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INDEX

Note that page numbers starting with Ex indicate that these pages can be found on the extended section xwhich is available at www.cambridge.org/kleinandnellis. For example, E6 is indicates extended section E6.

absolute pressure, 25absolute temperature scale, 26, 112, 222absolute zero, 898absorbent, 599absorber, 599absorption refrigeration cycle, 598

absorbent, 599absorber, 599ammonia-water, E6basic cycle, 598coefficient of performance, 600description, 598effect of generator temperature, E6–8generator, 599lithium bromide-water, E6recuperative heat exchanger, 600solution, 599waste-heat cooling cycle, E6–2working fluids, 601, E6–1

acentric factor, 651, 740additive pressures, 724adiabatic combustion reactions, 889adiabatic chemical equilibrium (see chemical

equilibrium)adiabatic reactions, 889, 954adiabatic saturation temperature, 799(see

psychrometrics)afterburner, 454aftercooler, 494air conditioning system, 795, 808, 812, 822, E16air source heat pump, 586aircraft propulsion engines (see propulsion cycles)air fuel ratio, 427, 433, 475, 856air property tables, 1039air-water mixture (see psychrometry)Amagat’s rule, 726, 739, 743annular flow, 565approach temperature difference (see heat

exchanger, approach)atmosphere, 556auto-ignition tendency, 478azeotropic mixtures, 556

back work ratiodefinition of, 392

gas turbine cycle, 433, 437Rankine cycle, 392reciprocating internal combustion cycle,

476balance point for heat pump, 586, 594balances, 6

chemical reactions, 854 (see combustion)conserved quantities, 7element (see chemical equilibrium)energy (see First Law,combustion,

psychrometrics)entropy, 257exergy, 367general, 6increment basis, 7mass, 7, 151open system energy balance, 154–155open unsteady-state energy balance, 175rate basis, 7stoichimetric reaction (see combustion)water, 801, 833

barometer, 26base temperature, 594bin temperature data, 596binary mixing parameter for, 741blast freezer, 571boiler/superheater, 390boiling point, 37Boltzmann’s constant, 988Boltzmann’s Law, (see statistical thermodynamics)bottom dead center, 469Boyle isotherm, 632Brayton cycle (see gas turbine cycle)bubble point line, 773building heat loss coefficient, 586, 594bypass ratio, 460, 465

calculus relations for partial derivatives,672

Caloric theory, 115, 205calorimeter, 135capacitance rate, 312capacitance ratio, 313capacity, 531capillary tube (see throttle)

1059

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1060 Index

Carnot cyclecoefficient of performance, 530cycle (heat engine), 225, 385efficiency, 217, 230, 237disadvantages as a heat engine, 387disadvantages as a refrigeration cycle, 531heat transfer limited (see heat transfer limited

power cycles)heat pump, 529refrigerator, 529temperature-entropy diagram, 386, 530

Carnot statement of the Second Law, 207cascade refrigeration cycle, 578catalyst, 853CFC (see refrigerants)chain rule, 672change of mixing

ideal gas, 747molar specific enthalpy, 729, 746, 748, E11–3molar specific entropy, 730, 746, 748, E11–3molar specific volume, 746, E14properties with fixed composition, 728volume, 746, E14

chemical equilibrium, 922adiabatic reactions, 954, 960chemical potential, 932, 949criterion for, 922degree of reaction, 924direct minimization of Gibbs free energy, 944element balances, 945, 949, E19equilibrium constant, 934, 939, 942heterogeneous reactions, E19ideal gas mixtures, 933ideal solutions, 938fugacity, 939Lagrange method of undetermined multipliers,

949, 964, E19law of mass action, 931, 939, E19–5reaction coordinates, 924reformation, 927, 945, 951Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state, 943simultaneous reactions, 927, 932solid substances, E19standard-state Gibbs free energy change of

reaction, 933, 941stoichiometric coefficients, 924

chemical potential, 769applications of, 773criterion of chemical equilibrium in terms of, 931definition, 770fuels, E18–1ideal gas mixtures, 771, 933ideal solutions, 772, E14liquid in mixture, 772, E15reacting system, 933

chemical reactions, 854chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), 555choked flow (see nozzle)Clapeyron equation, 700Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 701Clausius inequality, E4–1

Clausius statement of the Second Law, 207clearance volume, 473, 588closed power cycle, 385closed system, 3clearance volume, 473coefficient of performance, 217

Carnot cycle, 530desiccant system, E16heat pump, 531maximum for heat pump, 218, 531maximum for refrigeration, 218, 530refrigeration cycle, 530vapor compression cycle, 536, 545

coefficient of pressure recovery, 302, 305cogeneration, 467combined cycle, 467combustion, 852

absolute entropy values, 899, Table 13–4, 900,E18–3, E26

adiabatic combustion or flame temperature, 890,960

adiabatic explosion pressure, 893, 894adiabatic reactions, 889air as an oxidizer in, 855air fuel ratio, 856balancing reactions, 854condensate, 857definition, 852dew point temperature, 857EES property data for combustion, 879, 901effect of temperature, 873enthalpy of formation, 865enthalpy of reactants and products, 868entropy of reactants and products, 905, E18–3equivalence ratio, 856excess air, 856exergy of fuels, E18explosion pressure, 894First Law of Thermodynamics, 864, E18–1fuel, 854fuel-air ratio, 856heat of combustion, 866heating value, 866, E18–2higher heating value, 869, Table 13–3, 870,

871lean combustion, 856lower heating value, 869, Table 13–3, 870,

871mass balances, 854molar amounts, 854Nernst’s theorem, 898oxidizer, 855reactants, 854products of, 854psychrometric issues in, 857reference states for specific enthalpy, 866reference states for specific entropy, 899reversible chemical reaction, E18–1rich combustion, 856Second-Law efficiency of fuels, E18standardized specific enthalpy, 866, 873, E24






Index 1061

standardized specific internal energy, 873stoichiometric amount, 855stoichiometric coefficients, 854theoretical air, 856theoretical amount, 855Third Law of Thermodynamics, 899water in products, 857, 869% excess air, 856% stoichiometric air, 856

comfort conditioning, 814composition relations, 721compressed liquid, 41, 50compressible flow, E20 (also see nozzle)compressibility factor, 630, 633, 743, E12compression ignition engine (see Diesel cycle)compression ratio, 469, 473compressor, 165, 277

clearance volume, 588definition, 165displacement rate, 165, 539, 589dynamic, 165efficiency of, 277, 589head-flow curve, 77isentropic efficiency, 277lubricants, 553micro-electro-mechanical, 72minimum power, 277oil, 553positive displacement, 165reciprocating, 165, 588refrigeration and heat pump cycle, 534reversible, 277steady-state energy balance, 166volumetric efficiency, 539, 589

condenser (see heat exchanger)condenser pressure, 551conductance, 313, 506, 545conduction, 111conservation of energy, see First Law of

Thermodynamicsconserved quantities, 7continuous operation, 207convection, 111conversion factors, 1015cooling capacity, 531cooling tower, 830 (also see psychrometrics)

analysis, 832, 834, E17approach, 832, 837cells, 831drift, 832effectiveness, 833entropy generation, E17evaporation rate, 834fill, 831induced draft, 831mass transfer effectiveness, 833maximum energy transfer, 833natural draft, 831nomenclature for, 831range, 832, 837sump, 831

Coulomb forces, 127core flow rate, 460critical

behavior, 634compressibility factor, 632isotherm, 645point, 37, 634pressure, 38properties (table), 632specific heat capacity, 635temperature, 38, 551

cryocooler, 602cryogenic refrigeration cycles, 601current, 127cut-off ratio, 493, 497curve fit (see EES, curve fitting in)cycling losses, 595

Dalton’s rule, 724, 738, 742dead state (see exergy)degree of reaction, 924degree of subcooling, 542degree of superheat, 542degeneracy (see statistical thermodynamics)dehumidification, 795, 822 (see psychrometrics)density, 5, 24desiccants, 829 (see psychrometrics)dew point line, 774dew point temperature, 794 (see psychrometrics)Dewar, 63, 112dielectric strength, 553Dieterici equation of state, 646Diesel cycle (also see reciprocating internal

combustion engines), 491animation of, 492combustion process, 492compression process, 491cut-off ratio, 493, 497description, 491efficiency of, 500fuel injection, 492intake process, 491pressure-volume diagram for, 492,

498turbocharged, 493

differential equations (solving), 82, 175, E25 (alsosee integration)

diffraction, 975diffuser, 167, 300

area ratio for, 304coefficient of pressure recovery, 302definition, 167efficiency of, 300isentropic efficiency of, 300reversible, 301steady-state energy balance, 167

dimensions, 11displacement, 473, 538, 589drift, 832dry air specific properties, 802dry-out, 565






1062 Index

economized refrigeration cycle, 568EES, 8

absolute entropy values, 901acentricfactor function, 651, 742airH2O, 810Alter Values dialog window, 547array range notation, 723arrays, 59ammonia-water properties (NH3H2O), E6–1apply and repeat data pattern in Parametric table,

548arrays, 59arrays table, 60, E25–4backslash (\) character, 391, 536built in thermodynamic and transport properties,

51–52call statement, 272, 283checking units in, 17combustion properties, 879comments, 9, 21common variables, 270, 653constants, 74, 997contour plot, 549, 928convergence, 101, 109, 430, 891convert function, 16converting between units in, 16converttemp function, 28curve fitting in, 123, 290CP function, 157dewpoint function, 811duplicate button (for Parametric table), 434duplicate statements, 275, 285effectiveness-NTU relations in, 318enthalpy function, 156, 810, 880, 896entropy function, 243, 810, 901Equations window, 9fluid property data, 51fluid property name convention, 102, 157, 874, 880Formatted Equations window, 10, 17fugacity function, 705, 943fugcoef function, 943GEN_EOS.dll (RKS library), 943, E10guess values, 101, 109, 430, 892guess value variable, E20–19, E20–28heat exchanger functions, 314, 318heat transfer function information, 565humrat function, 811, 882ideal gas properties in, 102, 245if-then-else statements 283incompressible fluid data, 78, 106intEnergy function, 96, 103, 810, 880introduction to, 8integral command, 80, 121, 175, 678, 694,

E25–11integral step size settings, E25–14integral table, 83, 179, 186, E25–13intenergy function, 96interpolate function, 122interpolate1 function, 122interpolate2 function, 122IsIdealGas function, 122

limits, 695, 930line tool for plots, 175lithium bromide-water properties, E6–1Lookup function, E20–18Lookup table, 122, 290, 596, E20–17max function, 84, 317min function, 317Min/Max command, 320, 409, 423, 548, 575, 583,

930, 944Min/Max table, 409, 576, 583molar basis, 879molar keyword, 880molarmass function, 723, 860, 882multiple Parametric tables, 434multi-dimensional optimization, 944NASA property library, 881, E19optimization (see EES Min/Max command)overlay plots, 23, 63Parametric table, 20, 434P_crit function, 632Peng-Robinson library, 652, 760, 764phase$ function, 60–61plots, 22preference dialog, E25–13procedure, 271, 281, 415, 416product function, 938property data from, 51, 96, 879property designations (list), 55property functions, 52, 879property plots, 59, 61, 174, 256, 273P_sat function, 797, 800, 861psychrometric plot, 814psychrometric properties, 810realcubicroots function, 644reference state, 104reference states for combustion, 880relhum function, 811rho_ function, 78Solid/Liquid property library, 78, 106Solution window, 10soundspeed function, 455, 685, E20–4specific entropy, 243specific internal energy, 96specific internal energy for ideal gas,

102string variables, 79, 415, 723steam_IAPWS, 656strings, 78string variables, 283Subprogram, 653, 758, 766, E20–27sum function, 938, 954sumParametric function, 598temperature function, 67, 810T_crit function, 632T_sat function, 796, 861standardized specific enthalpy and internal energy,

874thermodynamic property functions, 51unit system, 51units in, 14update guess values, 109






Index 1063

Variable Information dialog, 17, 101, 695, 892, 930,937, E20–19

volume function, 57, 60, 810wetbulb function, 811X-Y-Z plot, 547, 929# designation for constants, 74, 765$Common directive, 653$constant, 765$if directive, 782, 955$integralAutoStep directive, 83, 678, E25–13$integralTable directive, 83, 179, E25–12$UnitSystem directive, 52v_crit function, 632

effectiveness of a cooling tower, 833effectiveness of a heat exchanger, 305effectiveness of an evaporative cooler,

828efficiency

at maximum power, 510, E3–2, E4–44-stroke spark ignition, 476Carnot, 217compressor isentropic, 277definition of, 209Diesel engine, 500diffuser isentropic, 300First Law (thermal), 350, 586furnace, 881, E18–8gas turbine cycle, 433heat engine (maximum), 217maximum, 217nozzle isentropic, 292overall, 453propulsive, 453pump isentropic, 287Rankine cycle, 393Second Law, 351, E18–1, E18–8thermal (see First Law efficiency)tradeoffs with power, 505turbine isentropic, 266, 274

eigencondition and eigenvalues (see statisticalthermodynamics)

electric heating, 585electrical work, 127electromagnetic radiation, 973element balances (see chemical equilibrium)emissivity, 112energy

balance, 92common definition, 1conservation, 13, 133definition of, 133due to mass transfer, 151conservation of energy (closed system), 92,

133fuels (see combustion)for combustion reactions (see combustion)forms of, 93internal energy, 94kinetic energy, 93, 976modes, 999rotational, 999

potential energy, 94specific internal, 95transfer processes (see heat and work)translational, 979usage in the U.S., 853vibrational, 999

energy efficiency rating, 531, 536energy recovery, 316Engineering Equation Solver, see EESEnglish unit system, 11enthalpy

air-water vapor mixtures, 803change of mixing (see change of mixing)departure, 690, 747, 751, E11, E12definition, 154from EES, 156from property tables, 155gas mixture, 727ideal gas, 156incompressible substance, 159of formation, 865, (table) 867products (see combustion)reactants (see combustion)reference value, 158, 865relations for calculating, 688specific, 154standardized, 866, 873tabular data, 155

enthalpy change of mixing, 729, 747enthalpy-entropy diagram, 269enthalpy of formation, 864entropy, 237

absolute, 899, (table) 900, 997, E24air-water vapor mixtures, 803balance, 257Boltzmann’s Law, 987change of mixing (see change of mixing)definition, 241departure, 691, 748, 751, E11, E12from EES, 243from partition function, 991from property tables, 243flux, 611gas mixture, 728generation, 257, 260, 261, 379, 538, 732ideal gas, 245incompressible substance, 249molar specific absolute values table, E26psychrometric mixtures, E17reference value, 241, 243, 899relations for calculating, 688reversible combustion reaction, E18–1Second Law in terms of, 250specific, 241, E26tabular data, 243Third Law reference, 899total, 250, 253transfer rates, 258universe (see total)

entropy balance, 257entropy change of mixing, 730, 747






1064 Index

equation of stateBeattie-Bridgeman, 657Benedict-Webb-Rubin, 657Boyle isotherm, 633characteristics and requirements of, 632complete, 659, 660compressibility factor, 630critical point behavior of, 634definition, 630Dieterici, 646fugacity, 708, E10Helmholtz free energy, 641, 657, 661ideal gas, 630ideal gas mixtures, 723isothermal compressibility factor, 636Martin-Hou, 657mixtures (see mixture)multiple parameter, 656Peng-Robinson, 651, 692, 741, E10Rackett, 657Redlich-Kwong, 649, 741Redlich-Kwong-Soave, 650, 676, 684, 943, E10,

E11, E12reduced Helmholtz equation of state, 661reduced properties, 630roots for an isotherm, 644saturation properties, E9two-parameter, 637van der Waals, 637, 641

equilibrium, 1constant, 933, 939 (see chemical equilibrium)criterion of chemical equilibrium (see chemical

equilibrium)criterion of multi-component phase, 789, E13criterion of single-component phase, 698distribution (see statistical thermodynamics)line, 774liquid-vapor, 773

equipartition principle, 980Euler’s method (see integration)evaporative cooling, 827, 828 (see psychrometrics)evaporator (see heat exchanger)evaporator pressure, 551exact differential, 670, 689excess air, 856exergy, 350

balance, 367dead state, 352, 357dead state pressure, 355dead state temperature, 352definition of, 350destruction, 367, 369, 379in Second-Law efficiency, 351, 353, 357, 359irreversibility rate, 368of a flow stream, 355of fuels, E18of heat, 351of a system, 361, 366maximum useful work, 361specific flow exergy, 357specific exergy, 364, E18–2

total exergy, 366useful work, 363, 368

explosion pressure, 894extensive property, 5externally heated power cycle, 385external property, 5

factorial, 981feedwater heater (see Rankine cycle feedwater

heater)first law efficiency, 350First Law of Thermodynamics, 2, 133

air-water systems, 801chemical reactions (see combustion)closed systems, 92open systems, 154–155general statements 154–155

flash intercooled refrigeration cycle, 571flash tank, 571fluids, general behavior of, 36fossil fuels, 852Fourier’s law, 111friction, 213fugacity

coefficient, 705, 781definition, 705effect of pressure, 708equilibrium constant, 939from RKS and PR equations, 708, E10gases, 706ideal solution, 939, E14liquids, 708partial, E14pure fluid, 704saturated, 709, 781, E14

fundamental property relations, 241, 658, 670, 1002,E20–11

fuel injection, 492fuels, 852 (see combustion fuels)furnace efficiency, 882

gage pressure, 25, 551gas turbine cycle, 426

advantages, 426air breathing gas turbine cycle, 427air fuel ratio, 427, 433back work ratio, 433, 437basic cycle description, 427bypass ratio, 460, 465cogeneration, 467combined cycle, 467effect of air-fuel ratio, 433effect of compressor and turbine efficiencies, 437effect of pressure ratio, 434effect of turbine inlet temperature, 434efficiency of, 433for propulsion, 452intercooling modification, 438, 439gasifier turbine, 427heat of combustion, 427overall efficiency, 453






Index 1065

power turbine, 427pressure ratio, 427propulsive efficiency, 453, 458recuperation modification, 442reheat modification, 437, 443reverse Brayton cycle for refrigeration, 602specific fuel consumption, 452temperature-entropy diagram, 428thermal efficiency, 452turbine blade material consideration, 436turbofan engine, 458, 460turbojet engine, 452turboprop engine, 467

gas mixtures (see mixtures)gasifier turbine, 427gate valve, 494generator, 599Gibbs free energy, 658, 698, 769, 923, 933, E9, E14,

E19global warming potential, 556grains, 804

head-flow curve, 77heat, 92, 110

Caloric theory, 115combustion (see combustion)conduction, 111confusion in term, 116convection, 112definition, 110difference from work, 205exergy of, 351flux, 111, 352, 368Fourier’s law, 111mechanisms, 111Newton’s law of cooling, 112radiation, 112statistical interpretation, 1001two-phase, 565

heat exchanger, 168, 305approach temperature difference, 307, 399, 559boiler in Rankine cycle, 390capacitance ratio, 313, 450condenser, 390, 534conductance, 313, 450cross-flow, 169definition, 168effectiveness, 306, 310, 559effectiveness-NTU relations, 315, 450evaporative cooler, 828evaporator, 534energy balances, 170liquid-suction heat exchanger for refrigeration,

559number of transfer units, 313, 450overall energy balance, 170perfect, 390, 534pinch point temperature difference, 307, 414, 559recuperative refrigeration cycle, 603rotary regenerator, E16shell-and-tube, 169

types, 169with constant specific heat capacity, 312

heat flux, 111heat of combustion of fuel, 427 (also see combustion)heat pump, 584

bin temperature data, 596balance point, 586, 594building heating load, 586capacity, 586, 593coefficient of performance, 531, 593cycling losses, 587description, 584heating performance factor, 531heating season performance factor, 531, 587, 588,

596part-load factor, 595relation to vapor compression refrigeration cycle,

584space heating, 585strip heaters, 587, 594ton, 531vapor compression (see vapor compression

refrigeration and heat pump cycle)heat rate, 393heat transfer (see heat)heat transfer coefficient, 112, 564heat transfer limited cycles

Carnot cycle, 505, 511efficiency at maximum power, 510, E3–3, E4–4,

E5–8maximum power, 511, E3–3, E4–4Rankine cycle, E5using fluid streams with heat exchanger

limitations, E3–1with internal irreversibilities, E4–1

heating, 816heating performance factor, 531heating season performance factor, 531, 587,

596heating value, 866 (see combustion)Helmholtz free energy, 658hermetic cycle, 553heterogeneous reactions, 953higher heating value, 869humidification, 815 (see psychrometrics)humidity ratio, 791 (see psychrometrics)hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), 555hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), 555hygroscopic, E16

ideal gas, 69, 630, 638, 723chemical potential for, 771designation in EES, 102for mixtures, 721 (see mixtures)isentropic relations for, 246specific enthalpy for, 156specific entropy for, 245specific internal energy for, 101

ideal solution, 726, 747, 752, 772, E14, E15indirect two-stage evaporative cooler, 828incompressible, 24, 50






1066 Index

incompressible substance model, 24, 50, 78, 106specific enthalpy for, 159specific entropy for, 249

inflection point, 637infrared, 556integration

by parts, 707, E11–1error, E25–6Crank-Nicolson method, E25–11EES Integral command, 80, 121, 175, 186,

E25–11Euler’s method, E25–3Heun’s method, E25–7implicit method, E25–9numerical, 80, 121, 175, 186, E25predictor-corrector method, E25–6step size, E25–5

interpolation, 122intensive property, 5internal combustion engines (see reciprocating

internal combustion engines)internal energy, 94

from EES, 96from partition function, 989from property tables, 95gas mixture, 727ideal gas, 102real fluid, 95reference value, 105relations for calculating, 688specific, 94standardized, 873tabular data, 95

internal property, 5intercooled compression, 278, 567intercooler (see heat exchanger)intercooling, 438, 439, 567interpolation, 49inversion temperature, 614irreversibility factor (φ), E4–1irreversible processes, 206, 210, 214isenthalpic, 168isentropic, 246isentropic compressor efficiency, 277isentropic nozzle efficiency, 292isentropic pump efficiency, 287isentropic turbine efficiency, 269isentropic relations between P, v, and T for ideal

gases, 246isobar, 40isochor, 45isothermal compressibility, 636

Joule-Thomson coefficient, 612, 681Joule-Thomson cycle

description, 611disadvantages, 611liquefaction modification, E7–1, E7–8maximum inversion temperature, 614working fluids, 613

Kay’s rule, 740, 744

Kelvin-Planck statement of the Second Law, 207kinetic energy (see energy)

Lagrange method of undetermined multipliers, 949,983, 986

latent heat, 112, 116, 161, 553Law of mass action, 931 (see chemical equilibrium)lean combustion, 856Lennard-Jones potentials, 69Linde-Hampson cycle, E7–1, E7–8liquefaction cycle, E7–1liquid overfed evaporator, 564liquid suction heat exchanger, 559Lost work potential, 261, 379, 393, 537, E1lower heating value, 869lubricants, 553

Mach number, 455, E20 –7macroscopic approach, 4, 972macrostate and microstate (see statistical

thermodynamics)manometer, 24Maple

diff command, 510, 664, 667, E26–6differential equations, E26–8differentiation, E26–6dsolve, E26–9eliminate command, 507, 640, 647, E26–5entering equations in, 507eval, E26–3, E26–6evalf, E26–4int, E26–7integration, E26–6Introduction, E26limit, E26–7RealCubicRoots, 644restart, E26–2simplify command, 511, E26–5solve command, 507, 510, 639, 647, E26–3subs command, 511, 647, E26–4use to determine efficiency at maximum power,

507using with EES, 664

Martin-Hou equation of state, 657mass balance, 7mass fraction, 721maximum power, 508maximum thermal efficiency, 217Maxwell relations, 670, 686Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution (see statistical

thermodynamics)mean effective pressure, 477mechanical draft cooling tower, 831meniscus, 37microscopic approach, 4, 972minimization of Gibbs free energy, 944mixing, 213mixture

acentric factor, 740additive pressure rule, 724additive volume rule, 727Amagat’s rule, 726, 739, 743






Index 1067

binary mixing parameter for, 741bubble point line, 774change in properties (see change of mixing)Dalton’s rule,724, 738, 742departure from ideal gas behavior, 748, 751, E11,

E12dew point line, 774effective critical properties for, 740effective reduced properties for, 741empirical rules for, 740energy of, 726, 746enthalpy change of mixing, 729, 747enthalpy departure, 747, 748, 751, 754, E11, E12enthalpy of, 727entropy change of mixing, 730, 747entropy departure, 748, 751, 754, E11, E12entropy of, 728, 746ideal gas, 723ideal solution, 726, 740, 752internal energy, 726Kay’s rule, 740, 744mixing rules, 723, 741molar mass of, 722molar quality of, 774multicomponent, 769non-ideal gas, 738, 746partial pressure, 724, 738Peng-Robinson equation of state, 741, 754, E12pressure-volume-temperature relations for ideal

gases, 721pressure-volume-temperature relations for

non-ideal gases, 728pseudo-reduced properties for, 741Raoult’s Law, 773, 776Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state, 741, 743,

745, 753, E11, E12refrigerant, 777specific heat capacity of, 727two parameter equation of state, 637, 751with fixed composition, 728

molar composition, 776molar mass, 70, 722molar quality, 774mole, 70, 722, 854, 926mole fraction, 722, 772, 776, 857, E17molecular weight (see molar mass)moment of inertia, 999multicomponent mixtures, 769

natural draft cooling tower, 831Nernst’s theorem, 899Newton’s Law of Cooling, 112normal boiling point, 37nozzle, 167, 292

choked, E20–7, E20–23converging-diverging, E20–6, E20–16critical area, E20–14critical back pressure, E20–7, E20–37definition, 165, E20–1design pressure, E20–7, E20–37diverging section, E20–10efficiency of, 292

energy balance, E20–9entropy balance, E20–10flow behavior, E20–6, E20–10flow measurement, E20–22, E20–24geometry, E20–6high pressures, E20–30isentropic efficiency of, 292isentropic flow analysis, E20–8isentropic flow relations for ideal gases, E20–12isentropic analysis for real gases, E20–27, E20–30Mach number, E20–7, E20–13mass flow, E20–24mass balance, E20–8normal shock, E20–7, E20–33oblique shock wave, E20–7overexpansion, E20–7reversible, 293shock wave, E20–7, E20–33, E20–35speed of sound, E20–1, E20–14static pressure and temperature, E20–14, E20–17,

E20–30stagnation state and properties, E20–8, E20–12,

E20–23, E20–40steady-state energy balance, 167subsonic, 167supersonic, E20–7throat, E20–7, E20–10, E20–12, E20–16underexpansion, E20–8

NTU (see heat exchanger)numerical integration (see integration)

octane number of gasoline, 477open power system, 385open system, 3optimization (see Min/Max command under EES)Otto cycle (also see reciprocating internal

combustion engines)animation of, 469average power from, 476back work ratio, 476bottom dead center, 469clearance volume, 473combustion process, 472compression process, 472compression ratio, 469, 473displacement, 472efficiency, 476, 486exhaust process, 472expansion process, 472four-stroke description, 469mean effective pressure, 477model for four stroke, 472octane number, 477polytropic model, 479, 483pre-ignition, 477pressure-volume diagram for, 471, 477pressure-crank angle diagram for, 471, 490simple model of, 472temperature-crank angle diagram for, 471top dead center, 469two-stroke description, 488

overall efficiency of a gas turbine cycle, 453






1068 Index

oxidizer, 855ozone depletion potential, 556

part load factor for heat pump, 595partial derivatives, 672partial pressure, 724, 857partial volume, 724partial molar volume, E14partition function

definition of, 989entropy, 991, 995for monatomic gas, 993internal energy, 990, 995pressure, 992, 994

Peng-Robinson (see equation of state or mixture)phase change, 36, 699phase equilibrium, 697

applications, 773criterion for, 697, 769, E13multicomponent, 769pure fluid, 697

phase rule, 34, 629, 721, 783photon, 975pinch point temperature difference (see heat

exchanger)polytropic efficiency, 270, 479polytropic equation, 123, 480polytropic exponent, 123polytropic model, 479, 483potential energy, 92power cycles, 385power-efficiency tradeoffs, 505power turbine, 427Planck’s law, 974potential energy (see energy)pre-ignition, 478pressure, 24

absolute, 25atmospheric, 25barometric, 24from partition function, 992gage, 25ratio, 285, 427

pressure-temperature diagram, 36pressure-temperature-specific volume surface, 42pressure-volume work, 119primary unit, 11probability (see statistical thermodynamics)problem solving methodology, 159, 260procedures in EES, 270, 281properties, 4, 629

calculating u, h, and s, 688critical, 38density, 5derived relations for, 4, 670, 673, 681dry air specific, 802enthalpy (see enthalpy)entropy (see entropy)equation of state (see equation of state)exact differential, 670extensive, 5external, 5, 34

from EES, see EESfrom an equation of state, 673, 692, 703fugacity (see fugacity)Gibbs free energy (see Gibbs free energy)ideal gas, 102intensive, 5interdependence of, 6internal, 5, 34internal energy (see internal energy)measurable, 4methodology for calculating, 688pressure, 24reduced, 601reference state, 689relations, 681relation during phase change, 699rules for manipulating, 681saturation properties, 703specific, 5, 34specific heat capacity, 106, 685specific heat capacity at constant pressure, 158specific heat capacity at constant volume, 102specific volume, 5, 24speed of sound, 682tables, 41, 95temperature, 26

property tables, 41compressed liquid, 50saturated liquid and vapor, 41specific enthalpy from, 155specific entropy from, 243specific internal energy from, 95superheated vapor, 47

propulsion cyclesturbofan engine, 458turbojet engine, 452turboprop engine, 467

propulsive efficiency, 453, 458pseudo-pure fluid, 721psychrometric chart, 802psychrometrics, 791

adiabatic saturation process, 800adiabatic saturation temperature, 799chart, 804combustion, 857comfort conditions, 804cooling-reheat process, 822cooling tower (see cooling tower)definitions, 791dehumidification, 822desiccant, 822, E16dew point temperature, 794, 857dry air specific properties, 802dry-bulb temperature, 799, 804EES functions for, 810energy balance, 801enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture per mass of

dry air, 803entropy of air-water vapor mixture per mass of dry

air, 803, E17evaporative cooling, 827humidification processes, 815, 816






Index 1069

humidity ratio, 791, 804indirect 2-stage evaporative cooling, 828issues in combustion reactions, 857processes, 791, 814properties, 791, 802psychrometric chart, 802relative humidity, 793, 804saturated, 793saturation vapor pressure, 793sensible heat ratio, 826swap cooler, 827volume of air-water vapor mixture per mass of dry

air, 802, 804water balance, 801wet bulb temperature, 799, 804wet bulb temperature depression, 801

psychrometer, 799pump, 287

analysis, 401, 416curve, 289definition, 166dynamic, 166efficiency of, 287head-flow curve, 290ideal specific work, 404isentropic efficiency of, 287minimum power, 288operating point for, 291positive displacement, 166reversible, 287steady-state energy balance, 166

quality, 43, 565, 774quantum number (see statistical thermodynamics)quantum theory, 973

R134a property tables, 1031radiation, 111Rankine cycle, 388

back work ratio, 392, 403boiler/superheater, 390condenser, 398description, 388effect of boiler pressure, 395effect of heat sink temperature, 397effect of heat source temperature, 397efficiency, 393, 403, 422entropy generation, 394extraction fraction, 411, 420feedwater heater (closed), 410feedwater heater (open), 412heat rate, 393heat transfer limited, E5ideal Rankine cycle, 388lost power production capacity, 393non-ideal cycle, 399optimum extraction pressures, 423optimum reheat pressure, 408regeneration modification, 410reheat modification, 405schematic of, 389simple Rankine cycle, 389

specific enthalpy – specific entropy diagram,403

supercritical Rankine cycle, 396temperature-entropy diagram, 389toluene as a working fluid, 397turbine blade erosion, 396, 399

Raoult’s Law, 773, 776reaction coordinates, 924reciprocating internal combustion engines, 468

2-stroke and 4-stroke (see Otto cycle)back work ratio, 476bottom and top dead center, 469compression ratio, 469compression ignition (see Diesel cycle)cutoff ratio, 493Diesel cycle (see Diesel cycle)distribution of energy, 488Otto cycle (see Otto cycle)pressure-volume diagram, 471, 477, 487,

498spark-ignition (see Otto cycle)temperature-entropy diagram, 487top dead center, 470

recuperative refrigeration cycles, 601recuperator (see heat exchanger)recuperation, 442, 600Redlich-Kwong-Soave (see equation of state or

mixture)reduced pressure, 631reduced properties, 631reduced specific volume, 631reduced temperature, 631reference state, 95, 866reformation (see chemical equilibrium)refrigeration cycles, 529

absorption (see absorption refrigeration cycles)Carnot cycle for, 529cascade cycle, 578coefficient of performance, 530, 563cryocooler, 602degree of subcool, 542degree of superheat, 542economized, 568energy efficiency rating, 531flash intercooled, 571intercooled, 567Joule-Thomson (see Joule-Thomson cycle)Linde-Hampton, E7–1, E7–8liquefaction, E7–1liquid overfed evaporator, 564liquid-suction heat exchanger, 559, 560lost work for, 537mixtures in, 777recuperative cryogenic cooling, 601regenerative, E8reverse Brayton, 603seasonal energy efficiency rating, 531subcool, 542superheat, 542Stirling, E8vapor compression (see vapor compression

refrigeration cycle)






1070 Index

refrigerants, 550azeotropic, 556characteristics, 552chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), 555compatibility with lubricants, 553critical point temperature of, 601, 602dielelectric strength, 553desirable properties of, 550flammability, 554global warming potential (GWP), 556hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), 555hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), 555inertness, 554inorganic, 556latent heat, 553lubricants, 553naming convention, 554non-azeotropic, 556organic, 555ozone depletion potential (ODP), 556R11, R12, R134a, R22, R290, Rxyz,

555stability, 554ton, 531toxicity, 554triple point of, 601, 602zeotropic, 556

regenerative refrigeration cycles, E8regenerator, 502, E8, E16reheat for comfort conditioning, 822reheat in gas turbine cycle (see gas turbine cycle,

reheat modification)reheat in Rankine cycle (see Rankine cycle, reheat

modification)relative humidity, 793 (see psychrometrics)restrictor (see throttle)reverse Brayton cycle, 603reversible process, 210rich combustion, 856rotary vane pump, 166rotational energy, 999

Sackur-Tetrode equation, 996saturated

liquid, 39properties from equation of state, E9state, 37vapor, 39

saturation pressure, 39, 701, E9saturation properties, 703saturation temperature, 39, 701seasonal energy efficiency rating, 531Second Law of Thermodynamics, 2,

204efficiency, 207, 351, 353, 357, 359equivalence of statements, 209general statement, 249in terms of entropy, 257limits on efficiency, 210relation to reversible processes, 205statements of, 207

secondary unit, 11sensible heat, 116sensible heat ratio, 826, E16separation of gases, 734shock wave (see nozzle)SI unit system, 11silica gel, E16simultaneous chemical reactions, 927, 932solar radiation, 556solar trough power plant, 413solubility, 599spark-ignition reciprocating internal combustion

engine (see Otto cycle)specific enthalpy (see enthalpy)specific entropy (see entropy)specific exergy (see exergy)specific fuel consumption, 452specific heat capacity

at constant pressure, 156, 686at constant volume, 102at low temperatures, E8–2incompressible substance, 106gas mixture, 727relation of values at constant pressure and

volume, 688two phase, 635values at room temperature, 1037values for air, 1039

specific property, 5specific volume, 5, 24speed of sound, 682, E20–1 (also see nozzle)standard-state Gibbs free energy change of reaction

(see chemical equilibrium)standardized enthalpy, 866, 873standardized internal energy, 873stagnation state (see nozzle)state, 4statistical thermodynamics, 972

Boltzmann’s Law, 987Bose-Einstein model, 981characteristic wavelength, 977defined, 972degeneracy, 976, 979, 999diatomic particles, 998distinguishable and indistinguishable particles,

981eigencondition and eigenvalues, 979,

999entropy, 987, 991equilibrium distribution, 979equipartition principle, 980Fermi-Dirac model, 981heat, 1001internal energy, 980, 990kinetic energy, 976Lagrange method of undetermined multipliers,

983, 986macrostate, 980, 982Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, 985microstate, 979monatomic particles, 976






Index 1071

partition function (see partition function)principle quantum number, 978probability, 976, 978, 980rotational energy modes, 999quantized energy of particles, 975quantum state, 979Sackur-Tetrode equation, 996Stirling’s approximation, 983thermodynamic probability, 980,

987translational energy forms, 979, 999wave equation, 976wave-like behavior, 974work, 1001vibrational energy modes, 999

steady flow cycle, 385steady state, 163Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 112steam property tables, 1019Stirling cycle, 501

advantages, 502description, 503simple model of, E2refrigeration, E8regenerator, 502

Stirling’s approximation, 983stoichiometric coefficients, 854, 924strip heaters, 587subcool, 542subcooled liquid, 40subsonic, 167supercritical Rankine cycle, 396superheat, 542superheated vapor, 40, 47supersonic, 167system, 3

adiabatic, 3boundary, 3, 260–264choice of, 118, 260closed, 3control mass, 151control volume, 151definition, 3exergy of, 361, 366isolated, 3open, 3properties, 3steady-state, 3state, 34

sublimation, 37subsonic, E20–6supercritical, 38, 40supercritical Rankine cycle, 396superheated vapor, 47supersonic, E20–6surroundings, 3

temperature, 26temperature scales, 26, 220temperature-specific entropy diagram,

256

temperature-specific volume diagram, 40, 62,97

thermal efficiency, 452thermal reservoir, 208thermodynamic temperature scale, 220, 222thermodynamics

definition, 1First Law (see First Law of Thermodynamics)macroscopic and microscopic approach, 4,

972probability (see statistical thermodynamics)Second Law (see Second Law of

Thermodynamics)statistical (see statistical thermodynamics)Third Law, 899units, 12

thermostatic expansion valve, 55thin film, 127Third Law of Thermodynamics, 899throttle, 168

definition, 168in refrigeration cycle, 535losses, 571steady-state energy balance, 168

thrust, 296, 452tie line, 774ton, 531top dead center, 469torque on a shaft, 127triple point, 37, 551turbine, 163

analysis, 402, 415definition, 163effect of liquid water on, 395efficiency of, 266gasifier (in gas turbine cycle), 427isentropic efficiency of, 266, 274maximum power, 267polytropic efficiency, 270power (in gas turbine cycle), 427reversible, 266steady-state energy balance, 165

turbocharged engine, 493turbofan, 458, 460turbojet, 452turboprop, 467ton unit of heating or cooling capacity, 531two parameter equation of state, 637, 751two-phase flow, 565two-phase system, 697two-stroke engine, 488

units, 11units in EES, 14universal gas constant, 70unrestrained expansion, 213unsteady systems, 175

vacuum, 45valve (see throttle)van der Waals equation of state, 637






1072 Index

vapor compression refrigeration and heat pumpcycle, 532

air conditioning, 541actual cycle, 540capacity, 593coefficient of performance of, 536, 545, 585compressor, 534condenser, 534description, 533effect of refrigeration temperature, 538economized cycle modification, 568energy efficiency rating, 536evaporator, 534flash-intercooled cycle modification, 571freezer, 541, 542, 545, 571, 578heat pump, 584heating season performance factor (HSPF), 587ideal cycle, 532industrial refrigeration, 541intercooled cycle modification, 567liquid overfed evaporator modification, 564liquid-suction heat exchanger modification, 559lost work for, 537non-ideal cycle, 540pressure-specific entropy diagram, 544refrigerants (see refrigerants)refrigerator, 540staged compression modification, 567strip heaters, 587temperature-specific entropy diagram, 533, 544throttle, 533volumetric efficiency of compressor, 538

vapor dome, 40

vapor pressure (see saturation temperature)voltage, 127ultraviolet radiation (UV-A, UV-B, UV-C), 556, 974units, 19unit conversion factors, 1015volume (specific), 24, 802volumetric efficiency, 539, 589

wave equation (see statistical thermodynamics)wave length, 556wave-like behavior (see statistical thermodynamics)water property tables, 1019weight, 14wet bulb temperature, 799 (see psychrometric wet

bulb temperature)wet bulb temperature depression, 801work, 92, 116

compression work, 119, 153definition of, 116difference from heat, 205electrical, 127forms and rate equations, 128general definition, 117lost potential, E1mechanics definition, 116maximum useful work (see exergy)P-V (compression and expansion), 119statistical interpretation, 1001stretching a thin film, 127, 132torque on a rotating shaft, 127useful work (see exergy)

zeotropic mixtures, 556




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