Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805218/47001/index/9780521847001_index.pdfA2...

A2 assay 84, 86

ABC sequence of resuscitation 12, 463–4, 467

children 948–9

hemorrhagic shock 1000–1

induced hypothermia 853

modification reasons 463–4

pregnant women 1078–9

see also airway; breathing; circulatory system

ABCDE of cardiovascular disease risk management 454–5,

455

abdominal binding, coronary flow 338

abdominal complications, chest compression 577, 579

abdominal compression, interposed (abdominal

counterpulsation) 577–9

in non-fibrillatory cardiac arrest 738

abdominal pressure

chest compression 338, 339, 342

CPR 333–4

abdominal thrust 522–3, 976

abducens (6th cranial) nerve testing 889

Abildgaard, Nickolev 12–13

absolute error 182

acclimatization to high altitude 1119–20

ACD (active compression–decompression) devices see active

compression–decompression (ACD)

acetazolamide in high-altitude illness 1131

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor poisoning 1036

acid–base status 674–97

accidental hypothermia effects 1016

cardiac arrest and resuscitation 675–7

definitions of changes 675

drowning victim 1095

historical perspectives 674–5

intra-operative and risk of arrest 1052

postresuscitation management 904–5

pregnant women 1077

ventilation effects 510–11

acidosis

central venous 685–6

critical organs and effects 678–81, 733, 863

myocardial 679–81, 685–6

nature and rate of development 675–7

see also cerebral acidosis; metabolic acidosis

actin 428, 429, 430

action potential(s)

Brugada syndrome 1173

cardiac activation 428, 431

cardiomyopathy 111

heart failure 110

sudden cardiac death 921–2, 923

action potential duration (APD) 103, 109, 112

activator protein library 260, 261, 262, 263

active compression–decompression (ACD) 188, 336, 381, 527–8,

587–91, 794

applicability 588

cerebral perfusion pressure 391–2

complications 794

non-fibrillatory cardiac arrest 738

physiology 587–8

acute coronary syndromes, current management strategies 764

arrest

epidemiology 1119

progression to 1122

unrelated at high-altitude unrelated 1124–7

symptoms 1120

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), drowning victim

1091, 1095, 1097

Adams, David 11–12

adenosine, antidote to theophylline poisoning 1032

adenosine nucleotides see cyclic AMP

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

blood flow-induced recovery of levels 242

brain depletion 396

cardiac contraction requirement 427

Index

Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables. Plates are indicated by Plate number.

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-84700-1 - Cardiac Arrest: The Science and Practice of Resuscitation Medicine, Second EditionEdited by Norman A. Paradis, Henry R. Halperin, Karl B. Kern, Volker Wenzel and Douglas A. ChamberlainIndexMore information

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adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (cont.)

cerebral perfusion 239

contractile process 428

defibrillation 471

depletion in ischemia 238, 249

hydrolysis 239

intestinal ischemia 299–300

kidney ischemia–reperfusion 306

liver ischemia–reperfusion 303–4

myocardial contraction 431

myocardial stunning 285–6

postresuscitation syndrome 830

pulseless electrical activity 435

regeneration impairment 241

synthesis 256–7

adhesion molecules 172

adipocytes, leptin production 143

administrative structure, in-hospital resuscitation 784–5

adolescents and young adults

arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy 1161

high-altitude cardiac arrest 1123–4

sudden cardiac death incidence 1148, 1149, 1152

in sport 1148, 1150

adrenal glands 134–7

blood flow in CPR 309

critical illness response 145–7

postresuscitation function 824

adrenal insufficiency 146

adrenal ischemia–reperfusion 307

damage from cardiac arrest 312–13

adrenaline see epinephrine

adrenergic agents 639–46, 734–5

adverse effects 734, 837

calcium channel blocker/beta-blocker overdose 1030

inhalant abuse 1032

non-fibrillatory cardiac arrest 734–5

see also alpha-adrenoceptor(s); beta-adrenoceptor(s)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

adrenal damage from cardiac arrest 312–13


adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), drowning victim

1091, 1095, 1097

advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) see advanced life

support

advanced directives 966, 1202, 1205, 1229–30

advanced life support 21–2, 1263–4

algorithm 1285, 1286

electrical injury 1143–4

high-altitude illness 1130

in-hospital

accidental hypothermia 1021

drowning victim 1094–5



prehospital/on-site 775–6

accidental hypothermia 1018–19


afterdepolarizations 111, 112

delayed 289–90

see also early afterdepolarizations

afterload, myocardial contraction 431–2

age/aging

anesthesia-related cardiac arrest risk 1047

cardiovascular system and 958–9

skeletal fracture risk with chest compression 795

societal attitudes 959–62

sudden cardiac death incidence 1148, 1149

survival of cardiac arrest 37–8

see also children; elder/older persons; infants and toddlers;

neonates

agonal (gasping) ventilation 528, 753

spontaneous 363–4

AIF flavoprotein 61–2

air pressure in aero-medical transport 1129

aircraft 1127–9

defibrillation in 476, 483

Brazil 504

US 498

defibrillators 1223

epidemiology of arrest in commercial craft 1127–8

thrombosis risk 1126

see also helicopters

airports, defibrillation in 498–9

airway

collapse in thoracic compression 334

hypoxemia and hypercarbia effects 507

inflation with intrathoracic pressure pump 339

management 529–35, 550–68, 802–4, 809

asphyxia 974, 975

basic 529–35, 551–2

cardiocerebral resuscitation 749, 752

children 948

complications 802–5


electrical injury 1144


techniques and devices 533, 550–68, 802–4, 809

manipulation in CPR 334, 336

mechanics in CPR 334, 335

obstruction 550–1, 971–3, 975–6

asphyxia 970, 971–3

assessment and recognition 551

causes 522–3, 550–1, 976–6

patent 529–31

trapping in thoracic compression 334

unprotected 523–7

see also chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; positive

pressure ventilation; ventilation

airway, breathing, circulation 12

see also ABC sequence of resuscitation

1290 Index






alcohol consumption 33

cardiovascular disease risk 456

aldosterone 136


renin dissociation 147

aldosterone antagonists 34, 35

ALIVE (Amiodarone vs Lidocaine in Prehospital Ventricular

Fibrillation) trial 669–70

alkalinizing agents in low-flow states 677

alkalosis, sodium bicarbonate-induced 685

allergens 1105–8

anesthetics as 1051, 1107

immunotherapy 1105–6, 1112–13

re-exposure 1112–13

see also hypersensitivity reactions

allopurinol


reperfusion injury prevention 301

alpha-adrenoceptor(s)

epinephrine actions 639–40

subtypes 641–2

alpha-adrenoceptor agonists

children 952–3

coronary perfusion pressure 382–3

CPR 382–3

pulseless electrical activity 441, 734–5

alpha1-adrenoceptor agonists 641

alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists 641–2, 837

alpha-stat 868

Alpine tourism, cardiac arrest unrelated to altitude 1124–5

alteplase see tissue plasminogen activator

alternating current (AC) and DC, relative dangers 1139

altitude 1118–35

extreme/medium 1119

altitude related illness 1118

see also high altitude; high-altitude illness

alveolar carbon dioxide, measurements reflecting 705

ambulances 17–18, 21

services in England 502, 503

American Academy of Neurology (AAN) brain death criteria

897–8

American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for CPR and

emergency CV care 528

automated external defibrillators 491

pediatric arrhythmia identification 487

public setting 496–7

chest compression 573


American Heart Association (AHA) National Registry of

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation see National Registry of

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status

classifications 1044, 1046

arrest and mortality related to 1047, 1047–8

amino acids, liver damage from cardiac arrest 311

aminophylline in pulseless electrical activity 737

21-aminosteroids 840

amiodarone 35–6, 669–70, 672, 812

children 953–4

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator patients 671–2

metabolism 402

pharmacology 408–9

amniotic fluid embolism 984, 1108

cAMP and inotropic agents 841, 842

amphetamine abuse 1030

amphibious rescue craft 6, 7

amplifiers, load cells 191

amplitude spectrum analysis 422

amplitude spectrum area (AMSA) 716, 717

anabolic steroid abuse 1182

analgesia, prehospital 1061

anaphylactoid reaction 1103

of pregnancy 984, 1108

anaphylatoxin 1110

anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock 984–5, 1103–17

in anesthesia 1051, 1107

causes 1105–7

investigation 1112

definitions 1103

diagnosis 1103–5, 1111

differential 1104

discovery 1103

epidemiology 1105–7

factors increasing risk of arrest 1108–11

management 985, 1111–13

pathophysiology/mechanisms 1108–11

investigation 1112–13

see also allergens

Andersen (Andersen–Tawil) syndrome 922, 1171, 1172

androgenic anabolic steroid abuse 1182

anemia 1051

anesthesia

induction 1052, 1107

stages of perception 1250–11

anesthesia, cardiac arrest in 1043–75

anemia 1051

causes 1049–55

anaphylaxis 1051, 1107

environmental factors 1050, 1052–5

patient factors 1049–52

definitions 1044

educational aspects 1063–7


errors causing (system and human) 1052–5, 1066–9

historical perspectives 1043

outside operating room 1060–1

pregnancy 1077

obstetric anesthesia 1048

prevention 1061–3, 1067

risk factors 1046–9

Index 1291






anesthesia, cardiac arrest in (cont.)

treatment principles 1062–3

see also regional and local anesthesia, arrest

anesthetic agents, status asthmaticus 981

angina

drug-induced Brugada-like ECG patterns 928

unstable and non-ST elevation MI

coronary angiography following resuscitation 765

current management strategies 764

angioedema 1104

angiography

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1156

see also coronary angiography

angiotensin II 136–7, 659–62


during CPR 310

intestinal ischemia–reperfusion 299

oxygen impairment in visceral organ ischemia 316

visceral organ ischemia 318

angiotensin receptor blocking agents (ARBs) 35, 36

angiotensin receptors 661

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

anaphylaxis potentiation 1110

reperfusion arrhythmias 290

angiotensin-coverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors 34, 35

animal allergens and anaphylaxis 1105, 1106

ankyrin B, defective 73

anoxia 820

definition 967

see also hypoxic–ischemic (hypoxic–anoxic) encephalopathy

antecubital vein, epinephrine injection 616

antianginal drugs, Brugada-like ECG pattern induction 928

antiarrhythmic drugs 35

Brugada syndrome treatment 928, 1174

Brugada-like ECG patterns induced by 928

cardiac arrest and resuscitation 669–72, 811–12


catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 930

children 953–4

defibrillation efficacy 118


prophylactic use 456

risk of cardiac arrest 667

short QT syndrome 1175

ventricular fibrillation 106

Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome 931–3

antibiotics

anaphylaxis 1106–7

drowning victim in ICU 1096

antibody arrays 84, 86

anticholinergic drugs 978

anticholinesterase poisoning 1036

anticoagulants 864

cardiopulmonary bypass 606

anticonvulsant therapy 905

antidepressants see tricyclic antidepressant toxicity

antidiuretic hormone see vasopressin

antidotes to poisoning 1029

antihistamines, anaphylaxis 1112

antioxidants

defense 259–60, 261, 262–3

therapies for visceral organ ischemia 314, 315

antiplatelet therapy 36

aorta

balloon counterpulsation in non-fibrillatory cardiac arrest 739

compression in pregnancy 1077, 1079

cross-clamping injury 794–5

dissection in Marfan syndrome 1170

pressure with chest compression 574

aortic arch

cold flush for suspended animation 872–3

drug injection 628–9

aortic pressure

change

in cardiac arrest 350, 359, 360

in CPR 354–5

diastolic during CPR 369–72, 374

measurement 373

pulseless electrical activity 437, 439

spontaneous gasping 363, 364

ventricular volumes 361, 362

aortic sinus, coronary artery origin 1163, 1164

aortic stenosis 1168–70

athletes 1168–70

neuraxial anesthesia 1051–3

aortic-right atrial pressure gradient 118

AP-1 260, 261, 262, 263

AP-2 260, 261, 262

apnea 969–70

anesthesia-induced 1048

determination by rescuer 530–1

apnea test in brain death determination 898

apoptosis 57, 237

anti-inflammatory strategy 62

Bcl-2 family 257, 258

extrinsic pathway 93

hemorrhagic shock 1003–4

intrinsic pathway 93

mitochondrial events 61

pathways 59

post-resuscitation 861

myocardium 833–4

post-resuscitation syndrome 55

protein groups 58

reperfusion inhibition 255–6

triggering by NO 257

apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) 257

apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF-1) 254, 257

aquaporin-4 water channels 241

ARC (apoptosis repressor with CARD domain) 59

1292 Index






arginine vasopressin see vasopressin

ARREST (Amiodarone in Resuscitation of Refractory Sustained

Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias) trial 669

arrhythmias/dysrhythmias 667–9

acquired 33

anesthesia-related 1062


athletes

diagnostic significance 1186, 1187

medicolegal implications 1187


congenital 33

electrical shock-induced 1139

induced hypothermia 866–7

malignant 232

non-penetrating chest injury 1178–61

pediatric, identification in AEDs 487–8

precordial thump-induced 793

reperfusion-induced 831

sudden death 450–2, 667–9

treatment by EMS systems 775–6

see also antiarrhythmic drugs; reperfusion arrhythmias;

supraventricular arrhythmias; specific arrhythmias

arrhythmogenic diseases, inherited 70

arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy 1159–61

arterial blood gas monitoring in CPR 538–9, 677–8

see also arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure; arterial oxygen

arterial blood pressure monitoring 701–3

arterial cannulation, cardiopulmonary bypass 606–7

arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2)

low-flow states 508


monitoring in CPR 538–9, 677–8

see also hypercarbia/hypercarbemia

arterial compliance, chest compression 338

arterial oxygen

partial pressure (PaO2)

in low-flow states 508

monitoring in CPR 538–9, 677

see also oxygen, transport in blood

arterial physiology 347–8

arterial pressure change in cardiac arrest 349–50

arterial resistance in chest compression 337–8

arterial temperature probes 605

arterial:ketone body ratio 319

arteries, large/small 347

arterioles 347, 348

artificial circulation 11

artificial intelligence debriefing (AID) 1267

artificial ventilation/respiration see ventilation

ASK1 (apoptosis signal-regulated kinase 1) 93

asphyxia 969–93

assisted ventilation in cardiac arrest with 522–3

causes, and their management 975–80


poisons 1031

definition 969

mechanisms/pathophysiology 969

neurologic injury 973–4

pediatric 523, 970

prehospital, animal models simulating 941

therapeutic considerations 974–5

aspiration

in submersion

vomitus 1092–3

water 1090–1

see also gastric regurgitation and aspiration

ASPIRE trial 595

aspirin 36

anaphylaxis 1107

assessment see evaluation

assisted ventilation/respiration see ventilation, assisted/artificial

association studies, sudden cardiac death 78–9

asthma 979–81

acute severe crisis (status asthmaticus) 972, 980–1

asphyxia 972, 979–81

clinical presentation 979–80

pathophysiology 979

asystole 395

postdefibrillation 727

pacing 492

vasopressin 652, 654, 655

atherosclerotic coronary artery disease 1166–8

premature in athletes 232

athletes/sports participants 1148–98

premature coronary atherosclerosis 232

sudden cardiac death 231, 1148–98, Plate 65.13


functional causes 1170–78

structural causes 1152–70

sudden non-cardiac death 1152

atmospheric pressure in aero-medical transport 1129

ATP-sensitive K� (K-ATP) channels

activators 839

commotio cordis 1181

hemorrhagic shock 998, 999

atrial fibrillation 75

familial/genetic 75, 76, 1171, 1176

genetic loci 75, 76


atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 137, 140

critical illness response 148


atrial pacing, long QT syndrome 926

atrioventricular conduction 930

atrioventricular node failure 233

atropine




Index 1293






atropine (cont.)

routes of administration 629

endobronchial 625

intraosseous 620–1

attention, near-death experience 1255

attenuator, pediatric defibrillation 486

audit

clinical studies 212

public access defibrillation in England 501

Australia

induced hypothermia trial 851–2

public access defibrillation 503

Austrian mountains

air rescue 1129

cardiac arrest unrelated to altitude to 1124, 1125

autoconduction 14

autocorrelation function 419

automated external defibrillators (AEDs) 476–7, 482–95, 810,

1212–13

cost-effectiveness 489–91

elapsed time from cardiac arrest 475

history 482

in-hospital 785

lay responder use 1261

monitoring functions 700

pediatric 485–9, 945, 946

real-time CPR prompting 1258–9

transported 484–5

see also on-site (field/out-of-hospital/prehospital)

resuscitation; public access defibrillation

automatic implantable defibrillators (AIDs) 477

automatic transport ventilators 535

autonomic nervous system, pulseless electrical activity 435

autonomy 1202, 1226

individual professional 1065–6

legal application 1227

patient rights 1227–9

auto-PEEP, pulseless electrical activity 440

autophagy 56–7

AutoPulse 391

complications 794

AutoPulse Assisted Prehospital International Resuscitation

(ASPIRE) Trial 595

awareness during cardiac arrest 1250–1

bacteremia, postresuscitation 819, 824

bacterial overgrowth, intestinal ischemia–reperfusion 302, 319

bacterial translocation, ischemia-induced 311

Bad protein 258

bag–valve 533–4

bag–valve–mask, self-inflating 10

bag–valve–mask ventilation 526, 532

children 559–60, 948

compared with tracheal intubation 559–60

pregnant women 1081

bandages, procoagulant-impregnated 1001

barbiturates 905, 906

baroreflex, hypertension-induced withdrawal 349

barotrauma, drowning victim 1097

basic life support 21–2, 531, 1262–3


buying time by 774

children 949

drowning victim

on land 1092–3

in water 1091–2


new tools assisting 482

pregnant woman 1078–80

see also ABC sequence of resuscitation

basophils and anaphylaxis 1109

Battelli, Frederic 15

battery, tort of 1231, 1233

Bax proteins 60–1, 93, 257

apoptosis promotion 258

Bcl-2 family 55, 56, 60–1, 94

apoptosis 257, 258

Beck, Claude 15–16

bedside neurologic examination, postresuscitation patient

888–90

behavioral change, cardial arrest survival 1252–3

behavioral risk factors 32–3

bellows method of ventilation 4, 5–6

Belmont Report (1979) 216, 1227

beneficence 2001

benzene abuse 1032

bereavement counseling 1208–9

beta-adrenoceptor(s), epinephrine actions 639–40, 837

beta-adrenoceptor agonists

asthma 980

Brugada syndrome 929, 1174


beta-blockers 34–5, 640–1



long QT syndrome 925

prevention 116

response 75

overdose 1029–31

ventricular fibrillation prevention 116

bias 182

instruments 186

bicarbonate (sodium bicarbonate) 674, 690, 811

antiporters 240

children 953

clinical studies 684–5

detrimental effects 687–8


endotracheal administration 625

end-tidal CO2 707

1294 Index






historical perspectives 674

intraosseous administration 621

laboratory studies 684

low-flow states 677


postresuscitation 904, 905

special circumstances 688–9

timing 686

see also Carbicarb; TribonatR[O]

bicarbonate ion

buffer 240

deficit estimation 905

metabolic acidosis 677–8

Bichat, Xavier 13

Bid proteins 60–1, 93

biochemical tests see laboratory tests

bioethics 1224–5

biphasic (truncated exponential) waveforms for defibrillation

474

children 487

monophasic compared with 474, 836–7

public access defibrillation in England 501

black people, survival of cardiac arrest 38

bladder lavage, cooling via 858

blankets, cooling 850, 854

bleeding see coagulation/clotting disturbances; exsanguination

cardiac arrest; hemorrhage; hemorrhagic shock

blink reflex 889

blood flow

antegrade 196, 348

buffer therapy 684

cardiopulmonary bypass 607–8

animal models 600–1

cessation of forward 396

chest compression

and decompression 587–8

external 326–42

high-impulse 579–80

interposed abdominal compression 577–8

simultaneous ventilation 586–7

standard 574

CPR 308, 352

instantaneous 196–7

invasive procedures for maintaining 903–4

load distributing band CPR 593–4

measurement 196–203

features 196–7

flow meters 199–203

microsphere method 197–9

microcirculatory 714–15

MRI measurement 202–3

pediatric intervention during phase of no flow 946, 947

phasic 352

retrograde 196

velocity 200

vest CPR 591–2

see also carotid flow; cerebral blood flow; coronary blood flow

blood flow, low 507–15

CO2 and acid–base physiology during 676–7

pediatric intervention during phase of 946, 947, 948–54

pulmonary physiology during 507–10

ventilation during 510–15

positive pressure 516–17

blood gases

low-flow states 508

monitoring/sampling/analysis

CPR 538–9, 677–8, 703, 710


see also carbon dioxide; oxygen

blood pressure

hemorrhage 997

measurement in CPR 192–6

accuracy 194–6

methods 193–4

monitoring of arterial 701–3

postresuscitation control/management 903

children 955

zero pressure level 195

see also hypertension

blood temperature effects on blood gas measurement 868

blood transfusion, anaphylactic reactions 1107

blood–brain barrier disruption 862–3

body, ownership 1208

body cavity lavage, cooling via 858

Bohr–Haldane effect 508

bone marrow, vascular access see intraosseous vascular access

bosentan in high-altitude illness 1131

bougie (tracheal tube introducer) 561

bowel


see also intestinal entries; intestines

“bow-tie” concept, in-hospital care 782, 783

bradycardic arrest, sympathetic block-related 1058–9

brain

acid–base changes 681

ATP depletion 396

cardiac output receipt 396

global function loss in cardiac arrest 1254

global ischemia 236–64

growth factor receptors 259

postresuscitation critical care oriented towards 902–18

proto-oncogenes 259–60

selective vulnerability 243–4

sodium bicarbonate-produced CO2 diffusion 685–6

temperature 863–4

selective cooling 858

submersion and 1090

tissue hemoglobin O2 saturation monitoring 714

traumatic injury 516, 975

vascular permeability 862–3

Index 1295






brain (cont.)

see also cerebral entries; edema, brain/cerebral; ischemia;

neurologic dysfunction; neurologic injury

brain death evaluation 897–8

brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) 137, 147–9

Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trials (BRCTs) 885–6, 887

Brain Resuscitation Task Force at World Congress on Drowning

(2002) 1095, 1097

brainstem, function cessation 396

brainstem auditory evoked potentials 892

brainstem evaluation

bedside 888–90

brain death determination 897–8

Brazil, public access defibrillation 504

breaking bad news 1208–9

breathing

management

children 948


pregnant women 1078

oxygen-powered devices 534

spontaneous, determining absence 530–1

see also ABC sequence; rescue breathing

bretylium 670

Brugada syndrome 450–1, 926–9, 1171, 1172–4

genetics 74, 75

mutations 115

buccal drug administration 626–7

buffer therapy 677, 682–9, 690

asthma 980

brain acidosis 681

children 953


comparisons of different buffers 687–8

detrimental effects 685–6


laboratory studies 683–4

outcome effects 682–4

postresuscitation 688, 904–5

special circumstances 688–9

timing 686–7

bupivacaine-associated cardiac arrest 1057, 1058

pregnant women 1082

burns, electrical 1141

airway management 1144

from defibrillators 796–7

from lightning 1141–2

butane abuse 1032

bypass see cardiopulmonary bypass

bystander CPR 38, 752, 1258–62

C1 esterase inhibitor use in hemorrhagic shock 1004

CA1 injury, induced hypothermia effects 849–50

calcitonin 133–4


calcium

administration

calcium channel blocker and beta-blocker overdose 1030

children 953


myocardial

defibrillation effects 836

inotropic agents 841–2

mitochondrial in postresuscitation syndrome 834, 835

neuroexcitatory cardiac arrest 861

calcium channel blockers 906–7

coronary vasospasm prevention 116

local anesthetics 1057

overdose 1029–30

calcium ion(s)

brain concentration 238, 240

calpain/calpastatin system 244–5

cardiac activation 428, 430, 431

cardiac contraction 431, 432


homeostasis 244–5, 290, 397

ischemic injury 240


liver ischemia–reperfusion 304

myocardial stunning 286

neuronal levels 243, 244–5


regenerative release 428

reperfusion arrhythmias 289, 290

translation effects 255

troponin affinity 428, 430, 435

calcium ion channels 111, 112

intracellular 286

ventricular fibrillation 103–4

calcium ion currents, �-endorphin inhibitor effects 140

calcium-sensitizing agents 842

calcium–sodium ion exchanger 397

calibration, regulatory aspects 203–4

caloric test 889, 897

calpain/calpastatin system 244–5

calpains

activity 245

calcium ion dependency 244–5

calsequestrin mutations 929–30

CANC2 mutation 922–3

candidate gene studies 78

cannulation and catheterization


endovascular cooling 856–7

see also arterial cannulation; intraosseous vascular access;

venous cannulation/catheterization

Cantlie, James 18

capacitors 17

Carbicarb (sodium carbonate/bicarbonate mixture) 683–4, 687

postresuscitation use 905

1296 Index






carbon dioxide

alveolar 705

buffers producing 674, 685–6

end-tidal 341

monitoring 384, 535–8, 705–8, 812

spontaneous gasping 364

exhaled CO2 detection in tracheal intubation 561

expired air 30

intramyocardial 679

low-flow state of ACLS 676–7

management in induced hypothermia 868

measurement of expired 384

mouth-to-mouth ventilation 520

partial pressure (PCO2)


low-flow states 508

myocardial 53


production (VO2) 705–6

tissue

levels 30

monitoring 711–12

transport in blood 508–10

see also arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure;

hypercarbia/hypercarbemia

carbon monoxide poisoning 985–6

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor in high-altitude illness 1131

carboxypeptidases and anaphylaxis 1109, 1110

cardiac activation 428, 431

cardiac arrest

neuronal death 237

see also non-fibrillatory cardiac arrest

Cardiac Arrest Survival Act (2000) 497

cardiac compression pump 327

cardiac compression theory 352

cardiac conduction, slowing 74–5

cardiac contractility 35


cardiac contraction

ATP requirement 427

cellular basis 427–8, 429–30, 431–2


cardiac death

children 30

high-risk subgroups 31

hospital 30–1

incidence 30

outcomes 36–7

unexpected 27, 30–1

see also sudden cardiac death

cardiac disease, unrecognized 231

cardiac dysfunction, liver ischemia–reperfusion 305

cardiac ion channel diseases, genetics 70–8

cardiac massage see open-chest CPR

cardiac output 347

brain receipt 396

CPR 355

excessive assisted ventilation impairing 515–16

experimental postresuscitation studies 818

measurement with trans-esophageal echo 202

monitoring 708–10

peripheral resistance 341

pregnancy and labor 1077

cardiac rhythm, outcome prediction 37

cardiac tamponade 731


Cardiff resuscitation wedge 1079

cardiocerebral resuscitation, out-of-hospital 747, 748–54

components 749

guidelines 749–51

cardiomyocytes

cardiac contraction 427

energy production pathways 396

ischemia 232–3

ischemia–reperfusion 53, 94

mitochondria 60

cardiomyopathy

arrhythmogenic right ventricular 1159–61

“athlete’s heart” and grey area of overlap 1186

dilated 105


see also hypertrophic cardiomyopathy



cerebral perfusion pressure 392

myocardial stunning 285, 286

percutaneous, human resuscitation applications 601–8, 903

equipment and circuit 604–5

future use 609

implementation 604

patient preparation and management 606–8


see also extracorporeal circuits

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 463–9

adjuncts 382

�-adrenergic agonist use 382–3

advance directives 1202

air flow measurement 203

algorithms 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286

AoD pressure 369–72

aortic pressure changes 354–5

aortic-right atrial pressure gradient 118

bioenergetics during chest compression 241–2

blood flow 308, 326–42

measurement 196–203

blood pressure measurement 192–6

bystander 38, 752, 1258–62

cardiac output 355

carotid flow during 355–6

cerebral blood flow during 355–6

Index 1297






cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (cont.)


closed chest 391, 396, 397

compression

duration 189

rate 188

coronary flow during 356


courses

development 1268–73

for lay public 1258–60

defibrillation before/after 464–6

early (out-of-hospital) 774

effective 381

elderly people outcomes 961–5

electrical injury victims 1143–4

epinephrine use 382–3

evidence-based medicine 1281–2

external 397

guideline development 1278–9

hemodynamics 352, 354–7

instructional programs 1258

intermittent threshold device 391–2

international concensus 1278–9

interruption effects on hemodynamics 356

invasive 382

laboratory research methodology 179–204

lay responders 1260–2

LUCAS 382, 739, 794

medicolegal aspects 1226–43

MR imaging 191–2

myocardial blood flow 373–7

non-invasive coronary perfusion pressure measurement 383–4

open chest 382, 391

performance quality 1284

pharmacologic interventions 382–3, 395–411


pressure transducers 193–4

pulmonary artery pressure changes 354–5

quality 381



reperfusion 52

arrhythmias 291

reperfusion injury 282–3

sequencing 811

survival 379–80

time-dependence 381

training 1258–73

course development 1268–73

healthcare professionals 1262–4

lay public 1258–62

simulation 1264, 1265, 1266–8

transesophageal echocardiography 354

universal guidelines 1280–1

vasopressin use 308, 309, 310, 383, 390–1

ventilation effects on outcome 517–20

visceral organ ischemia–reperfusion 308–10

volume status 341

withholding 1202–4

see also active compression–decompression (ACD); manual

techniques; mechanical devices; monitoring; open-chest

CPR; safety considerations; vest CPR

cardiovascular disease

global burden 27–8

sudden death 33

vs “athlete’s heart” 1185–7

cardiovascular screening of athletes see screening

cardiovascular system (cardiocirculatory system)

aging effects 958–9

collapse

accidental hypothermia-induced 1020

hemorrhage-induced 995–6

events causing arrest in anesthesia 1050, 1051

hypothermia adverse effects



postresuscitation dysfunction 822–3, 829–47

pregnancy 1076–7

see also circulatory system

cardioverter-defibrillator see implantable cardioverter-

defibrillators

care see medical care

cariporide 838

carotid flow

during CPR 355–6

measurement 203

spontaneous gasping 363, 364

ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest 350, 353

carotid pulse palpation 699

Case Record Form (CRF) 211–12

case-control studies 208, 209

casinos, defibrillation 499

caspase cascade 257–8

caspase-9 257–8

caspase-activated DNase (CAD) 258

caspase-associated non-apoptotic cell death 56

caspases 57–9

activation 55, 258

pathways 59–60

activity regulation 57–8

apoptosis 861

brain 861

myocardium 833

extrinsic pathway 59–60

inhibition 55

initiator 258

intrinsic pathway 59, 60

substrates 57

castor oil, epoxylated 1107

1298 Index






catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)

114–15, 451, 929–30, 1171, 1175–6

genetics 76–7

genotype 71

catecholamines 134–5, 910

acidosis 680–1


hypoxemia/hypercarbia interactions with vasopressor effects

513–15


vasopressin combined with 659

cathepsins 305

catheterization see cannulation and catheterization

CBG plasma protein 146

CD11a,b,c/CD18 glycoprotein adherence complex 169

CD40 166

cell death

necrotic 55–6, 237

neuronal 849

programmed 237

see also apoptosis

cell-based myocardial repair 457

cellular risk factors 32

central nervous system

depressant overdose 1031

stimulant overdose 1030–1

central venous acidosis 685–6

central venous blood gas monitoring in CPR 538–9, 710

postresuscitation 910

central venous drug injection 618–19

cephalosporin allergy 1106

cerebral acidosis 863

intra-ischemic 240–1

ischemia–reperfusion 239–40

ischemic injury influence 240–1

cerebral blood flow

buffer therapy 684

carbon dioxide response 243

cerebral ischemia models 237

cessation 237–9


clinical implications of CPR 390–2

during CPR 355–6, 389–92

determinants 389–90

impaired 1253

improvement 389–92

return of spontaneous circulation 242–3

vasopressin and 650

cerebral edema see edema, brain/cerebral

cerebral ischemia 820

acute focal 977

assessment 1254–5

blood–brain barrier 863

excessive adverse ventilation 516

experimental studies 818

glucose paradox 681

induced hypothermia effects in models of 849–50

cerebral ischemia, global 236–64

activator protein library 260, 261, 262

calpain activity 245

cell signaling 257–8

cellular regulatory systems 259–60

DNA stability/transcription 249

eIF2� hyperphosphorylation mechanisms 254–5

experimental models 236–7

insulin/IGF administration 253

membrane damage 246–8

neuron competence for antioxidant defense 259–60, 261,

262–3

neuronal calcium ion homeostasis 244

nitric oxide production 257

protein synthesis 248–56

splicing 249–50

translation initiation complex formation 251–3

cerebral metabolism


induced hypothermia effects 861, 863

cerebral perfusion 902–3

energy metabolism 239

impaired 1255

see also cerebral reperfusion

cerebral perfusion pressure

during cardiac arrest 1255

cardiopulmonary bypass 392

cerebral metabolism 390


generation by CPR 390

HBOC agents 391

neurological outcome 390

transfemoral balloon catheter aortic occlusion 392

vasopressin 650

cerebral regeneration 907–8

cerebral reperfusion 902–3

optimization 902–4

pathophysiology 757–8, 863

cerebral resuscitation 907

see also cardiocerebral resuscitation

cerebral tissue see brain

cerebrospinal fluid, intracranial pressure 389–90

cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase BB as outcome predictor 895,

896

cervical spinal cord ligation 390

cervical spine

injury

airway management in 552

drowning victim 1092, 1096

iatrogenic 802

reclination 802

cesarean section 1082–4

c-fos 259–60

Index 1299






chain of survival 36–7

channelopathies 667–8, 921–9

athletes’ deaths 1170–75

chaos theory 419

charcoal hemoperfusion 318

checklists in anesthesia 1062, 1067

chemical defibrillation 15

chemokines 54

reperfusion during resuscitation 55

chest (thorax)

hair 797

shaving before defibrillation 472, 797

lavage in accidental hypothermia 1021–22, 1022

see also open-chest CPR; transthoracic entries

chest compression 10, 11, 187–94

abdominal pressure 338, 339, 342

active 336

airway collapse 334

airway manipulation 334, 336

arterial compliance 338

arterial resistance 337–8

bioenergetics 241–2

blood pressure measurement 192–6

circumferential 336, 342, 381–2

coronary perfusion pressure increase 380–1

CPR quality 339

definitions 188–90

deformation measurement 191–2

duration changes 332–3, 334

epinephrine 340–1, 342

external 464, 522, 525, 571–6, 786–7, 810

accidental hypothermia 1016, 1018–19, 1022

applicability 576–7

automated external defibrillation 491

blood flow 326–42

children 523, 795, 949–51

complications 576, 577, 792–6

continuous cardiocerebral resuscitation 748–9, 751, 752–3


end-tidal CO2 707

forward flow mechanisms 326–42


historical background 571–2

infants 523, 949

in-hospital 786–7

phased abdominal compression 591

physiology 573–6


pump 327–30, 331, 332–4, 335, 336

recommended compression:ventilation ratio 523, 949

standard technique 571–6

ventilation caused by 527–8

force 187–90

forward flow mechanisms 326–42

impedance threshold device 336

improving 341–2

injury risk 380–1

intrathoracic pressure change 327, 342

load 337

load distributing band 336, 342, 593–5

manual techniques 381

measurement devices 190–1

calibration 191

mechanical techniques 381–2

motion tagging 191–2

MRI Plate 9.10

myocardial perfusion pressure 340

number/minute 380

peripheral resistance 337–8

rate changes 332–3

vascular load optimization 340–1

see also abdominal compression; active compression–

decompression; mechanical devices; vest CPR

chest injury

arrhythmias induced by non-penetrating injury 1178–81

asphyxia due to 977–8

with chest compressions 792–6

children 795

manual chest compression 576, 792

mechanical chest compression 585–6, 793–4

chest radiograph, pulmonary edema 1121

chest wall mechanical expansion/compression 8

children 813–14, 937–57

air travel and SIDS 1128

anesthesia-related arrest 1046–7

breaking bad news 1209

causes of cardiac arrest 813

chest compression 523, 795, 949–51

complications of resuscitation 795, 813–14

defibrillation 482, 485–9, 813, 943–8

automated external 485–9, 945, 946

determinants of 944

doses 944–5

electrodes/paddles 473, 944

drowning 942, 1098–9

drug administration 813–14, 952–4

routes 623, 630, 951–2

vasopressin 656

effectiveness of CPR 940–3

end-of-life care 1234

endotracheal intubation 813

vs bag–mask ventilation 559–60

epidemiology of cardiac arrest 937–40

high-altitude cardiac arrest 1123–4

near-death experience 1246, 1247

postresuscitation care 947, 954–6

rescue breathing 532–3, 948

unexpected cardiac death 30

upper airway patency 529–30

ventilating bag limited to pediatric volume 526

1300 Index






ventilation 526, 948

see also adolescents; infants; neonates

chin lift, head tilt and 529–30, 531, 552, 802

chlorhexidine, anaphylaxis 1107, 1108

chloride ions, brain concentration 240

chloroquine toxicity 1032–3

cholecystokinin 139

cholesterol, serum levels 34

cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning 1036

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asphyxia in 977

cigarette smoking, risk factor 32

circulatory management

anaphylactic shock 983

children 949




see also ABC sequence

circulatory phase of ventricular fibrillation 466, 748

circulatory system

anesthesia-associated circulatory events 1050, 1057

arrest diagnosis 491–2

peripheral 1057

respiratory system interactions with 515

submersion consequences/complications 1089, 1097

see also cardiovascular system

citizen CPR defibrillation 497

see also public access defibrillation (PAD)

c-jun 259–60

clinical research

consent 216–25

hospital-based studies 223–4

pediatric studies 223

clinical research methodology 206–15

analysis populations 212–13

audit 212

confirmatory analysis 207–8

covariates 208

cross-sectional sampling 208

data collection 211–12

efficacy analyses 212

evaluation 212–13

exploratory analysis 207–8

factors 208

interim analyses 212

interpretation of results 212–13

interventional approach 207

interventional studies 209–10

objectives 206

observational approach 207

observational studies 208–9

prospective sampling 208

protocols 206

responses 208

retrospective sampling 208

risk stratification 220–1, 222, 223

safety analyses 212

sample sizes 211

statistical methods 213

study design 206–11

study population 210–11

study types 208–10

summaries 210

validity of study 206–7

clinical trials

consent 217

randomized controlled trials 209–11

clotting see coagulation/clotting disturbances

cluster-randomized trials 210

CNS stimulant overdose 1030–1

coagulation/clotting disturbances

anaphylaxis 1110

postresuscitation 823–4, 864, 869


trauma victim management 1001

Cobb, Leonard 20

cocaine abuse 33, 1030–1, 1182

cognition

during cardiac arrest 1253–5

correlates 1248

cognitive effects of survival 1251, 1252–3

cohort studies 208, 209

cold, urticaria induced by 1108

cold shock proteins 865

comatose patient 976–7

asphyxia risk 975, 976–7

determination/diagnosis of coma 897

immobilization 905

postresuscitation neurologic examination 887–8

prognostication 890

Combitube (esophageal-tracheal) 554, 557–8

complications 804

combustible agents and defibrillators 800, 801

commercial entities, study approval delays 219

common law 1226, 1231

competent adults 1235

commotio cordis 230, 1178–81

communities

bystander CPR 1258–9

cardiac arrest 484–5

community consultation 217

levels 222–3

risk stratification 220–1, 222

standardization 219

template 220–3

competence in end-of-life decision-making

competent adults 1235–6

formerly competent adults 1237

minors 1236

never-competent adults 1239

Index 1301






complement activation in hemorrhagic shock 1004

complement system, liver ischemia–reperfusion 304

compression force


direction 187

force–time course 188

frequency characteristic 187–8

maximum 189

measurement 187

plateau 190

compressions see chest compression

computed tomography in neurologic outcome prediction 872,

891–2

conduction

AV, congenital accessory pathway supporting 1177

failing heart Plate 6.7

hibernating myocardium 110

ischemia Plate 6.3

progressive disorders 1171

restitution 103

velocity in heart failure 112

conduction block, genetic loci 75

confidence intervals 186

congenital heart disease

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with 1157

pulmonary artery hypertension at high altitude and 1124

congestive heart failure, pulseless electrical activity 440

coniotomy 804

consciousness

during cardiac arrest 1250–1, 1253–5

impaired

asphyxia risk 976–7

in high-altitude illness 1130

neuronal activity 1254

consensus development for resuscitation 1278–85, 1286

consent for research 216–25

community consultation 220–3

European Union 224–5

in-hospital studies 223–4

pediatric studies 223

public disclosure 220–3

regulation 21 CFR 50.24 218, 219

see also informed consent

conservator appointment 1228, 1238

constitutional law, competent adults 1235

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 362, 517

adjunctive and pressure support ventilation 528

asthma acute severe crises 981

cardiac output impaired by 515



trauma and associated hemorrhagic shock 996–7

venous return impaired by 517

contrast media, anaphylactic reactions 1107

convulsions see epileptic activity/seizures/convulsions

cooling methods for induced hypothermia 788, 850, 851

animal studies 849

body cavity lavage 858

neurologic outcome related to 853

coronary angiography

immediately following resuscitation 764–5

myocardial bridging 1164, 1165

coronary artery

abnormalities associated with sudden death 922, 1161–4

congenital vs acquired 1161–2


congenital anomalies 231

fibrous plaque Plate 65.21

thrombotic occlusion Plate 65.20

tunneled 1164, 1165

coronary artery disease 764–71, 1166–8

atherosclerotic 232, 1166–8

elective high-risk interventions 603

incidence 30

mountain tourism and risks in 1124–5

pathogenesis 1167–8

prevention strategies 455–7, 1168

sudden death 449

see also percutaneous coronary intervention

coronary atherosclerosis 1166–8

premature in athletes 232

coronary blood flow 327–8, 348

abdominal binding 338

angiotensin II effects 662

antegrade 372

cardiopulmonary bypass animal models 600

chest compression

high-impulse 579

and simultaneous ventilation 586–7

standard technique 574

compression phase of CPR 371–2

coronary lesion effects 376–7


coronary stenosis 376–7

during CPR 356, 373–7

retrograde 372

ventricular fibrillation 350–2, 353

vest CPR 591

coronary care unit, mobile 18–19

coronary heart disease, sudden deaths 27–8

coronary perfusion, induced hypothermia effects 867

coronary perfusion pressure 350–2, 353, 700–1

�-adrenergic agonists 382–3

adrenocorticotropic hormone 129–31

calculation 370–1

during cardiac arrest 1254


chest compression 340, 370–1, 574, 575

chest relaxation 370–1

corrections 372

1302 Index






during CPR 369–84

CPR quality 378–80

critical closing pressure 370, 373

definition 372

determinants 369–70

diastolic gradient 370–1

epinephrine use 382–3

ET-1 effects 375–6

impedance inspiratory valve 382

load distributing band CPR 593, 594

maximizing 380–1

mechanical increase 441

monitoring 700–1, 812

myocardial blood flow 373–7

non-invasive measurement 383–4

outcome improvement 380–3

pharmacological increase 441

phenylephrine 383

positive airway pressure effects 362

positive systolic gradients 372

pulseless electrical activity 436, 441

recovery of spontaneous circulation 356–7

resuscitability 679–81

resuscitation

outcome 377–8

time effects 377

ROSC 380

sodium bicarbonate 685

survival of monitored patients 378, 379

vasopressin 383

combined with epinephrine 653, 657

compared with epinephrine 649, 652, 653, 657

ventricular volumes 362

coronary sinus origin, wrong 1162–4

coronary stenosis, myocardial blood flow 376–7

coronary stenting in myocardial bridging 1166

coronary syndromes, acute, sudden death 33

coronary vascular resistance 373

coronary vasospasm 1168

prevention 116

corticosteroids 906

asthma 980


corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 130

cortisol 135–6

critical illness response 140, 146

production regulation 130

serum levels 136

cost(s)

components 1215–16

emergency medical services 1214–16

cost per QALY 1217, 1218, 1219, 1223

cost-effectiveness, automatic external defibrillators 489–91

cost-effectiveness analysis 1213–16

perspective 1213–15

cough maneuver 328–9, 352

Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences

(CIOMS) 216

countershock 15

C-peptide 263

cranial nerve testing

bedside 888–90


C-reactive protein (CRP) 32

creatine kinase (CK)

CSF BB (brain) isoenzyme as outcome predictor 895, 896

defibrillation-associated serum elevations 797

cremophore, anaphylaxis 1107

cricoid pressure 6, 561–2

pregnant women 1078

cricothyr(oid)otomy 562–3, 804

asphyxia 974, 975, 976

complications 804

Crile G. 369

Criley, Michael 20, 328

Crisis Resource Management 786

critical illness

consent for research 217

neuroendocrine response 139–50

critical incident reporting systems 1067

crush injury, thoracic 977–8

Cullen, William 5–6

current, alternating and direct 1139

Cx43 protein 112, Plate 6.6

cyanide poisoning 986, 1036–7

cyclic AMP and inotropic agents 841, 842

cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, non-selective 1107

cyclophylin D 95

cytochrome c 256, 257

apoptotic signaling 833–4

caspase cascade 257, 258

cytochrome oxidase 256

redox status determination 714

cytochrome P450 system 53–4

cytokines 54

anti-inflammatory cascade 163–4

gut decontamination 318

immune response 62


peptide 304

postischemic organ injury 166–7

proinflammatory

cascade 163–4

trauma 1002



damping coefficient 184–5

dander, animal 1105

Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) 212

Index 1303






data for clinical studies

collection/exchange 211–12

monitoring 212

day-surgery, anesthesia-associated arrest risk 1058

dead space 527

death

anesthesia-related 1044, 1045, 1048

asthma 977

child, devastating family impact 937, 1098–9

closure 1209

diagnosis 1205

drowning victim on-site vs in-hospital 1094

electrical injury epidemiology 1136–7

high-altitude/mountain

Himalayas 1125, 1126, 1127

recreational activity before 1126


post-traumatic multi-organ failure 994, 1002–5

staff debriefing 1209

see also brain death; cell death; sudden cardiac death; sudden

infant death syndrome; sudden non-cardiac death;

suicide; survival

death-induced signaling complex (DISC) 60

decision-making 1227

accidental hypothermia 1019, 1020

drowning 1019, 1093, 1094, 1096

end of life care 1235–41


healthcare law 1230–1

medical futility 1240–1

minors 1236


postresuscitation 788–9

surrogate 1236–9

Declaration of Helsinki 216, 224

deferoxamine 287


defibrillation 11, 12–17, 117–18, 470–505

attempted Plate 21.2

biphasic waveform 117

cardiocerebral resuscitation 748, 749, 751

activities following 751

single shocks 751

chemical 15

cost-effectiveness analysis 1213–16, 1216–18

CPR before or after 464–6

early (out-of-hospital) 774–5

ECG rhythm analysis for estimating success 716

economics 1212–24

electrical shock victims 1143–4

future 476–8

history 470

hypothermia 473, 856, 1019, 1022

experimental studies 1016–17

lay responder 38–9

obsolescent equipment 813

outcome prediction Plate 21.4

probability of successful (PROSC) 716

pulseless electrical activity following 727

resistance to 830

safety considerations 475–6, 792, 796–801, 813

myocardial damage risk 797–8, 835–6

scientific background and theory 470–3

success 423

sudden cardiac death 1212

transesophageal 474

transthoracic (external) 470–81

home access 477–8, 483, 491, 499

ventilation effects on 511–12

see also automated external defibrillators; public access

defibrillation

defibrillator pads, self-adhesive 796, 801

defibrillators

alternating current 16, 17

automated units 21

automatic implantable 477

biphasic waveforms 17

capacitors 17

closed-chest 16

cost 1213, 1215–16

cost-effectiveness 1213

direct current 17

maintenance costs 1215–16

portable 17

public access 1213, 1215, 1216–18, 1223

time recording 29

training costs 1215–16

see also automated external defibrillators; electrodes

(defibrillator paddles)

delayed rectifier potassium current 104

dephlogisticated air 7

depolarizations

mitochondrial membrane potential 257

spreading depression-like 865

see also afterdepolarizations; early afterdepolarizations

depressant (CNS) overdose 1031

desensitization to allergens 1105, 1112

desmopressin, oral transmucosal 627

detoxification techniques, experimental studies 818–19

devices, non-approved 220

dexamethasone, high-altitude illness 1131

dexmedetomidine, arrest risk 1056

diabetes

of injury 149

risk factor 34

diapedesis 169–70

diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin see hemoglobin, stroma-

free/diaspirin cross-linked

diastolic dysfunction


1304 Index







diastolic ventricular interaction 358

dietary management of heart disease 454, 456

dietary supplement abuse 1181–2

digitoxin toxicity 1035–6

digoxin 35, 1035–6

dilated cardiomyopathy 105

diluent, endotracheal drug administration 622–3

diphasic waveforms see biphasic (truncated exponential)

waveforms for defibrillation

direct current (DC)

and AC relative dangers 1139

lightning strike 1140

direct mechanical ventricular assistance devices 609

disinfectants, anaphylactic reactions 1107–8

disposable/single-use devices

laryngeal mask airway 556

laryngeal tube 558–9

self-adhesive defibrillator pads 474

diuretics

high-altitude illness 1130–1, 1131


diving reflex 1088

DNA


mutations 398, 403

polymorphisms 403, 404

replication blocking 259

do not (attempt) resuscitate (DNR/DNAR)

orders 1203, 1226

status 786, 788

elderly people 966

dobutamine, postresuscitation 823, 841

Dolley D.H. 369

doll’s eye sign 889

Doppler studies

flow meters 202

myocardial bridging 1166

Down syndrome and high-altitude pulmonary edema in young

adults 1123

drowning (near-drowning; submersion; immersion) 5, 6–7, 978

asphyxia due to 978

complications in ICU 1096–8

definition and data collection 1088–9

epidemiology 1088

management 1091–6

decision-making 1–17, 1093, 1094, 1096

pathophysiology 1089

pediatric 942, 1098–9

recognition of drowned person 1089

drug(s)/drug therapy 34, 35, 614–63, 811–13

administration routes 400

anaphylactic reactions 1106–7

epidemiology 1104

anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock 983, 1111–12

asthma 979

acute severe crises 980


Brugada-like ECG patterns induced by 928, 928–9

cardiovascular disease risk management 454, 456

clearance 402

concentration time course 401–2

delivery determinants 399, 400

distribution 400–1



elimination 400, 402

half-life 400

high-altitude illness 1130–1


hypothermia (accidental) 1016–17

hypothermia (induced) 857–8

preventing shivering 869

interactions 403

level of consciousness obscuring 1205

loading dose 402

long QT syndrome

acute management 926

causation 452, 1054, 1172

preventive management 925

metabolism 402

induced hypothermia effects 869


non-approved 220


AHA guidelines 729

epinephrine vs vasopressin 651–2, 654, 655, 735

overdoses causing pulseless electrical activity 436, 440, 441

pharmacokinetics and induced hypothermia effects 869

plasma concentration 400


myocardial dysfunction 835, 837–40, 841–2

neuroprotection 906–7



AHA guidelines 729

epinephrine vs vasopressin 651–2, 654, 655, 735

induction 436, 440

routes of administration 614–36, 809–10

children 623, 630, 951–2

historical review 614–15

pregnant women 1079

recommendations 629–30

sensitivity 402

steady state level 401, 402

sudden cardiac death caused by 452

target interactions 402

toxicity 402–3

transport 404–5

transport molecules 403

Index 1305






drug(s)/drug therapy (cont.)

volume of distribution 402

see also children, drug administration; named drugs; poisoning;

substance abuse

dust, anaphylaxis 1105–6

duty cycle 189

pediatric chest compression 949

dye injection, peripheral venous drug administration studies 615

dysrhythmias see arrhythmias/dysrhythmias

early afterdepolarizations 111, 112


ECG see electrocardiogram

echinococcosis (hydatid disease) 1106

echocardiography

athletes

compared with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1187

screening 1184–5

high-altitude pulmonary edema 1121

postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction recognition 840

transesophageal 354

edema, brain/cerebral 862–3, 1121–2

high-altitude (HECE) 1118

children/young adults 1123

clinical presentation 1122

progression to arrest 1122, 1123

treatment 1130

edema, pulmonary 981–2

high-altitude (HAPA) 1118, 1120–1

ancillary tests 1121

children/young adults 1123, 1124

clinical presentation 1121


progression to arrest 1122, 1123, 1124

treatment 1130, 1131

education and training

anesthesia-associated arrest prevention and management

1063–7

costs for defibrillators 1215–16


evaluation instruments 1270–1

field testing 1272–3

instructional goal 1269–70

instructional materials revision 1272

instructional outline development 1271

instructional strategies/materials 1271–2

learning objectives 1270–1

needs assessment 1269–70

pilot test program 1272

program roll-out 1273

quality assurance monitoring 1273

target audience analysis 1270

courses 1283

CPR 1258–73




simulation 1264, 1265, 1266–7

frequency of skill use 1259–60


hypothermia (therapeutic application) 787–8

in-hospital personnel 785, 786



life support

advanced 1263–4

basic 1262–3

mouth-to-mouth ventilation 522

pregnant arrested women 1084–5

program development 1268–73

on recently dead 1205

simulation 1262, 1263, 1264–6

skills retention 1259–60

educational R&D/QA model 1266–71

eicosanoids

kidney ischemia–reperfusion 306–7


ejection fraction 456

sudden cardiac death risk stratification 452

Elam, James 9, 10

elder/older persons 958–68

ethical issues 966

future directions 966

outcomes of CPR 961–5

prognosis after return of spontaneous circulation 965–6

therapeutic considerations 966

electrical disorders, primary 70, 114–15

electrical pacing 15

electrical phase of ventricular fibrillation 466

electrical shock

accidental 1136–47

asphyxia 977

clinical manifestations 1140–42


pathophysiology 1138–40

prevention 1137–8

prognosis 1144

referral and definitive care 1144–5

resuscitation 1142–5

discontinuing exposure 1143

see also defibrillation

electrical therapy 12–17

electricity 12

direct effects on heart 15

see also burns, electrical; lightning strike

electrocardiogram (ECG)


athletes

“athletes heart” vs hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1185–6

for screening 1184

1306 Index






Brugada syndrome 926, 927, 1173

commotio cordis 1179, 1180, 1181

high-altitude pulmonary edema 1121

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

risk stratification for sudden death 1159

vs physiological hypertrophy 1185–6

local anesthetic adverse effects 1058

long QT syndrome 924, 1171

monitoring via 700

automatic external defibrillator 476

estimating success of defibrillation 716


pediatric arrhythmia identification by AEDs 487, 488

pulseless electrical activity 426, 436–8, 726, 727, 728

signal averaged 116

sudden cardiac death risk analysis 452–4

ventricular fibrillation 102, 104

Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome 930, 931

electrochemical battery 13

electroconvulsive therapy, asphyxia complicating 977

electrocution 15

electrodes (defibrillator paddles) 473–4

burns risk 796, 797

force 472

orientation 472

pediatric 473, 944

position 473–4

sparks 476, 800, 801

electroencephalogram (EEG)

cerebral ischemia assessment 1254–5

neurologic outcome prediction 872, 892–4, 896

electrolyte disturbances

induced hypothermia 866, 867–8

intra-operative 1052

submersion 1091


electromagnetic interference with defibrillators from implantable

devices 799

electromechanical dissociation see pulseless electrical activity

(PEA)

electron transport 256–7

electron transport chain, postresuscitation myocardial

dysfunction 833, 834

electrophysiologic processes underlying sudden cardiac death

921–2

electrophysiologic testing

neurologic outcome prediction 871–2, 891, 892–3

sudden cardiac death risk stratification 455

Elijah, prophet 3

embolism see pulmonary embolism

emergency department

anesthesia and sedation 1061

drowning victims in 1093–6

elder persons’ visits 958

emergency medical services (EMS)

costs 1214–16, 1224

databases 29

defibrillation cost-effectiveness 1216–18

dispatch centers 29

dispatchers/personnel 772–81

cardiocerebral resuscitation 749

clinical studies of CPR in VF patients on arrival 467

helicopter 1128–9

lightning strike and provision of information 1142–3

transtelephonic resuscitation instructions 464

ventilation deleterious effects 753–4

economic evaluations 1217

economics 1216–18

funding level 1223

incremental costs 1216

optimal size 1218–22

process regional variation 36

providers for lay responder defibrillation 38

resource use 1223

response time 1221–22, 1224

survival rate 1224

teams 1203, 1204

total benefit to patient estimation 1219–20

total cost estimation 1217, 1219

total net benefit estimation 1218–20

treatment intervals 39

Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA)

1228–9

emergency patients, consent for research 217

emergency research

consent 216–25

exception from informed consent requirements 217, 218

emotional factors 33

cardiac arrest survivors 1251–2

encephalopathy see hypoxic–ischemic (hypoxic–anoxic)

encephalopathy

end-of-life decision-making 1235–41

competent adults 1235–6


medical futility 1240–1

minors 1236


surrogate 1236–8

EndoG 61, 62

endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response 94

PERK activation 255

�-endorphins 130–1, 140

endothelial dysfunction in hemorrhagic shock 1004

endothelin (ET)



use 662

endothelin 1 (ET-1) 137



Index 1307






endothelin antagonist in high-altitude illness 1131

endothelium

activation 168–9, 172


endocrine function 137

leukocyte adherence 168

endothelium-derived contracting factor 137

endotoxins 824



endotracheal drug administration see tracheal drug

administration

endotracheal intubation see tracheal intubation

endovascular cooling 853, 856–7

endoxemia, catecholamines 145–6

end-tidal CO2 monitoring see carbon dioxide, end-tidal

energy

consumption by brain with submersion 1090

protein synthesis requirement 249

energy levels for defibrillation 835–6


guidelines 474

children 486, 944–6

myocardial damage 835–6

energy metabolism

early reperfusion 239

ischemia 237–9

energy production in cardiac arrest, myocardial 833

deficits 829–30, 833

England

ambulance services 502, 503

public access defibrillation 499, 500–3

environment

risk factors 32

anesthesia-related arrest 1050, 1052–5

risk of defibrillators to 476

ephedrine-containing supplements 1181–2

epidemiology of sudden cardiac death see sudden cardiac death,

epidemiology

epileptic activity/seizures/convulsions

generalized 977

induced hypothermia and 865

prognostic value 895–6

see also anticonvulsant therapy

epinephrine 134, 135, 639–40, 671, 734

actions/effects 641, 642, 837

at adrenoceptors 639–40

adverse 734, 837

end-tidal CO2 monitoring 536, 707

hypoxemia/hypercarbia interactions with pressor effects

513–14, 515

anaphylaxis 985, 1111–12

self-injectable 1112–13

angiotensin II compared with 662

asthma severe acute crises 981

bicarbonate effects on 685

blood flow in CPR 308, 309

chest compression 340–1, 342





high-dose 383

insulin interrelationship 263

myocardial oxygen demand 287


compared with vasopressin 651–2, 654, 655, 735



pulseless electrical activity 438, 441, 734

vasopressin comparison 651–2, 654, 655, 735


aortic arch 628–9

endotracheal 623–4, 952

intraosseous 620–1

nasal transmucosal 628

oral transmucosal 627

peripheral venous 616


vasopressin 671

combined with or sequential/alternating 652–5, 657–8,

662–3, 671

compared with, animal studies 649–50, 652

vasopressin compared with, clinical studies 624, 656, 657,

658

children 953

pulseless electrical activity 651–2, 654, 655, 735

epoxylated castor oil, anaphylaxis 1107

equipment

anesthesia-related causing arrest 1050, 1053

defibrillator-associated risks 476

electrical shock




prevention 1137–8

erythrocytes see red blood cells

erythropoietin 138


use 840

E-selectin 168, 169

esmolol 640–1

Esophageal Gastric Tube Airway (EGTA) 4, 804

Esophageal Obturator Airway (EAO) 803–4

esophageal-tracheal Combitube see Combitube

esophagus

Combitube placement 557, 804

defibrillation via 474

tracheal tube misplacement 560, 803

detection 561

1308 Index






estradiol, critical illness response 147

estrone, critical illness response 147

ethics/ethical issues 786

research 220–1

resuscitation 1201–2, 1227–9

eukaryotic initiation factor 2� (eIF2�) 252–3

hyperphosphorylation mechanisms 254–5

message selection 253–4

phosphorylation 256

eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) 251–3

phosphorylation 252–3

Europe

induced hypothermia studies 851, 852, 854

public access defibrillation 499–503

vasopressin compared with epinephrine multicenter study

651–2, 653–5, 656

European Resuscitation Council (ERC)

links in chain of survival 773–6

major medical problems of prehospital care impacting on

survival 772

European Society of Cardiology screening protocol for athletes

1183, 1188

European Union, consent for research 224–5

euthyroid sick syndrome 145

evaluation of patient

brain death 897–8

for induced hypothermia 853


postresuscitation patient 887–91

Eve, Frank 8


evoked potentials 892

brainstem auditory 892

somatosensory 821, 871–2, 892, 893, 896–7

examination

neurologic of postresuscitation patient 887–91

physical in non-fibrillatory cardiac arrest 728

excitotoxic neurotransmitter hypothesis 243

exercise/exertion 33

cardiovascular disease risk management 455, 456

consequences

complex 1183

functional/physical/benign 1186–7

heavy 33

long QT syndrome recommendations 925–6

see also athletes/sports participants

expiratory phase of respiration in rescuer ventilation 521

exsanguination cardiac arrest, suspended animation 872–3

extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) 90, 95, 96, 97

extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) 90, 95, 96, 97

extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) 92

extracorporeal circuits

cooling in induced hypothermia 857

rewarming in accidental hypothermia 1022–3

visceral organ ischemia therapy 318

see also cardiopulmonary bypass; membrane

oxygenation/oxygenator

eye opening in Glasgow coma scale 888

face masks 533

facial (4th cranial) nerve testing 889

factor VIIa, recombinant 1001

FADD protein 60

FADH complex 256

fainting episodes 1255

family

breaking bad news 1208–9

impact of child death 937, 1098–9

presence at resuscitation 1205–6

Fas/Fas ligand pathway 55

Fas-ligand (FasL) 166

fatty acids

nonesterified 32

oxidation 396

FDA, emergency research 217

Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (1984) 1236

females, defibrillator electrodes 473

femoral artery

cannulation in cardiopulmonary bypass 606–7

pulse palpation 699

femoral vein cannulation


drug administration 618

femoropopliteal bypass 602

ferritin 247

fetal physiology/outcome/management in maternal arrest

1078

fever (pyrexia), postresuscitation 824

as neurologic outcome predictor 863–4

see also hyperthermia

fibrillation 12

see also atrial fibrillation; defibrillation; ventricular fibrillation

fibrinolysis, postresuscitation 823–4

fibroblast growth factor 262

field resuscitation see on-site (field/out-of-hospital/prehospital)

resuscitation

filament proteins in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1154

Finland, public access defibrillation 503–4

fire air 7

fire risk from electrical equipment 1137–8

defibrillators 476, 800–1

fire service 19–20

automated external defibrillators 485, 503

first responder 785

defibrillation 774–5, 785

lay 476, 484, 497–8, 499, 503

non-traditional 497

traditional 497

UK 500, 503

US 497–8, 499

Index 1309






first responder (cont.)

in-hospital 785

schemes 21

fixatives, anaphylactic reactions 1107–8

flammable (combustible) agents and defibrillators 800, 801

flow see blood flow

flow meters 199–203

electromagnetic 200–1

laser Doppler 202

phasic blood flow measurement 203

sinusoidal 201

square-wave 201

transformer voltage 201

transit-time ultrasonic 201–2

ultrasound Doppler 202

zero flow variation 201

flow probe

cannulating 199, 202, 203

intravascular 199–200

perivascular 199, 200, 201, 202, 203

fluid management/resuscitation

asthma 980

cardiac tamponade 731


hemorrhagic shock 659, 1001–2

hypovolemia 729

pregnant arrested women 1081

flunarizine 907

fluoride toxicity 1034–5

flying see aircraft; helicopters

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 142

food allergy, epidemiology 1104

force cells 190–1

forebrain global ischemia models 237

foreign body, airway obstruction 522–3, 975, 976

formaldehyde, anaphylaxis 1107, 1108

formerly competent adults 1237–9

fos-jun response 260

FOUR system 888

Fourier transforms 419–20

fracture risk with chest compressions see skeletal injury

Frank–Starling relationship 357


free fatty acids (FFA), cerebral ischemia 247

free radical hypothesis 244

free radicals

injury prevention in visceral organ ischemia 314–15


production

hemorrhagic shock 1003


reactive oxygen species 53, 90, 240–1

generation 247–8

mitochondrial generation 257


NADPH oxidase 170

SAPK ischemia/reperfusion-induced activation 92–3

reperfusion-related myonecrosis 292

see also superoxide; superoxide dismutase

Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) system 888

fundamental rights, implied 1231–2

furosemide, high-altitude illness 1130–1, 1131

futility, care 1227–9, 1236, 1240–1

G protein-coupled receptors 132

gag response/reflex 889–90, 898

Galen 3

Galvani, Luigi 13

gases

exchange in lung 508–10

postresuscitation experimental studies 818

mouth-to-mouth ventilation 520–1

supply for cardiopulmonary bypass 605

tissue monitoring 711–14

see also blood gases; carbon dioxide; oxygen

gasping ventilation 528, 753

spontaneous 363–4

gastric capnometry (PgCO2) 711, 712

gastric insufflation/distension 802

positive pressure ventilation 523–7, 802

tracheal intubation vs bag-mask ventilation 560

gastric lavage, cooling via 858

gastric position and problems in pregnancy 1078

gastric regurgitation and aspiration 802

positive pressure ventilation 523–7

tracheal intubation vs bag–mask ventilation 560

gastric tonometry 319–20

gastrin-releasing peptide 139

gastrointestinal intramucosal pH (pHi) monitoring 319–20

gastrointestinal tract


endocrine function 138–9



lightning strike-related damage 1141


in pregnancy 1078

see also esophagus; intestinal entries

gel electrophoresis 80, 81, 82

gender

skeletal fracture risk with chest compression 795

sudden death in athletes 1148–9

vs non-athletes 1153

survival of cardiac arrest 38

general anesthesia

arrest in 1055–6

outside operating room 1060

stages of perception 1250–1

genes

mutations 398, 403

1310 Index






polymorphisms 398, 403, 404

genetic analysis strategies 70–2

genetic susceptibility loci 79

genetic variability, pharmacological effects 398

genetics (genetic factors/disorders) in sudden cardiac death 106,

450–1, 811, 922–30, 1152–61

channelopathies 667–8, 921–9, 1170–5

genomic structure assessment 79

genomics 70, 71

ghrelin 131–2

Glasgow coma scale, postresuscitation patient 888, 890, 891

glibenclamide, reperfusion arrhythmias 290

global burden of illness 27–8

glossopharyngeal (9th cranial) nerve testing 889–90

glucagon



glucose

blood

cerebral ischemia and the glucose paradox 681

in-hospital monitoring 788

levels 149, 150

pediatric postresuscitation management 955

brain and effects of induced hypothermia 863

oxidation 396

see also hyperglycemia; hypoglycemia

glucose transporters (GLUT 1–4) 138

glutamate receptors 243

glutamate release in global ischemia 243–4

glutathione, liver ischemia–reperfusion 304

glyceryl trinitrate patches, defibrillation hazard 476, 801

glycolysis 396

anaerobic causing pulseless electrical activity 435

glycoprotein p67 254–5

glycoside, cardiac, poisoning 1035–6

gonadal insufficiency, hypogonadotropic 147

gonadotropins, critical illness response 142

gonads, critical illness response 147

good laboratory practice, calibration 203–4

Good Samaritan law (USA) 497–8

Gordon, Archer S. 8–9, 10, 11–12

Grace, William 19

GRADE Working Group guideline development sequence 1279

great vessels, chest compression-related complications 577

growth factors, neuronal survival 262

growth hormone (GH) 131–2


guanosine triphosphate (GTP) 249

guideline development for resuscitation 1278–85, 1286

evidence-based 1281–2

implementation 1283

reviews 1284

science 1283

guidelines

cardiocerebral resuscitation 749–51

cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiac care

(international)

2000 Guidelines 675, 678–9

2005 Guidelines 690

energy levels for defibrillation 474


GRADE Working Group guideline development sequence

1279

NAEMO/ACSCOT Committee on Trauma 995

see also American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for CPR

and emergency CV care

Guidelines 2000 conference 1280–1


Haber–Weiss reaction 306

inhibition 287

HACA (Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest) trial 851, 854

hair see chest

Hall, Marshall 8

Harvey, William 4

head, defibrillatory countershocks 799

head tilt/chin lift maneuver 529–30, 531, 552

healthcare decision-making 1290–1

healthcare professionals

accidental electrical shock

from defibrillators 475, 799–800, 813

electrical shock victim rescue 1143

automated external defibrillator use 485

paramedics 19–21

resuscitation decision-making 1204–5

witness of cardiac arrest 39

training 1262–3

see also emergency medical services (EMS); human factors;

rescuer/responder; teams

healthcare provider duty 1234

heart

acid–base changes 679–81

acidosis effects 680, 733

“athlete’s heart” vs cardiovascular disease diagnosis 1185–7

chest compression-related complications 577

conducting regions 82

contractile tissues 83


electricity direct effects 15


functional abnormalities associated with sudden death

1170–78

injection into 625–6

historical review 615

postresuscitation complications 822, 829–47

pump failure in anesthesia causing arrest 1050

treatment 1062

structural abnormalities associated with sudden death

1152–70

tamponade 731

Index 1311






heart (cont.)

valvular disease 1168–70

see also arrhythmias/dysrhythmias; cardiac entries;

cardiopulmonary bypass; conduction; congenital heart

disease; open-chest CPR

heart disease

structural 232, 1152–70

see also coronary artery disease

heart failure

action potentials 110

apoptosis 57

sudden death 449–50

heart tissue, proteomics 82–3

heat, urticaria induced by 1108

heat exchanger, cardiopulmonary bypass 605

heat shock proteins (HSPs) 260


hsp-25/27 92

hsp-70 260

Heimlich maneuver (abdominal thrust) 522–3, 976

helicopters

patient transport 1128–9

rescue at altitude 1125–6

unavailable at extreme altitude 1119

helmets, cooling 854–5

help, call for 773–4

Helsinki (Finland), public access defibrillation 503

hemodialysis 318

hemodilution, visceral organ ischemia 317–18

hemodynamics of cardiac arrest 347–64

arterial physiology 347–8



central vs global monitoring 700–3

changes 348–50

chest compression

and decompression 587–8



simultaneous ventilation 586–7

standard 573–6

constraint from pericardium/right ventricle 357–9, 360, 361


CPR interruption 356

goal of CPR in achieving changes 698–9

hemorrhagic shock management 1001–2

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1153–4, 1156


left ventricular preload 357–9, 360, 361

load distributing band CPR 593–5

myocardial bridging 1165–6


positive pressure ventilation adversely affecting 515–16

postresuscitation instability/derangements 831

management 908–10, 911

spontaneous gasping 363–4

vasopressin effects 647–9

animal studies 649–50


venous capacitance 348


vest CPR 591

see also coronary blood flow; specific hemodynamic parameters

hemofiltration, isovolumic high-volume 825

hemoglobin

blood gas transport 508–10

carbon monoxide binding 985, 986

stroma-free/diaspirin cross-linked 904–5


hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying (HBOC) agents 391

hemorrhage

control 1000–1

thrombolytic-associated risk 760–1

see also exsanguination cardiac arrest

hemorrhagic shock 658–9, 994–1013

therapeutic interventions 659, 998–1005

vasopressin 658–9, 663, 1005


hemostatic management 1000–1

hepatic function, postresuscitation 818–19

hepatocellular injury, intestinal ischemia–reperfusion 302–3

hereditary factors and disorders see genetics

HERG mutations 926, 1174

high altitude 1140

acclimatization 1119–21

definition 1119


cardiac arrest at high altitude unrelated to 1124–7

cardiac arrest in 1118–19

epidemiology 1119

progression to 1122

treatment 1129–31


see also acute mountain sickness

high-energy phosphates in defibrillation 471

high-frequency ventilation 527

high-impulse external chest compression 579–80

high-voltage injury


discontinuing exposure and evacuation 1143


prevention 1137

resuscitation 1140

Hill, John 10

Himalayas, trekking 1125–6

hippocampal CA1 injury, induced hypothermia effects 849–50

histamine H1 antagonists, anaphylaxis 1112

history of CPR, early 3–5

history-taking, non-fibrillatory cardiac arrest 728

Holter monitoring, sudden cardiac death risk analysis 452

1312 Index






home

defibrillators 477–8, 483, 491, 499

epidemiology of cardiac arrest and death 484

Hooker, Donald 15

hospital-based studies 223–4

hospitals see emergency department; in-hospital cardiac arrest;

in-hospital resuscitation/care; intensive care unit

household electrical shock 1137

Howard, Benjamin 8

hsp-25/27 92

hsp-70 260

human factors in anesthesia causing arrest 1050, 1052–5, 1066–9

human products, anaphylactic reactions 1106

Hunter, John 5

Hunter, William 5

hydatid disease, anaphylaxis 1106

hydrocarbon inhalation 1032–3

hydrofluoric acid exposure 1034–5

hydrogen ion concentration in cardiac arrest and resuscitation

675

see also sarcolemmal Na�–H� exchange

hydrogen peroxide 53


hydroxocobalamin in cyanide poisoning 1037

hyperaldosteronism 146

hyperbaric chambers

CO poisoning 986


hypercarbia/hypercarbemia

acidosis 680

asphyxia as combination with hypoxemia 970

catecholamine pressor effects 513–14

definition 969

effects of 973

airway 507

myocardial force and rate of contraction and 512–13

ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation and 512–13

myocardial pH levels 680

hyperemia, postischemic 242

hyperglycemia


induced hypothermia 865, 868

intra-ischemic cerebral acidosis 240–1


children 955

hyperkalemia 733

intraoperative risk of arrest 1052


therapy 688, 733

hypernatremia, bicarbonate-induced 685

hyperosmolarity, bicarbonate-induced 685

hypersensitivity reactions 1103

see also allergens; anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock

hypertension

risk factor 34

see also pulmonary artery, hypertension at high-altitude

hypertension, postresuscitation 910

benefits of transient period 903

children 955

hyperthermia


overshoot reaction with rewarming 1096

malignant 1056


see also fever

hypertonic saline, CPR outcome/effects 684

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) 113, 451–2, 1152–9, 1188

athletes 231

epidemiology 1149, 1150

genetics 1152–4

histopathology Plate 65.11, Plate 65.12

myocardial bridging associated with 1165


prevention and management of sudden arrest 1159

risk stratification for sudden death 1158–9

screening of athletes 1184

hypertrophy

left ventricular 449–50

physiological in athletes 1185

hyperventilation

pregnant women 1077

therapeutic 682

adverse effects 515–17, 753–4

cardiac arrest 516, 682

metabolic acidosis 682

postresuscitation care 904

shock 516

hypoaldosteronism, hyper-reninemic 146–7

hypocalcemia, children 953

hypoglycemia 906

hypokalemia

with induced hypothermia 867

intraoperative arrest risk 1052

hypomagnesemia

with induced hypothermia 867

magnesium sulfate 410

hypoperfusion 820

delayed 242–3

hypophosphatemia with induced hypothermia 867

hypothermia (accidental/non-therapeutic) 732, 1014–27

anesthesia postinduction 1052

CPR in 1016–23

experimental studies 1016–17

rewarming 732

drowning victim 1090, 1095–6, 1097

experimental studies of arrest in 1016–17

neurologic outcome 392

pathophysiology/consequences 1014–16, 1088

pediatric 954

pulseless electrical activity 435–6, 440

Index 1313






hypothermia (accidental/non-therapeutic) (cont.)

recovery chances 1205

symptoms 1015


hypothermia (induced/therapeutic) 51–2, 787–8, 848–72, 907


clinical outcome studies 850–3

cooling methods 788, 849, 850, 851, 853

history 848, 850

mild 787–8, 848–72, 907



maintenance 858–9

mechanisms of neuroprotective effects 859–65

neurologic prognostication with 853, 886–7

pediatric 954

rewarming from 859, 866

side-effects 865–72

technique 854–9

postresuscitation 821–2, 825, 849–50

protective 849

see also preservative hypothermia

hypoventilation, anesthesia-induced 1050

hypovolemia 994–1013

intra-operative arrest risk 1052


hypoxemia

airway effects of 507

anesthesia-induced 1049–51

asphyxia as combination with hypercarbia 968

catecholamine pressor effects 513–14

high-altitude 1120

myocardial force and rate of contraction 512–13

ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation 512–13

hypoxia 729–30, 810

definition 967


drugs/poisons causing 1031

excessive adverse ventilation 516

high-altitude 1120

management 729–30

near-death experience 1247

pulseless electrical activity 435, 729–30

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction 507

hypoxic–ischemic (hypoxic–anoxic) encephalopathy 870

drowning 978

neonatal induced hypothermia 855

ice-cold intravenous fluid, large-volume 855–6

iloprost in chronic pulmonary artery hypertension 1131

imaging, neurologic in neurologic outcome prediction 872, 891,

891–2

see also specific modalities

immediate early genes 865

immersion see drowning

immobilization 905

immune response

anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock 984–5

brain damage 862

cytokines 62

trauma and associated hemorrhage 1002–4

immune system, reperfusion injury 168–71

immunization, anaphylactic reactions 1107

immunoglobulin E and anaphylaxis 1108–11

immunoglobulin gene superfamily 168

immunotherapy 1105, 1112

impedance see transthoracic impedance

impedance inspiratory valve 382

impedance threshold device 336

active chest compression–decompression with 588–91


trauma and associated hemorrhagic shock 996

implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) 34, 117–18, 456–7

amiodarone use 671–2


automatic 477


catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia 930,

1176

defibrillation of patients fitted with 475, 798


serum proteomics 84

implantable pacemakers 475, 798–9

impotence, vascular disease 34

incidence of cardiac arrest 30–6

calculation 31

risk factors 31–6

incompetent adults 1236

induction anesthesia

anaphylaxis 1107

hypotension following 1052

inductothermia 14

infants and toddlers

air travel and SIDS 1128

anesthesia-related arrest 1046–7


defibrillation

automated external 486

electrodes 473

drowning 1098

see also neonates

infection

induced hypothermia-associated 869

lay responder risk 1262

mouth-to-mouth ventilation risk 522, 532

percutaneous transtracheal ventilation risk 804


see also antibiotics; bacteremia; pneumonia; sepsis; septic shock

inferior vena cava compression in pregnancy 1075, 1079

inflammable (combustible) agents and defibrillators 800, 801

1314 Index






inflammation

post-resuscitation syndrome 55

systemic in reperfusion period 139

see also systemic inflammatory response

inflammatory mediators 314–15

inflammatory protein signalling pathways 54

inflammatory response

IL-1 effect 171

postresuscitation 820, 823, 862

neurologic function 862

systemic 820, 831–2

post-traumatic 1002

TNF-� 171

inflammatory stress response 54

information acquisition

drowning victim in emergency department 1093–5

lightning victim for EMS 1142–3

informed consent 1232–4

doctrine 1230, 1233

duty of physicians 1233

exceptions 1233–4

legal issues 1227

professional standard 1233

for research 216–25

exceptions 217, 218

on recently dead 1207–8

infusions, anaphylactic reactions 1107

inhalant abuse 1032–3

inhaled anesthetics

arrest caused by 1055

volatile in status asthmaticus 981

inherited factors and disorders see genetics

inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD) 258

inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) 57–9

in-hospital cardiac arrest, epidemiology 819

children 938–40, 943

elderly 964–5

in-hospital resuscitation/care 782–91, 813, 819

in accidental hypothermia 1019–23


thrombolysis 758–9

see also emergency department; intensive care unit

injury see chest injury; traumatic injury

injury current 108

inner mitochondrial anion channels (IMAC) 109

inotropic agents



children 954–5

insecticides, organophosphate 1036

inspiratory impedance threshold device 362

inspiratory phase of respiration in rescuer ventilation 521

institutional review boards (IRBs), approval for research 217, 219,

220

instruments

accuracy 186

bias 186

calibration 186–7

characteristics 183

damping coefficient 184–5

drift 184

dynamic calibration 187

dynamic characteristics 183, 184–5

linearity 184

measurement error 182, 183

non-linearity 184

repeatability 184

resolution 183–4

resonant frequency 184–5

sensitivity 183

smart transducers 184

stability 184

static calibration 186–7

static characteristics 183–4

uncertainty 186

insulin 138–9

administration 788

calcium channel blocker overdose 1030


standardized dosing 1064



postischemic brain injury prevention 262–3

postischemic brain reperfusion 253

postresuscitation production 311

insulin-like growth factor(s) (IGFs) 253

insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) 141

�2-integrins 168

intensive care unit

anesthesia and sedation 1061

drowning and its complications 1096–7

paramedic-staffed mobile 19–21

intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) 168, 169

interleukin 1 (IL-1) 164, 165

inflammatory response 171

interleukin 6 (IL-6) 62, 145, 165

systemic inflammatory response syndrome 313

trans-signaling 62

interleukin 8 (IL-8) 165–6

L-selectin shedding 169

neutrophil effects 167

interleukin 10 (IL-10) 165

intermittent threshold device (ITD) 391–2

internal cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) 117–18

see also implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs)

internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES) 253–4

International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and

Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science (2005)

Conference 1282–3

evidence evaluation process 1281–2

Index 1315






International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation 1279–80

International System of Units (SI) 180, 181

interposed abdominal compression CPR (IAC-CPR) 381

intestinal hormones 139


intestinal ischemia–reperfusion 298–305

bacterial overgrowth 319


lactate 319

mucosal permeability 303

recovery 303

villous damage 303

intestines



ischemia 824


intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation



intracardiac injection see heart

intracellular pH, pulseless electrical activity 434–5

intracranial capacitance 390

intracranial pressure

during CPR 389–90


prognostic value of elevated level 895

intranasal drug administration 627–8, 629

intraosseous vascular access

children 951

drug administration 619–21, 810


vasopressin animal study 649, 651

intraperitoneal lavage and resuscitation see peritoneal lavage;

peritoneal resuscitation

intrathoracic pressure 517–20

chest compression 327, 342

measurement 191

rise in thoracic compression 327

venting 329

intrathoracic pressure pump 327–8, 329

airway inflation 339

intravenous anesthetics causing arrest 1055–6

intravenous drug administration 400

intravenous fluids see fluid management/resuscitation

intravenous routes see venous cannulation/catheterization

introducers (tracheal tube) 561

intubation see laryngeal mask airway; laryngeal tube;

nasopharyngeal/nasotracheal airways; tracheal

intubation

inward rectifier potassium current 104

ion channel gene polymorphisms 403

ion channelopathies see channelopathies

ion channels, ventricular fibrillation 103–4

ion pumps and neuroexcitatory cardiac arrest 861–5

ionic fluxes, ischemia 237–9

IRE1� 255

ischemia 820

apoptosis 57

cardiac protection 94–5

cellular dysfunction 168

cerebral acidosis influence on injury 240–1

conditioning 94–5

conduction map Plate 6.3

depolarization 108, 109

destructive mechanisms 860

energy metabolism 237–9

extracellular potassium ions 107–8

global brain 236–64

global state 698, 821, 870

hypothermia protective effects in 849–50



injury current 108

intestinal postresuscitation 824

intracellular signaling 90–7

ionic fluxes 237–9

irreversibility 396–7

myocardial infarction 33

myocytes 232–3

neuronal injury 236–7

osmotic pressure 397

postconditioning 95

postresuscitation injury 51

preconditioning 95, 172


reversibility 396–7

SAPK activity 92


see also cerebral ischemia; coronary artery disease;

hypoxic–ischemic (hypoxic–anoxic) encephalopathy;

myocardium; neurologic dysfunction

ischemia–reperfusion 51, 90, 298–320

apoptosis 57

arrhythmias 107

brain translational competence 248–9

cardiomyocytes 53, 94

cerebral acidosis 239–40

circulating messengers 54

intestines 298–305

mRNA following 251

myocardial stunning 283, 285

myocardium 107


SAPK activity 92

signaling pathway activation 93–4

therapeutic intervention for injury 95, 97

transcriptional stress response 54–5

whole-body 52

see also visceral organ ischemia–reperfusion

1316 Index






ischemic cells, depolarization 108

isoproterenol



isovolumic high-volume hemofiltration 825

Italy

athletes in

screening 1152, 1183–4, 1185

sudden death 1150, 1151

public access defibrillation 503

jaw-thrust maneuver 530, 552, 802

Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome 922, 1171

JNK genes 91–2

Jude, James 11, 328

jugular vein

external 619

internal 810

justice 1201–2

KCNJ2 mutation 922–3, 1174

KCNQ1 (KvLQT1) mutation 1174

ketamine in status asthmaticus 981

kidney




lightning strike-related dysfunction 1141

postresuscitation function/dysfunction 818, 824

vasopressor receptors 649



kinins and anaphylaxis 1110

Kite, Charles 6–7, 12

defibrillator apparatus 13

Knickerbocker, Guy 11, 328

Koenig, Franz 10

Kouwenhoven, William 11, 15, 16, 328

chest compressions 571–2, 573

Kratzenstein, Christian Gottlieb 12

Kruger, Johann Gottlob 12

Kupffer cells, liver ischemia–reperfusion 304

Kupffer system, intestinal ischemia–reperfusion 302–3

KvLQT1 mutations 926, 1174

kymograph 14

labor, cardiac output 1077


laboratory tests

monitoring

induced hypothermia 869, 870


postresuscitation neurologic outcome prognostication 891,

894–6

lactate

concentrations in blood 678

monitoring 703

raised 679



visceral organ ischemia–reperfusion 319

lactic acidosis 675–6


Lance–Adams syndrome 896

Lanworthy, Orthello 15

large-volume ice-cold intravenous fluid 855–6

Larrey, Dominique-Jean 17–18

laryngeal mask airway 554–8, 803, 804

classic 554–5

Combitube 554, 557–8

insertion technique 555–6

intubating 556–7

ProSeal 556

single-use 556

laryngeal obstruction 550

laryngeal tube 558–9

laryngoscope blades, alternative 560–1

laryngospasm, drowning victim 1091

laser Doppler flow meters 202

latex allergy 1104

lavage, body cavity 858

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent 7–8

law officers see police/law officers

law see legal issues

lay public


first-responder defibrillation 476, 484, 497–8, 499, 503

ventilation 520–3, 752–3


programs 1261

response environments 1260–71

safety issues 1262

skills 1261

lazaroids 840, 906

learning objectives 1270–1

left stellate ganglion resection 116

left ventricular blood flow 650

left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) 357, 358, 360

left ventricular hypertrophy, sudden death 449–50

left ventricular preload 357–9, 360, 361

left ventricular transmural pressure gradient 359

left ventricular volume 361, 362

legal issues

athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities and/or arrhythmias

1187

automated external defibrillators 497–8

cesarean section 1084

ethics and medical ethics divergence 1227–9

legal precedents 1226, 1227

leptin 143–4

Index 1317






leukocytes

adhesion 168, 169

coordination 169–70

endothelial activation 168–9

extravasation coordination 169–70

hypoperfusion induction 243

postischemic tissue 168

Lev–Lenegre disease 1177

levobupivacaine 1058

levosimendan 842

lidocaine 409, 670, 672

cardiac arrest associated with 1057, 1058

pregnant women 1082

children 953


central venous 618–19

endobronchial 624–5


lidoflazine 906, 907

life support see advanced life support; basic life support

life-prolonging treatment 1230

lifestyle in cardiovascular disease risk management 456


care/resuscitation 1142, 1143, 1144


epidemiology 1137


prevention 1138

linkage studies, sudden cardiac death 78

lipid peroxidation

brain reperfusion 247–8


iron-dependent 240–1


lipids

membrane 247–8

synthesis 259

lipolysis, enzymatic 246–7

lipopolysaccharide 318


�-lipoprotein 129

liquid chromatography 80, 81, 82

liver



postresuscitation function, experimental studies 818–19

liver ischemia–reperfusion 303–5

damage from cardiac arrest 311

living wills 966, 1202

load, chest compression 337

load cells 190–1

load distributing band CPR 336, 342, 593–5

local anesthesia see regional and local anesthesia

location of cardiac arrest and survival 37

long QT syndrome 71–4, 114, 450–1, 922–6, 1170, 1171–3

acquired 114, 924–5, 926, 1172

acute management 926

clinical presentation 72–3

congenital 114

diagnostics 924–5

drug-induced 452, 1054, 1172

genetic loci 72

genetics 71, 72, 73

genotype–phenotype correlation 75

ion channel gene polymorphisms 403

mutations 404


prevention 116

preventive strategies 925–6

risk stratification for sudden death 925

variants 71–4

Lown, Bernard 17

low-voltage injury 1140

care/resuscitation 1142, 1143

clinical manifestations 1140

epidemiology 1137

prevention 1137

L-selectin 168

leukocyte adhesion 169

Lund University Cardiopulmonary Assist System (LUCAS device)

382, 739, 794

lung(s)

asphyxia 979

chest compression-related complications 577

chronic obstructive disease 979

dead space 527

physiology in low-flow states 507–10

volume and defibrillation 472–3

see also cardiopulmonary bypass; edema, pulmonary; gastric

regurgitation and aspiration; respiratory entries; tidal

volume

luteinizing hormone (LH) 142

ma huang (ephedra) 1181–2

Maass, Friedrich 10

McCoy levering laryngoscope 560

Macintosh blade 560

macrophages

adhesion 172

tissue injury 170–1

macrosimulators 1264, 1265, 1266

MacWilliam, John 14–15

magnesium

depletion with induced hypothermia 867, 868

infusion 670, 672

asthma 980



pregnant arrested women 1081

magnesium ions, translation effects 255

1318 Index






magnesium sulfate, pharmacology 409–10

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 191–2

chest compression Plate 9.10

flow measurement 202–3

high-altitude cerebral edema 1123

neurologic outcome prediction 872, 892

children 956

magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) 320

malignant hyperthermia 1056

malpractice litigation 1226

mandibular displacement 530

manikins, training 1264, 1266

manual techniques

CPR 381, 571–84

compared with load distributing band CPR 595

compared with vest CPR 592, 593

complications 793

ventilation 523–4

lay public 520–3, 752–3

MAPK kinase 95

MAPK/SAPK kinases 90–1

MAPKs/SAPKs 90–1

Marfan syndrome 1170

masks see bag–valve–mask ventilation; face masks; mouth-to-

mask ventilation

mass spectrometry 80, 81, 82

protein identification 82

mast cells and anaphylaxis 1108, 1109

matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 166

mean circulatory filling pressure 348

measurement

accuracy 180

definition 179–80

error 180–4, 185–6

uncertainty 186

units 180

see also instruments

mechanical devices in CPR 381–2, 585–99

chest compression 585–95, 793–4



ventricular assist devices 609

median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials 871–2, 892, 893

Medic2 program (Seattle) 20

medical care

accepting 1235–6

futility 1227–9, 1236, 1240–1

refusing 1235–6, 1237

Medical Emergency Team 783–4, 813

see also emergency medical services (EMS)

medical ethics, legal divergence 1227–9

medical personnel see emergency medical services (EMS);

healthcare professionals; human factors; teams

medical registers, clinical studies 208–9

medication see drug(s)/drug therapy

medicolegal issues 1226–43

see also legal issues

Medtronic automated external defibrillators 487

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) 131, 140

membrane channels 83

membrane damage

brain ischemia 246–8

repair 259–60, 261, 262–3

reperfusion 246–8

membrane lipids 247–8

membrane oxygenation/oxygenator 605–6

pediatric veno-arterial extracorporeal 603, 955–6

memory

impairment in survivors 1252–3

near-death experience 1255

mesenteric circulation 298–305

meta-analyses 210


vasopressin 408

metabolic acidosis 675–6, 733

cardiac effects 680, 733

iron-dependent lipid peroxidation 240–1

therapy 688, 733

metabolic disturbance, ventricular fibrillation 105–6

metabolic management 788


metabolic phase of ventricular fibrillation 466, 748

metabolic syndrome 811

metabolism

accidental hypothermia effects 1013, 1088

asphyxia effects 971

cerebral



submersion effects 1088

induced hypothermia effects 867–8

brain 861, 863

drugs 869

metaregression studies 210

methadone 33

methoxamine 641

pulseless electrical activity 734–5

�-methylnorepinephrine 642

methylprednisolone 906

microcirculation

direct visualization of blood flow 714–15

thrombolytic drug action 757–8

microcirculatory perfusion abnormalities 170

microsimulation 1267, 1268

applied 1266, 1267

microsimulators 1266

microspheres 199

radionuclide-labeled 197–9

micro-thrombi 864

midazolam, oral transmucosal 627

Index 1319






mind, concept 1254

minimally invasive procedures

cardiac massage 794

cricothyroidotomy 804

rewarming in accidental hypothermia 1022

minimally trained witness defibrillation 497

minors, end-of-life decision-making 1234

minute ventilation and end-tidal CO2 538

mite allergens 1106

mitochondria 256–7

asphyxia effects 973

dysfunction in neuronal death 256



brain 861

myocardial 830, 832–5

redox status determination 714

mitochondrial leakage 93

mitochondrial membrane potential, depolarization 257

mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) 57, 95

opening 257

mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 54

mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) 90–1

mitral flow, peak forward 354

mitral valve

motion in chest compression 330, 331, 332

prolapse 1170

mobile coronary care unit 18–19

monitoring

anesthesia 1061–2

errors causing arrest 1053

requirements 1061–2

CPR 538–9, 618–724, 812

blood gas 538–9, 677–8, 703, 710

cardiopulmonary bypass 607, 608

goals 717, 718

traditional methods 699–700

induced hypothermia 868, 869, 870

see also postresuscitation care

monocytes 170–1

mononuclear phagocytic system 170–1

monophasic (damped sinusoidal) waveforms for defibrillation

474

biphasic compared with 474, 836–7

children 487

Morrow procedure 1159

mortality see death

mother rotor hypothesis 102

motor function


assessment

Glasgow Coma Scale 888

postresuscitation patient 891

mountains

arrest

related to altitude 1118–19

unrelated to altitude 1124–5

traumatic injury 1131

see also acute mountain sickness; high-altitude illness

mouth-to-mask ventilation 532, 533

lay public 520–3

risk of doing harm 752–3

mouth-to-mouth ventilation 5, 9–10, 11–12, 524–5, 531–2

infection risk 522, 532

by lay public 520–3

of pregnant women 1079

mouth-to-nose ventilation 9, 532

mRNA

following ischemia–reperfusion 251

nucleocytoplasmic transport 250–1

processing in cerebral ischemia 249–50

translation 251

mucosal route for drug administration

nasal 627–8, 629

oral 626–7

Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial 456–7, 477

multimodality neurologic prognostication 891, 896

multiple organ failure/dysfunction and derangement syndrome

(MODS) 824, 1002–5

features in common to postresuscitation syndrome 817

post-traumatic 994, 1002–5

multiple wavelet hypothesis 102

multisystem organ dysfunction

reperfusion period 139

visceral organ ischemia 313–14

muscle relaxants

causing anaphylaxis 1107

causing arrest 1055

myeloperoxidase 170

myocardial death, SAPK induction 93

myocardial depressant factor 305

myocardial infarction (MI)

death 18

ischemia 33


reperfusion 33

sudden death 33, 105

see also ST elevation myocardial infarction

myocardial injury, post-resuscitation 52

myocardial oxygen consumption, myocardial stunning 286, 287

myocardial perfusion pressure see coronary perfusion pressure

myocardial stunning


clinical issues 287–8

exercise-induced 285

humans 285

management 287–8

mechanisms 285–7

preconditioning period of ischemia 283


1320 Index






support 287–8


myocarditis 1178

acute 231

myocardium

abnormalities associated with sudden death 922

acidosis 679–81, 685–6

bridging 1164–6

cell-based repair 457

contraction 431–2

dysfunction in pulseless electrical activity 440

elder persons 959

hibernating 110

hypothermia effects 1015

infarction 733, 757


evolving in postresuscitation period 909

intracellular environment 52–3

ischemia 733

contractures 830

management 733



local anesthetic adverse effects on contractility 1057

microscopic structure 427–8, 429

postresuscitation dysfunction 822, 829–47

cellular mechanisms underlying 832–5

children 954–5

recognition/diagnosis 840–1

therapeutic factors contributing to 797–8, 835–7

therapy 823, 835, 837–42, 954–5

sodium bicarbonate-produced CO2 diffusion 685–6

stretch in commotio cordis 1181

sympathetic nerve activity 431

ventilation effects on force and rate of contraction 512–13

ventricular in defibrillation 470–1

see also cardiomyopathy; coronary blood flow; coronary

perfusion pressure; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy;

hypertrophy

myoclonus status epilepticus, prognostic value 895–6

myocytes see cardiomyocytes

myofibrils 427

myofilaments in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1154

myonecrosis, reperfusion-related 291–2

myosin 428, 429, 430

NADH complex 256

NADPH oxidase 53–4, 170

NAEMO/ACSCOT Committee on Trauma, guidelines on

prehospital post-traumatic CPR 993

Nagel, Eugene 19–20

Na–K ATPase 286

Na–K ATPase pump 432

inhibition 289

naloxone



transmucosal 627, 628

nasopharyngeal/nasotracheal airways 553, 803

see also nose

National Association of EMS Physicians and the American

College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, guidelines on

prehospital post-traumatic CPR 993

National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (AHAs) 786

pediatric data 939, 943

Naxos disease 1161

near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), CPR monitoring 713–14

near-death experience 1244–55

attention 1255

cardiac arrest model 1248–9, 1250

cardiac arrest survivors 1248–9, 1250

child’s 1245, 1247

feelings 1249

history 1244–5

long term effects 1246–7, 1249, 1250

memory 1255

modern studies 1245–6

neuronal intermediaries 1248

psychological care 1253

scientific theories of causation 1247–8

near-drowning see drowning

necrosis 55–6

negligence 1234–5

neonates

asphyxia 523, 970


rescue breathing 532

resuscitation 523

Nepal, trekking 1125–6

nerve growth factor 262

neuraxial/spinal anesthesia causing arrest 1048, 1051–2, 1058–60

pregnant women 1048

treatment 1063

neuroendocrine response

definition 128

immediate cardiac arrest period 129–34

methodology 128–9

neuroexcitatory cardiac arrest 861–5

neurohypophysis 132–3


neuroimaging

neurologic outcome prediction 872, 891, 891–2

see also specific modalities

neurologic dysfunction, postresuscitation 821–2, 848–918

cardiovascular dysfunction 822–3

clinical features 821

outcome and prognosis 870–2, 885–95

children 956

determination/prediction 788–9, 821, 870–2, 885–96


Index 1321






neurologic dysfunction, postresuscitation (cont.)

pathophysiology 821

prevention 902–18

treatment 821–2, 848–72

see also hypothermia (induced/therapeutic)

neurologic examination, postresuscitation patient 887–91

neurologic injury

asphyxia vs ventricular fibrillation 973–4

electrical shock 1141


submersion 1089–90

management of/recovery from 1095, 1097–8

neurologic outcome


clinical implications of CPR 390–2

hypothermia 392

improvement after cardiac arrest 389, 390–2

neurophysiologic testing in prediction 871–2, 891, 892–3

resuscitation attempt 1205

neuromuscular blocking agents

causing anaphylaxis 1107

causing arrest 1055

neuron(s)

calcium channel blocker effects 906

calpain activity 245

cellular regulatory systems in ischemia/reperfusion 259–60

competence for antioxidant defense 259–60, 261, 262–3

damage defense 260, 261, 262

death 237, 849

mitochondrial dysfunction 256

injury in ischemia 236–7

selective vulnerability 243–4

neuronal activity, consciousness 1254

neuron-specific enolase



neurophysiologic testing in neurologic outcome prediction

871–2, 891, 892–3

neurotensin 139

neurotensin analogs in induced hypothermia 857–60

neurotransmission defects, cerebral ischemia 239

neurotransmitters

excitotoxic hypothesis 243

hemorrhage 997

postsynaptic microregions 239

neutrophil proteinases 170

neutrophils

adhesion 172

tissue injury mediation 170

never-competent adults 1236, 1239

newborns see neonates

NF-�B

activation 62

signaling 55

NHE-1 (sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform 1) inhibitors 838–9

Nielsen, Holger 8

nimodipine 906, 907

nitric oxide

hemorrhagic shock production 997, 998, 1002–3

therapeutic targeting 999

vasopressin 648

nitric oxide (NO) 53, 166, 167, 245–6



nitric oxide synthase, inducible (iNOS) 246, 257

nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 166, 167

isoforms 245–6

nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor 53

nitroglycerin patches, defibrillation hazard 476, 801

S-nitrosothiols 999, 1005

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channels 240

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors 243, 244

nocturnal death syndrome, sudden unexplained see Brugada

syndrome

no-flow state 171

nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) 32


definition 725

diagnosis and investigations 727–9

future directions 740

incidence 725

management 729–40

non-specific 734–9

specific 729–33

see also asystole; pulseless electrical activity

non-inferiority trials 210

non-maleficence 2001

non-ST elevation myocardial infarction see angina, unstable and

non-ST elevation MI

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, non-selective 1107

no-reflow 170

norepinephrine 134–5

during CPR 310


nose

drug administration via 627–8, 629

mouth-to-nose ventilation 532

pinching in mouth-to-mouth ventilation 531

nuclear export factors (NXFs) 250

nucleoside-triphosphate (NTPase) 250–1

nurses, automatic external defibrillator use 785

nutrition see dietary management; dietary supplement abuse

obesity

resuscitation in pregnancy 1079

risk factor 34

obstetric anesthesia and arrest risk 1048

oculomotor (3rd cranial) nerve testing 888–9

office-based anesthesia, cardiac arrest risk 1060

older persons see elder/older persons

1322 Index






oncosis 55–6

on-site (field/out-of-hospital/prehospital) arrest

diagnosis in accidental hypothermia 1018

elderly 960–2

incidence and prevalence 819

on-site (field/out-of-hospital/prehospital) resuscitation 17–19,

772–81


anesthesia and analgesia-associated arrest risk 1061

automated external defibrillators 483–4, 488–9, 749, 774–5

children 940

automated external defibrillators 488–9


drowning victim 1091–3, 1094

elderly 962–4

incidence and prevalence 819

thrombolytic use 759–60

see also cardiocerebral resuscitation; emergency medical

services (EMS); public access defibrillation

open reading frame (ORF) sequencing 71

open-chest CPR 608–9, 794–5


external 10

minimal invasive 794

open chest 382

pediatric 949


opioids

abuse 33

muscle relaxants combined with anaphylaxis 1107

�-opioid receptor activation 839–40

optic (2nd cranial) nerve testing 888–9

oral transmucosal drug absorption 626–7

organ(s)

chest compression-associated damage 793

postresuscitation dysfunction 820–5

components 820–1

see also acidosis; multiple organ failure/dysfunction and

derangement syndrome (MODS); perfusion, organ

organophosphate insecticides 1036

oropharyngeal airway 524, 553

oropharyngeal injury with chest compressions 577

orthogonal polarization spectral imaging (OPSI) 714–15

orthophthalaldehyde, anaphylaxis 1107, 1108

Oslo study, cardiopulmonary resuscitation before or after

defibrillation 466, 467

osmolarity, bicarbonate-induced rises 685

outcomes reporting 786

out-of-hospital resuscitation see on-site (field/out-of-

hospital/prehospital) resuscitation

ovaries, critical illness response 147

overdose see poisoning

oxidant pathways, ischemia/reperfusion-induced 54

oxidant stress, post-resuscitation syndrome 55

oxidants 53, 54

oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain) and

postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction 833, 834

oxidative stress see free radicals, production

oxygen

atmospheric/environmental concentrations and fire risk with

defibrillators 476, 800, 801

bicarbonate effects on release from hemoglobin 685

consumption (VO2)


relationship to oxygen delivery 698, 699

critically ill patients 315–16

debt, postresuscitation 909–10

delivery (DO2)

CPR 698

disruption in asphyxia 971

monitoring 708–10

pediatric CPR 948, 949–51


relationship to oxygen consumption 698, 699

demand 1013

hyperbaric therapy 317

intraluminal in visceral organ ischemia 317

myocardial consumption in stunning 286, 287

partial pressure (PO2) in blood


low-flow states 508


saturation

bicarbonate effects 685

at high altitude 1119

saturation measurement/monitoring 710


by pulse oximetry 705, 812

in tissues 713

supplementation

in bag–valve–mask ventilation 532

sources 533

supply for cardiopulmonary bypass 605

tension (PO2)

myocardial 53

urine 319

therapy

asthma 980

brain-oriented postresuscitation care 904

CO poisoning 985

drowning 1091



tissue monitoring 712–14

transport in blood 508–10

postresuscitation derangement detection 910

postresuscitation experimental studies 818

visceral organ ischemia 315–16, 317

see also anoxia; arterial oxygen; free radicals; hypoxemia;

hypoxia

Index 1323






oxygenated perfluorocarbon, cold 858

oxygenation

ventilation effects on status 510–11

see also membrane oxygenation/oxygenator

oxygen-powered breathing devices 534

oxytocin, sublingual 627

P waves, pulseless electrical activity 436

p67 glycoprotein 254–5

pacemakers, implantable 475, 798–9

pacing

electrical 15



postshock asystole 492


transthoracic/transvenous 739

see also implantable cardioverter-defibrillators

paddles (defibrillator) see electrodes

pain

response to 890

see also analgesia

palpation of pulse 699–700

pancreas, blood flow in CPR 309

pancreas ischemia–reperfusion 305

damage from cardiac arrest 311

pancreatic enzyme production in hemorrhagic shock 1003

pancreatic polypeptide (PP) 139

panic in anaphylaxis 1110

compared to without anaphylaxis 1104

Pantridge, Frank 18

paramedics 19–21

resuscitation decision-making 1204–5

witness of cardiac arrest 39

parasites, anaphylactic reactions 1106

paraspinal vein ligation 390

parasympathetic system in hemorrhage 997

parathyroid glands 134


parathyroid hormone 134


paroptosis 56

partial liquid ventilation with cold perfluorocarbon 858

pathophysiology of cardiac arrest, 667–9

patient records, electronic 29–30

Patient Self-Determination Act (1990) 1230

patient waiver exception to informed consent 1233–4

pediatric patients see adolescents and young adults; children;

infants; neonates

Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) Registry 1047

pediatric self-inflatable bag 526

pediatric studies, community definition 223

penicillin allergy 1106, 1107

pentazocine 839–40

peptide YY 139

percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass see cardiopulmonary

bypass, percutaneous

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) 764–71

after resuscitation 766–7

during resuscitation 768–70

perfluorocarbon, cold 858

perfusion, organ

cerebral 902–3

coronary/myocardial induced hypothermia effects 867

vital organs in profound accidental hypothermia 1020–21

see also blood flow; hypoperfusion; reperfusion;

ventilation/perfusion ratio

perfusion pressures


chest compression 574, 575

load distributing band and CPR 593, 594

monitoring 700–1, 812

resuscitability 679–81

sodium bicarbonate 685

vasopressin animal models 649–50

see also cerebral perfusion pressure; coronary perfusion

pressure

pericardial pressure

rise after cardiac arrest 359


volume unloading 360

pericardiocentesis 731

pericardium, constraint 357–9, 360, 361

peripheral circulatory effects of local anesthetics 1057

peripheral perfusion measurement 319–20

peripheral resistance

cardiac output 341

chest compression 337–8

fall in hemorrhage 995

peripheral venous drug administration 615–18

peritoneal lavage, cooling via 858

peritoneal resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock 1001

PERK 254

activation 255, 256

unfolded protein response 255

permeability transition pore, myocardial 833–4

peroxynitrite 246

persistent vegetative state 1205, 1230, 1237–8, 1240

personhood 1226

personnel see healthcare professionals; human factors; teams

Perth study, cardiopulmonary resuscitation before or after


P-glycoprotein 404–5

pH

intracellular

during CPR 241


intra-ischemic 239–40

paradox 53

see also acid–base status

1324 Index






pharmaceutical agents see drug(s)/drug therapy

pharmacodynamics 398, 402–3

pharmacogetics/pharmacogenomics 398, 403–5

pharmacokinetics 398–402


pharmacology

cardiac arrest 395, 405–11

processes 397–405

pharmacotherapy see drug(s)/drug therapy

phenylephrine 640, 641

coronary perfusion pressure 383


phenytoin 905

Philips automated external defibrillators 487

phosphates

high-energy in defibrillation 471

levels in induced hypothermia 867, 868

phosphocreatine 238

intestinal ischemia 299–300

phosphodiesterase inhibitors


type 5 in high-altitude illness 1131

phospholipase A2 247

brain levels 238



phosphoprotein phosphatases 93

phosphotyrosine-containing proteins 263

pH-stat 868

physical examination, non-fibrillatory cardiac arrest 728

physical exercise see athletes/sports participants;

exercise/exertion

piston chest compression (pneumatic) 585–6

compared with external compressions 578

pituitary gland

anterior lobe 129–32, 139–42

neuroendocrine response 129–33

to critical illness 139–43

neurohypophysis 132–3, 142–3

PKB/Akt activation 95, 97

plant allergens and anaphylaxis 1105, 1106

plasma proteomics 83–4

plasminogen activators see streptokinase; tissue plasminogen

activator; urokinase

platelet activating factor (PAF)



L-selectin shedding 169

plausibility checks 212

plethysmograph in pulse oximetry 705

pleural drainage see thoracostomy

pneumatic devices for chest compression see piston chest

compression; vest CPR

pneumonia



pneumoperitoneum, iatrogenic 802

pneumotach transducers 203

pneumothorax


status asthmaticus 981

see also tension pneumothorax

poisoning 985–6, 1028–42

anesthetics in out-of-operating room procedures 1060

presenting symptoms and possible antidotes 1029

special considerations in treatment of arrest 1028

see also substance abuse

police/law officers

automated external defibrillators 485


pollens, anaphylaxis 1105–6

poly(A)� mRNA transport 250–1

polymorphonuclear leukocytes 168

endothelial activation 168–9

intestinal ischemia–reperfusion 301, 302



sequestered in reperfusion-related myonecrosis 292

poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 246

polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 32, 247

pooled analyses 210

positive end-expiratory pressure see continuous positive airway

pressure

positive pressure ventilation (positive airway pressure)

hemodynamic effects 361–2

adverse 515–16

low-flow conditions 516–17

trauma and associated hemorrhagic shock 994

unprotected airway 523–7

see also continuous positive airway pressure

positron emission tomography in neurologic outcome prediction

892

postresuscitation care 902–18

brain-oriented 902–18

buffer therapy 688, 904–5

in-hospital 787–9

monitoring 717–18

cardiac output 708

goals 717, 718

laboratory tests 703–4

on-site 775–6

pediatric 947, 954–6

postresuscitation death, causes 829

postresuscitation disease/syndrome 52, 55, 139, 815–918

background/general information 817–19

definition and concept of 817

early experimental findings 817–19

etiology 819–20

pathogenesis 820

prevalence 819

Index 1325






postresuscitation injury 51–2

postresuscitation non-fibrillatory cardiac arrest 740

postresuscitation recovery, phasic pattern 818

post-translational modifications

proteins 81, 82–3

proteomics 80

post-traumatic stress disorder 1251–2

potassium, abnormal blood levels see hyperkalemia; hypokalemia

potassium current, delayed rectifier 104

potassium ion(s)

brain concentration 238

current 113

extracellular in ischemia 107–8


translation effects 255

potassium ion channels 108

ATP-sensitive

activators 839

commotio cordis 1181


mutations



voltage-dependent 111–12

power of attorney 1202

power spectral density (PSD) function 419, 420

estimation 421–2

precedent 1226, 1227

precordial thump 475

complications 792–3, 813

pre-excitations of Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome 930, 1175

pregnancy 1076–87

arrest/sudden death risk 1076–87

amniotic fluid embolism 984, 1108

obstetric anesthesia-associated risk 1048

electrocution 1137

inferior vena cava compression 1077, 1079

physiological changes 1076–8


prehospital resuscitation see on-site (field/out-of-

hospital/prehospital) resuscitation

preload

excessive assisted ventilation impairing 515–16



preservative hypothermia 849

definition 849

future of 872–4

submersion victim 1090

trauma 995–6

pressure gradient, cardiac arrest 348

pressure support ventilation, adjunctive CPAP 528

pressure transducers, extravascular/intravascular 193–4, 195

Prevost, Jean Louis 15

Priestley, Joseph 7–8

principlism 1227

privacy 1226

implied fundamental rights 1231

right to 1231–2

probability of successful defibrillation (PROSC) 716

procainamide 670

process issues with in-hospital cardiac arrest 784–5

procoagulant administration 1001

programmed cell death 55

progressive cardiac conduction defect (PCCD) 74–5

progressive familial heart block (PFHB) locus 75

prolactin 131


pro-opiomelanocortin complex 129

propranolol 640

metabolism 402

ProSeal laryngeal mask airway 556

prostaglandin(s)




prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin)

analog in high-altitude illness 1131


proteases in apoptosis 861

brain 861

myocardium 833

protein dephosphorylation, reversible 90–1

protein kinase(s)

cascade 91

pro-survival 96

protein kinase C� (PKC�) 93–4

protein phosphorylation, reversible 90–1

protein separation techniques 80, 81

protein synthesis

cerebral ischemia 248–56

downregulation of rate 252

energy requirement 249

reperfusion 248–56

suppression in reperfused brain 248–9, 251

mechanisms 255–6

proteins, phenotype function 83

proteomics 70, 71

heart tissue 82–3

membrane channels 83

plasma 83–4

serum studies 83–4

strategies 79–80, 81, 82

sudden cardiac death 79–80, 81, 82–4, 85, 86

protons

antiporters 240

source in ischemia 239

see also hydrogen ion; sarcolemmal Na�–H� exchange

proto-oncogenes, brain 259–60

P-selectin 168, 169

1326 Index






P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) 169

pseudo-pulseless electrical activity 438–9, 725–6

psychological care, cardiac arrest survivors 1251

psychological effects of survival 1249

psychotropic drugs, Brugada-like ECG patterns induced by 928

public access defibrillation (PAD) 477, 483, 484, 496–505, 774–5,

810

clinical perspectives 498–9

cost-effectiveness 490

economics 1213, 1215, 1216–18, 1223

Europe 499–503

four levels of responders 497


trial 483, 499

USA 496–8

see also lay public

public access defibrillators 1213, 1215, 1216–18

public disclosure 217

levels 222–3

standardization 219

template 220–3

public guardians 1236

pulmonary artery

hypertension at high-altitude 1120

chronic unrelated to altitude 1131

young adults/children 1124

pressure changes in CPR 354–5

unilateral absence in adolescents at high altitude 1123

pulmonary artery catheter monitoring 319

pulmonary embolism 983–4

amniotic fluid 984, 1108

anesthesia 1051


thromboembolism 732–3, 982–3

high-altitude 1126

thrombolytics 858–9

pulmonary non-vascular tissue see lung(s)

pulmonary system



see also edema, pulmonary

pulmonary vasculature

hypoxic vasoconstriction 507

resistance 517–20

pulse

palpation 699–700

pregnancy 1077

pulse oximetry 705, 812

pulseless cardiac arrest 947–8

pulseless electrical activity (PEA) 395, 426–42, 445, 669

age of patients 427


aortic pressure 437, 439

ATP 435

autonomic nervous system 435

calcium role 434

cardiac pacing 441

causes 439–40, 726–7

reversible 727, 729–33

classification 426, 437

clinical spectrum 427


drug-induced 436

ECG characteristics 426, 436–8

end-tidal CO2 monitoring 707

epinephrine effects 438, 441

feedback loop 432–3

hospital discharge rates 445

hypothermia 435–6

hypoxia 435

incidence 426–7, 725

intracellular pH 434–5

ischemia 434

mechanical causes 440

metabolic derangements 434–8

correction 440–1

normotensive 439


postdefibrillation 426, 440, 727

pseudo 438–9, 725–6

subsets 727

successful resuscitation rates 427

survival chance 445

therapy 440–1

true 438–9, 725–6

pulselessness, asphyxia progressing to 974–5

pump, cardiopulmonary bypass 604–5

pump, chest compression 327–9

abdominal pressure 333–4

aortic dimensions 329

cardiac dimensions 329–30

determination 329–30, 331, 332–3, 341

mitral valve motion 330, 331, 332

modifiers 333–4, 335, 336

optimizing 339, 340

pupillary (light) reflex testing 888–9, 891

Purkinje network, arrhythmia initiation 109

pyrexia see fever

pyroptosis 56

QR duration 437

QRS duration

averaged 116


QRS interval


pulseless electrical activity 436, 438–9, 726, 727, 728

QT interval



Index 1327






QT interval (cont.)

shortened 926, 1171, 1174–5

torsades de pointes 403, 404

see also long QT syndrome; short QT syndrome

quality assurance model 1273

quality of life

after cardiac arrest 1251

postresuscitation care to restore 775–6

quality-adjusted life year (QALY) 1214–15

cost per 1217, 1218, 1219, 1223

quinidine



racial factors 34

survival of cardiac arrest 38

radiofrequency ablation


right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia 1176

radiograph, chest in pulmonary edema 1121

radiology see imaging; specific modalities

random errors 182, 185–6

randomization 209–10

randomized controlled trials (RCTs) 209–10

patient inclusion criteria 210–11

rapid response systems, prearrest 782–4

rate of cardiac arrest 33

reactive oxygen species (ROS) see free radicals

receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis 420, 422

recovery of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) 397

coronary perfusion pressure 356–7, 380

coronary perfusion pressure predictive value 377

defibrillation outcome prediction Plate 21.4

level of consciousness assessment 1203

number of chest compressions/minute 380

probability 423, Plate 21.5

reperfusion 52

recovery position 531

red blood cells

blood gas transport 510

S-nitrothiols 999, 1005

redox status of mitochondria 714

redox-mediated intracellular stress responses 52–4

Reece, Richard 14

re-entry

mechanisms 112


reflexes, brainstem/cranial nerve

bedside testing 888–90


regional and local anesthesia, arrest 1048–9, 1057–8

allergy to anesthetic 1051

outside operating room 1060

pregnant women 1082

treatment 1063

registries 29


regulation 21 CFR 50.24 217, 219

relative error 182

remote areas

anesthesia-associated risk of arrest 1060

high-altitude illness

treatment 1129–31

trekking 1125–6

renal hemodialysis 318

renal tract see kidney

renin 136, 138

aldosterone dissociation 147


renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system 136–7


reperfusion 52

ACTH dysregulation 140

arrhythmias associated with 831

cellular regulatory systems 259–60

cerebral circulation 242–3

eIFs 252–3

energy metabolism 239

extravascular resistance 397

free fatty acid production 247

GH levels 141

invasive techniques 600–13

lipid peroxidation 247–8

membrane damage 246–8

myocardial infarction 33

neuronal calcium ion homeostasis 244

pathophysiology 139

pH restoration 397

protein synthesis 248–56

translation 255–6

see also cerebral reperfusion

reperfusion arrhythmias 288–91

animal models 288

clinical relevance 291

comorbid conditions 290

drug administration 290–1

early after depolarizations 289, 290

humans 288

mechanisms 289–90

re-entry 289

reperfusion injury 282–93, 820, 821, 860

cerebral 757–8, 863

clinical settings 282–3

cytokines 163–7


myonecrosis 291–2

prevention 283

reduced blood flow 310

reperfusion arrhythmias 288–91

sodium ions 397

1328 Index






treatment 283

triggers of sequelae 172

see also myocardial stunning

repolarization, dispersion 113

rescue, drowning victim 1091–2

rescue breathing 523–9, 531–3

for children 532–3, 948

by lay public/bystander 520–3

risk of doing harm 752–3

rescue teams, in-hospital 785–6

rescuer/responder

drowning victims 1091

performance 39

shock to 475, 799–800, 813

see also first responder

research

clinical methodology 206–15

consent 216–25

educational 1268–9

ethics 220–1

exceptions for consent 217, 218

laboratory methodology 179–204

non-approved drugs/devices 220

number of studies 219

on recently dead 1205–6

risk stratification 220–1, 222, 223

resonant frequency 184–5

respiration


anesthesia-associated events causing arrest 1050

drowning victim care/monitoring 1095

high-altitude adaptation 1119–20

inspiratory and expiratory phase in rescuer ventilation 521

see also breathing; rescue breathing; ventilation

respiratory acidosis, cardiac effects 680

respiratory arrest, lightning strike 1139

respiratory chain, postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction 833,

834

respiratory failure, asphyxia in 978–9

respiratory impedance threshold device see impedance threshold

device

respiratory infection see pneumonia

respiratory insufficiency, pulseless electrical activity 439

respiratory system

circulatory system interactions 515


responder see first responder; rescuer/responder

ResQPUMPR[O] 738

resting membrane potential, depolarized ischemic cells 109

resuscitation

abandoning attempt 1204–5

acid–base changes 675–7

algorithms 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286

asphyxial cardiac arrest 976

cerebral 907

clinical research methodology 206–15

consensus development 1278–85, 1286

consent for research 216–25

consultation 1201–2


myocardial acidosis and resuscitability 679–81

outcome correlation 377–8

decision-making 1203, 1204–5

ethical 1201

electrical shock 1142–5

emergency in trauma 995–6

ethics 1201–2


family presence 1205–6

futility 1202–3

guideline development 1278–85, 1286


informing of decision 1204


myocardial acidosis and resuscitability 679–81

neurological status prognosis 1203

outcome correlation with coronary perfusion pressure

377–8

performance quality 1284


prehospital 17–19

research on recently dead 1207–8

successful 118, 1201

in PEA 427

sinoatrial activity 436–7

witnessing of cardiac arrest 37

thoracic compression 187–94

three phases 466

training 1258–73

on recently dead 1207

withdrawal of treatment 1205, 1240

withholding 1202–4

see also cardiopulmonary resuscitation; drowning; fluid

management/resuscitation; hypothermia

(induced/therapeutic), postresuscitation; in-hospital

resuscitation/care; monitoring; on-site (field/out-of-

hospital/prehospital) resuscitation; percutaneous

coronary intervention; postresuscitation entries; safety

considerations; thrombolysis

reticular endothelium system 304–5

rewarming

from accidental hypothermia 732, 1020, 1021–23

decision-making 1019


from induced hypothermia 859, 866

rib fractures

active compression–decompression 794

gender/age factors and location 795

open-chest CPR 794

ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs) 250

Index 1329






right atrial pressure

measurement 373

rise after cardiac arrest 359


ventricular volumes 361, 362

right ventricle, constraint 357–9, 360, 361

right ventricular dysplasia, arrhythmogenic 451

right ventricular end diastolic pressure (RVEDP) 357

right ventricular volume 361, 362

risk factors for cardiac arrest 31–6

genetic 32

social/socioeconomic 32, 37

risk stratification

research 220–1, 222, 223

sudden cardiac death

Brugada syndrome 927–8


ECG in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1159


tools 452–5

Romano–Ward syndrome 922, 1172

Rose, Leonard 20–1

rubber latex allergy 1106

ryanodine receptor 77

type 2 mutations 1161


catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

929–30, 1174, 1176

S-100/S-100B protein 871, 895



Safar, Peter 9–10, 11–12, 848

safety considerations

anesthesia 1046, 1063, 1064

minimal safety standards 1062


lay responders 1262

resuscitation 792–808, 813–14

chest compressions 576, 577, 792–6

thrombolytics 760–1

see also defibrillation, safety considerations

saline

diluent in endotracheal drug administration 622–3

hypertonic 684

salmeterol in high-altitude illness 1131

sample size for clinical studies 211

sample variance 185

sampling schemes, clinical research 208

SAPK kinase kinases, activation 93

SAPK kinases, activation 93

SAPK1 91–2

cascade 93

SAPK2 91, 92

cascade 92, 93

SAPK3 91, 92

SAPK4 91, 92

SAPK5 92

sarcolemmal Na�–H� exchange 837–8

sarcomeres 427, 428, 429

sarcomeric proteins in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1154, 1157

sarcoplasmic reticulum 428

Scheele, Carl 7

SCN5A sodium channel gene 115

mutation


long QT syndrome 923, 925, 1172

scorpion stings 1104

screening of athletes 1183–5, 1188

Italy 1152, 1183–4, 1185

Seattle study, cardiopulmonary resuscitation before or after


sedation and sedatives 905

arrest risk 1055–6, 1061

seizures see epileptic activity/seizures/convulsions

selectins 168, 169

self-adhesive defibrillator pads 796

spark prevention 801

self-autonomy 1226

self-determination, right to 1231

sensor–subject interaction 181

sepsis, postresuscitation 823

sepsis syndrome 52

septic shock

BNP levels 148

catecholamines 145–6

erythropoietin levels 149

ET-1 147

leptin plasma concentration 143

vasopressin levels 142–3

serum markers in neurologic outcome prediction 797, 821,

870–1, 895, 896

serum studies

depletion 84, 85

protein dynamic range 84

proteomics 83–4

sex see gender

Sharpey-Schafer, Edward 8

shaving of chest hair before defibrillation 472, 797

shivering in induced hypothermia 869

shock, accidental electrical see electrical shock

shock, circulatory 698

definition 698

excessive adverse ventilation during 516

postresuscitation cardiogenic 910

difference from primary cardiogenic shock 909

see also anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock; hemorrhagic shock;

septic shock

shock, defibrillator 117

number and risk of myocardial damage 836

1330 Index






repeated 473

to rescuer/responder 475, 799–800, 813

short QT syndrome 75, 926, 1171, 1174–5

genetic basis 76

Sialyl Lewisx moiety 169

sick sinus syndrome 75–6, 1177

genetic defects 76

sickle cell trait and high-altitude pulmonary edema 1123

SIDS see sudden infant death syndrome

signal averaged electrocardiogram (SEACG) 116

sildenafil in high-altitude illness 1131

Silvester, Henry 8

simulation training 1264, 1265, 1266–7

debriefing 1266–7, 1268

feedback 1266–7

single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 78–9, 398

proteomics 80

single-use devices see disposable/single-use devices

sinoatrial activity, successful resuscitation 436–7

sinoatrial node, proteomics 82–3

sinus node disease, genetic loci 75

sinus node failure 233

skeletal injury with chest compression 792

detection methods 795

manual compression 793

mechanical compression 794

skeletal muscle damage in defibrillation 797

skiing 1125

skills

frequency of use 1261–2

retention 1261–2

in-hospital personnel 785

skin

burns risk with defibrillators 796–7

transcutaneous capnometry (PtcCO2) 711, 712

small heat shock proteins hsp25/27 92

smoking in coronary disease prevention 456

Snow, John 1043

social risk factors 32

survival 37

societal attitudes to aging 959–60

socioeconomic impact of cardiovascular screening of athletes

1185

socioeconomic risk factors 32

survival 37

sodium bicarbonate see bicarbonate; Carbicarb

sodium ion(s)

blood level 685

brain concentration 238, 240

calcium transport 432


neuronal influx 243


reperfusion injury 397

transport 432

sodium ion channel(s)


see also SCN5A sodium channel gene

sodium ion channel blockers 118

class I antiarrhythmics 667

poisoning 1031–2

sodium ion–hydrogen ion exchange, sarcolemmal 837–8

soft tissue

injury in manual chest compression 793

obstruction of airway in coma 975

see also organ(s)

sojourners at high-altitude, child/young adults 1123–4

somatosensory evoked potentials 821, 871–2, 892, 893,

896–7

sparks from defibrillators 476, 800

prevention 801

spinal anesthesia see neuraxial anesthesia

spinal cord ligation 390

spine see cervical spine

spiral wave re-entry 102

splanchnic circulation 298

vasoconstrictor agents 300


splicing

alternative 250

cerebral ischemia 249–50

spores, anaphylaxis 1105–6

sporting activity see athletes/sports participants;

exercise/exertion

spreading depression-like depolarizations 865

SQT mutations and short QT syndrome 1173

ST depression in myocardial bridging 1165

ST elevation

Brugada syndrome 926, 927, 1173

commotio cordis 1179, 1180, 1181

ST elevation myocardial infarction

coronary angiography following resuscitation 765


percutaneous coronary intervention following resuscitation

765–6

standard deviation of sample 185

standard error of estimation of the mean 186

standard operating procedures (SOPs) and anesthesia-associated

arrest prevention 1065–6

stare decisis 1227

Starling’s law of the heart 431

statins 35

status asthmaticus 972, 980–1

status epilepticus 977

myoclonus prognostic value 895–6

non-convulsive and induced hypothermia 865

stellate ganglion resection 116

stenting, coronary in myocardial bridging 1166

sterilizing agents, anaphylactic reactions 1107–8

sternal approach, left to intracardiac injection 625–6

Index 1331






sternal compression force measurement 187


sternal compression in children, circumferential vs focal 949

sternal fracture with chest compression

gender/age factors and location 795

manual chest compression 793

mechanical chest compression 794

steroids

abuse of anabolic 1182

toxicity of cardioactive 1035–6

see also 21-aminosteroids; corticosteroids

Sterz, Fritz 848

stimulant (CNS) overdose 1030–1

stings, allergy 1104, 1106

stomach see gastric entries

streptokinase

in-hospital 758–9

out-of-hospital 760

stress

definition 128

emotional in cardiac arrest survival 1251

lay responder risk 1262

redox-mediated intracellular responses 52–4

stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) 90–3

ischemia/reperfusion effects 92

mediators of activation 92–3

myocardial death induction 93

stretch-activated channels in commotio cordis 1181

stroke, high-altitude 1126–7

stroke volume 347


stunning see myocardial stunning

stupor, asphyxia risk 976–7

subclavian vein, drug injection 618

subdiaphragmatic (abdominal) thrust 522–3, 976

sublingual capnometry (PslCO2) 711, 712

sublingual drug administration 626–7, 629

submersion see drowning

substance abuse 33, 1030–1, 1032–3

athletes 1181–82

substance P 139, 140

subxiphoid approach to intracardiac injection 625

succinylcholine 1055

suction devices

active compression–decompression 527, 587

airway clearing 534

sudden cardiac death

acute causes 230

association studies 78–9

athletes 231, Plate 65.13

cardiac ion channel disease genetics 70–8

causation 229–31

children 813

devastating family impact 937, 1098–9

coronary artery fibrous plaque Plate 65.21

coronary heart disease 27–8

cost-effectiveness analysis 1213–16

definition 26–7, 449

dilated cardiomyopathy 105

early recognition out-of hospital 773–4

economics of treatment 1212–24

elderly people from myocardial infarction 959

electrical shock 1139

electrophysiology of 921–2

epidemiology 26–40, 229–31, 668

data 28–30

in home 484

incidence 28–30

survival 28–30

etiology/cause 229–33, 449–52, 668–9, 811

athletes 1150–86

children 813

rare 811

search for by EMS personnel 775–6

genetic factors 106

genomics 78–9

incidence 231

linkage studies 78

myocardial infarction 33, 105

neurological causes 229–30

pathophysiology 231–3, 668

prevention in at-risk patients 811, 921–36

proteomics 79–80, 81, 82–4, 85, 86

risk stratification

Brugada syndrome 927–8

catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

930

ECG in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1159


tools 452–5

speed of onset 1212

structural heart disease 104–6

subacute causes 230

survival rate 1224

survivors 1219–20

susceptibility loci 79

therapy 447–815

thrombotic occlusion Plate 65.20

trauma 230

ventricular hypertrophy 105

see also athletes/sports participants; pregnancy, arrest/sudden

death risk

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) 230–1

air travel and 1128

high-altitude residency 1124

sudden non-cardiac death, athletes 1152

sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome see Brugada

syndrome

suicide by drowning 1088

superiority trials 210

1332 Index






superoxide 53–4

ischemia effect on production 246

superoxide dismutase



supraglottic airway devices 553–9

supraventricular arrhythmias

antiarrhythmics 672

defibrillation 475

surface cooling method 850, 854–5

surfactant therapy, drowning victim 1097

survival 36–7, 747–8

behavioral change 1252–3

cognitive change 1252–3

cognitive effects 1251

definition 747

elderly patients to hospital discharge 963–4

European Resuscitation Council 772

long-term emotional effects 1251–2

long-term psychological/cognitive effects 1251

memory impairment 1252–3

prehospital post-traumatic CPR 992–3

psychological care 1253

quality of life after cardiac arrest 1251

risk factors 37–9

sudden cardiac death 1219–20, 1224

see also death

survival studies 747–8

chest compression 575–6



suspended animation 872–4

Sweden, in-hospital first responders 785

sympathetic nervous system

arrhythmia generation 109


sympathetic nervous system block/inhibition

hemorrhage-induced 997, 998

spinal anesthesia-induced causing bradycardic arrest

1056–8

syndrome X (metabolic syndrome) 811

systematic errors 182

systematic reviews 210

vasopressin 408

systemic disorders, postresuscitation 823

systemic inflammation, reperfusion period 139

systemic inflammatory response 163, 164

postresuscitation 820, 831–2

systemic inflammatory response syndrome 166, 171

visceral organ ischemia 313–14

systemic toxicity of local anesthetics 1057

systemic vascular resistance in pregnancy 1077

systolic dysfunction



T waves in long QT syndrome 923, 1171

tachycardias/tachyarrhymias



see also ventricular tachycardia/tachyarrhythmia

Tapai’s syndrome 803

teams

emergency medical services 1203, 1204

in-hospital

education in anesthesia-associated arrest prevention 1062–4

Medical Emergency Teams 783–4, 813

rescue 785–6

telephone instructions 21

temperature

blood 868

core



pediatric management 954

probes in cardiopulmonary bypass 605

see also brain, temperature; hyperthermia; hypothermia

temporo-parietal junction dysfunction, near-death experience

1247–8

tenecteplase 410, 759

tension pneumothorax 731–2, 982–3

anesthesia-related 1051


non-fibrillatory arrest in 731–2


terminal illness 1237

testes, critical illness response 147

testosterone, critical illness response 147

THAM see TribonatR[O]; tromethamine

theophylline poisoning 1031–2

therapeutic privilege exception to informed consent 1233–4

therapeutic window, definition 216

therapies see resuscitation; treatment; specific treatment methods

and conditions

thermal injury risk with defibrillators 796–7

thoracic compression see chest compression

thoracic pump theory 352, 354

thoracic vest, circumferential see vest CPR

thoracostomy for pleural drainage

asthma 981, 982

tension pneumothorax 983

thoracotomy, resuscitative 731

thorax see chest

thrombi, microscopic 864

thromboembolism see pulmonary embolism

thrombolysis 757–63, 770, 812–13


mechanism of action 757–8

pathophysiological background to use 758


safety 760–1

Index 1333






Thrombolysis in Cardiac Arrest (TROICA) trial 761

thrombolytic therapy 35, 36


thrombosis

coronary in athletes and young adults 1165–6

occlusive Plate 65.20

risk in air travel 1124

see also pulmonary embolism

thromboxane A2



thumpversion see precordial thump

thyroid gland 133–4


thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 144

thyrotropin 133

thyroxine (T4) 133


tibia, intraosseous drug administration 619

tidal volume 517–20

in upper airway obstruction 524, 525

time

buying (out-of-hospital) 774

elapsed from cardiac arrest 811


risk of doing harm 792

Timothy syndrome 73–4, 922, 1169, 1170

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), recombinant

in-hospital 759


out-of-hospital 760

tissue-specific monitoring 711–14


toddlers see infants and toddlers

toluene abuse 1030, 1031

tongue, airway obstruction 523, 550

torsades de pointes (TdP) 113, 403

drug-induced 452


magnesium sulfate 410

QT interval 403, 404

Tossach, William 5

toxin removal techniques, experimental studies 818–19

see also poisoning

trachea

Combitube placement in 557

rupture in tracheal intubation 803

tracheal drug administration 400, 621–5, 629

advantages 621


diluent 622–3


intravenous comparisons 626

method of application 621–2

physiology 621

tracheal intubation 5–6, 559–63, 802–3

aids 560–1

alternative ventilation methods following successful intubation

534–5

children 813

vs bag–mask ventilation 559–60

complications/deleterious effects 554, 560, 802–3

early intubation 753–4

confirming correct tube placement 561

drowning victim

in hospital 1095

prehospital 1093


securing tube 562

status asthmaticus 981

tracheotomy complications 804

training see education and training

transcriptional stress response 54–5

transcriptomics 71

transcutaneous procedures/route

capnometry (PtcCO2) of skin 711, 712

cardiac pacing 739

drug patches and defibrillator-associated risks 476, 801

transducers, smart 184

transesophageal defibrillation 474

transesophageal echo (TEE), cardiac output measurement 202

transfemoral balloon catheter aortic occlusion 392

transferrin 247

transformer voltage 201

transforming growth factor � (TGF-�) 167

transfusion, anaphylactic reactions 1107

translation initiation complex 251–3

transmucosal drug absorption see mucosal route

transport ventilators 535

transported automatic external defibrillators 484–5

transthoracic defibrillation see defibrillation

transthoracic impedance 471–2, 473, 700

hairy chest 472, 797

traumatic injury

asphyxia due to 977–8

brain 516, 977

with chest compression 792–6

manual 576, 579, 794

mechanical 585–6

CPR 994–5, 998–9

research on improving outcome 995–8

mountain environment 1131

sudden cardiac death 230

see also burns, electrical; electrical shock; hemorrhagic shock

travelers to high-altitude, child/young adults 1123–4

treatment

early access 36–7

intervals 39

rapid 36–7

successful for survival 36–7

1334 Index






see also resuscitation; specific treatment methods and

conditions

trekking (high-altitude) 1125–6

triage, electrical shock victims 1143

TribonatR[O] (sodium bicarbonate/THAM/phosphate/acetate

mixture) 684, 687–8

tricyclic antidepressant toxicity 1033–4

buffer therapy 688–9

trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve testing 889

triglycerides, serum levels 34

tri-iodothyronine (T3) 133


triple airway maneuver 530, 974, 975

foreign body 976

Tris buffer see TribonatR[O]; tromethamine

trisomy 21, high-altitude pulmonary edema 1123

trochlear (4th cranial) nerve testing 889

TROICA (Thrombolysis in Cardiac Arrest trial) 761

tromethamine (THAM; Tris buffer) 687

see also TribonatR[O]

troponin 428, 430, 435

troponin I 798

tumor necrosis factor � (TNF-�) 54, 164–5

inflammatory response 171

myocardial dysfunction 166–7, 172

systemic inflammatory response syndrome 313

tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily 59–60

tyrosine autophosphorylation 262, 263

tyrosine kinase activation 262, 263

U-74389G 840

ultrasound

monitoring in CPR 710

see also echocardiography

ultrasound Doppler

flow meters 202


unfolded protein response 94

PERK 255

United Kingdom (UK)

ambulance services 502, 503

public access defibrillation 499, 500–3

United States (USA)

athletes’ sudden death 1151

elder persons’ visits to emergency department 958

in-hospital rescue team 785

public access defibrillation 496–9

sudden cardiac arrests per year 921

United States Constitution 1231

Universal Cardiac Arrest Algorithm 1283, 1284

urine oxygen tension (PO2) 319

urokinase 759

urticaria 1108

uterus, gravid 1077

chest compression and 1079

incision for cesarean section 1080–1

Utstein-style reporting of in-hospital cardiac arrests in children

938, 939

V1 receptors 132

V2 receptors 133

vaccination, anaphylactic reactions 1107

vagal (10th cranial nerve) reflexes

arrest in anesthesia relating to 1052

testing 889–90

vagal tone, pulseless electrical activity 441

validity, external/internal 206–7

Valsalva’s sinus, coronary artery origin 1063, 1163

valvular heart disease 1168–70

vascular access see cannulation

vascular capacitance, total 348

vascular collapse see cardiovascular system

vascular failure in anesthesia 1050

vascular injury, reperfusion-related 291–2


vascular permeability, brain 862–3

vascular resistance

peripheral in hemorrhage 997

pulmonary 517–20

systemic in pregnancy 1077

vasoactive drugs, pediatric 954–5

see also vasodilator therapy; vasopressor therapy

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 139, 150

vasoactive mediators and induced hypothermia 864

vasoconstriction, hypoxic pulmonary 507

vasoconstrictor agents

hemorrhage-associated arrest 997

splanchnic circulation 300

vasodilatation


therapeutic reversal 998–9

paradoxical to vasopressin 132

vasodilator therapy, postresuscitation 910

vasointestinal peptide (VIP) 139

vasopressin 132–3, 647–59, 671, 735–6, 811, 837

adverse effects 837



cardiac arrest

efficacy 407–8

treatment 390–1

clinical studies 408


CPR 649–59, 811, 837

administration during 308, 309, 310, 383, 390–1

adrenergic vasopressors compared to 642


blood flow 308, 309

children 953


Index 1335






vasopressin (cont.)

CPR (cont.)

endobronchial 624

limitations 658–60



endogenous concentrations 407

hemorrhagic shock 658–9, 663, 1005



meta-analyses 408

osmoregulation function 407


pharmacology 406–8, 648–9

physiology 647–8

receptors 406, 648–9

serum levels 133

systematic review 408


see also epinephrine

vasopressin analog, oral transmucosal 627

vasopressor agents 405–8

ROSC 397

vasopressor effects

catecholamines 513–15

end-tidal CO2 536, 707

vasopressin 648–9

vasopressor therapy 639–66, 811, 837

adrenergic 639–46

adverse effects 734, 837

children 953–4

non-adrenergic 647–66

poisoning 1028

calcium channel blocker and beta-blocker overdose

1030

inhalant abuse 1033

see also named vasopressors; vasoconstrictor agents

vasospasm, coronary 1168

vasovagal attacks vs anaphylaxis 1104

velocity meters 199–200

venoms see stings

venous acidosis, central 685–6

venous blood gas monitoring in CPR 710

mixed 710, 910

see also central venous blood gas monitoring

venous cannulation/catheterization


drug administration 629

central 618–19

endotracheal route compared 626

historical review 614–15

peripheral 615–18

vasopressin animal study 649, 651


large-volume ice-cold intravenous fluid 855–6

venous capacitance 348

venous cardiac pacing 739

venous return, continuous positive airway pressure effects 517

venous temperature probes, cardiopulmonary bypass 605

venous thrombosis risk in air travel 1124

ventilation, assisted/artificial 515–19, 802–5, 810, 904

adjunctive devices 528–9

aero-medical transport 1129

anaphylactic shock 985

anesthesia failure or deficiency causing arrest 1050


bellows method 4, 5–6


children 526, 948


current standards 528–9

deleterious effects of by EMS personnel 753–4

demotion as a priority intervention 810

drowning victim 1092, 1093, 1095

gasping/agonal 528, 753

hemodynamic effects 361–2


high-frequency 527

history 4, 5–9, 506

hypoxia 729–30

monitoring 535–8


pregnant women 1078

resuscitation outcome 517–18

simultaneous compression 586–7

techniques 520–9

trauma and associated hemorrhagic shock 996–7

see also hyperventilation; named modalities; positive pressure

ventilation

ventilation/perfusion ratio

anesthesia-associated mismatch causing arrest 1050

low-flow states 508

ventricles see left ventricular entries; right ventricular entries

ventricular assist devices 609

ventricular cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right 1159–61

ventricular dysrhythmias

Marfan syndrome 1170

theophylline-induced 1032

ventricular ejection fraction see ejection fraction


action potential duration 103

amiodarone treatment 669–70

amplitude analysis 420–1

spectrum 422

antiarrhythmic drugs 106


cardiac blood flow changes 350

cardiomyopathy 110–13

carotid flow 350, 353

commotio cordis 1180, 1181

1336 Index






conduction heterogeneity 103

coronary flow 350–2, 353

defibrillation Plate 21.2

success 423

diuretics 105–6

duration estimation of untreated 466–7

ECG 102, 104

electrolyte disturbance 105–6

electrophysiology 101–18

genetic factors 106

hemodynamic changes 348, 349–50

hypothermia-associated

accidental 1018, 1019, 1020

induced 866–7

hypotheses 102

idiopathic 1177–8

incidence 725

initiation 102

inward rectifier potassium current 104

ion channels 103–4

ischemia 106–10

lidocaine use 670

magnesium intravenous therapy 670

maintenance 102

metabolic disturbance 105–6

mobile coronary care unit 18–19


myocardial substrate 106

modulation 105

neurologic injury comparison 973–4

normal heart 113–14


pediatric 488–9

out-of-hospital 942–3

possible underestimated frequency 486

postshock reinitiation 114

power 422

prevention 115–16

public access defibrillation in England 501, 502

Purkinje network 109

recurrence risk 116

reperfusion-induced 107

repolarization 103


spiral wave breakup 109

theophylline-induced 1032

therapy 115

three (resuscitation) phases following 466, 748

trigger identification/ablation 116

vasopressin use 651–2, 654, 655


see also defibrillation; waveforms, ventricular

ventricular hypertrophy, sudden cardiac death 105,

449–50

ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, right 1176

ventricular preload, excessive assisted ventilation impairing

515–16

ventricular septal myotomy–myectomy 1159

ventricular tachycardia/tachyarrhythmia 109

amiodarone 669


athletes and medicolegal implications 1187

magnesium (intravenous) 670

pediatric 943

public access defibrillation in England 501, 502

re-entrant 233

right ventricular outflow tract origin 1176


see also catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular

tachycardia (CPVT)

ventricular waveforms see waveforms

verbal response in Glasgow coma scale, postresuscitation patient

888

Vesalius, Andreas 4

Vesalius technique 5–6

vest CPR 332, 336, 342, 381–2, 591–3


vestibulocochlear (8th cranial) nerve testing 889

vestibulo-ocular response 889

viral myocarditis 1178

virtual electrode polarization hypothesis 117

visceral organ ischemia–reperfusion 298–320

antioxidant therapies 314, 315

CPR 308–10


extracorporeal therapy 318

free radical injury prevention 314–15

gastrointestinal intramucosal pH monitoring 319–20


hemodilution 317–18

hormonal response alteration 318

hyperbaric oxygen therapy 317

hypothermia 317

inflammatory mediator injury prevention 314–15

intra-aortic balloon pumping 317

monitoring 319

multisystem organ dysfunction 313–14

neural–humoral response alteration 318

organ systems 298–307

oxygen delivery/consumption 315–16, 317

pulmonary artery catheter monitoring 319

systemic inflammatory response syndrome 313–14

treatment 314

volatile anesthetics in status asthmaticus 979

volatile substance abuse 1032–3

Volta, Alessandro 13

vomit aspiration by drowning victim 1092–3

water

brain concentration 238

Index 1337






water (cont.)

diluent in endotracheal drug administration 623

drowning victim

aspiration of water 1090–1

rescue and basic life support 1091–2

water bath system, cardiopulmonary bypass 605

waveforms, ventricular 715–17

amplitude 420–1

analysis 417–24, 715–17

chaos theory 419

data

acquisition/preprocessing 417–18

description 420, 422

structuring 419–20

defibrillation 473–5, 715–16

myocardial damage risk 836

pediatric 487

fibrillation 471, 715–17

filtering techniques 417–18

Fourier transforms 419–20

fractal dimension 419

frequency representation 419–20

frequency/spectral analysis 421–2

non-linear dynamics 419, 422–3

predictive value 417–24

scaling exponent method 423

signal amplitude behavior 419

time–frequency domain techniques 418–19

time–frequency representation 419–20

wavelet transforms 420, 421, 422

see also biphasic (truncated exponential) waveforms for

defibrillation; monophasic (damped sinusoidal)

waveforms for defibrillation

wedges, resuscitation in pregnancy 1079, 1080

withdrawal of care 896–7

decision-making 788–9

witnessing of cardiac arrest, survival 37

Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome 930–3, 1175

women, defibrillator electrodes 473

World Congress on Drowning (2002), Brain Resuscitation Task

Force 1095, 1097

wound dressings, procoagulant-impregnated 999

wound infection and induced hypothermia 869

written directions 1202, 1229–30

xanthine oxidase 53–4




xanthine oxidase inhibitors in hemorrhagic shock 1003

X-ray, chest, pulmonary edema 1121

young adults see adolescents and young adults

Zoll, Paul 16–17

Zoll medical systems automated external defibrillators 487

1338 Index






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