542

11 September 2001 attacks, 162, 209, 248, 292, 394

Acharya, Amitav, 168Adler, Emmanuel, 168Adorno, Theodor, 68, 95Afghanistan, 422Albright, Madeline, 89alliance building, 28Alliance of Small Island States, 481al-Qaeda, 209, 402–3, 407

disaggregation of, 403origins and evolution of, 292, 403

Amin, Samir, 383Amnesty International, 115anarchy, 3, 4, 14, 37, 196

and constructivism, 106–7cultures of, 107international anarchy, 39–41realist conception of, 44thick, 107

Anderson, Benedict, 153Angell, Sir Norman, 11, 57, 155Annan, Kofi, 381, 403–34, 437Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 174anti-capitalist movement, 392

chronology of, 393goals and tactics, 394significance of, 395

ANZUS, 286APEC, 354Archibugi, Daniele, 130Aristotle, 110Armitage, David, 144arms control, 14, 56, 172–88

and the Cold War, 288during the Cold War, 174–5cooperation on, 181definition, 173and disarmament, 176, 179export-control measures, 176and human rights, 180and IR theory, 181–2and nuclear weapons, 182–6in the post-Cold War, 175–9rationale for, 174small arms and conventional weapons,

179–81treaties, 178–6

arms trade, 180

Aron, Raymond, 40, 269, 270, 271Asad, Talal, 324ASEAN Regional Forum, 167, 306Ashley, Richard, 4, 31, 70, 96Ashworth, Lucian, 11assessments of creditworthiness, 362, 368Australia

Aboriginal peoples, 251, 253human rights, 448Immigration Restriction Act 1901, 452White Australia Policy, 452

Australia Group, 176authority, 396

and control, 145and culture, 252and power, 138

Ayson, Robert, 199–215

balance of power, 11, 36, 40, 108, 271Ban Ki-moon, 437Bank for International Settlements, 365, 366banks, capital adequacy ratios, 365Barnett, Michael, 168, 308barriers to trade, 344, 352, 356Basel Accord II, 368Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 366,

369Baudelaire, Charles, 94Baudrillard, Jean, 92, 93Beitz, Charles, 123, 124, 126Bellah, Robert, 153Bellamy, Alex, 168, 218–30Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 331Bentham, Jeremy, 3, 51, 443Benton, Lauren, 252Berger, Mark T., 372–84Berlin Mandate, 479Biddle, Stephen, 200bin Laden, Osama, 209Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention,

175, 179biological weapons, 179, 185bipolar systems, 42, 260, 274Bisley, Nick, 281–93Bleiker, Roland, 91–101Bodin, Jean, 138–9, 141Boege, Volker, 423Bolton, John, 306Booth, Ken, 163, 168

I n d e x

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Bourguiba, Habib, 330Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 262Brahimi, Lakhdar, 418Bretton Woods system, 28, 337, 351, 363–4Brezhnev doctrine, 289Brodie, Bernard, 164Brown, Anne, 423Brown, Chris, 3, 12, 248, 254Brownlie, Ian, 431Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 467Brundtland Report, 465–6Bull, Hedley, 11, 28, 120

anarchy, 8, 247–8arms control, 173great powers, 274international society/system, 247methods of acquiring knowledge in IR, 11

Burke, Anthony, 98, 160–70Burke, Edmund, 258–63Bush, George H., 157Bush, George W., 55, 186, 207, 227, 262, 411Business Council on Sustainable

Development, 315Butterfield, Herbert, 9, 38Buzan, Barry, 163

Caedel, Martin, 191Cairns Group, 355Calhoun, Craig, 326Campbell, David, 93, 98, 146Canberra Commission, 186capital, movement of, 350, 363, 366capitalism

and climate change, 483critique of, 63–5and efficiency, 63liberal, 53popular, 314, 364rise of, 63

Caroline affair, 226–7Carpenter, R. Charlie, 84Carr, E.H., 11, 26

Marxism, 67nationalism, 156realism, 7, 38, 39

Casanova, José, 326, 329categorical imperative, 71, 122–5, 130Centre for Global Governance, 316Cesa, Marco, 268–79Chandler, David, 418change, 16

constructivist understanding of, 111–18and great powers, 275–6and warfare, 212

chemical weapons, 179, 185Chemical Weapons Convention, 165, 179Chiaruzzi, Michele, 35–47China, civil war, 284Christianity, 137, 328citizenship, 146civil society, 318civilisation, 251Clark, Ian, 3, 248class conflict, 65, 66Clausewitz, Carl von, 164, 204, 205, 206, 208, 271Clements, Kevin, 423Climate Action Network, 319climate change, 128, 475–85

and Critical Theory, 483definition, 476and environmental justice, 468global politics of, 477–84marketisation of climate governance, 484and Marxism, 483organisation of negotiations on, 481role of knowledge and interests in, 483scientific consensus on, 476, 478

Club of Rome, 464cluster munitions, 179, 227–9

collateral damage, 228indiscriminate effects of, 227, 228

coercion, 139Cohen, Robert, 434Cohn, Carol, 169Cold War, 281–93

from 1945–53, 282–6from 1953–69, 286–7from 1969–85, 287–8from 1985–91, 288–9arms control, 174–5, 288arms race, 287and the avoidance of military

conflict, 291and capitalist international relations, 291causes of, 290–1and the Chinese civil war, 284containment, 283–4definition, 282détente, 287–8diplomacy and, 260great powers after, 276–8ideological antagonism in, 282and IR, 290–1and Korea, 286legacy of, 292nuclear weapons and, 291and security, 282status of Berlin, 284, 286

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colonialism, 383, 400see also European colonisation

Commission for Sustainable Development, 470Communist Manifesto, 65, 66communitarianism, 122, 396communities

epistemic, 483legal and cultural, 156and populations, 150security, 116–18, 168, 192

community, 31comparative advantage, 351Comprehensive (Nuclear) Test Ban Treaty, 165Concert of Europe, 260, 272, 273, 274conflict, 192

ethnic conflict, 155management of, 181see also violence, war

conflict resolution, 117Connolly, William, 94, 101, 325Connor, Walker, 152Constant, Benjamin, 53constitutionalism, 383constructivism, 13, 32, 33, 103–18

‘alter-casting’, 114and arms control, 182balance of power, 108change in the international system, 111–18and the Cold War, 290and diplomacy, 266and global economic institutions, 340and global finance, 369and identity, 104–11, 114–16international conflict and security

communities, 116–18making meaning, 105methodology, 104rules and norms, 106security, 168war, 108

containment, 283–4control, and authority, 145Convention against Torture, 224Convention on Biological Diversity, 466Convention on Cluster Munitions, 179, 227Convention on Conventional Weapons,

principle of discrimination, 224Convention on the Elimination of

All Forms of discrimination against Women, 442

Convention on the Protection of Civilians, 223Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees,

453–5, 459conventional weapons, 173

cooperation, international, 55, 389–90, 469and climate change, 477and globalisation, 395and justice, 126regional economic, 56

Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls, 176

Copenhagen Accord, 468Corporation for Foreign Bondholders, 362Correlates of War Project, 214cosmopolitanism, 71, 123, 396–7

criticism of, 396and humanitarianism, 429and justice, 121and social contract theory, 130and sovereignty, 146

counter-hegemonic political movements, 73, 74

Cox, Robert, 13, 8, 30, 69, 71, 73–4, 470mutually assured destruction, 174

Crawford, Neta C., 109–10credit ratings agencies, 314, 368Creveld, Martin van, 207, 209critical theory, 13, 8, 13, 15, 62–75

and climate change, 483Frankfurt School of Critical Theory,

68–71and global economic institutions, 340and global environmental politics, global,

470–1nationalism, 156security, 168–70and state-building, 420

Cuban missile crisis, 162, 164, 286culture, 73

and legal authority, 252and nationalism, 150patriarchal, 81

current affairs, 2customary international law, 236–7

binding nature of, 237and humanitarian intervention, 431and the UN General Assembly, 304

Davies, David, 5Davies, Sara E., 450–61Davis, Mike, 373death of God, 94, 95decolonisation, 154, 253, 286

diplomacy and, 261effect of, 261and refugees, 456

deconstruction, 98–9, 169democracies, foreign relations among, 193

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democracy consumer, 93cosmopolitan, 28, 129–30, 317, 396–7democratic peace theory, 54–5global, 396spread of, 13, 419

democratic peace theory, 54–5, 193influence on US foreign policy, 55

Deng, Francis, 434dependency theory, 380deregulation, 389–90, 392Derrida, Jacques, 99d’Escoto Brockmann, Father Miguel, 437deterrence, 164, 207, 260

see also nuclear deterrenceDeutsch, Karl, 168developing countries, 374–9, 392–6

and climate change negotiations, 468and environmental justice, 468refugees in, 456

development, 372–84concept of, 378definition, 382evaluation of, 378and inequality, 376–5, 377, 382neoliberal conception of, 381policy formation for, 380and poverty, 375, 377, 382and power, 376purpose and targets of, 382relational approach to, 375

development assistance, 58Devetak, Richard, 1–19, 62–75, 98, 134–47Dickinson, G. Lowes, 39difference, 31Dinnen, Sinclair, 420diplomacy, 14, 41, 256–67

bilateral, 259and capacity-building, 264definitions of, 257diplomacy of violence, 208diplomatic immunity, 262–3evolution of, 258–63future of, 263of the great powers, 260and the Gulf War, 158hyphenated diplomats, 265modern, 259, 264multilateral, 259and nationalism, 154and power, 270pre-modern diplomacy, 258–9public, 266and representation and lobbying, 264

resident ambassadors, 259and the study of IR, 265–6transformational, 264–5trends in, 264–5Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations,

262disarmament, 143–4, 166, 183

and arms control, 176, 179and security, 183–5

discrimination, 77, 78disintermediation, 366, 367domestic politics, 15double effect, doctrine of, 224–5Doyle, Michael, 54–5Drago Doctrine, 363Drago, Luis, 363Duarte, Sergio, 183–5Dunant, Henry, 428Dunn, John, 135Dunne, Tim, 245Dupont, Alan, 165

Earth Summit, 466East Timor, 161Eckersley, Robyn, 462–74economic growth and environmental quality,

465economic rationalism, 390economic sanctions, humanitarian

consequences of, 433economics

Keynesian, 363, 365laissez-faire, 351neoliberal, 73

Elshtain, Jean Bethke, 88emancipation, 13, 97, 154embedded journalism, 202Emergency Committee for Humanitarian

Response, 430empiricism, 69, 324Engels, Friedrich, 64English School of IR, 8, 28, 244–6Enlightenment, 10, 49, 94, 251, 443Enloe, Cynthia, 80environment movement, 464environmental legislation, 464environmental politics, global, 462–74

actors in, 463and critical theory, 470–1and ecological security, 466–7environmental efficiency of production, 466and environmental justice, 467–8and neoliberal institutionalism, 469in the post-Cold War context, 466–8

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and realism, 469research on, 464rise of the environment as a global political

issues, 464–6and sustainable development, 464–6theories of, 469–71

environmental regulation, 466environmental treaties or regimes, 469epistemic communities, 483epistemology, 24, 97equality, 122–5equity, intra- and inter-generational, 465Erikson, Stein Sundstol, 420ethics, 31, 447

of conviction, 45of war, 218–30global, 127–9of responsibility, 36, 44–6

ethnic cleansing, 156, 434Euromarkets, 364Europe, medieval, 137Europe, ‘velvet’ revolutions in, 289European colonisation, 243–55

and development of law, 251impact of, 245racial hierarchy and, 251‘standard of civilisation’, 251

European Community Humanitarian Aid Office, 430

European Union, 114, 117, 277Common Agricultural Policy, 352External Action Service, 266

Evans, Gareth, 434

failed states, 145, 207, 415, 416–17Falk, Richard, 57, 396Falkner, Robert, 473feminism, 13, 32, 76–90

challenge to masculine bias, 79–80critical, 88–9critique of, 87–8differences between sex and gender, 81–4goals of feminist IR theory, 79identity-based, 87IR agenda, 77–9and the language of international

politics, 82liberal, 86–8maternal and cultural, 88postmodern, 88–9security, 168–70theories of IR, 86–9war, 169–70

feudalism, 137–8Financial Stability Board, 369Financial Stability Forum, 368fixed exchange rate, 364foreign aid, 58Forsberg, Randall, 110Foucault, Michel, 94, 99Foundation for International Environmental

Law and Development, 481foundationalism, 31–2Framework Convention on Climate Change,

466, 478, 481Ad Hoc Working Groups, 481Alliance of Small Island States, 481Conference of the Parties, 481negotiation of, 481participation of non-state actors, 482Secretariat, 481Subsidiary Body on Implementation, 481Subsidiary Body on Science and Technology,

481France

Declaration of the Rights of Man, 50, 153, 443Revolution, 50, 204

Frankfurt School of Critical Theory, 68–71free trade, 50, 350–2free trade agreements, 239, 354freedom, 53Fukuyama, Francis, 60, 420

‘G’ forums, 391G8, 390G20, 341, 358, 369, 391G77 + China, 481game theory, 211Gandhi, Mahatma, 110Gat, Azar, 208Geertz, Clifford, 152Gellner, Ernest, 152gender

inequality, 77, 78, 84–5roles, 84and sex, 81–4

genealogy, 98–9General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 239,

338Geneva Conventions, 109, 165, 232, 305, 428

as customary law, 223gaps in, 223and insurgency, 224jus in bello, 222, 223principle of discrimination, 224principle of proportionality, 224protection of non-combatants, 224

environmental politics, global (cont.)

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Genocide Convention, 224George, Jim, 9, 22–34, 62–75, 96Germany, 472Ghani, Asraf, 420Ghannoushi, Rashid, 330Giddens, Anthony, 388Gill, Stephen, 73, 383Gillard, Prime Minister Julia, 81Gilpin, Robert, 276Global Climate Coalition, 315global economic institutions, 15, 115, 336–47, 390

conditionalities imposed by, 314and constructivism, 340and critical theory, 340democratic deficit in, 346and the global economy, 340–5legitimacy and democratic credentials of,

345–7and liberalism, 340membership, 345and national authorities, 346perspectives on, 339–40rationales for, 380and realism, 340transparency, 346voting mechanisms in, 345, 346

global economy and global economic institutions, 340–5and global governance, 337–40politicisation of, 395

global finance, 360–70from 1900–45, 362–3from 1946–71, 363–4from 1972–81, 364–5from 1982–92, 365–6from 1993–2000, 366–8from 2001, 368–9architecture of the system, 362, 364, 366–8and constructivism, 369credit booms and liquidity busts, 368–9credit ratings agencies, 368data-sharing and surveillance and, 368debt crises, 365–6and financial socialisation, 363and Gramscian critical theory, 369international regimes for, 361–2international regulation of, 363in IR, 361‘over-lending’, 364–5privatisation of, 365and realism, 369risk management models, 369self-regulation, 368study of, 369–70

Global Financial Crisis, 57, 337, 339, 346, 389, 392explanations for, 357and the G20, 341, 358government stimulus packages, 357, 358impact on developing countries, 343and protectionism, 344recovery from, 357–8and trade, 356–7

global governance, 14–17, 29, 114, 247and climate change, 477–8and the global economy, 337–40and non-state actors, 115and the WTO, 344

global justicein practice, 129theories of, 119–31see also justice

global trade, 348–59agricultural trade, 355deficiencies in the system, 352–4definitions of terms, 349–50and free trade, 350–2and the Global Financial Crisis, 356–7most favoured nation status, 351national treatment rules, 351in natural resources, 358opposition to a regime of, 350preferential trade arrangements, 354–5and protectionism, 352reform of the system, 355–6, 358–9rules of origin arrangements, 356see also trade

globalisation, 14–17, 43, 338, 386–97actors in, 388–9and the anti-capitalist movement, 392, 393, 394breadth of the connections and ramifications

of, 389critique of, 396–7definition, 15, 387–92and diplomacy, 264economic, 470effects on states, 145explanations of, 387and foreign and domestic policy, 389hyperglobalisationism, 145, 311, 387, 390and justice, 124–5and neoliberalism, 74, 339political implications of, 388and postmodernity, 93sceptical explanation of, 387–8and sovereignty, 145and terrorism, 407theory of international politics, 311transformationalism, 388–7

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‘gold-dollar’ standard, 364Goldblatt, David, 15Goodman, James, 310–21Gorbachev, Mikhail, 175, 289Gore, Vice President Al, 467governance

authoritarian, 399, 446and globalisation, 396and identity, 114–16see also global governance

Gramsci, Antonio, 30, 66, 72–3Gramscian critical theory, 30, 71–4, 369

see also critical theoryGray, Colin, 164great powers, 14, 42, 268–79

after the Cold War, 276–8attributes of, 277current situation, 277definition, 269–71historical perspective, 271–3importance of non-material resources, 277and international change, 275–6and international order, 274–5in IR theory, 273–6and nuclear proliferation, 277spheres of influence, 273, 274superpowers, 273

Greeks, 258Greenfeld, Liah, 152Gregg, Tom, 129Grotius, Hugo, 6, 8, 232Group of 77, 261groupthink syndrome, 196guerilla warfare, 213

Habermas, Jürgen, 69–70, 71, 94, 125Hagmann, Tobias, 423Hague Conferences, 428Halliday, Fred, 254, 317, 321HALO, 228Halperin, Morton, 174Hanson, Marianne, 172–88Harper, Stephen, 451Harvey, David, 92Hayek, Friedrich, 59Hegel, G. W. F., 66, 94hegemony, 30, 36, 72, 73, 248, 351

and climate change, 482and environmental politics, global, 469

hegemonic stability theory, 351hegemonic war theory, 275Held, David, 15, 130, 146, 396Helsinki Final Act, 287Herz, John, 164

hierarchy, 3history, progressivist concept of, 65Hobbes, Thomas, 7, 38, 141

Leviathan, 139–40state of nature, 7, 38, 139state of war, 140state system, 467

Hobsbawm, Eric, 151Hobson, J. A., 53Hoehne, Markus V., 423Hoffman, Mark, 5Holsti, K. J., 5hooks, bell, 87Horkheimer, Max, 68Howard, Prime Minister John, 451human rights, 154, 440–9

current conception of, 444focus on the individual, 445future of, 447–9historical development of the idea, 442–3and international law, 239and natural law, 443nature of, 446, 448promotion of, 448rules and norms, 249and security, 162and state sovereignty, 434and the UN Charter, 441UN human rights instruments, 442

humanitarian intervention, 213, 416, 426–39history of, 431–3rationale for, 431and the responsibility to protect, 433–8

humanitarianism, 16, 182, 431and arms control, 180and cosmopolitanism, 429magnitude of, 429–30origins of, 427–30

Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman, 322–34Hurd, Ian, 296–309Huyssen, Andreas, 92hyperglobalisationism, 145, 387, 390

idealism, 66identity, 30–1

changing, 114and constructivism, 104–11and governance, 114–16group identity, 113, 326inter-subjective, 105national identity, 113, 152, 153and the Other, 105state identity, 113, 114and terrorism, 407

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ideology, 73Ignatieff, Michael, 158Ikenberry, G. John, 56imperialism, 250–3, 363, 376

critique of, 53rise of, 63

independence, declarations of, 144–5indigenous peoples, 155, 251, 253Industrial Revolution, 63inequality, 372–84

and development, 376–5, 377, 382relational approach to, 375scale and character of, 373–5, 378

information, and state-building, 142Infrastructure Recovery and Assets Platform, 343institutionalism, 8, 55–6institutions, gendered, 89insurgencies, 400intellectual property rights, 354InterAction, 430interdependence, 42, 290, 410

economic, 339, 350and justice, 124–5

interests and identity, 105and knowledge, 69–70and power, 40see also national interests

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 468, 470

Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty, 174, 179International Arms Trade Treaty, 180International Atomic Energy Agency, 182, 234International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development: see World BankInternational Chamber of Commerce, 314International Code of Conduct against Missile

Proliferation, 176International Commission on Intervention and

State Sovereignty, 433International Commission on Nuclear Non-

proliferation and Disarmament, 167, 182, 187International Committee of the Red Cross/

Crescent, 111, 222, 428mission statement, 429

International Council for Voluntary Action, 430International Court of Justice, 26, 233, 234, 235,

300Legality of Nuclear Weapons case, 224North Sea Continental Shelf case, 237Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the

Service of the United Nations, 304International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights, 239, 445

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 239, 441, 446

International Covenant on the Rights of the Child, 442

International Criminal Court, 222, 234, 305, 433Nicaragua v. The United States of America

case, 226International Development Association, 342international environmental law, 240International Finance Corporation, 342international human rights law, 233, 444international human rights regime, 318, 444

moral foundations of, 328international humanitarian law, 109, 181, 239, 428

documents of, 223international institutions, 56

and constructivism, 104–11participation in, 130

International Labor Organization, 305international law, 43, 164, 191, 231–41, 328

during the 19th century, 251controversies in, 240–1and customary international law, 236–7definitions of a refugee, 453development of, 233enforcement mechanisms, 233and general principles of law, 237and human rights, 239institutions of, 233–4and international environmental law, 240and international humanitarian law, 239and international trade law, 239and judicial decisions and teachings, 237–8law of the sea, 239major areas of, 238non-binding instruments, 238and non-state actors, 240and soft law, 238sources of, 234–8and sovereignty, 142treaties, 235–6and use of force, 238–9, 240

International Law Commission, 234International Monetary Fund, 314, 338, 341–2

Articles of Agreement, 363assessments of creditworthiness, 115Compensatory Financing Facility, 341contested policies of, 392Extended Fund Facilities, 341and global environmental politics, global, 470impact on recipient countries, 341Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, 380, 383Special Drawing Rights, 115, 365stabilising role of, 342

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Stand-by Arrangements, 341structural adjustment programs, 341, 366Supplemental Reserve Facility, 341voting mechanisms in, 367

international networks, 117international non-government organisations,

316–20advocacy groups, 317, 318agenda-setting function, 318–19autonomy of, 320expansion of, 316and human rights, 318influence of, 317–20international agency of, 317–18political status of, 318–20relations with corporations and

intergovernmental institutions, 319role in international relations, 320transnationalisation, 316–17see also non-government organisations

international order, 39global, 396great powers’ contribution to, 244, 274–5, 278

international organisations, 15, 43, 114cooperation among, 367independence of, 308limits on their power, 306, 308

international political economy, 361international politics, 3

definition, 2–4freedom from ethical prescriptions, 38language of, 82

international regimes, 56International Relations, 1–12

changing issues in, 14–17and the Cold War, 290–1‘critical turn’ in, 12–14, 16, 32definition, 1–4English School, 8, 28‘first great debate’ in, 11, 25‘Great Divide’ in, 3–4, 12–14journals, 6mainstream theory, 26–9origins and agendas of the discipline, 1–19professional associations, 6relevance of, 100‘second great debate’ in, 11–12teaching and research in, 6theory and practice of, 12–17‘third great debate’ in, 12, 97–9traditions of thought in, 6, 7–9

international relations, 22–34and arms, 181–2

critical theories, 33, 68–74and diplomacy, 265–6era of critical diversity in, 29–33and feminism, 77Frankfurt School of Critical Theory, 68–71Gramscian critical theory, 30, 71–4, 369and justice, 120–1Marx and Marxism in, 67–8nations and nationalism in, 155–7need for, 23–4ontology, epistemology and science in, 24and religion, 323–5, 326in the US, 57and war, 181–2, 190

international society, 28, 155, 182, 243–55concept of, 244–6European origins of, 250and the global economic institutions, 345institutions of, 248limits of, 249–50mutual expectations and reciprocity, 247mutual recognition, 246and nationalism, 152–5nature of, 246–9non-governmental organisations, 248, 249norms of, 249rules and norms, 247, 248

international system, 13, 67, 247anarchical, 196change in, 111–18crisis of legitimacy, 441Hobbesian, 467and sovereignty, 144

international trade law, 129, 239, 350–2International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea,

234International Women’s Year, 83intersubjectivity, 247investment protection, 315–16Iran, 331–2Iraq, 422Italy, Renaissance diplomacy, 258, 259

Jackson, Patrick Thaddeus, 103–18James, Alan, 141James, Jeffrey, 381Jameson, Fredric, 92Japan, post-war state-building in, 415–16Jarvis, Darryl, 99Jeffrey, Renée, 9Johnson, J. T., 220Jones, Joshua S., 103–18Jones, Roy, 245jus ad bellum, 165, 219–22

International Monetary Fund (cont.)

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criteria for, 221preemptive self-defence, 225–7right intention, 220

jus in bello, 165, 222–5and cluster bombs, 227–9doctrine of double effect, 224–5

just war, 219–22for a just cause, 220–1last resort, 221procedural requirements, 221–2proportionality of ends, 221, 224prudential criteria, 221

justice and cosmopolitan democracy, 129–30cross-border obligations, 125and the ‘difference principle’, 126distributive justice, 58, 130domestic, 125environmental justice, 467–8and equality, 122–5global justice, 119–31and interdependence, 124–5and international relations, 120–1and legitimacy of a war, 220liberal justice, 126–9objective justice, 220procedural justice, 10, 120requirements of, 123–4social justice, 59subjective justice, 220substantive justice, 120see also global justice

Kaempf, Sebastian, 202–3Kaldor, Mary, 16, 209Kant, Immanuel, 8, 10, 24–5, 50, 71, 122–5, 130Kantian liberalism, 58Katzenstein, Peter, 168, 328Keal, Paul, 243–55Keene, Edward, 250, 251Kelton, Maryanne, 348–59Kennan, George, 45, 260, 261, 276, 283–4Kennedy, Paul, 275Keohane, Robert, 55, 56, 406–7Khan, A. Q., 183Khomeini, Ayatollah, 332Kilcullen, David, 212–14Kissinger, Henry, 186, 287knowledge

gendered, 89kinds of, 70knowledge constitutive interests, 69–70and power, 30, 31, 96, 483sources of, 80

Kohn, Hans, 156Korean War, 286Kosovo, post-conflict state-building in, 416Kratochwil, Friedrich, 104Kymkicka, Will, 254Kyoto Protocol, 315, 319, 468, 479

Buenos Aires Plan of Action, 480Clean Development Mechanism, 484commitments, 479common but differentiated responsibilities,

468, 471implementation and enforcement, 480instruments, 479Marrakesh Accords, 480the US and, 471, 480

Lake, David, 55landmines, 179, 180, 224Langlois, Anthony J., 440–9Lapid, Yosef, 5, 12law of the sea, 239laws of war, 108, 222, 428League of Nations, 10, 26, 53, 154, 260Lee-Koo, Katrina, 76–90Lenin, V. I., 66, 67Levy, Jack S., 196, 204, 208, 214liberal internationalism, 29, 36, 49, 181liberalism, 7–8, 11, 48–61

classical, 52, 58and the Cold War, 291commercial, 56–7contemporary theory, 54–9critiques of, 28, 60democratic peace theory, 54–5economic, 350embedded, 57, 338, 351, 355, 363empirical theory, 54–8and global economic institutions, 340historical–political context of, 49–54and human rights, 441institutionalism, 55–6and international non-government

organisations, 318Kantian liberalism, 24–5Keynesian, 390and law, 13and nationalism, 155normative theory, 58–9political economy, 63and realism, 7security concepts, 167social, 52and war, 13, 26–7, 208

limits to growth, 464–6

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Linklater, Andrew, 8, 71, 125, 130, 245ethics, 254globalisation, 30–1, 146nationalism, 156sovereignty, 146

Lippman, Walter, 163List, Friedrich, 353Locke, John, 8, 49, 50Lockhart, Clare, 420Luttwak, Edward, 164Lyotard, Jean-François, 92, 93

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 6, 7, 37–8, 45, 259Magritte, René, 97Maine, Sir Henry, 10Mann, Michael, 143Marcuse, Herbert, 68market civilisation, 73, 74markets, 66

access to, 129, 314, 350, 356emerging, 367free, 50, 52

Marshall Plan, 284Marx, Karl, 63–5Marxism, 8, 13, 29, 53, 62–75

and climate change, 483historical and intellectual context,

63–5as historical materialism, 65–7in IR, 67–8justification of war, 158nature of the state and states-system, 67and state-building, 143theoretical framework of, 65

McDonald, Matt, 169McGrew, Anthony, 15, 396McNamara, Robert, 162, 164Mearsheimer, John, 42, 44, 46, 164medieval Europe, 137, 138mercantilism, 63, 352Mexico

debt crisis, 367Zapatista movement, 392

Middle East, Western interference in, 407Migdal, Joel, 418migrants

definition, 452illegal migrants, 452

migration, 450–61causes of, 452control of, 451–3definition, 452

military technology, 200, 205, 212digital media, 202–3

Mill, John Stuart, 8, 52On Liberty, 52

Millennium Development Goals, 343, 377, 379–81, 468

advocates of, 382–3criticism of, 383goals of, 383and poverty, 381–3rationale for, 380–1

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 468Miller, David, 122Miller, J. D. B., 135minority peoples, protection of, 155Missile Technology Control Regime, 176modernisation theory, 376–7Moe, Wiuff, 423Moellendorf, Darrell, 126Mohanty, Chandra, 87Monroe Doctrine, 363Montesquieu, 44Montreal Protocol, 478Morada, Noel, 435–6moral standards, universal, 445Morgenthau, Hans, 27–8, 37, 39–40

national security, 163political morality, 45principles of political realism, 40prudence, 45Vietnam War, 46

Mount, Gavin, 148–59Multilateral Agreement on Investment, 319, 392multilateral economic institutions: see global

economic institutionsMultilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, 342multilateralism, 10, 354, 395multinational corporations, 311–16, 463

autonomy of, 320, 341credit ratings agencies, 314dominance of, 392finance multinationals, 312, 314influence of, 314–16international agency of, 313manufacturing multinationals, 312–13political status of, 314–16power of, 311, 313–14rationale for and motivation of, 312research and development funding, 312role in international relations, 320strategic lawsuits against public participation,

315and tax avoidance, 313, 314as transnational actors, 316transnationalisation, 312–13

multipolar system, 42, 274

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mutually assured destruction, 174Myrdal, Alva, 183

Naijmabadi, Afsaneh, 333Nandy, Ashis, 375Narmada Valley, India, 376, 377national identity

and civil religion, 153language and, 154

national interests, 7, 149and war, 191, 208

nationalism, 14, 122, 148–59, 289civic, 156critique of, 123definition, 149–51economic, 350ethnic, 15, 156formal expression of, 150ideology of, 143in IR, 155–7and modern states, 152–5and modernity, 152schools of, 152–3

nationality, definition, 149–51nations, 148–59

definition, 149–51in IR, 155–7and states, 150, 156, 157subjective qualities of, 151

natural law, 443neo-Gramscianism, 30, 71–4neo-Marxism, 30neoliberal institutionalism, 55–6, 420

and climate change, 482and global environmental politics,

global, 469neoliberalism, 12, 28, 70, 390

and development, 381disciplinary, 383and globalisaion, 339, 390, 397institutionalisation of, 395and sovereignty, 145

neorealism, 12, 28, 30, 41–2, 43and diplomacy, 265and neoliberalism, 53, 55–6, 70and religion, 324

New START agreement, 183New World Order, 157–8Newell, Peter, 475–85Niebuhr, Reinhold, 38Nietzche, Friedrich, 31, 94, 95, 99Nixon, President Richard, 353Nolan, Anna, 423Non-Aligned Movement, 261

non-governmental organisations, 15, 310–21, 392–6, 463

and global governance, 115and globalisation, 395humanitarian work, 430international, 316–20power of, 470women’s, 83

Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty, 165, 166

non-state actors, 15, 143, 310–21and multilateralism, 395role of culture and ideology, 396

North American Free Trade Agreement, 392investment protection provisions, 315

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 284North Korean nuclear weapons program, 298North–South divide, 355, 383, 458nuclear deterrence, 162, 174, 183, 184nuclear non-proliferation regime, 186–7Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 175, 179,

182–3, 185Review Conference, 187

Nuclear Suppliers Group, 176nuclear weapons, 182–6

and the Cold War, 291disarmament, 185

number of, 176Nussbaum, Martha, 122

Obama, President Barack, 166, 183, 411and the Kyoto Protocol, 471multilateral diplomacy, 262

OECD Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States, 423–4

Ohmae, Kenichi, 387Olson, William, 11ontology, 24, 71Onuf, Nicholas, 104, 106Organization for Security and Co-operation in

Europe, 167Organization of the Petroleum Exporting

Countries, 365, 481orientalism, 252Orwell, George, 151Ottawa Convention, 165, 179, 180ozone regime, 478

pacta sunt servanda principle, 236Paine, Thomas, 50Paris, Roland, 415, 421, 423Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 174Peace of Westphalia, 142, 250, 272peacebuilding organisations, 117

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Permanent Court of International Justice, 10Perraton, Jonathon, 15Pettman, Jan Jindy, 79philosophy of science, 24Pinochet, Augusto, 113piracy, 240Pogge, Thomas, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129

Millennium Development Goals, 381political communities, inclusionary, 13political ecology, global, 470–1, 472, 473political economy, 63political obligation, theory of, 139politics

autonomy of, 37and religion, 328and war, 208–10

positivism, 12, 25, 69, 95, 220legal, 444and religion, 324and scientific IR, 25

postmodernism, 15, 31, 71, 91–101debates about, 99–100definition, 92as a new historical period, 92–3and representation, 158and sovereignty, 146as a way of understanding modernity, 93–7

poststructuralism, 98poverty, 372–84

alleviation of, 343definition, 375and development, 375, 377, 382and environmental justice, 468‘Make Poverty History’ campaign, 394and Millennium Development Goals, 381–3relational approach to, 375representation of, 380scale and character of, 373–5, 378in slum or squatter communities, 373

Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, 380, 383Powell, Colin, 211power, 4, 39, 418

and authority, 138and the capacity to wage war, 204components of, 269and development, 376distribution of, 269hegemonic war theory, 275and interests, 40and knowledge, 30, 31, 96, 483long cycle theory, 275military power, 270a morality of, 38multidimensional nature of, 270

power cycle theory, 275power politics, 7, 37

power transition theory, 275and security, 163soft power, 73, 278and terrorism, 401, 406Western economic and cultural power, 407

powers revisionist, 39, 42status quo, 39see also great powers

preemptive self-defence, 225–7privatisation, 390‘problem-solving’ theory, 13, 30, 69Program of Action to Prevent, Combat and

Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons, 180

protectionism, 344, 352see also barriers to trade

prudence, 44–6, 221public goods, 352, 382

raison d’ètat, 36, 45, 139Ranke, Leopold von, 272rationalism, 8, 69, 79Rawls, John, 58, 59, 124

justice, 121, 126social contract, 124

Reagan, President Ronald, 288realism, 7, 8, 35–47

anarchy, 44classical, 27, 37–9, 43, 208and the Cold War, 290critiques of, 28emphasis on history, 37and global economic institutions, 340and global environmental politics, global,

469, 472and global finance, 369and international anarchy, 39–41international use of violence, 43and the Iraq War, 46justification of war, 157and law, 13and liberalism, 7and mercantilism, 352offensive, 44ontology and epistemology of, 24origin of the tradition, 37–42political morality, 45prudence and responsibility, 44–6security, 163, 181the state, 43–4structural, 27, 41–2, 43, 324

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theory and practice of, 43use of violence, 26–7and war, 13

reason of state, 36, 45, 139refugee law

origins of, 453–4purposes of, 454–5rights of, 454

refugees, 450–61access to education and health care, 459causes of, 454current situation, 458–60definition, 452, 456, 459distribution of, 455–8fear of political persecution, 453, 455forcibly displaced persons, 455–6, 457need for political solutions, 460numbers of, 456and people smuggling, 460procedures for the recognition of refugee

status, 454protection complementary to that of the

Convention, 459in ‘protracted situations’, 455, 459resettlement of, 453, 460rights of, 454

regime theory, 482, 483regional trade agreements, 354Reilly, Benjamin, 421religion, 105, 139, 322–34

assumptions about, 324, 328fundamentalist interpretations of, 15, 409and human rights, 447and international relations, 323–5marginalisation of, 326and politics, 325, 326, 327, 328and secularism, 327, 332–3and terrorism, 401, 409–10and war, 209

representation, politics of, 97–8, 158, 170responsibility to protect, 213, 263, 427, 433–8

pillars for implementation of, 437Reus-Smit, Chris, 10revolution, 154, 206

American, 50, 144, 153, 443French, 50, 153, 204in the Middle East, 333military, 142, 143Russian, 453‘velvet’ revolutions, 289

revolutionalism, 8Ricardo, David, 63, 351Rice, Condoleezza, 88, 89Richardson, J. L., 48–61

Richardson, Louise, 407Richelieu, Cardinal, 259rights, 445–6

civil and political rights, 239, 441, 445economic, social and cultural rights, 239, 441, 446group rights, 446see also human rights

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 240, 465

Rodrik, Dani, 353rogue states, 162Roman hegemony, 258, 271, 402, 410Romanticism, and the Enlightenment, 94Rosecrance, Richard, 56Rosenau, James, 15Rosenberg, Justin, 68Rothwell, Donald R., 231–41Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 14, 38Ruddick, Sara, 88Ruggie, John, 57rule of law, 246rules and norms, 247, 248

constitutive, 106regulative, 106

Rupert, Mark, 74Russia

debt crisis, 367Revolution, 453see also Soviet Union

Said, Edward, 32, 252Saint Pierre, Abbé, 10SALT agreements, 174Scheaefer, Peter, 420Schelling, Thomas, 174, 208, 210, 211Schmitt, Carl, 37Schwarzenberger, Georg, 270science, 24Scott, Shirley V., 236Seabrooke, Leonard, 360–70Searle, John R., 112SEATO, 286secularism, 322–34

definition, 325and European history, 329foundation principle of modern politics, 323history of, 325–6politics of in the Middle East and North

Africa, 329–33power and authority of, 323and religion, 327, 332–3secularist settlement, 325, 327, 333varieties of, 327, 328, 332and world politics, 326–9

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securitisation, 366security, 14, 160–70

and climate change, 476collective security, 11, 164, 167common security, 167, 181comprehensive security, 161, 167constructivist approaches, 168contested nature of, 161cooperative security, 167crises, 161–3critical approaches, 168–70definition, 163and development, 377and disarmament, 183–5ecological security, 466–7economic security, 162extended security, 165feminist approaches, 168–70food security, 353, 373human security, 161, 167liberal approaches, 165–8national security, 163, 406and nuclear weapons, 166–7and power, 163realist approaches, 164–5, 181security dilemma, 4, 44, 164, 174theories and concepts of, 163–70

security communities, 116–18, 168, 192security dilemma, 4, 44, 164, 174

Selden, John, 232self-determination, 74, 144, 151, 245, 292

in Eastern Europe, 283of indigenous peoples, 253a universal right, 154

self-radicalisation, 409Sen, Amartya, 381Senese, Paul, 194Seven Nation Initiative, 187sex and gender, 81–4Shapcott, Richard, 119–31Sharp, Paul, 256–67Sheehan, Cindy, 88Shue, Henry, 125Sil, Rudra, 168Singer, Peter, 124, 127–9Skinner, Quentin, 137Sklair, Leslie, 312Skocpol, Theda, 143Slaughter, Steven, 386–97small arms and light weapons, 179–81Smith, Adam, 50, 63, 351Smith, Anthony, 152Smith, Steve, 12, 95sociability, 191–3

social systems, stability in, 112soft law, 238soft power, 73, 278Solomon Islands, Regional Assistance Mission

to, 419, 420, 422Solomon, Scott, 74Soroush, Abdulkarim, 333Southeast Asia, debt crisis, 367sovereignty, 43, 113, 135, 139

abuse of, 431concept of, 138–42contingent nature of, 434critique of, 123and freedom to resort to war, 191and the global economic institutions, 346and globalisation, 145and international law, 142and international society, 249and justice, 125meaning of, 138–41origins of the idea of, 141–2popular, 153principle of, 141, 144and war, 191–3and weapons, 173

Soviet Union, 53collapse of, 276, 290foreign policy reform, 288support for independence movements, 286, 288and the US, 174see also Russia

‘Spaceship Earth’, 465Spruyt, Hendrik, 144St Augustine, 38stagflation, 364–5‘standard of civilisation’, 251START agreements, 174state-building, post-conflict, 414–24

agenda of, 418–19assumptions about, 417, 421criticism of, 420–2future of, 422–4hybrid approaches to, 423impacts of, 422OECD principles for international

engagement in fragile states, 423–4and peacebuilding, 421politics of, 419–20, 421and war-making, 142–5

states administrative capabilities, 143definition, 135–6disarming competitors, 143–4distribution of capabilities across, 42

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evolution of the system, 271failed states, 145, 207, 415, 416–17freedom to resort to war, 191, 192functions of, 43, 72, 98, 136, 191, 418future of the sovereign state, 145–6and globalisation, 390as international citizens, 129and identity, 451and immigrants, 451interactions among, 116legitimacy of, 136, 248, 470modern, 134–47monopoly over the use of force, 16, 43, 135,

206, 406monopoly rights of, 145and nationalism, 152–5and nations, 150, 156, 157nature of, 41, 67as political societies, 136proliferation of, 261radicalisation of, 261realist conception of, 43–4right to self-defence, 220, 238, 240right to conduct its internal affairs without

interference, 244rise of the modern, 142–3rogue states, 162, 211role of culture and ideology, 72socialisation of, 261solidarism among, 249state-building as war making, 142–5territoriality, 43treaties between, 235use of terrorism, 400

stereotypes, 252Stiglitz, Joseph, 355stock markets, participation in, 364Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, 287Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, 179strategic studies, 164Strayer, Joseph, 137–8structural adjustment programs, 341, 342, 366, 380Suganami, Hidemi, 189–98, 245sustainable development, 343, 464–6

tax havens, 368taxation, and state-building, 143Taylor, Charles, 329terrorism, 16, 162, 206, 209, 227, 248, 398–412

complexity of, 405contemporary, 404–5, 406and conventional military forces, 406definition, 399–401and dominance of external powers, 407

emotive nature of the issue, 401features of, 400–1, 405–6globalisation of, 402, 406–9growth of, 405history of, 402and insurgency, 400Islamist, 43misperceptions about, 409–10motivation of, 400, 403, 410and power, 401psychology of, 410and religion, 401, 409–10roots in society, 401, 405and self-radicalisation, 409study of, 401–3war on, 185

Teschke, Benno, 68, 137, 138, 143Thakur, Ramesh, 433Thatcher, Margaret, 89theory, need for, 23–4think tanks, 6, 314Third World, 374Thompson, William R., 196Thomson, Janice, 143Thucydides, 6, 7, 9, 37, 275Tickner, J. Ann, 79, 82–4, 89, 168

security, 163Tilly, Charles, 136, 142, 143Todorov, Tzvetan, 151trade

barriers to, 344, 352, 356comparative advantage, 351free trade agreements, 354preferential trade arrangements, 354–5regional trade agreements, 354and security, 350see also global trade

tragedy of the commons, 469transnational actors, 16transnational corporations: see multinational

corporationstransnational networks, 16transnational organisations, 43transparency, 93, 346treaties, 165, 174, 178–6, 233, 235–6

declarations, 236negotiation of, 236principle of pacta sunt servanda, 236ratification of, 236registration with the UN Secretariat, 236reservations, 236titles of, 236

Treaty of Westphalia, 232, 259, 326Truman Doctrine, 284

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Truman, President Harry S, 283, 379Tschirgi, Necla, 421Tunisia, 330–1

Islamic Association, 331Islamic Tendency Movement, 330, 331

unilateralism, 211, 213unipolarity, 44, 262, 276United Nations, 53, 165, 233, 260, 286, 296–309

as an actor in world politics, 304–5Advisory Committee on Administrative and

Budgetary Questions, 303allocation of costs among members, 303Charter: see United Nations CharterChildren’s Fund, 429Climate Change Convention, 315, 319Commission on the Status of Women, 78Conference on Environment and

Development, 315, 465, 478Conference on the Human Environment, 465Conference on the Illicit Traffic in SALW, 180conferences, 305Declaration on the rights of Indigenous

Peoples, 155definition of terrorism, 399deliberative functions, 305Development Programme, 167, 318–19, 430distribution of powers in, 300Economic and Social Council, 83, 299, 316Environment Programme, 465, 468, 470Environmental Security Council (proposed),

467foreign policy, 105as a forum, 305Framework Convention on Climate Change,

466, 478, 481functions of, 304–8General Assembly, 301, 302–4, 305Global Compact, 315High Commissioner for Refugees, 429, 453High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and

Change, 162, 437Human Development Programme, 83human rights instruments, 442Inter-Agency Standing Committee, 430limitations on its activities, 298Mine Action Programme, 228Monetary and Financial Conference, 338obligations arising from membership, 298Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian

Affairs, 429, 430organs of, 299–304peacekeeping operations, 56, 115, 302, 303,

306, 416

resolutions of, 233, 304as a resource, 306–7responsibility to protect, 437the Secretariat, 307Security Council: see United Nations Security

CouncilTrusteeship Council, 300Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 304,

441, 444World Food Programme, 430

United Nations Charter, 297–8, 432human rights and, 441international law of war, 219, 225–6, 232Preamble, 156, 165–6status of, 297types of clauses in, 297

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 239

United Nations Security Council, 83, 184, 301, 307, 432–3

authority to intervene, 220, 239, 300, 307and Iraq, 302membership, 302responsibility of, 233, 301–2

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 304, 441, 444

universalism, 126–30, 445–7, 449US

alliances in the Asia-Pacific region, 287Declaration of Independence, 50, 144, 153,

443economic and military strength, 472and environmental treaties, 471Export Enhancement Programme, 353financial crisis, 356financial socialisation, 366, 368fixed exchange rate, 353, 364foreign aid policy, 379foreign policy, 28, 55and global environmental politics, global,

471–3hegemonic power, 56hegemony, 211, 262, 279, 351, 361invasion of Iraq, 219, 240justification for the Gulf War, 157and the Kyoto Protocol, 471, 480legitimation crisis, 73Marshall Plan, 284military power, 276military technology, 205Monroe Doctrine, 363multilateralism, 354National Security Strategy, 225political system, 472

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private voluntary humanitarian agencies, 429protectionism, 353role in international organisations, 367shareholder protection legislation, 369and the Soviet Union, 174‘subprime’ markets, 369trans-Pacific partnership agreement, 354Truman Doctrine, 284unilateralism, 56, 213, 240, 262, 353use of cluster munitions, 227, 229value of the dollar, 367and Vietnam, 287and the WTO, 354

utilitarianism, 51, 58, 124utopianism, 11

values ‘Asian’ values, 447and justice, 120liberal values, 445moral value, 45

Vasquez, John, 194Vattel, Emer de, 8, 141Vattimo, Gianni, 92Vienna Convention, 478Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations,

261, 262–3Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,

235Vincent, R. J., 246Vinci, Anthony, 210violence

against civilian targets, 400and norms, 109–10for political aims, 400purpose of for terrorists, 400as a tool of statecraft, 164against women, 78see also conflict, war

Virilio, Paul, 93Vitoria, Francisco de, 220, 221Voluntary Organisations in Cooperation in

Emergencies, 430Vulnerability Finance Facility, 343

Waldock, Sir Humphrey, 226Walesa, Lech, 289Walker, R. B. J., 9, 146Wallerstein, Immanuel, 67–8Walt, Stephen, 46, 162, 164Walter, Benjamin, 68Waltz, Kenneth, 3, 36

Marxism, 67multipolar systems, 274–5

neorealism, 41–2theory of international politics, 41–2war, 7

Walzer, Michael, 122, 225war, 1–2, 14, 37

actions and inactions leading to, 197asymmetric, 211capacity to wage, 204causes of, 189–98chance occurrences as causes of, 195changing character of, 199–215civil war, 200, 204, 206, 215as a clash of wills, 210–11and constructivism, 108contributory causes, 190, 194–7contributory negligence leading to, 197control of media during, 202–3‘costless’ war, 202, 203development of military technology, 200diversity of, 200–4and embedded journalism, 202ethics and laws of, 218–30in European history, 142fog of war, 205gendered politics of, 86guerilla warfare, 16, 213hegemonic war, 276identity as a cause of, 209impact of, 190insensitive acts leading to, 197inside sovereign states, 192insurgencies, 200, 206, 211, 224‘just war’, 219–22justification of, 157, 219large-scale, 211–15laws of, 108, 152, 165, 222–5, 428military and economic costs of, 174moral restriction on the use of force, 224necessary causes, 190, 193–4new international norms for, 213and non-state actors, 209and organised social groups, 192as organised violence, 206–7and politics, 208–10preemptive, 192, 225–7prevention of, 11, 18, 197, 220preventive, 192reasons for limited nature of, 109reckless acts leading to, 197regular causal paths to, 190, 194revolutionary, 206self-defence, 192, 225–7and sociability, 191–3and social and political change, 212

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and sovereignty, 191–3and state-building, 142–5symmetrical, 210technology in contemporary war, 212unintended consequences of, 205as violence, 204–6war-conducive mechanisms of, 195–6

war on terror, 185, 203, 212, 403, 411Warsaw Pact, 284, 353Washington Consensus, 339, 379–81, 391

criticism of, 380Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for

Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods, 176

weapons of mass destruction, 93, 173, 201, 213, 240

Weber, Eugen, 154Weber, Heloise, 372–84Weber, Martin, 62–75Weber, Max, 45, 135, 136, 151Weiss, Thomas G., 426–39Wendt, Alexander, 14, 33, 104, 106Whaites, Alan, 418White Australia Policy, 452Wight, Martin, 7, 37, 254

great powers, 270international politics, 3international society, 248Marxism, 67revolutionism, 191traditions of thought in IR, 8

Williams, Marc, 336–47Williamson, John, 339Wilson, Peter, 11, 26Wilson, President Woodrow, 11, 53, 154, 208Wiseman, Geoffrey, 256–67Wolfers, Arnold, 163Wollstonecraft, Mary, 51, 86women

discrimination, 77disadvantage in international politics, 77

impact of global challenges on, 78–9issues disproportionately affecting, 78subjects of IR study, 80

World Bank, 338, 342–4approach to development, 342Basic Needs strategy, 342and global environmental politics, global, 470humanitarian work, 430Infrastructure Recovery and Assets Platform,

343Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper,

380, 383Vulnerability Finance Facility, 343

World Commission on Environment and Development, 465–6

World Economic Forum, 314, 393world order

just, 126–30neoliberal, 93

world politics, 3World Social Forum, 319–20, 381, 393, 394world-system, 68World Trade Organization, 56, 234, 239, 305,

314, 344–5, 358contribution to global governance, 344Development Round, 319Dispute Settlement Understanding, 344Doha Round, 380as a forum, 344and global environmental politics, global,

470Millennium Round, 319, 349Seattle meeting, 353, 392, 395

World War I diplomacy and, 260and IR theory, 10reasons for, 26

Yalta Conference, 283

Zangger Committee, 176

war (cont.)

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