliance with, determination ofcompatibility with ECHR, limitation to 72, 76

ECtHR Rules of Court (1998)24 (composition of Chamber) 5459(2) 5461(1) 5472 (relinquishment to Grand Chamber) 54

effective remedy before national authority, need for (UDHR 8) 248, 307-8enemy property (German), post-WWII confiscation of external assets

Czechoslovak measures including Benes Decrees: see also Certain German Property(Liechtenstein v. Germany) (ICJ); German Settlement Convention(1952/1954) (GSC), Chapter 6 (reparations); Pieter van Laer Painting;Prince Hans-Adam II (ECtHR)

applicability to all persons of German or Hungarian nationality 19-20Czechoslovak jurisprudence 23-4, 38-9, 55-6jurisdiction to determine validity 16-17, 18-19, 21-4, 83

presence of property in forum State, relevance 76-7as measure against German external assets (GSC VI.3) 18-19, 21-4property covered by 21standing to challenge 24

EU lawindividual, right to make views known prior to adoption of legislation 244-6,

301-2judicial review

of Council regulation implementing UNSCR 226-37, 286-97, 305-8, 318-23,384-97

limitation to legislation in force at time of review 238, 298rule of law and 232-3, 292-3, 323-4, 329, 389-90timely communication of grounds for decision, need for 398-401

remedy for breachannulment of regulation 246-9, 305-8, 397-404, 453

delayed implementation (EC 231) (‘serious and irreversible prejudice’requirement) 404, 471-2

effective remedy, right to 246-9, 305-8UNC and: see Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases); UN Charter (1945)

(UNC), primacy (UNC 103)EU treaties with third parties (TFEU 218 [EC 300]): see EC/EU Member State

agreements (TFEU 351 [EC 307] [EC 234])






768 INDEX

EU/EC Council Regulations, ‘shall have general application’ requirement (EC 249)216-18, 353, 382-4

EU/EC legal orderautonomy/independence

exclusive jurisdiction of CJEU/ECJ (EC 220) and 390jurisprudence

Les Verts 317, 337, 389-90van Gend & Loos 317, 337

primacy/relationship between EC and international legal order 227-32, 287,317-18, 337-8, 389-97

judicial review of UNSCRs and 393, 395, 436limitation of effects of ECJ decision to EC legal order 327

international law, compliance obligationEC law as determining factor/applicable law 317-18Member States’ right to take independent compliance action 320-1UNSCRs 227-32, 391-2, 435

international law, compliance obligation, jurisprudenceInternational Fruit 230-2, 290-2Merck 317Parfums Christian Dior 317Poulsen and Diva Navigation 230-1, 235, 291, 391Racke 230-1, 235, 295, 317, 391Van Duyn 230-1, 291, 317

European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes (1957)(ECPSD)

‘disputes . . . solely within the domestic jurisdiction of States’ (ECPSD 27(b)) 120,146-7

‘disputes relating to facts or situations prior to the entry into force of thisConvention’ (ECPSD 27(a)) (critical date) 104-11, 115-20, 123-9, 134-6,139-46, 155-65

travaux preparatoires 135-6ICJ compulsory jurisdiction (ECPSD 1) 93, 99-100

exhaustion of established processes including diplomatic negotiations (ICJ ROC79)

applicability in, Certain German Property 150-1party’s claim in own right and diplomatic protection claim distinguished 122-3,

150-1

fair hearing (Sanctions Committee): see Sanctions Committee, right to fair hearingfair hearing/trial (EC)

right of defence, non-disclosure of evidence and 448-50, 469-70right to be heard/judicial review 240-6, 300-5, 330-3, 339-41, 360-2, 398-401,

443interference with property rights and 403-4

fair trial (ICCPR 14), margin of appreciation 248, 307-8family life, respect for (ECHR 8)

as ‘best efforts’ obligationAnufrijeva 603, 607, 609-10Bernard 600-2Bode 605-6






INDEX 769

Chapman 599-600Doherty 602-3, 606-7, 610Moldovan 603-5Sisojeva 605-6

inhuman or degrading treatment (ECHR 3) and 607justified restrictions/interference by public authority, family/economic well-being

of the country 608nomadic life style, relevance: see O’Donnell (travellers’ right to equality of treatment

(housing)) (Ireland)foreign law, recognition/enforcement, jurisprudence

Banca de Vizcaya v. Don Alfonso de Borbon y Austria 499-500Krupp 499Lowenthal 499Oppenheimer v. Cattermole 499, 509-10, 516-17, 519-20Wolf v. Oxholm 499

fundamental rights within the EU/ECderogation based on EC 307 320-1derogation in time of emergency/terrorist threat 329-33ECHR (1950) and

ECJ and ECtHR jurisdiction distinguished 325-6, 394-5as general principle of law 390

EU law, as condition for lawfulness of 390as integral general principle of law 390

constitutional traditions and 390, 398judicial review of compliance of EC/EU law, 246-9, 315-18, 327, 336-8, 384-97,

436-43: see also Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases)Member States’ obligation to respect EU 6(1)/EU 49 321-2Security Council resolutions, EC/EU implementation obligations including

compliance with EU fundamental rightsalleged breaches of fundamental rights: see Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined

cases); sanctions (EU implementation of UN sanctions), sanctions againstindividuals as alleged violation of fundamental rights

CJEU/ECJ competence to determine compliance 315-27, 336-8, 339-41,384-97: see also Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases)

German Final Settlement (Two plus Four Agreement) (1990) (GFS)GSC (1952/1954), interrelationship: see German Settlement Convention

(1952/1954) (GSC), Exchange of Notes (FRG–Three Powers) (27/28September 1990) relating to

interpretation, Exchange of Notes (27/28 September), exclusion (VCLT 31(2)(a))10

termination of Four Power Rights and Responsibilities/restoration of full Germansovereignty (GFS 7(1)) 7-10, 30-1

Three Power–FRG rights and obligations distinguished 8-10, 30-1German reparations (WWII)

object and purpose 65Paris Reparations Agreement (1946) 65

German Settlement Convention (1952/1954) (GSC), agreements associated withconclusion

Bonn Conventions 45, 62-3






770 INDEX

German Settlement Convention (1952/1954) (GSC) (cont.)Paris Agreements (1954)

documents comprising 46-7, 63-4Schedule 1 amendments 45-6, 63

Protocol on Termination of Occupation, continuation of rights and obligationsestablished by Occupation Authorities 64

German Settlement Convention (1952/1954) (GSC), Chapter I (generalprovisions)/general issues relating to GSC

non-status of Germany, effect on ECHR obligations 83-4reservation of Four Power rights and responsibilities (GSC I.2) 72-4, 83-4

German Settlement Convention (1952/1954) (GSC), Chapter 6 (reparations): seealso Certain German Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) (ICJ); Pieter vanLaer Painting

final settlement, reservation to peace treaty (GSC VI.1) 11FRG agreement not to raise objections against reparations measures (GSC

VI.3(1))acceptance by FRG as force majeure 83-4applicability to neutral/non-German States 113-20, 121-2, 125-8, 137-9,

143-5, 157-9applicability to non-parties 17-18, 113-15, 125-6, 162‘external asset’ 17-18

interpretation‘manifestly erroneous’/‘arbitrary’ test 74-6object and purpose 15-16parties’ intention at time of conclusion 13-14, 15-16, 83, 117-18, 158-9political considerations 165

jurisdiction of German courts (GSC VI.3) 7-24, 110, 115-20, 137-8, 139, 155applicable law 17-18, 29, 30compliance with GSC VI.3 as legitimate aim justifying restrictions on access to

court (ECHR 6(1)) 72-4, 83, 84-5consistency of jurisprudence 110, 116, 125-6, 137-8, 155-7exclusion of claims based on international law 16-17, 29GSC VI.3 as absolute bar to access to FRG courts 83-4, 85over acts outside forum State 14-15presence of confiscated property in forum State, relevance 76-7as waiver of German jurisdiction 13-14

jurisprudenceAKU 110, 138, 157miscellaneous 1960s cases in German courts 110, 116, 155, 156-7Pieter van Laer Painting 110, 116, 138, 143-5, 157

as self-executing treaty 157-8termination/continuation of provisions: see German Settlement Convention

(1952/1954) (GSC), Exchange of Notes (FRG–Three Powers) (27/28September 1990) relating to

text (extracts) 98German Settlement Convention (1952/1954) (GSC), Exchange of Notes

(FRG–Three Powers) (27/28 September 1990) relating tocontinuation in force of GSC VI.3(1) and (3) 7-13, 98-9, 127-8, 162-3

human rights and 12-13






INDEX 771

legislative approval, need for 10-13entry into force 8-10legislative approval, need for 10-13, 30as novus actus interveniens 162-3right to remedy for expropriation and 11-12

for acts outside forum State 14-15status

as administrative agreement (GG 59(2)) 10-11, 12‘agreement . . . in connection with the conclusion of the [GFS]’ (VCLT 31(2)(a))

distinguished 10declaratory nature 11-12as treaty in own right 8-10

‘termination at any time by consent of all the parties’ (VCLT 54(b)), compliancewith 10

termination of compensation for measures taken under GSC VI.2 and VI.3 (GSCVI.5) 98-9, 127-8, 162-3

termination with exception of provisions listed in paragraph 3 8, 98-9, 127-8,162-3

Germany, Federal Republic (FRG)Basic Law (GG) by article (including 2009 amendments)

Art. 14 (property, inheritance, expropriation), alleged breach by GermanSettlement Convention (1952/1954) 11-12, 14-15, 30

Art. 59(2) (treaties: legislation requirement), administrative agreements 10-11,12

Constitutional Court Law (BVerfGG), s 93a(2)(b) 29-31law of

Private International Law Reform Act 1986 67-8property matters, absence of statutory provision/customary international law

67-8Reparation of Losses Law 1969 65-6

s 2(1) (definition of ‘losses’) 65-6treaties, validity (VCLT 46–53)

legislative approval, need foradministrative agreement 10-11, 12Exchange of Notes (FRG–Three Powers) (27/28 September 1990) relating to

10-13treaties not having constitutive effect 11

Germany, occupation (post-WWII), Four Power rights and responsibilities,termination: see German Final Settlement (Two plus Four Agreement)(1990) (GFS); German Settlement Convention (1952/1954) (GSC)

Habib (act of State doctrine) 480-528act of State doctrine (common law) 481-3, 507-23

Commonwealth submissions 507review of the jurisprudence 481, 514-22

act of State doctrine (constitutional and statutory context) 482, 523-7act of State doctrine, definition, theory and nature of the doctrine 495-501Court’s decision 527-8factual background 483-6, 503-4






772 INDEX

Habib (act of State doctrine) (cont.)conduct forming basis of claim 485, 505-7persons involved 504-5States involved 505

judgmentsBlack 480-3Jagot 501-28Perram 483-501

jurisdictional bar to prosecution and liability distinguished 482non-justiciability (act of State/political question doctrine), reasons for/justification

522-3procedural matters

applicant’s claim 480, 501-2limitation of proceedings to justiciability considerations 480, 485, 502procedural history 502reserved question, text/summary 481, 502summary of issues 483, 502-3summary of parties’ arguments 480-1, 507

torture, definition/classification asact of State 517, 522action ‘by a public official or other person acting in an official capacity’

(TC 1)/Crimes (Torture) Act 480-1, 482, 520-1human rights, UNC provisions 296-7human/fundamental rights and freedoms (municipal law/general), legality

principle and 669, 683-4, 705-9, 741-2

ICJ, procedural issues, pleadings, availability to the public (ROC 53(2)) 94ICJ Rules of Court (as variously amended)

37(1) 9453(1) 93-479 9479(1) 93

interim measures (ECJ), failure to follow correct procedure 191intervention of third State (ICJ 62) (with ‘interest of a legal nature which may be

affected by the decision’)jurisprudence, Monetary Gold 121, 148-50, 164‘very subject-matter of the decision’ requirement

application in, Certain German Property 121-2, 148-50indispensable third party principle 121-2, 164

Ireland, Republic ofAir Navigation (Carriage of Munitions of War, Weapons and Dangerous Goods)

(Amendment) Order 1989, text (extracts) 539Air Navigation (Carriage of Munitions of War, Weapons and Dangerous Goods)

Order 1973civil aircraft, limitation to 573-4text (extracts) 538-9

Air Navigation (Foreign Military Aircraft) Order 1952delegation of powers under as alleged excess of power/ultra vires 574-5‘express permission’ 575-6text (extracts) 538






INDEX 773

Air Navigation and Transport Act 1946constitutionality of provision and implementing orders 573-6extracts 537section 5 (applicability of orders) 536-7

Air Navigation and Transport Act 1950 by section, s 5 (‘State aircraft’) 538Constitution 1937, unenumerated rights, judicial restraint in respect of 611-12Constitution 1937 by article

15.2.1◦ (law-making powers: Oireachtas) 53515.6 (right to raise armed forces) 53528.3.1◦ (declaration of war: assent of Dail) 536, 572

‘war’ 565-628.3.3◦ (emergency laws: validity) 536

‘time of war’ and ‘armed conflict’ distinguished 564-528.4.1◦ (responsibility of government to Dail) 53629 (international relations), individual’s standing/right to challenge 544, 558,

567-829.1 (devotion to peace and friendly co-operation founded on international

justice and morality) 53629.2 (pacific settlement of international disputes) 53629.3 (generally recognized principles of international law/customary

international law) 53629.4 (external relations: executive powers) 53629.4.1◦ (exercise of Art. 28 executive power) 536

ECHR (1950), municipal law and, presumption of compatibility/obligation tointerpret in manner compatible with 592-6

ECHR Act 2003 by section2 (interpretation and application of legislation in manner compatible with

ECHR obligations) 592-63(1) (obligation of State organs to act in conformity with ECHR obligations)

598-610text 598

family life, respect for (ECHR 8)as ‘best efforts’ obligation 598-607, 609-10inhuman or degrading treatment (ECHR 3) and 607

family life, respect for (ECHR), justified restrictions/interference by publicauthority, family/economic well-being of the country (ECHR 8) 608

Housing Act 1988positive nature of ss 9 and 13 obligations 591-2, 596-7s 9 (periodic assessments of need for housing accommodation) 591, 597s 9(2) (periodic assessments of need for housing accommodation: special groups)

591s 13(2) (caravans/sites with limited facilities) (now 1998 Act s 29) 591, 595-6s 13(3) (application of Housing Act 1966 s 56(2)) 591

Housing (Traveller Accommodation) Act 1998s 29 (nomadic way of life) 591s 30 (grant or subsidy for provision of a caravan), interpretation by reference to

ECHR 2 (ECHR Act 2003) 592-6judicial review/justiciability (foreign relations or prerogative power)

burden of proof (right to review) 562-3prompt hearing requirement 576-8






774 INDEX

Ireland, Republic of (cont.)scope/standard of review/grounds, excess of powers/ultra vires act

572-6war-related decisions 569-72

judicial review/justiciability (standing/private right of action) 544, 558,567-8

legislation, interpretationaids, previous legislation (under previous regime) 565amendment, exclusion/distinguished 594-6presumption of constitutionality/interpretation in accordance with 596-7

neutralitybreach, overflights and landing rights (foreign military aircraft) 567-9as matter of policy 568-9

overflights and landings (foreign military aircraft): see also Air Navigation legislationlisted above; Dubsky (overflights and landings (foreign military aircraft))(Ireland)

blanket exemption 539-40as breach of neutrality 567-9as ‘participation in war’ 567-8, 569-72UNSCR 1368/2001 and 540-1

Security Council resolutions, judicial review/justiciability (municipal courts)569

standing (municipal courts), individual challenge to government’s application ofinternational law (Constitution 29) 544, 558, 567-8

war, declaration of, as prerogative right/Dail involvement 563-4, 572war, definition/classification as

absence of definition 565-6armed conflict distinguished 564-5‘participation in’ 567-8, 569-72

war, existence/state ofAfghanistan (Coalition operations in) 542, 564-7burden of proof 567definition/classification as, armed conflict distinguished 564-5

judge ad hoc (ICJ 31(2) and (3))appointment, Certain German Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) (ICJ) 93, 94role and purpose 153-4

judicial protection/effective remedy (EU/EC) 326-7, 330-3, 339-41, 395-7,436-7

derogation in time of emergency 307-8, 329-33, 399-400as general principle of EU law 398non-disclosure of evidence and 450-1, 470

judicial review/justiciability (foreign relations or prerogative power)burden of proof (right to review) 562-3excess of powers under Constitution 488-95, 525-6prompt hearing requirement 576-8treaties: see treaties, judicial review/justiciabilitywar-related decisions 569-72

judicial review/justiciability (foreign relations or prerogative power includingact of States), jurisprudence, Oppenheimer v. Cattermole: see foreign law,recognition/enforcement, jurisprudence, Oppenheimer v. Cattermole






INDEX 775

judicial review/justiciability (foreign relations or prerogative power includingacts of State), considerations of possible relevance

public policy of forum State 510-11, 517, 519Sabbatino factors 515-16, 521-2, 523

judicial review/justiciability (foreign relations or prerogative power includingacts of State), jurisprudence

Abbasi 518-19Applicant S 519-20Boland 572Buttes 495-6, 499CND 569-70Ditfort 495-6, 499First National City Bank v. Banco Nacional de Cuba 514Horgan 569-70, 572Jones 511-12Kavanagh 572Kirkpatrick v. Environmental Tectonics 495-6, 497, 515Kuwait Airways 499, 510-11, 519-20Lam 519-20Mocambique 495-6, 497-9O’Malley 570Petrotimor 495-6, 497-8, 499, 519-20Pinochet (No 1) 502Potter 495-6, 497-9, 519-20Sabbatino 509Sarei v. Rio Tinto 516Spycatcher 495-6, 497Sue v. Hill 519-20Underhill v. Hernandez 481, 498-9, 514Unocal 515-16

judicial review/justiciability (foreign relations or prerogative power),scope/standard of review/grounds, excess of powers/ultra vires act 572-6

judicial review/justiciability (standing/private right of action)government’s application of international law 544, 558, 567-8jurisprudence

Horgan 567-8O Laighleis 568

jus cogens/peremptory normjurisprudence

Bosphorus 237, 297Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 237, 297

Security Council resolutions and 236-7, 296-7, 707UN Charter provisions 236-7, 296-7voidness of treaty (VCLT 53/VCLT 64) and 296

Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases)factual background 252, 408-15

Commission Regulation (EC) 374/2008 460Commission Regulation (EC) 2062/2001 414, 458Common Position 1999/727/CFSP 184, 253, 344Common Position 2001/154/CFSP 185, 254-5, 345, 414-15






776 INDEX

Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases) (cont.)Common Position 2001/931/CFSP 414-15Common Position 2002/402/CFSP 186-7, 256, 311, 347, 458Common Position 2003/140/CFSP 188-9, 257-8, 311, 348, 459Council Regulation (EC) 337/2000 (flight ban and freeze of Taliban funds) 184,

253, 310, 344, 413-14avoidance of distortion of competition and (preamble 3) 185

Council Regulation (EC) 467/2001 (strengthening of measures against Taliban)applicability (Art. 2) 185, 310, 345-6, 413-14, 458-9‘funds’/‘freezing of funds’ (Art. 1) 185, 345, 458-9list of persons, entities and bodies affected (Annex 1) with amendments

185-6, 255-6, 346summary of provisions 185-6, 255

Council Regulation (EC) 561/2003 (amendments to Council Regulation881/2002) 311, 459

Council Regulation (EC) 881/2002 (specific restrictive measures)applicability (Art. 2) 187, 310, 311, 347-8, 413-14frequency of resort to 415‘funds’/‘freezing of funds’ (Art. 1) 187, 458-9insertion of Article 2a (Council Regulation 561 (2003)) 189-90, 258-9, 311,

348-9list of persons and entities affected (Annex 1) with amendments 187-8,

189-90, 257, 347-8, 458-9summary of provisions (including extracts from the text) 187-8, 256

Council Regulation (EC) 1190/2008 (amending Regulation 881/2002) 420-1Council Regulation (EC) 2580/2001 (specific restrictive measures) 414-15Council Regulation (EU) 1286/2009 413-14Security Council resolutions: see sanctions (Al-Qaida/Taliban), Security Council

resolutions relating tolegal framework 181-3, 251-2

EC 60(1) 182, 252EC 301 [EC 228a] 182, 252EC 308 (implied power to enable Community to carry out its functions) 183,

252TEU(M) 11(1) 182, 252TFEU 347 [EC 297] 408TFEU 351 [EC 307] 182, 252, 408UNC preamble 407UNC 1(1)(3) 342, 407UNC 24(1) 181, 251, 342, 407UNC 25 181, 251, 342, 407UNC 39 342, 408UNC 41 342, 408UNC 42 408UNC 48(2) 182, 251, 343, 408UNC 103 182, 251, 343, 408

Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases) (ECJ Grand Chamber)alleged breach of EC 249 (‘A regulation shall have general application’) 353, 382-4

parties’ arguments 382-3CFI actions/judgments under appeal 349-64






INDEX 777

competence of Council to adopt Regulation 881/2002 on the basis of EC 60(1)and EC 301 (ex EC 288a) 350-3, 372-82, 392

EC 57(2) as alternative 376EC 60(2) as alternative 376, 381sanctions against individuals 372-5

‘action . . . to reduce . . . economic relations with one or more third countries’(EC 301) 373-5

‘as regards the third countries concerned’ (EC 60(1)) 373‘in part’ (EC 301) 374

UNC 41 compared 374competence of Council to adopt Regulation 881/2002 on basis of EC 308

(implied powers) 366absence of alternative Treaty-based power 375avoidance of distortion of competition (EC 3(1)(g)) and 381in conjunction with EC 60(1) and EC 301 (ex EC 288a) 376-7, 378-80EU 3 (single institutional framework/consistency of Union activities) and 380-2‘in the operation of the common market’ 377, 381object and purpose of Treaty (EC 2/EC 3) and 375, 380-2

competence of Council to adopt Regulation 881/2002 implementing UNSCR(general)

Court’s analysis 372Court’s findings 383-4parties’ arguments 366-72

Al Barakaat 371Commission 368-9Council 367, 371-2France 367, 368Kadi 366-7, 370-1Spain 367, 368, 370-1UK 367, 368, 370-1, 372

Court’s decision (annulment of Regulation) 404, 405-6delayed implementation (EC 231) (‘serious and irreversible prejudice’

requirement) 404possibility of examination of merits proving justification of measures 404

factual background, 343-9: see also Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases), factualbackground

fundamental rights within the EU/EC, alleged breaches 397-404disproportionate interference with property rights 359-60, 401-4

possibility of exemptions and derogations, relevance 403proportionality and 401-2public purpose requirement 402-3right to be heard and 403-4

effective judicial remedy/right of judicial review 395-7derogations in time of emergency 399-400non-disclosure/use of ‘closed material’ (national security considerations)

399-400review of lawfulness of grounds of measure 398-9right to be heard 360-2, 398-401, 403-4summary of CFI findings 362-4timely communication of grounds for decision, need for 398-401






778 INDEX

Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases) (ECJ Grand Chamber) (cont.)fundamental rights within the EU/EC, Court’s competence to determine

compliance of regulation implementing UNSCR (judicial review)384-97

Court’s findings 389-97on admissibility 389

derogation based on EC 307parties’ claims and arguments 384-9

Al Barakaat 386Commission 387-8Council 386-7France 386-7Kadi 384-6Netherlands 386-7UK 386-7, 388-9

relationship between EC/EU and international legal orders‘full review’ obligation 389, 397, 436-8, 443general considerations 389-97

summary of CFI findings 355-9, 372-82legal framework, 342-3: see also Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases), legal

frameworkprocedural matters

costs 404-5forms of order sought by parties 364-5

Al Barakaat 364Commission 364Council 364France 365Kadi 364Netherlands 365Spain 365UK 364

grounds of appealAl Barakaat 365Kadi 365UK 366

joinder of cases (ECJ ROC 43) 366Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases) (ECJ Grand Chamber) (Advocate

General’s Opinion (Barakaat)) 333-41factual and procedural background 333-6fundamental rights within the EU/EC, alleged breaches 338-41

disproportionate interference with property rights 339right to be heard/judicial review 339-41

fundamental rights within the EU/EC, Court’s competence to determinecompliance of regulation implementing UNSCR (judicial review)336-8

Bosphorus, relevance 337-8individual’s right to judicial protection and 339-41primacy/relationship between EC and international legal order 337-8






INDEX 779

Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases) (ECJ Grand Chamber) (AdvocateGeneral’s Opinion (Kadi)) 309-33

competence of Council to adopt Regulation 881/2002 on the basis of EC 60(1)and EC 301 (ex EC 288a) 312-14

EC 301 as basis for EC CFSP jurisdiction 314EC 308, relevance 314sanctions directed against individuals 312-14

as agents of State 313-14EC/EU Member State agreements (TFEU 351 [EC 307] [EC 234]), obligation to

ensure compatibility with EC obligations 322-3fundamental rights within the EU/EC, alleged breaches

disproportionate interference with property rights 330right to be heard/judicial review 330-3

fundamental rights within the EU/EC, Court’s competence to determinecompliance of regulation implementing UNSCR (judicial review) 315-27

AG’s views 317-27Bosphorus, relevance 318-20CFI findings 315

applicant’s position 316concurrent jurisdiction with international courts and 327-9derogation based on EC 307 320-1

ECtHR jurisprudence, relevance 324-6derogation in time of emergency/terrorist threat 329-33EC 307 as basis 320-3exercise of jurisdiction as alleged excess of power 326-9individual’s right to judicial protection and 326-7, 330-3Member States’ obligation to respect EU 6(1)/EU 49 321-2Member States’ right to take independent compliance measures 320-1political question doctrine and 323-4, 328-9primacy/relationship between EC and international legal order 317-18

EC law as determining factor/applicable law 317-18UK position 316-17

procedural history (Kadi (CFI)) 311-12Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases) (Kadi (General Court)) 406-53

alleged breach of right to fair hearing/judicial protection 443failure to take account of applicant’s observations 448non-disclosure/use of ‘closed material’ (national security considerations) 448-51

counterbalancing measures/procedural safeguards, sufficiency 451-2right of defence and 448-50right to effective judicial review/judicial protection and 450-1

parties’ arguments 443-7applicant 443-7Commission 447Council 447

alleged disproportionate interference with property rights 452Court’s findings 452-3parties’ arguments

applicant 452Commission 452






780 INDEX

Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases) (Kadi (General Court)) (cont.)Court’s decision (annulment of Regulation) 453Court’s findings 448-53legal context and background 407-15, 423-4: see also Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat

(joined cases), factual background; Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joinedcases), legal framework

EC Council Regulation (EC) 1190/2008 (amending Regulation 881/2002),adoption and summary 420-1

reasons for inclusion of Kadi on Sanctions Committee’s list (UNSC letter of 21October 2008) 418-19

applicant’s observations 420Commission’s response to applicant’s observations 421-2transmission to applicant 419-20transmission to Commission 419

summary of findingsKadi (CFI) 415-16Kadi (ECJ (Grand Chamber)) 416-18

procedure 422-3costs 453forms of order sought 423

standard of review 425-43autonomy/independence of EU/EC legal order and 436Court’s findings 432-43‘full review’ obligation 436-43fundamental rights, compliance of regulations implementing UNSCR 436-43

balance between anti-terrorist requirements and interests of the individual439

judicial protection/effective remedy, right to 436-7non-disclosure/use of ‘closed material’ (national security considerations) 438-9

General Court’s right to revisit CFI/ECJ decisions on legal facts 434jurisprudence 434-5legal community’s criticisms of Kadi decisions 432-4

Court’s reaction to 434-6parties’ arguments 425-32

applicant 425-6Commission 426-30Council 430-2intervening governments 427, 428-30

sufficiency of ECJ’s review 437-9Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases) (Kadi judgment (CFI)) 250-309

alleged breach of fundamental rights 278-308Court’s findings 286-308disproportionate interference with property rights 297-300effective judicial remedy/right of judicial review 305-8

non-disclosure/use of ‘closed material’ (national security considerations) 301right of access to the courts (UDHR 8/ICCPR 14), derogations at time of

public emergency 307-8parties’ arguments

applicants 278-82Council and Commission 282-6






INDEX 781

right to be heard 300-5Community institutions 301-2Sanctions Committee 302-5

competence of Council to adopt Regulation 881/2002 on basis of EC 308(implied powers) 264-78

absence of alternative requirement 271-2amendment of treaty distinguished 264Court’s findings 269EC 60(1)/EC 301 [EC 228a] as basis for EC CFSP jurisdiction 276-8EC 60(1)/EC 301 [EC 228a] as basis, link with third country requirement

269-71EC 308 in conjunction with EC 60(1) and EC 301 276-8EU 3 (single institutional framework/consistency of Union activities) and 276-7‘in the operation of the common market’ 277object and purpose of Treaty (EC 2/EC 3) and 272-5

EC 3(1)(b) (establishment of common commercial purpose) 272EC 3(1)(c) (internal market) 272-4EC 3(1)(g) (avoidance of trade distortion) 272-4

object and purpose of Treaty (preamble) and, safeguarding international peaceand security 275-6

parties’ argumentsapplicant 269Commission 267-8Council 264-7UK 268-9

Court’s decision/dispositif 308-9parties’ observations and arguments 259-60primacy of UNC obligations

judicial review of regulation implementing UNSCR 286-97Court’s finding 295-6on jus cogens grounds 296-7

transfer of Member State powers to EC and 290-2procedure and parties’ requests 259-61

amendment of claim following amendment of Regulation (EC) 467/2001261-2

costs 308EC 230 action 259ex proprio motu consideration of additional ground 263-4joinder of cases (CFIROP 50) 260leave to intervene

Commission 260UK 260

parties’ applications 259parties’ defences 259voidness of purpose (CFIROP 113) 260, 261-2

Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases) (Yusuf & Al Barakaat judgment (CFI))180-250

alleged breach of EC 249 (‘A regulation shall have general application’) 216-18Court’s findings 217-18parties’ arguments 216-17






782 INDEX

Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases) (Yusuf & Al Barakaat (CFI))alleged breach of fundamental rights 218-49

Court’s findings 226-49effective judicial remedy/right of judicial review 246-9

non-disclosure/use of ‘closed material’ (national security considerations) 244,245

right of access to the courts (UDHR 8/ICCPR 14), derogations at time ofpublic emergency 248

parties’ arguments 218-26applicants 218-22Council and Commission 222-6UK 225-6

peaceful possession of property 237-40possibility of exemptions and derogations, relevance 238-9, 298-9right to be heard 240-6

Community institutions 244-6Sanctions Committee 240-4

alleged delegation of EU powers to Sanctions Committee 215-16competence of Council to adopt Regulation 467/2001 195-216

Court’s findings 202-15grant of powers to Commission under Regulation 467/2001 as breach of EC

202 215legal basis (EC 60(1)/EC 301 [EC 228a]) 202-8

EC 60(1)/EC 301 [EC 228a] as basis for EC CFSP jurisdiction 212-14legitimate aim and 206proportionality and 206

parties’ argumentsapplicants 195-6Commission 200-1Council 197-200institutions/UK 196-7UK 201-2

sanctions directed against individuals 195-215competence of Council to adopt Regulation 881/2002 on the basis of EC 60(1)

and EC 301 (ex EC 288a), EU 3 (single institutionalframework/consistency of Union activities) and 213

competence of Council to adopt Regulation 881/2002 on basis of EC 308(implied powers)

absence of alternative Treaty-based power 206-12, 271-2avoidance of distortion of competition as justification 208-11in conjunction with EC 60(1) and EC 301 (ex EC 288a) 212-14‘in the operation of the common market’ 213-14object and purpose of Treaty (EC 2/EC 3) and 208-11

EC 3(1)(b) (establishment of common commercial policy) 209EC 3(1)(c) (internal market) 209-11EC 3(1)(g) (avoidance of trade distortion) 209-11EC 58(1)(b) 210

Court’s decision/dispositif 249-50primacy of UNC obligations

judicial review of regulation implementing UNSCR 226-37






INDEX 783

Court’s finding 235-6on jus cogens grounds 236-7

transfer of Member State powers to EC and 230-2procedure and parties’ requests 190-4

amendment of claim following amendment of Regulation (EC) 467/2001191-2, 194-5

arguments of respondent released from proceedings, right of hearing 195costs 249discontinuance of action (CFIROP 99) 193EC 230 action 190EC 243 action 190joinder of cases (CFIROP 50) 193leave to intervene

Commission 192UK 192

legal aid 193parties’ applications 190-1parties’ defences 191request for expedited procedure (CFIROP 76a) 190request for interim measures, failure to follow correct procedure 191request to add comments on observations 192voidness of purpose (CFIROP 113) 192, 195

legal certainty/legality principlefundamental/human rights and 669, 683-4, 705-9, 741-2jurisprudence

Anufrijeva 683, 697Ghaidan v. Godin-Mendoza 697Pierson 670-1, 676-7, 696, 716-17, 741-2Pyx 684, 742Sheldrake 697Simms 669-70, 676-7, 696, 719-21, 723-4, 741-2, 747-8

legislation, interpretation and 669, 696-700, 703, 713-14, 718legal dispute, need for/classification as/requirements (including ICJ 36(2) and

arbitration provisions)critical date/date arising

applicability in, Certain German Property 104-11, 115-20, 123-9, 134-6,139-46, 155-65

jurisprudenceElectricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria 107-8, 119, 126-7, 134-5, 141-2Phosphates in Morocco 107, 108, 118-19, 126-7, 134-5, 140-1Right of Passage 108, 120, 126-7, 134-5, 142-3, 160-1

multilateral and unilateral acceptances of jurisdiction, distinguishability 108,124-5

real cause test 108, 109-11, 119, 124-7, 130-3, 139-46, 160-1dispute relating to interpretation or application of treaty (treaty/compromis

provision for), treaties considered, German Settlement Convention(1952/1954) (GSC) 101-3

evidence of, position taken during consultations/negotiations 103, 113, 152,154-5






784 INDEX

legality principle: see legal certainty/legality principle; rule of lawlegislation, interpretation

aids, previous legislation, under previous regime 565amendment, exclusion/distinguished 594-6intention of legislature, ‘living tree’/subsequent changes in law and practice 707-8legal certainty/legality principle 669, 696-700, 703, 713-14, 718

legislation, interpretation, guidelines, consistency with common law 481-3legislation, interpretation, presumption of, constitutionality/interpretation in

accordance with 596-7

margin of appreciation (ECHR), balance of interests, family/economic well-beingof the country (ECHR 8) 608

minorities, travelling people (Ireland): see O’Donnell (travellers’ right to equality oftreatment (housing) (Ireland))

neutralitybreach, overflights and landing rights (foreign military aircraft) 567-9Ireland 567-9as matter of policy 568-9

nexus for purposes of jurisdiction, confiscation of enemy assets, situs, relevance 76-7non-disclosure/use of ‘closed material’ (national security considerations)

counterbalancing measures/procedural safeguards, balance between anti-terroristrequirements and interests of the individual 439, 448

fair trial (EC)judicial review/judicial protection and 450-1, 470right of defence/right to be heard and 448-50, 469-70

judicial review of EU/EC regulation implementing UNSCR 245, 301, 399-400,438-9, 448-51

jurisprudenceA v. UK 448-9Chahal 399-400, 438, 441Criminal proceedings against E 439Ocalan 441OMPI 451-2PMOI I 451-2PMOI II 440-1

non-discrimination obligation (ECHR 14), ancillary nature of right/obligation81-2

non-justiciability (act of State/political question doctrine), exceptionsBernstein exception, Sabbatino and 509, 514, 523international law violation

status of rule under consideration (Sabbatino/Kuwait Airways), relevance519

developments in international law and 519jus cogens and 522

private law rights 636-9torture 482, 517, 522

non-justiciability (act of State/political question doctrine), reasonsfor/justification

absence of judicially discoverable and manageable standards 523comity 523






INDEX 785

foreign policy considerations, avoidance of embarrassment to executive 523judicial restraint 499, 629separation of powers doctrine 523

nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege/non-retroactivity (ECHR 7), legalcertainty/foreseeability and 736-8

O’Donnell (travellers’ right to equality of treatment (housing)) (Ireland)581-613

alleged infringement of constitutional rights 589Constitution/ECHR Act 2 obligations, interpretation of Housing Acts in

accordance with 589Constitution 596-7, 611-12ECHR Act 2 592-6

ECHR Act 3 (obligation of State organs to act in conformity with ECHRobligations) 598-610

Equal Status Act 2000/ECHR 14 obligations 589, 610-11estoppel/res judicata abuse of process 589, 612expert evidence 586-8factual background 581-6

defendant 588-9Housing Acts 1966–98 590-8: see also Ireland, Republic of, Housing Acts entries

positive nature of obligations 591-2, 596-7parties’ claims and arguments, plaintiffs 588remedy (damages for breach of ECHR 8) 613respect for family life (ECHR 8) 589, 598-610

balance of interests between family/economic well-being of the country(ECHR 8) 608

as ‘best efforts’ obligation 598-607, 609-10Court’s application of findings on law to facts 607-10inhuman or degrading treatment (ECHR 3) and 607

Othman (CFI) (action for annulment of Council Regulation) 457-74alleged breach of fundamental rights 466-72

Court’s findings 469-72disproportionate interference with property rights, right to be heard and

470-1non-disclosure/use of ‘closed material’ (national security considerations)

effective remedy/judicial protection 470right of defence/right to be heard and 469-70

parties’ arguments 466-9applicant 466-7Commission 466, 467, 468Council 466, 467-8UK 467, 468

amendment of claim following amendment of Regulation (EC) 881/2002 464applicant’s arguments 464Commission 464, 468Council 464Court’s findings 464-6

Court’s decision (annulment of Regulation) 473delayed implementation (EC 231) (‘serious and irreversible prejudice’

requirement) 471-2






786 INDEX

Othman (CFI) (action for annulment of Council Regulation) (cont.)legal context and factual background: see also Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined

cases)facts specific to applicant 463-4Sanctions Committee list, addition of applicant 458

parties’ claims and argumentsapplicant 460, 461Commission 460, 462Council 460, 461UK 462

procedural matters 460-3costs 472-3leave to intervene, UK 461legal aid 462, 473suspension pending final judgment in Kadi 462suspension pending final judgment in Yusuf 461

overflights and landings (foreign military aircraft) 531-78: see also Dubsky(overflights and landings (foreign military aircraft)) (Ireland);Ireland, Republic of, overflights and landings (foreign militaryaircraft)

‘military aircraft’ 573-4

Pieter van Laer Painting : see also Certain German Property (Liechtenstein v.Germany) (ICJ)

Exchange of Notes (27/28 September 1990)continuation in force of GSC VI.3(1) and (3) 7-13legislative approval, need for 10-13status 10

factual background 4GSC (1952/1954)

applicability to non-parties 17-18applicable law 17-18, 29, 30‘external asset’ (GSC VI.3) 17-18standing of transferee to challenge confiscation 24

judgment 1-25Court’s decision 3

judgment (Constitutional Court) (non-admissibility of constitutional complaint)28-31

as alleged violation of right to fair hearing (ECHR 6(1)) 77-8jurisdiction of German courts (GSC VI.3) 7-24: see also German Settlement

Convention (1952/1954) (GSC), Chapter 6 (reparations), jurisdiction ofGerman courts (GSC VI.3)

exclusion of claims based on international law 16-17, 29over acts outside forum State 14-15validity of confiscation under Benes Decrees 16-17, 18-19, 21-4

parties’ submissions 5-6procedural history 4-5, 28-9

precedent (ECtHR), ECtHR decisions 325-6preliminary objections (ICJ) (ROC 79)

joinder with merits (ICJ)






INDEX 787

avoidance of prejudgment on merits 122importance of maintaining distinction 112-13

Prince Hans-Adam II (ECtHR): see also Certain German Property (Liechtenstein v.Germany) (ICJ); Pieter van Laer Painting

admissibility 37-53close relationship with other complaints 51, 52, 53Court’s decision 53‘not manifestly ill-founded’ (ECHR 35(3)) 51

alleged breach of right of access to a court (ECHR 6(1)) 83-5acceptance of GSC VI.3 as bar to jurisdiction as breach 72compliance with GSC VI.3 as legitimate aim justifying restriction

72-4proportionality and 72-4, 83, 84-8

Court’s assessment 70-7Court’s decision 77determination of validity of expropriation as civil right 68GSC VI.3 as absolute bar to access to FRG courts 83-4, 85interpretation of GSC VI.3 by German courts, ‘manifestly erroneous’/‘arbitrary’

test 74-6parties’ arguments

applicant 68-9respondent government 69-70

situs of confiscated property, relevance 76-7alleged breach of right to fair hearing (ECHR 6(1)) 77-8alleged breach of right to non-discrimination (ECHR 14) 52-3, 81-2

Court’s assessment 82Court’s decision 82parties’ arguments, applicant 81respondent government 81-2

alleged breach of right to property (ECHR Protocol 1) 51-2, 78-81: see alsoproperty rights/peaceful enjoyment of possessions (ECHR Protocol 1)

Court’s assessment 79-81Court’s decision 81legitimate expectation and 80, 81parties’ arguments

applicant 78-9respondent government 79

concurring opinionsCosta 85-8Ress/Zupancic 83-5

ECtHR role in relation to interpretation and application of domestic law 72,76

factual background 38-44, 55-61proceedings in Czechoslovak courts (1951) 38-9, 55-6proceedings in German courts (1991) 39-44, 56-61

merits 53-82parties’ submissions

applicant 48-9, 50-2respondent government 49-50, 52-3

procedural history 53-5






788 INDEX

Prince Hans-Adam II (ECtHR) (cont.)relevant law

Benes Decree No 12 44, 61-2Exchange of Notes (27/28 September 1990) 47-8, 66-7FRG private international law 67-8GFS (Two plus Four Agreement) (1990) 47, 66GSC VI.3 (measures against German external assets) 45-7, 62-5Paris Reparations Agreement (1946) 65Reparation of Losses Law 1969 65-6

property, right to (UDHR 17)arbitrary deprivation (UDHR 17(2)) 239, 299right to own alone or in association with others (UDHR 17(1)) 239, 299

property rights/peaceful enjoyment of possessions (EC) 237-40, 297-300, 330,339, 470-1

property rights/peaceful enjoyment of possessions (ECHR Protocol 1): see alsoPrince Hans-Adam II (ECtHR), alleged breach of right to property (ECHRProtocol 1)

claims arising before entry into force of ECHR/Protocol 1 80-1deprivation/interference with, justification/requirements

proportionality 401-2, 452, 470-1, 738public interest/purpose, rights of individuals, balancing of 401-2

non-discrimination (ECHR 14) and 81-2‘possession’

lapsed conditional claim 80legitimate expectation and 80, 81unenforceable old property right 80

Security Council resolutions, action in compliance withEC Council Regulation implementing UNSCR 237-40, 297-300, 330, 339,

401-4municipal legislation implementing UNSCR 683-4

racial discrimination, prohibition (SADC 6(2)) 476-7rule of law, judicial protection/effective remedy and 232-3, 292-3, 323-4, 329,

389-90

SADC Treaty (1992), human rights, democracy and the rule of law (SADC 4(c)),racial discrimination, prohibition (SADC 6(2)) 476-7

SADC Tribunal, costs (ROC 78) 475-6sanctions (Al-Qaida/Taliban), Security Council resolutions relating to 656-60

1267 (1999) 183, 252-3, 311, 343-4, 409, 458, 657-81333 (2000) 184, 254-6, 344-5, 409, 6571373 (2001): see terrorism, treaties and other international instruments relating to,

UNSCR 1373 (2001) (threats to international peace and security causedby terrorist acts)

1390 (2002) 186, 256-7, 311, 346-7, 409, 4581452 (2002) 188, 257, 311, 348, 458-9, 6591455 (2003) 188-90, 257, 311, 348, 409, 4591526 (2004) 409, 4591617 (2005) 409, 4591730 (2006) (Sanctions Committee: delisting requests) 410






INDEX 789

1735 (2006) (Sanctions Committee: list/delisting) 409-10, 4601822 (2008) 409-12, 460, 657-8, 745

summary of provisions 657-81904 (2009) (Sanctions Committee: list/Ombudsman) 409-10, 412-13effective judicial remedy/right of judicial review 705-9, 740reasons for inclusion on list, right to information relating to 706-7

Sanctions Committee, relationship with Security CouncilSanctions Committee, right to fair hearing 240-4, 302-5

diplomatic protection and 243-4judicial review based on municipal law as alternative 243, 304, 326-7mechanism for re-examination of individual cases 326-7, 403

absence of effective mechanism 333, 396-7, 436-7, 450, 684-7, 740-1Guidelines for conduct of Sanction Committee’s work 241-2, 302-3, 685-6Ombudsman, relevance 436-7UNSCR 1526 (2004) 242, 303-4

sanctions (EU implementation of UN sanctions)choice of means 392-3, 436Council competence: see Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases) (Yusuf & Al

Barakaat judgment (CFI)), competence of Council to adopt Regulation467/2001

legal basis 202-14EC 57(2) 376EC 58(1)(b) 210EC 60(1)/EC 301 [EC 228a] 202-8, 212-14, 269-71, 276-8, 312-14, 372-82,

392, 435UNC 41 and 374

EC 60(2) (urgent unilateral measures with regard to capital movements forserious political reasons) 376, 381

EC 308in absence of alternative Treaty-based power 206-12, 271-2, 375compliance with EC objectives and 208-11, 272-5, 375, 380-2in conjunction with EC 60(1) and EC 301 212-14, 376-7, 378-80EU 3 (single institutional framework/consistency of Union activities) and

213, 276-7, 380-2legitimate aim and 206Member State measures as alternative 659-62object and purpose of sanctions, relevance

EC 3 204-5EC 3(1)(b) 209EC 3(1)(c) (internal market) 209-11, 272-4EC 3(1)(g) 209-11obligation to take into account 392, 435

proportionality and 206sanctions against individuals as alleged violation of fundamental rights 218-49,

312-14, 372-5‘action . . . to reduce . . . economic relations with one or more third countries’

(EC 301) 196-7, 205-6, 213-14, 271, 277, 313, 373-5‘as regards the third countries concerned’ (EC 60(1)) 207, 271, 373avoidance of distortion of competition as justification (EC 3(1)(g)) 208-11,

272-4






790 INDEX

sanctions (EU implementation of UN sanctions) (cont.)effective judicial remedy/right of judicial review 246-9, 305-8, 315-27, 330-3,

336-8, 339-41, 395-7fair hearing 240-6, 301-5‘in part’ (EC 301) 374individuals as agents of State 204-5, 313-14possibility of exemptions and derogations, relevance 238-9, 298-9, 403property rights 237-40, 297-300, 330, 339, 401-4, 470-1

freezing and deprivation distinguished 239-40, 299-300proportionality requirement 401-2, 452, 470-1, 738public purpose and 402-3right to be heard and 403-4, 470-1

targeted/‘smart’ sanctions 203-4, 270Security Council, obligation to act in accordance with the Purposes and Principles of

the UN (UNC 24(2)) 391-2, 435Security Council (Chapter VII action)

classification of situation as a threat to international peace and security,organizations other than States 727-30

compliance obligation (UNC 48(2))choice of means 392-3, 436EC/EU 227-32, 391-2, 435

‘measures not involving the use of force’ (UNC 41)collective measures against individual 657, 727-30exhaustive list, whether 657

Security Council resolutionsjudicial review/justiciability (ECHR) 324-5judicial review/justiciability of implementing legislation (ECJ/CJEU) 226-37,

286-97, 305-8, 318-23, 425-43autonomy of EU/EC legal order and 393, 395, 436challenge to resolution and application of implementing legislation

distinguishedcriticisms of Kadi decisions 432-4ECHR jurisprudence, relevance 324-6exercise of jurisdiction as alleged excess of power 326-9political question doctrine and 323-4, 328-9standard of review 425-43

‘full review’ obligation 389, 397, 436-8, 443review of lawfulness of grounds of measure 398-9, 438

judicial review/justiciability, jurisprudenceAbdelrazik 434-5, 680-1, 686Ahmed 442Al-Jedda 434-5, 678, 681-2Diggs 681-2Dorsch 230, 234, 290Eurofood 440-1Kadi 679-80, 681-2KindHearts 681Kuwait Airways 634-5Lenzing 440






INDEX 791

Nada 434-5OMPI 439PMOI I 440PMOI II 439-41Sison 439-40Yusuf 440

judicial review/justiciability of resolution/implementing legislation (municipalcourts) 569, 678, 729-30

as aid to interpretation of other obligations 635jus cogens/peremptory norm and 236-7, 296-7, 707

compliance with purposes and principles of UN Charter 236-7,296-7

Security Council resolutions by number and year1022 (1995) (Former Yugoslavia: suspension of measures imposed on)

634-5continuing relevance/ASI and 635

1267 (1999) (Afghanistan): see also Kadi/Yusuf & Al Barakaat (joined cases);Sanctions Committee, right to fair hearing

summary of provisions 183, 252-3, 343-41368/2001 (threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist threats)

540-11390 (2002) (Afghanistan) 186

EC Common Position 2002/402/CFSP and 186-7EC Council Regulation (EC) 881/2002 (specific restrictive measures) and

187-81452 (2002) (Afghanistan) 1881455 (2003) (Afghanistan) 188-90

EC Common Position 2003/140/CFSP and 188-91526 (2004) (threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts)

242, 303-4separation of powers

delegation of legislative powers to executive: see also Ahmed (validity ofanti-terrorist freezing orders), ultra vires nature of orders based on

legality principle 669, 696-7, 713-14, 735-6transposition/legislative design and 697-700

standing (municipal courts), individual’s right to challenge government’sapplication of international law 544, 558, 567-8

State responsibility for acts and omissions outside State’s jurisdiction,confiscation of German external assets (GSC) 14-15

‘subject of the dispute’, obligation to indicate in application (ICJ 40(1)/ROC38(2))

determination, responsibility for 132-3reformulation by Court

Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 132-3Right of Passage over Indian Territory 132-3

‘succinct statement of facts and grounds’ (ROC 38(2)) 100, 147-8

territorial jurisdiction (criminal and tort) (including cross-border offences),jurisdictional bar to prosecution and liability distinguished 482






792 INDEX

terrorism, treaties and other international instruments relating to: see alsosanctions (Al-Qaida/Taliban), Security Council resolutions relating to

summary of provisions 414UNSCR 1373 (2001) (threats to international peace and security caused by

terrorist acts) 733-6generic nature 709-10implementation: see also United Kingdom, terrorism, legislation relating to,

Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 (TO) by article andTerrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2009 (including changes from2006 TO)

choice of means 710State practice 672, 721

objective (combating by all means of threats caused by terrorist acts) (preamble)239, 299-300

standard of proof, 733-6: see also United Kingdom, Security Council measures,application/compliance obligation (UN Act 1946 s 1), ‘any measures . . .necessary or expedient’/‘reasonable grounds for suspecting’ (TO)

terrorism as international crime 710-11text (extracts) 658-9

torture asact of State 482, 522jus cogens/peremptory norm 482

torture, civil remedy obligation (TC 14(1)), compensation under international law,effect on right to (TC 14(2)) 520-1

Torture Convention (1984), effective measures to prevent torture, obligation to take(TC 2) 520

torture, criminal jurisdiction (including TC obligations), obligation to createoffence (TC 4) 520-1

torture, definition/classification as, action ‘by a public official or other personacting in an official capacity’ (TC 1) 480-1, 482

torture, State immunity and, jurisprudence, Jones 511-12travaux preparatoires as supplementary means of interpretation (VCLT 32)

in respect ofECPSD 27(a) 135-6UNC 41 657

treaties, judicial review/justiciabilityconsent to jurisdiction by treaty parties, relevance 635-6interpretation for purposes unrelated to determination of domestic law right or

interest, exclusion 632-3jurisprudence

CND 632-3Occidental 633-4, 635Tin Council 629Westland Helicopters 629-30

treaties between third States and not part of forum State law 629treaties, successive treaties relating to same subject matter (VCLT 30), in absence

of termination or suspension of earlier treaty (VCLT 30(3)), UNC and227-8, 288

treaties, termination and suspension (VCLT 54-64), termination with consent ofall the parties (VCLT 54(c)) 10






INDEX 793

treaties, third parties and (VCLT 34-8)customary international law and 162opposability 162

treaties, unincorporated, as context for determination of other rights andobligations 633-4, 635

treaties, validity (VCLT 46-53)legislative approval, need for

administrative agreements 10-11, 12treaty not having constitutive effect 11

treaty interpretation, parties’ intention, at time of conclusion (‘contemporaneity’)117-18, 158-9

treaty interpretation (VCLT 31(1)) (object and purpose/spirit and purpose)(teleological approach), examples, German Settlement Convention(1952/1954) (GSC) 15-16

UN Charter (1945) (UNC)primacy (UNC 103)

EC/EU and 227-32, 287Community and Member States distinguished 230EC 5 235, 295EC 10 235, 295EC 307 [EC 234] 228-9, 232-7, 288-9, 295, 320-3EU 5 235, 295judicial review of implementing legislation 226-37, 286-97Member States’ compliance obligation 228-37, 288-92TFEU 347 [EC 297] [EC 224] 229, 230-2, 289, 290-2transfer of Member State powers to EC, effect on UN obligations 230-2,

290-2human rights treaties/ECHR 678, 689-95jurisprudence

Al-Jedda 681-3, 692-3Behrami 681-2, 690-2Bosphorus 229, 289, 318-20, 324-5, 337-8, 394-5Centro-Com 229, 290, 734-5Dorsch Consult 230, 234, 290Ebony Maritime 229, 289International Fruit 230-2, 290-2Kadi 693-5Lockerbie (Provisional Measures) 228, 288Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua v. USA) 227-8, 288Poulsen and Diva Navigation 230-1

Member States’ right to take independent compliance measures320-1

as reviewed in Kadi & Al Barakaat cases 227-32, 287, 317-18Security Council resolutions (UNC 25) 228, 229, 288, 294-7sources other than UNC 103

customary international law 227, 287-8VCLT 5 (international organizations) 227, 232-7, 287-8, 295VCLT 27 (internal law and treaty observance) 227, 232-7, 287-8

treaties concluded prior to UNC (VCLT 30) 227-8, 288






794 INDEX

UN Charter (1945) (UNC) (cont.)purposes and principles (UNC 1)

maintenance of peace and security (UNC 1(1)(3)) 342Security Council duty to respect 236-7

United Kingdomhuman rights, legality principle and 669, 683-4, 705-9, 741-2Human Rights Act 1998 by section

3(1) (interpretation of legislation: ‘in a way compatible with the Conventionrights’)

anti-terrorist anti-freezing orders and 689-95legality principle and 696-7

6(1) (actions of public authority incompatible with Convention: unlawfulness),anti-terrorist anti-freezing orders and 689, 690

21(1) (‘the Convention’: ‘as it has effect for the time being in relation to theUK’), ECtHR decisions, relevance 690

legal certainty/legality principlefundamental/human rights and 669, 683-4, 705-9, 741-2legislation, interpretation and 669, 696-700, 703, 713-14, 718

legislation, interpretationintention of legislature, ‘living tree’/subsequent changes in law and practice

707-8legal certainty/legality principle 696-700, 703, 713-14, 718

non-justiciability (act of State/political question doctrine), exceptions, private lawrights 636-9

property rights/peaceful enjoyment of possessions (ECHR Protocol 1), SecurityCouncil resolutions, action in compliance with, municipal legislationimplementing UNSCR 683-4

Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, s 17(1) (SIAC: disapplication) 718,739

Security Council measures, application/compliance obligation (UN Act 1946 s 1):see also Ahmed (validity of anti-terrorist freezing orders)

absence of scrutiny requirement 654-6Foreign Affairs Select Committee recommendation for amendment (1999)

671-2‘any measures . . . necessary or expedient’/‘reasonable grounds for suspecting’

(TO) 668-71, 674-6, 677, 698-700, 701-5, 712-14, 719, 730-6as basis for freezing orders (TO/AQO)/compliance of Orders with 660, 667-78,

688, 695-708, 717-24EU obligations and 659-62Order going beyond requirements of UNSCR 701-5purpose of enactment 655-6, 695-6, 726-7, 730-6

Security Council resolutionsjudicial review/justiciability, as aid to interpretation of other obligations

635judicial review/justiciability of implementing legislation (ECJ/CJEU), challenge

to resolution and application of implementing legislation distinguishedseparation of powers

delegation of legislative powers to executivelegality principle 669, 696-700, 713-14, 718, 735-6transposition/legislative design and 697-700






INDEX 795

terrorism, legislation relating toAl-Qaida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 (AQO)

enactment 662finding of ultra vires voidness/suspension 687-8right to judicial review/fair hearing (ECHR 6) and 684-7, 705-9, 740right to property (ECHR Protocol 1) and 683-4State and non-State actors, need to distinguishsummary of provisions 662-3TO provisions distinguished 677-8, 720-1

Al-Qaida and Taliban (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 (AQO) by article3 (designated persons) 6633(1)(b) (‘any person designated by Sanctions Committee’) 664, 665, 684-7,

742-84 (power to designate) 6635(4) (power of court to set aside direction) 663

Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, Part 2 (Freezing Orders)enactment 660, 672-3summary of provisions 673-4

Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, Part 2 (Freezing Orders) bysection

4 (freezing orders: conditions) 673, 732-6s 5(2) (applicability to persons in the UK/UK nationals) 673s 5(3) (specifiable persons) 673Sch 3 (content of freezing orders) 673

Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, Part 4 (Immigration and Asylum)660

Counter-Terrorism Act 2008, enactment 660overlapping measures 731-2Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 660Terrorism Act 2000 (as amended by Terrorism Act 2006 and Counter-Terrorism

Act 2008) 660Terrorism Act 2006, enactment 660Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2001, s 3 (text) 660Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 (TO)

certainty of the law/foreseeability (ECHR 7) and 736-8finding of ultra vires voidness/suspension 687-8

Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2006 (TO) by article3 (text) 6603(1) (‘designated person’) 6603(2) (‘direction’) 6604(1) (power to give a direction) 6614(2)(a) (power to give a direction on reasonable grounds for suspecting), 661,

674-7, 732-6: see also Security Council measures, application/complianceobligation (UN Act 1946 s 1), ‘any measures . . . necessary orexpedient’/‘reasonable grounds for suspecting’ (TO) above

5(4) (power of court to set aside direction) 6617 (prohibitions) 6617(6) (prohibitions: ‘deal with’) 6618 (text) 66111 (text) 661






796 INDEX

United Kingdom (cont.)Terrorism (United Nations Measures) Order 2009 (including changes from

2006 TO) 662, 739treaties, judicial review/justiciability

consent to jurisdiction by treaty parties, relevance 635-6treaties between third States and not part of forum State law 629

war, definition/classification asabsence of definition 565-6armed conflict distinguished 564-5evolution of concept 565-6‘participation in’ 567-8, 569-72States or recognized belligerents, need for 567-8

war, existence/state ofburden of proof 567in/between, Afghanistan (Coalition operations in) 542, 564-7prerogative right/legislative involvement 563-4, 572

Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic (SFRY), dismemberment/dissolution, Statesuccession distinguished 618

Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic (SFRY), succession issues: see also AY Bank(State succession issues: justiciability)

ASI (2001)negotiation and entry into force 618summary of provisions/extracts 618-21

dissolution/dismemberment/secession distinguished 618






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