Index [complements.lavoisier.net] · 2019-06-27 · JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November20,2017...

JWST799-bind JWST799-Riviere November 20, 2017 10:3 Printer Name: Trim: 279mm × 216mm

Index

Note: Page number followed by f and t indicates figure and table only.

Aabamectin, 1102, 1103fAbbreviated New Animal Drug

Applications (ANADAs), 1407,1409, 1420

ABCG2 (drug transporter), 1337ABON algorithm, 1453abortion

prostaglandins analogs for, 681reproductive hormonal drugs for,

686–687absorption and clearance processes

(AME), 48absorption, distribution, metabolism,

and elimination (ADMEprocesses), 8, 9f, 48, 90

absorption, drugaminoglycosides, 882benzimidazoles, 1037–1038, 1038fbioavailability

absolute systemic availability, 22relative systemic availability, 22

cephalosporins, 842chloramphenicol, 904–905clindamycin, 928–929florfenicol, 909fluoroquinolones, 965–966gastrointestinal, 12–17

disintegration, dissolution, anddiffusion, 14–15

enterohepatic recycling, 15–16first-pass metabolism, 16–17formulation factors, 17species effects, 16

lincomycin, 926of lipophilic compounds, 9–10macrolide antibiotics, 918–920penicillins, 830, 833peritoneal, 22pharmaceutical factors affecting, 17t

pharmacogenetics of, 1334–1335,1335f

pH-dependent, 11respiratory, 20–21

aerosols and particulates, 21vapors and gases, 20–21

rifampin, 932sulfonamides, 800systemic, 22tetracyclines, 860–861, 861ttopical and percutaneous, 17–20

dermis and appendages, 18drug delivery system and

definition of dose, 18–19factors modulating, 19–20mechanisms in skin, 17–18, 18fpathways for, 19stratum corneum barrier, 18variations in species and body

region, 19absorption spectroscopy detection

methods, 1442acarbose, 770–771acceptable daily intake (ADI), 1359,

1470acepromazine, 179, 325, 328, 1245,

1246tacepromazine maleate, 326, 327facetaminophen, 481acetylcholine (ACh), 151, 174, 194,

422, 1181muscarinic and nicotinic effects of,

156fpharmacological mechanisms and

effects, 154–155target organ effects of, 155

acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 174, 196,1181

acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), 174acetylcysteine, 1315

acid-base metabolismanesthetics and, 588–589in cattle, 588disorders of, 573–577

characteristics of, 574tmetabolic acidosis, 574–576, 575f,

578tmetabolic alkalosis, 576mixed disturbances, 577, 578trespiratory acidosis, 576–577,

576t, 578trespiratory alkalosis, 577, 577t

fluid therapy and, 578–580in horses, 588principles of, 569–573

anion gap, 571–572disturbance assessments, 571homeostasis, 569–570hydrogen ion, carbon dioxide, and

bicarbonate regulation,570–571, 570t, 571f

nontraditional analysis, 572–573,573t

acid citrate dextrose (ACD), 629acidosis

metabolic, 574–576, 575frespiratory, 576–577, 576t

ACTH. see adrenocorticotropichormone

actinomycin D, 1206, 1207factivated partial thromboplastin time

(aPTT), 628active pharmaceutical ingredient

(API), 87–88, 88f, 1431chemical properties

apparent solubility, 93buffer composition, 94common ion effect, 94geometrical configuration, 93ionic strength of a solution, 94

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tenth Edition. Edited by Jim E. Riviere and Mark G. Papich.© 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/riviere/pharmacology

COPYRIG

HTED M

ATERIAL


Index

active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)(Continued)

optic rotation, 93permeability, 95pH of solvent, 94saturation concentration, 93solubility, 93–95stability, 92stereochemistry, 93temperature effects, 95

dosage form considerations, 99–105biomass products, 103–104bolus, 102capsules, 103chewable tablets, 102–103common veterinary forms, 99fconsiderations when formulating,

100fcontrolled internal drug release

system (CIDR), 104cream, 101delayed release, 101–102emulsions, 100extended release (ER) tablets, 101gels, 101granules, 103immediate release (IR) tablets, 101implants, 102liquid suspension, 99–100lotions, 101medicated feed, 103modified release (MR) tablets, 101ointment, 101parenteral products, 104–105pastes, 101powders, 103solutions, 99suspoemulsion (SE), 101tablets, 101topical products, 105transdermal drug delivery, 105

formulation elements, 95–99manufacturing process

direct compression, 106extrusion, 106factors influencing product

dissolution, 106–107roller compaction, 106slugging, 106tableting processes, 106wet/dry granulation, 105–106

physical propertiescrystalline form, 88–89dissociation constants/pKa, 90–91Log P and D, 91

melting point, 91–92particle geometry, 89–90partition coefficients, 91rheology, 92

product quality control, 107Activyl Tick Plus, 1179acute renal failure (ARF), mannitol in,

604–605acyclovir, 1010–1012

adverse effects, 1012clinical use, 1011–1012pharmacokinetics, 1011spectrum of activity, 1011

ADAA. see Animal Drug AvailabilityAct

ADE. see adverse drug experienceadefovir. see PMEAadenine dinucleotides, 177adenosine, 177adenosine diphosphate, 627ADE reports, 1424–1425. see also

adverse drug experience (ADE)aditoprim, pharmacokinetics of, 804tadrenal insufficiency, in foals, 655adrenal reserve testing,

glucocorticoids, 747adrenal steroidogenesis, 730fadrenal steroidogenic enzymes, 730tadrenergic agonists, classification of,

131, 132f, 133tadrenergic receptors, 123–126,

132–134agonists, clinical applications of,

137–142beta-adrenergic receptor (βAA),

141blood pressure regulation and,

138–139in food production, 141–142for improved respiratory effort,

137–138, 138fin ophthalmology, 140–141sedative and analgesic effects,

140treatment of urinary

incontinence, 139–140vasoconstriction, 140

antagonists, clinical applications ofalpha-adrenoceptor antagonists,

142–144beta-adrenoceptor antagonists,

144–148pharmacodynamic characteristics

of, 145tand cell signaling, 132–134

selectivity and tissue distribution,134–137

types and subtypes, 133tadrenocorticotropic hormone

(ACTH), 561, 651–655, 654t,662t

biosynthesis of, 651–652, 652fdosage protocols for, 654tfunction of, 653–654negative-feedback systems, 653preparations of, 654secretion regulation of, 653stimulation test, 654–655, 747structure of, 652–653, 652f

adrenolytic drugs, 751–755hyperadrenocorticism treatment

with, 751–752ketoconazole, 754L-deprenyl, 754–755mitotane, 752–753structures of, 752ftrilostane, 753

adriamycin. see doxorubicinadverse drug experience (ADE), 1449

definition of, 1449reporting of, 1449–1453, 1450f

animal devices, 1450–1451approved versus unapproved

drugs, 1450medication errors, 1451–1452pesticide products/vaccines, 1453pet food adverse event and

product problem reporting, 1452product defect, 1451

AeroHippus® mask, 1313Aeromonas salmonicida, 1380–1381,

1382t, 1383t–1384taffinity, of drugs, 69–70, 69f, 70f

constant of, 69afoxolaner, 1174–1175agar and broth dilution susceptibility

tests, 1379agmatine, 177airway irritation, 225aklomide, 1145, 1145falbendazole, 1036f, 1039, 1045, 1048,

1137–1138, 1137f. see alsobenzimidazoles

albuterol, 1305, 1306–1307alcohol-based handrubs, 789alcohols, use of, 782–783alcuronium (Alloferin), 202aldehyde disinfectants, 784–785aletplase, 641alfaxalone, 174, 188, 267f


Index

chemistry, 267history, 267metabolism, 269pharmacokinetics, 268, 268tphysiological/pharmacodynamic

effects, 268preparation of, 267species differences, 269

Alfaxan®, 267alfentanil, 303alfuzosin, 143alkaloids, as antiprotozoan drugs, 1146alkalosis

metabolic, 576respiratory, 577, 577t

alkeran. see melphalanallele, 1333allethrin, 1179allometric relationship, 62allometric scaling, 1353–1354allometry, 62

in zoo medicine, 1400–1401allyltrenbolone, 683alpaca, alfaxalone effects on, 269alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists,

142–144adverse effects/contraindications,

353–354atipamezole, 350, 350tclassification, 349clinical applications of

cardiovascular effects, 142–143for hypertension, 143noncardiovascular effects, 143for restoration of physiological

responses, 143reversal of sedative effects, 144for urethral relaxation, 144

drug interactions, 354indications, 349overdose/acute toxicity, 354pharmacodynamic effects

cardiovascular effects, 353CNS effects, 353muscular effects, 353

pharmacokinetics, 352tin preanesthetic period, 187species differences, 354tolazoline, 351–353, 351f, 353tyohimbine, 350–351, 351t

alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonistsadverse effects/contraindications,

349chemistry, 339classification, 338

detomidine hydrochloride, 345f,346–347, 346t

dexmedetomidine, 345f, 348, 348tdoses for sedation, 343drug interactions, 349indications, 339mechanism of action, 339medetomidine, 345f, 347, 348toverdose/acute toxicity, 349pharmacokinetics properties, 343,

344tphysiological effects

analgesic activity, 343cardiovascular effects, 340–341CNS effects, 339–340equine receovery, 342gastrointestinal effects, 341on glucose homeostasis, 342musculoskeletal effects, 341neuroendocrine stress response,

342platelet activism, 342renal effects, 341reproductive effects, 342respiratory effects, 341thermoregulation of body, 342

preparation, 339ratio of drug selectivity and

imidazoline receptor activity,339t

romifidine, 345f, 347, 347tspecies differences, 348xylazine hydrochloride, 343–346,

345falpha-chloralose

chemistry, 269–270degree of CNS depression, 270dose, 270tdrug availability, 270history, 269indication for use, 270mechanism of action, 270physiology, 270preparation, 270regulatory information, 270

alphadolone, 267alpha interferon, 1017, 1020alternate-day therapy, glucocorticoids,

746–747altrenogest, 678t, 683alveolar partial pressure (PA) of

anesthetic, 219–220alveolar ventilation, 220alvimopan, 1254amantadine, 1016–1017

AMDUCA. see Animal MedicinalDrug Use Clarification Act

American Academy of VeterinaryPharmacology and Therapeutics(AAVPT), 5, 1466

American Board of Anesthesiologists(ABA), 180

American Board of ClinicalPharmacology (ABCP), 5

American College of VeterinaryAnesthesiologists, 180

American College of VeterinaryClinical Pharmacology(ACVCP), 5

American Feed Industry Association(AFIA), 1462

American Society of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics, 4

American Veterinary MedicalAssociation (AVMA), 1373,1462, 1466

amicarbalide, 1157f, 1158amikacin, 877, 888–889

once-daily dosages for, 880tpharmacokinetic data for, 888t, 889tstructure of, 879f

amiloride, 611–612amines, as neurotransmitters, 174–176

acetylcholine, 174dopamine, 174–175histamine, 1755-hydroxytryptamine, 175–176norepinephrine and epinephrine,

175aminoacetonitrile derivatives (AADs),

1069, 1071amino acids, as neurotransmitters,

172–174, 173tGABA, 172, 174glutamate, 172glycine, 172

aminoglycosides, 198, 877, 1433activity of, factors effecting

cations, 880cellular debris, 879–880other drugs, 880oxygen tension, 880pH effect, 879

amikacin, 888–889as antiprotozoan drugs, 1138–1139apramycin, 890dihydrostreptomycin and

streptomycin, 890–891gentamicin, 886–888kanamycin, 889–890


Index

aminoglycosides (Continued)local administration, 881–882neomycin, 890for ocular infections, 1327paromomycin, 891pharmacokinetic–

pharmacodynamic properties,880

pharmacokinetics of, 882–884absorption, 882distribution, 882–883general, 882metabolism and excretion, 883in nonmammals, 883–884

pharmacology of, 877–882clinical uses, 880–882general properties, 877mechanism of action, 877–878spectrum of activity, 878–880

regulatory status, 882resistance mechanisms, 880single daily dose administration,

881susceptibility testing guidelines for,

881ttobramycin, 890toxicity, 884–885, 884t

cats, 885–886dogs, 885horses, 886

aminopentamide, 1264, 1264t4-aminoquinolines, 11565-aminosalicylic acid, 1268, 1268faminosteroid neuromuscular blocking

agents, 199pancuronium, 200rocuronium bromide, 201vecuronium, 200–201

aminosteroids, 199, 749amiodarone, 549–550amitraz, 1182–1183

efficacy, 1182safety/toxicity, 1182–1183

amitriptyline, 176, 430amnestic effects of inhaled anesthetics,

223amoxicillin–clavulanate, 837amoxicillin, in aquatic animals, 1386amphibian, drugs for, 1396amphotericin B, 990–993

adverse effects, 991, 993clinical use, 991combination therapy with, 990dosing protocols for, 992tformulations of, 990

mechanism of action, 990for ocular infections, 1328pharmacokinetics, 991spectrum of activity, 990–991structure of, 990f

amprolium, 1144, 1144fanabolic steroids, 684–685anabolic steroids, use of, in racing

horses, 1445–1446ANADAs. see Abbreviated New

Animal Drug Applicationsanalgesia

barbiturates, 252butyrophenone and, 329dissociative anesthetics, 262etomidate, 265flumazenil and, 337guaifenesin and, 355meperidine, 312–313morphine, 312–313neurosteroid anesthetics, 268nitrous oxide, 224opioids, 281, 285–286phenothiazines, 326xenon, 224

anandamide, 177anemia, sulfonamides and, 806anesthesia, 180, 183

anesthetic protocol and drug,selection of, 185, 186t

classification of, 183–185, 183tdepth of, 189general, 184–185immediate postanesthetic period,

drugs in, 188–189local and regional, 183–184, 183tperianesthetic period, drugs in, 188,

188tpreanesthetic medication, 186α2-adrenergic drugs, 187dissociative drugs, 187drug classes for, 186tdrug combinations, 187goals for, 186thypnotic-sedatives, 187opioids, 187parasympatholytic

(anticholinergic) drugs, 187–188tranquilizer-sedatives, 186–187

response to, evaluation of, 189–191,190f

route of administration, 183tanesthesiology

anesthetic use, 181timmobility, 183

perception of noxious stimulus,181–183

definition of, 180anesthetic recovery period, 188–189,

189tanesthetics

and acid-base metabolism, 588–589for food animals, 1369–1370inhalation ( see inhalation

anesthetics)injectable ( see injectable

anesthetics)local ( see local anesthetics)

anesthetist, role of, 180angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE),

65, 66, 84angiotensin-converting enzyme

inhibitors (ACEIs), 558, 615–617absorption and elimination of, 616adverse effects, 518, 616–617chemistry/formulations of, 615in chronic kidney disease, 520drug interactions, 520, 616–617efficacy, 518–520mechanisms and sites of action,

517–518, 615–616therapeutic uses, 617toxicity, 616–617in use, 520

angiotensin I, 558angiotensin II, 558

effects on renal functions, 597–599angiotensin receptor antagonists,

615–617angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs),

615, 616–617angular limb deformities in foals,

tetracyclines for, 870Animal and Plant Health Inspection

Service, 1408Animal Drug Availability Act (ADAA),

1410–1411Animal Drug User Fee Act (ADUFA),

1361Animal Health Institute (AHI) website,

1412Animal Medicinal Drug Use

Clarification Act (AMDUCA),41, 882, 1185, 1346–1348, 1358,1373, 1395, 1410, 1472

anion gap (AG), 571–572Anoplocephala perfoliata infections,

1081ANP. see atrial natriuretic peptideantacids, 1255–1256


Index

adverse effects, 1255dose recommendations, 1255–1256formulations, 1255

anterior uveitis, 1232anthelmintics, 1369anthraquinone, 1270antiandrogens, 678tantiarrhythmic agents

amiodarone, 549–550atenolol, 546beta-blockers, 545calcium channel blocking drugs, 545classification, 542–543, 542t–543tdigoxin, 544–545esmolol, 546heart rhythmicity

arrhythmogenic mechanismclassification, 540–542,540f–541f

cardiac cell electrophysiologicproperties, 537–540, 538f–539f

isoproterenol, 544lidocaine, 548–549mexiletine, 549procainamide, 547propantheline bromide, 543–544quinidine, 547–548sotalol, 546, 550

antibacterial agents, for ocularinfections, 1326–1328

antibiotic-impregnatedpolymethylmethacrylate(AIPMMA), 881

antibiotic-responsive enteropathy,1265

antibiotic use, in food animals,1361–1365, 1362t–1363t

anticestodal drugs, 1081bunamidine, 1081–1082, 1082fepsiprantel, 1085, 1085fniclosamide, 1082, 1082fpraziquantel, 1082–1085, 1082f

anticholinergics, 188, 1310adverse effects, 1310for diarrhea, 1263–1264, 1264tin horses, 1310for inflammatory bowel diseases,

1268anticoagulants

for blood and blood componenttransfusions, 629

natural, in hemostasis, 628new drugs, 636t

anticoccidials, 1365, 1366tanticonvulsant drugs

bromide, 409–411clonazepam, 404clorazepate, 404–405diazepam, 402–404felbamate, 405gabapentin, 405–406imepitoin, 401–402levetiracetam, 407–408midazolam, 404phenobarbital, 395–399phenytoin, 400–401pregabalin, 406–407primidone, 399–400used in veterinary medicine, 396tvalproic acid, 401zonisamide, 408–409

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 558, 600,665–667

absorption, metabolism, andexcretion of, 665

for diagnosis of diabetes insipidus,666

mechanism of action, 665, 666tpreparation of, 665stimulus for release, 665structure of, 665therapeutic uses, 666–667toxicity of, 667

antiemetic drugs, 1245–1250, 1246tantihistamines, 1246antimuscarinic drugs, 1245–1246cannabinoids, 1247–1248glucocorticoids, 1247metoclopramide, 1247mirtazapine, 1249–1250NK-1 receptor antagonists,

1248–1249phenothiazine tranquilizers, 1245serotonin antagonists, 1247

antiepileptic potassium bromide, 702antifibrinolytic drugs, 641–642antifungal drugs, 988

amphotericin B, 990–993azole, 993–1006drug–drug interactions, 995tflucytosine, 1008griseofulvin, 988–990lufenuron, 1007–1008for ocular infections, 1328sites of action, 989fsodium or potassium iodide, 1008terbinafine, 1006–1007topical

clotrimazole, 1009enilconazole, 1008–1009

mefenoxam, 1009–1010miconazole, 1009natamycin, 1010nystatin, 1010

antihistamines, 1246, 1246tchemistry, 456–457development, 456H1 receptor antagonists, 456, 457tH2 receptor antagonists, 460pharmacological effects, 457side effects and interactions,

459–460therapeutic uses, 457–459therapeutic uses of, 459

antiinflammatories use, in foodanimal, 1365–1368, 1366t

antiinflammatory and antiallergictherapy, glucocorticoids, 745

antimetabolites, 1206–1210cytosine arabinoside, 1207–1208,

1208f5-fluorouracil, 1209–1210, 1209fgemcitabine, 1208–1209, 1209fmethotrexate, 1206–1207, 1207f,

1208fantimicrobials, for diarrhea, 1264t,

1265–1267antimicrobial susceptibility testing

(AST), 1378, 1379antimicrotubule agents, 1210–1211

vinca alkaloids, 1210–1211, 1210fantimuscarinic drugs, 1245–1246,

1246tantinematodal drugs, 1035

benzimidazoles andpro-benzimidazoles, 1035–1054

administration routes, 1050anthelmintic spectrum,

1047–1049chemistry of, 1035–1037, 1036fdisposition kinetics and efficacy

of, 1050–1053drug transfer into target parasites,

1046–1047formulations of, 1050, 1053pharmacodynamics, 1037pharmacokinetics, 1037–1046structures of, 1035, 1036fwithdrawal times, safety, and

toxicity, 1053–1054drug combinations, use of,

1067–1069heartworm adulticides, 1064heterocyclic compounds,

1062–1064


Index

antinematodal drugs (Continued)diethylcarbamazine, 1063–1064,

1063fphenothizaine, 1062piperazine, 1062–1063, 1063f

imidazothiazoles, 1054–1058novel drugs, 1069–1072organophosphate compounds,

1061–1062resistance to, 1065–1067tetrahydropyrimidines, 1058–1061

antinuclear antibodies (ANA), 717antiplatelet drugs, 638–640

aspirin, 638–639clopidogrel, 639–640ticlopidine, 640

antiprostaglandins, 178antiprotozoan drugs, 1128,

1129t–1131talkaloids, 1146

halofuginone, 1146, 1146faminoglycosides, 1138

paromomycin, 1138–1139,1138f

4-aminoquinolines, 1156chloroquine, 1156

arsenicals, 1137azalides, 1156

azithromycin, 1156benzimidazoles, 1137, 1137f

albendazole, 1137–1138febantel, 1138fenbendazole, 1138

for coccidiosis, 1132t–1133tdiamidine derivatives, 1157, 1157f

amicarbalide, 1158diminazene diaceturate,

1157–1158imidocarb diproprionate,

1158–1159pentamidine isethionate, 1158phenamidine isethionate, 1158

dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylatesynthase inhibitors, 1152, 1153f

ormetoprim, 1153f, 1154pyrimethamine, 1153f, 1154–1155trimethoprim, 1152–1154, 1153f

guanidine derivatives, 1143robenidine, 1143–1144, 1143f

hydroxyquinolones andnaphthoquinones, 1141, 1141f

atovaquone, 1141f, 1142–1143buparvaquone, 1141f, 1143decoquinate, 1141–1142, 1141fparvaquone, 1141f, 1143

lincosamides, 1155, 1155fclindamycin, 1155–1156, 1155f

nicarbazin, 1145–1146, 1145fnitrobenzamides, 1144–1145, 1145f

aklomide, 1145, 1145fdinitolmide, 1145, 1145f

nitrofurans, 1139nifurtimox, 1139–1140, 1140f

nitroimidazoles, 1128, 1134fbenznidazole, 1135metronidazole, 1128, 1131,

1133–1134ronidazole, 1135secnidazole, 1135tinidazole, 1134–1135

nitrothiazole derivatives, 1159nitazoxanide, 1159

pentavalent antimonials,1135–1136, 1136f

meglumine antimonate, 1136sodium stibogluconate, 1136,

1136fpolyether ionophores, 1146–1147,

1147flasalocid, 1147–1148, 1147fmaduramicin, 1147f, 1148monensin, 1147f, 1148narasin, 1147f, 1148salinomycin, 1149semduramicin, 1147f, 1148–1149

pyridinols, 1143clopidol, 1143, 1143f

sulfonamides, 1151, 1152ftetracyclines, 1140thiamine analogues, 1144

amprolium, 1144, 1144ftriazine derivatives, 1149, 1149f

diclazuril, 1149–1150, 1149fponazuril, 1150–1151toltrazuril, 1149f, 1150

antipseudomonas penicillins, 835–836antiseptics, 781

alcohols as, 782–783biguanides as, 784definition of, 782and disinfectants, 781factors affecting efficacy of, 786

biofilms, 788concentration, 786contamination, 787exposure time, 787organism types, 787pH, 787temperature, 787

halogens as, 783–784

ideal, 782oxidizing agents as, 785phenol as, 785–786resistance to, 788–789use of, examples of, 782, 789

open wounds, treatment of, 790presurgical skin cleansers, 789

antithrombin, 628antithyroid drugs, 715–719, 715f, 716t

carbimazole, 718goitrogens, 715methimazole, 715, 716–718, 716tpropylthiouracil, 716, 716tthioureylenes, 715–719, 715f

antitrematodal drugs, 1085–1087,1087t

benzenesulfonamides, 1087clorsulon, 1092–1093

benzimidazoles, 1087, 1093triclabendazole, 1093–1097

nitrophenolic compounds, 1087nitroxynil, 1087–1088, 1087f

phenoxyalkanes, 1087diamphenetide, 1097–1098

salicylanilides, 1087, 1088closantel, 1088–1091oxyclozanide, 1091rafoxanide, 1091

antitumor antibiotics, 1204–1206actinomycin D, 1206, 1207fdoxorubicin, 1204–1205, 1204fmitoxantrone, 1205–1206, 1206f

antitussive drugs, 1302butorphanol, 1303codeine, 1302–1303cough reflex, 1302dextromethorphan, 1303hydrocodone, 1303mechanism of action of, 1302morphine, 1302tramadol, 1304

antiviral therapy, 1010acyclovir and valacyclovir,

1010–1012amantadine and rimantadine,

1016–1017and antibacterial therapy, difference

between, 1010cidofovir, ganciclovir, and

valganciclovir, 1013cytarabine and vidarabine, 1014idoxuridine and trifluridine,

1013–1014interferon, 1017–1020L-lysine, 1020


Index

for ocular infections, 1328–1329oseltamivir, 1015–1016penciclovir and famciclovir,

1012–1013ribavirin, 1014zidovudine, PMEA, and lamivudine,

1014–1015Anypril, 751API. see active pharmaceutical

ingredient (API)apixaban, 636–637, 636tapomorphine, 304apomorphine hydrochloride, 304apoptosis, 1194appendages of the skin, 18apramycin, 890aprepitant, 1248aprotinin, 642aquaretics, 614–615aquatic animals, antimicrobial for use

in, 1373administration routes in fish, 1375

antimicrobial dosages,1376t–1377t

dipping treatments, 1378immersion baths, 1377–1378injections, 1377oral treatment, 1378

antimicrobials prohibited fromextralabel use, 1375

beta-lactams, 1386clinical approaches, 1378–1381

antimicrobial susceptibilitytesting and interpretive criteria,1379–1381, 1380t

salinity effects, 1381temperature effects, 1381timing of treatment, 1381

ELU in food-producing animal, 1375florfenicol, 1385, 1388–1389general conditions for ELU, 1375legal considerations, 1373

valid veterinarian–client–patientrelationship (VCPR), 1373, 1375

oxytetracycline, 1381, 1384,1386–1397

pharmacokinetics of, 1386–1389in poikilothermic food species,

1374tquinolones, 1385–1386sulfadimethoxine–ormetoprim,

1384–1385, 1387–1388aqueous humor (AH), 1321arachidonic acid (AA), 467, 471f2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), 177

Archiv fur experimentelle Pathologieund Pharmakologie, 4

arecoline, 157, 1081argon, 389arsenicals, 1137arterial oxygen tension (Pao2)

effects of volatile inhalationanesthetics, 224, 225f

in spontaneously breathing, 225farthritis, tetracyclines for, 870Ascaris suum, 1046aspirin, 11, 471f, 638–639

for food animal, 1365Association of Racing Commissioner’s

International (ARCI), 1440astrocytes, 178asymmetric mixed-onium

chlorofumarates, 201atenolol, 145–146, 147, 546atipamezole, 144, 350, 350t, 351f, 354atopic dermatitis, 1294–1297

cyclosporine for, 1229atovaquone, 1141f, 1142–1143ATP-binding cassette (ABC)

transporters, 179, 1105, 1196atracurium, 196, 197, 199–200

characteristics of, 199tatrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 561Atropa belladonna, 159atropine, 159–160, 174, 1263–1264,

1264tas bronchodilator, 1310in preanesthetic period, 187

aurothioglucose, 1238–1239. see alsogold therapy

automaticity, with cardiac glycosidesand digitalis, 507–508

autonomic ganglionic blocking drugs,162, 162t

autonomic nervous system (ANS), 113,114f

anatomy of, 119–121enteric nervous system, 121nonadrenergic–noncholinergic

neurons, 121parasympathetic nervous system

(PSNS), 120–121sympathetic nervous system

(SNS), 119–120neurohumoral transmission

ACh synthesis, 122–123adrenergic, 123–126, 132–134catecholamine synthesis,

123–124, 125fcholinergic, 122–123, 123f

enzyme choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) synthesis, 122

exocytic process of, 125postganglionic sympathetic

nervous system, site of, 126fsynaptic, 125vesicle synthesis, 122

physiology of function andregulation

neurotransmitter synthesis,storage, release, andinactivation, 122–126

peripheral nerve activity andtransmission of actionpotentials, 122

receptor types, typical anatomicallocations, and their primarymechanisms of action, 124t

autonomic receptors, 126–129adrenergic receptors, 128–129cholinergic receptors, 127–128, 151G protein-coupled receptors

(GPCRs), 128, 151muscarinic receptors, 128, 151nicotinic receptors, 127–128, 151

autoreceptors, 171avermectins, 1102, 1103f, 1109, 1175.

see also macrocyclic lactones(MLs)

avian influenza, 791–792avian medicine, 1397AVMA. see American Veterinary

Medical Associationazalides, 1156azaperone, 329f

adverse effects/contraindications,330

analgesic activity, 329cardiovascular effects, 329CNS effects, 329dose, 330tdrug interactions, 330dysphoric effects, 330indications, 329musculoskeletal effects, 329overdose/acute toxicity, 330paraphimosis and, 330preparation, 330regulatory information, 330respiratory effects, 329thermoregulation effects, 330veterinary approved products,

330azapirones, behavioral responses of,

427


Index

azathioprine, 1235–1237adverse effects, 1236clinical use, 1236for inflammatory bowel disease,

1269mechanism of action, 1235metabolism of, 1235, 1235ftoxicity, 1236–1237

azithromycin, 912t, 924–925, 1156chemical structures of, 914fclinical use of, 925pharmacokinetics of, 917tsafety of, 925

azole antifungal drugs, 993–1006,993f, 993t

drug–drug interactions, 994, 995tfluconazole, 997–998imidazoles, 993itraconazole, 998, 1000–1003ketoconazole, 994, 996–997mechanism of action, 993–994for ocular infections, 1328physicochemical properties and in

vitro activity of, 993tposaconazole, 1005–1006triazoles, 993voriconazole, 1003–1005

AZT. see zidovudine

Bbabesiosis, drugs for, 1129tbacampicillin, 835bacitracin, 930balanced anesthesia, 184barbiturate acid, 248, 249fbarbiturates, 248–255, 249f, 390


analgesic effects of, 252chemical structure of, 248chemistry, 248classification, 248, 249tCNS depressant effects, 248dose, 253–254, 254tdrug interactions, 255duration of action, 254history, 248indications, 249mechanism of, 248–249metabolism, 253methohexital, 248, 249f, 249t,

250–251overdosage/acute toxicity, 255pentobarbital, 248, 249f, 249tpharmacokinetics of, 252–253

phenobarbital, 248, 249f, 249t, 250physiological effects

arterial pressure changes, 251cardiovascular effects, 251CNS effects, 251dose-dependent effects, 251on gastrointestinal tract, 252on kidney, 252muscular effects, 252respiratory effects, 251–252

in preanesthetic period, 187preparation of, 248on reticular activating system (RAS),

249species differences, 254–255thiamylal (Surital), 250thiopental, 248, 249–250, 249f, 249ttolerance level of, 253

basal metabolic rate (BMR), 62base excess (BE), 571behavior drugs

drug classesalpha-2-agonists, 438anticonvulsant drugs, 436–437antidepressants, 428–436antipsychotics, 422–423anxiolytics, 423–427beta-blockers, 438hormonal therapy, 437–438nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics,

427–428nutraceuticals, 439opiates, 437selective serotonin reuptake

inhibitors (SSRIs), 431–436tramadol, 438–439

drug combinations, 439neurotransmitters, 419–422

acetylcholine (ACh), 422dopamine, 421gamma amino butyric acid

(GABA), 422norepinephrine (NE), 421serotonin, 421

pharmacokinetics of, 416–419, 418ttreatment success with, 440

Beitrage zur Arzneimittellehre, 4benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

reproductive hormonal drugs for,687

treatment options for, 685fbenzathine penicillin G, 834benzimidazoles, 1035–1054, 1066,

1087, 1093–1097administration routes, 1050

albendazole, 1036f, 1045, 1048anthelmintic spectrum, 1047–1049as antiprotozoan drugs, 1137–1138,

1137falbendazole, 1137–1138febantel, 1138fenbendazole, 1138

chemistry of, 1035–1037, 1036fdisposition kinetics and efficacy of,

1050–1053GI transit time and, 1051, 1052fnutritional status and parasite

infection and, 1051, 1053ruminant esophageal groove

closure and, 1050–1051types of diets and, 1051

distribution to parasite location,1042–1044, 1043f, 1044f

drug transfer into target parasites,1046–1047

fenbendazole, 1036f, 1048–1049flubendazole, 1036f, 1049formulations of, 1050, 1053GI tract, reductive metabolism in,

1042hepatic and extrahepatic oxidative

metabolism, 1039–1042, 1040f,1041f

mebendazole, 1036f, 1049oxfendazole, 1036f, 1049oxibendazole, 1049pharmacodynamics, 1037pharmacokinetics

in nonruminant species,1044–1046

in ruminant species, 1037–1044,1038f

ricobendazole, 1048structures of, 1035, 1036fthiabendazole, 1048withdrawal times, safety, and

toxicity, 1053–1054benznidazole, 1135benzocaine, 384

gel, 392, 393hydrochloride, 392

benzodiazepine antagonistsclassification, 336flumazenil, 337–338history, 336

benzodiazepines (BZDs)adverse effects/contraindications,

336behavioral responses of, 423–425,

424f


Index

cerebral uptake of, 335–336chemistry, 331classification, 331drug interactions, 336history, 330indications, 331mechanism of action, 331metabolism of, 336overdose/acute toxicity, 336pharmacodynamic effects

cardiovascular effects, 331CNS effects, 331musculoskeletal effects, 331–332respiratory effects, 331

pharmacokinetics in various species,333t, 424

safety margin of, 424–425sedation by, 187

benzylisoquinoliniums, 199–200atracurium, 199–200doxacurium, 200mivacurium, 200

beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, clinicalapplications of

for cardiovascular regulation, 145metabolic and endocrine effects, 146for obstructive pulmonary disease,

145for reducing dynamic LVOT

obstruction, 147for reducing intraocular pressure,

146, 148for supraventricular and ventricular

tachyarrhythmias, 148β-adrenergic receptor agonists. see

bronchodilatorsβ agonists, nebulized, 1306–1307β-lactam antibiotics, 826

in aquatic animals, 1386binding sites for, 826carbapenems, 848–849

ertapenem, 849imipenem, 849meropenem, 849

cephalosporins, 838adverse reactions, 847–848classification, 839–840, 839tfirst-generation, 843–844fourth-generation, 847general pharmacology, 838–839mechanism of action, 840pharmacokinetics, 840–843, 841tsecond-generation, 844special species considerations, 848third-generation, 844–847

mechanism of action of, 826–827microbial resistance to, 827β-lactamases, 827–828binding sites, reduced access to,

828penicillins

adverse effects, 836aminopenicillins, 834–835antimicrobial activity, 829–830antistaphylococcal, 835β-lactamase inhibitors, 836–838extended-spectrum, 835–836general pharmacology, 828–829natural, 834pharmacokinetics, 830, 833–834special species considerations,

836pharmacokinetic–

pharmacodynamic (PK-PD)properties, 827

β-lactamase inhibitors, 836–838examples and clinical use

amoxicillin–clavulanate, 837new combinations, 838piperacillin–tazobactam, 838sulbactam–ampicillin, 838ticarcillin–clavulanic acid, 838

mechanism of action, 837pharmacokinetics, 837structure of, 837, 837f

β-lactamases, 827–828gram-negative, 828staphylococcal, 828

beta-blockers, 438, 545for glaucoma, 1323

betamethasone, 740t, 741fbethanechol, 156–157, 1252bethanecol, 156beyond-use dating (BUD), 143511-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

system (11-β-HSD), 730–731bile acids, 1271biliary drug elimination, 36biliary drug transport, 37–38, 38tbiodegradable gels, 1460bioequivalence studies, 1420biofilms, formations of, 788biologically effective dose (BED),

1192biological spaces, 9birds

fluoroquinolones for, 971herpesviral infections in, 1012opioid effects on, 312propofol effect on, 258–259

pyrimethamine for, 1154voriconazole in, 1005

bismuth subsalicylate, 1263the bispectral index (BIS), 191bleeding disorders, cephalosporins

and, –848bleomycin, 1213blood–brain barrier (BBB), 178–180,

179fblood coagulation factors, 627tblood/gas solubility of anesthetics, 219blood pressure, 113, 116f

adrenergic receptor agonists and,135–137

adrenergic receptor antagonists and,142–143

antagonism of β-adrenergicreceptors, 145

with cardiac glycosides and digitalis,507

PK/PD modeling approach and,80

sympathomimetics and, 138–139blood samples, 1441blood substitutes, 585–588

hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers,586–588

adverse effects of, 587–588osmolality of, 586

perfluorochemicals, 585–586blood volumes, in animals, 556tBlue Book, 1470body fluids

anesthetics and, 588–589cations and anions in,

concentrations of, 557tcompartments, 555–556, 556tcomposition and distribution of,

555–558fluid and electrolyte distribution,

556–558units of measure, 555, 556t

drug distribution andextracellular fluid, 556fluid therapy and, 578–580intracellular fluid, 556potassium, 565–569

disorders of balance, 566–569homeostasis, 565–566renal regulation of excretion of,

566total body water, 556transcellular fluid, 556water, sodium, and chloride,

558–565


Index

body fluids (Continued)disorders of balance, 561–565homeostasis, 558–559, 559frenal regulation of excretion of,

559–561, 560fboldenone, 685botulinum toxin, 171, 198bovine leukemia virus, 1015bovine respiratory disease (BRD), 1313bovine serum encephalopathy (BSE),

96bovine somatotropin, 1368bradyarrhythmias, antiarrhythmic

agents for, 543–544braking phenomenon, 76breast cancer resistance protein

(BCRP), 1335British Pharmacopeia, 4bromide, 409–411

adverse effects, 411clinical use, 410dose, 410drug interactions, 411effect on diet, 410pharmacokinetics, 410therapeutic monitoring, 411

bromosdalans, 1088bromosulfophtalein (BSP), 37bronchodilators, 1304

adverse effects from, 1307clinical use, 1304inhalant formulations, 1306–1307longer-acting, 1305–1306

albuterol, 1305clenbuterol, 1305–1306metaproterenol, 1305salmeterol and formoterol,

1306terbutaline, 1305

mechanism of action, 1304short-acting, 1304–1305

epinephrine, 1304isoproterenol, 1305

tolerance with chronic use,1307

broth dilution susceptibility testing ofaquatic bacterial pathogens,1379, 1380t

budesonide, 1269bulk drug substances, 1431bulk flow, 11bulk laxatives, 1270–1271, 1271tbunamidine, 1081–1082, 1082fbuparvaquone, 1141f, 1143bupivacaine, 382–383

physical–chemical properties andpharmacological properties of,376t

buprenorphine, 292, 293, 304–306,306t, 312

administration of, 305bioavailability of, 306cardiovascular safety of, 305dose, 306tduration of pain control in animals,

305lipophilicity of, 305oral bioavailability of, 305

buspirone, 427butorphanol, 179, 293, 307, 312,

313as antitussive, 307, 1303cardiovascular effects, 307dose, 307onset of effects, 307sedative effects of, 307

butoxypolypropylene glycol, 1184butyrophenone, 328–330


chemistry, 329mechanism of action, 329pharmacodynamic effects

analgesic activity, 329cardiovascular effects, 329CNS effects, 329musculoskeletal effects, 329respiratory effects, 329

pharmacokinetics properties,329–330

butyrophenones, 187BZD. see benzimidazoles

CCaenorhabditis elegans, 74CAIs. see carbonic anhydrase

inhibitorscalcium channel blocking drugs,

523–524, 545Calf Antibiotic and Sulfa Test (CAST),

1472calf diarrhea, antimicrobials for, 1266calorigenesis, thyroid hormones and,

705Campylobacter enteritis, 1266cancer, 1191

adjuvant therapy, 1192biology, 1192–1193

cancer cell, chemotherapy of,1194–1197

drug toxicity, 1197–1199pharmacodynamic response, 1197

cure, 1191drugs for

alkylating agents, 1199–1200,1203–1204

antimetabolites, 1206–1210antimicrotubule agents,

1210–1211antitumor antibiotics, 1204–1206bleomycin, 1213corticosteroids, 1214cyclooxygenase inhibitors, 1213L-asparaginase, 1212–1213nitrogen mustard, 1200–1202nitrosoureas, 1202platinum containing agents,

1211–1212rabacfosadine, 1215–1216taxanes, 1211tyrosine kinase inhibitors,

1214–1215immunotherapy, 1191induction therapy, 1192maintenance therapy, 1192neoadjuvant/primary therapy,

1192palliation, 1191related terminology and treatment

perspectives, 1191–1192salvage therapy, 1192

Canine Cancer Clinic, 1191canine influenza virus (CIV), 1016canine transmissible venereal tumor

(CTVT), 1211cannabinoid receptors (CB1-2), 177cannabinoids, 1247–1248canrenone, 612, 613capsaicin, 168carbachol, 156carbadox, 936carbamates, 1182carbamazepine, 667carbapenem-resistant

Enterobacteriaceae (CRE),828

carbapenems, 826, 827, 848–849ertapenem, 849imipenem, 849meropenem, 849

carbaryl, 1169tcarbimazole, 716t, 718carbolic acid, 785–786carbomycin, 913carbon dioxide, 388–389


Index

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs),601–603

absorption and elimination, 602chemistry/formulations of, 601contraindications, 602drug interactions, 602for glaucoma, 1323–1324mechanisms and sites of action

extrarenal actions, 602renal mechanisms, 601–602

therapeutic uses of, 602–603toxicity, adverse effects, 602

carbon monoxide, 389carboplatin, 1212, 1212fcarboxypenicillins, 836cardiogenic edema, furosemide for,

608–609cardiorespiratory effects, of

glucocorticoids, 738–739cardiovascular effects, of thyroid

hormones, 707cardiovascular system (CVS)

alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists,effects of, 353

basic aspectscellular concepts, 504–505,

505fintrinsic regulation, 503nervous system regulation,

503–504drugs, effects of

acetylcholine (ACh), 155adrenergic receptor agonists,

135–137β-adrenergic receptor antagonists,

145alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists,

142–144barbiturate, 251benzodiazepine derivatives, 331buprenorphine, 305butorphanol, 307butyrophenone, 329choline esters, 156desflurane, 229digitalis and cardiac glycoside, 505dissociative anesthetics, 261ephedrine, 139etomidate, 265flumazenil, 337guaifenesin, 355halothane, 230inhalation anesthetics, 225–226isoflurane, 228ketamine, 261

muscarinic receptor antagonists,160

neurosteroid anesthetics, 268nitrous oxide, 232opioids, 287–288pentobarbital, 250phenothiazine, 325physostigmine, 158propofol, 256–257sevoflurane, 230thiopental, 251

management of cardiovasculardisease, 528

carfentanil, 303–304carprofen, 471fcarriers, 66carvedilol, 146, 527, 546castor oil, 1271catechol, 131catecholamines, 131–132

arrhythmogenic effects of, 226chemical structures of, 132fclassification of, 132f

catsabsorption of buprenorphine, 306aminoglycosides toxicity in,

885–886amprolium for, 1144antiherpetic therapy for, 1011apixaban for, 636–637aspirin dose for, 639atovaquone for, 1143azathioprine in, 1236, 1237azithromycin for, 1156benzodiazepine derivatives in, 333tbromide in, 411butorphanol in, 307cisapride in, 1252clindamycin for, 1155–1156clopidogrel dose for, 640corticosteroids in, 1311, 1312tcyclosporine in, 1229diabetes in, insulin for treatment of,

767–768diazepam hydrochloride in, 335,

403–404digitalis in, 510–513, 512tdiminazene for, 1158doxorubicin in, 1205etomidate in, 266febantel for, 1138fenbendazole for, 1138florfenicol for, 911fluconazole for, 998fluoroquinolones for, 968–970

griseofulvin for, 989imidocarb for, 1159itraconazole for, 1002ketamine in, 262tlevothyroxine dosages for, 712macrocyclic lactones for, 1113maropitant in, 1249metronidazole for, 1133mineralocorticoid receptor blockers

and, 521–522morphine in, 295oclacitinib in, 1233paromomycin for, 1139parvaquone and buparvaquone for,

1143pimobendan in, 515ponazuril for, 1151propofol in, 258proton pump inhibitors in,

1259–1260psychotropic agents used in, 420tpyrimethamine for, 1154rivaroxaban for, 637ronidazole for, 1135streptokinase for, 641sulfonamides for, 1151theophylline in, 1309thyroid hormone and iodide kinetics

in, 700tthyroxine kinetics in, 701ttinidazole for, 1134–1135tissue-type plasminogen activator

for, 641toltrazuril for, 1150topical antifungal products for,

1006ttramadol in, 310TRH for diagnosis of

hypothyroidism in, 657triiodothyronine suppression test in,

713trimethoprim for, 1154vitamin K1 dose for, 638voriconazole in, 1005

cat scratch disease, 1166cattles

acid-base metabolism in, 588albendazole for, 1138amprolium for, 1144azithromycin for, 1156chloral hydrate in, 357decoquinate for, 1142diminazene for, 1157fenbendazole for, 1138florfenicol for, 911


Index

cattles (Continued)griseofulvin for, 989guaifenesin in, 356halofuginone for, 1146imidocarb for, 1158ketosis in, insulin for treatment of,

768lasalocid for, 1148maduramicin for, 1148metronidazole for, 1134monensin for, 1148oxytetracycline for, 1140paromomycin for, 1139parvaquone and buparvaquone for,

1143pentamidine for, 1158ponazuril for, 1151sulfadimethoxine–ormetoprim for,

816sulfonamides for, 1151theophylline in, 1310trimethoprim–sulfadiazine for, 815vitamin K1 dose for, 638

cefadroxil, 843cefazolin, 844cefepime, 840, 847cefovecin, 840, 846–847cefoxitin, 844cefpodoxime proxetil, 847cefquinome, 840, 847ceftazidime, 846ceftazidime–avibactam, 838ceftiofur, 840, 845–846, 845tCentauraTM Insect Repellent, 1184Center for Drug Evaluation and

Research (CDER), 1451Center for Food Safety and Applied

Nutrition (CFSAN), 1448Center for Veterinary Medicine

(CVM), 1346, 1407, 1409, 1411,1448, 1461. see also regulation ofanimal drugs

ADE reports, evaluation ofreview process, 1453signal detection, 1453–1455

adverse drug experience (ADE),reporting of, 1449–1453, 1450f

animal devices, 1450–1451approved versus unapproved

drugs, 1450medication errors, 1451–1452pesticide products/vaccines, 1453pet food adverse event and

product problem reporting, 1452product defect, 1451

case series, 1454Division of Veterinary Product

Safety (DVPS), 1448drug safety information,

communication of, 1455international pharmacovigilance

activities, 1456Office of Surveillance and

Compliance (OS&C), 1448pharmacovigilance, 1449–1453safety measures beyond labeling,

1455central analgesic drugs, 309–311, 310tcentral nervous system (CNS), 167

alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists,effects of, 353

alpha-chloralose and, 270barbiturates and, 251benzodiazepine derivatives, effects

of, 331blood–brain barrier, 178–180, 179fbutyrophenone and, 329chloral hydrate and, 357depressant effects of barbiturates,

248depression, 223, 247desflurane and, 228–229dissociative anesthetic and, 260–261enflurane and, 231epidural barrier, 180, 180f, 181fetomidate and, 265flumazenil and, 337glucocorticoids and, 742–743, 742tguaifenesin and, 355injectable anesthetics in, 247isoflurane and, 228ketamine and, 261neuroanatomy and neurophysiology,

167–168neurosteroid anesthetics in, 268neurotransmitters and receptors,

171–172agmatine, 177amines, 174–176amino acids, 172–174endocannabinoids, 177peptides, 176–177purines, 177

neurotransmitter systems,interactions between, 178

nitrous oxide and, 231–232nonneuronal cells, role of, 177–178opioids and, 286partial pressure of anesthetic,

219–220

phenothiazines and, 324–325postsynaptic processes, 171presynaptic processes, 168,

170–171, 170fpropofol and, 256sevoflurane and, 229–230transduction, 168, 169f

cephalexin, 843–844cephalosporins, 826, 838

adverse reactions, 847–848bleeding disorders, 848blood disorders, 848gastrointestinal, 848glycosuria, 848hypersensitivity reactions,

847–848classification, 839–840, 839tfirst-generation, 839, 839t, 843–844

cefadroxil, 843cefazolin, 844cephalexin, 843–844cephapirin, 844

fourth-generation, 840, 847general pharmacology, 838–839mechanism of action, 840pharmacokinetics, 840–843, 841t

elimination, 843metabolism, 843oral absorption, 842pharmacokinetics–

pharmacodynamics,840–841

susceptibility testing, 841, 842ttissue concentrations and protein

binding, 841–842second-generation, 839, 839t, 844special species considerations, 848third-generation, 839–840, 839t,

844–847cefovecin, 846–847cefpodoxime proxetil, 847ceftazidime, 846ceftiofur, 845–846, 845t

Cephalosporium acremonium, 826cephapirin, 844cerebral ischemia, 224cerebral perfusion pressure, 224certification of analysis (COA), 96cetirizine, 458Charm Tests, 1472chemical residues, in tissues of food

animals, 1469concern over, 1469–1471drugs prohibited from extralabel

use, 1476


Index

pharmacokinetics and, 1473–1476prevention of, 1476–1477regulation of, 1471–1473

chemical sterilization, 782chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ),

178, 1245chemotherapy

of cancer cell, 1194–1199combination chemotherapy,

1196–1197tumor cell resistance, 1194–1196tumor cell sensitivity, 1194

definition of, 1191drugs

actinomycin D, 1206, 1207falkylating agents, 1199–1200bleomycin, 1213cell cycle and, 1192, 1193fchlorambucil, 1201–1202, 1201fcorticosteroids, 1214COX-2 inhibitors, 1213cyclohexylchloroethylnitrosurea,

1202, 1202fcyclophosphamide, 1200, 1200fcytosine arabinoside, 1207–1208,

1208fdacarbazine, 1203, 1203fdosing of, 1192doxorubicin, 1204–1205, 1204f5-fluorouracil, 1209–1210, 1209fgemcitabine, 1208–1209, 1209fifosfamide, 1200–1201, 1200fL-asparaginase, 1212–1213masitinib, 1215maximum tolerated dose (MTD),

1191mechlorethamine, 1201, 1201fmelphalan, 1202, 1202fmethotrexate, 1206–1207, 1207f,

1208fmitoxantrone, 1205–1206, 1206fpaclitaxel, 1211, 1211fplatinum containing agents,

1211–1212procarbazine, 1203–1204, 1204frabacfosadine, 1215–1216temozolomide, 1203, 1203ftoceranib, 1214–1215, 1214fvinca alkaloids, 1210–1211, 1210f

fractional kill hypothesis, 1193metronomic, 1193resistance to, 1194–1196, 1195t

chickensamprolium for, 1144decoquinate for, 1142

diclazuril for, 1150dinitolmide for, 1145halofuginone for, 1146lasalocid for, 1148monensin for, 1148narasin for, 1148nicarbazin for, 1146ormetoprim for, 1154robenidine for, 1144semduramicin for, 1149sulfonamides for, 1151

chloral hydrate, 357–358, 357fin preanesthetic period, 187

chloralose, 269–270, 270fchlorambucil, 1201–1202, 1201f,

1234–1235adverse effects, 1234clinical use, 1235for inflammatory bowel disease,

1269chloramine-T, 790chloramphenicol, 254, 903, 1470

adverse effects and precautions, 905,907

aplastic anemia, 907bone marrow suppression, 905,

907GI disturbances in dog, 907peripheral neuropathy, 907toxicty in cats, 907

chemical features, 903clinical uses, 907–908derivatives, 908

florfenicol, 909–912thiamphenicol, 908–909

drug interactions, 907formulations, 903–904mechanism of action, 904for ocular infections, 1327–1328pharmacokinetics, 904–905, 905t,

906tabsorption and distribution,

904–905metabolism and excretion, 905

resistance to, 904spectrum of activity, 904structure of, 904f

chlorhexidine (Chx), 784, 790chlorine-containing solutions,

783–784chloroquine, 1156chlorpheniramine, 459chlorpromazine, 1245, 1246tchlorpromazine hydrochloride, 327,

327f, 328

chlorpropamide, 667chlorpyriphos, 1181chlortetracycline, 859f, 859t, 861t,

866–867, 1140choline, 174choline esters, 153

cholinergic receptor activatingproperties of, 154t

clinical uses, 156–157molecular structures of primary,

154fpharmacological mechanisms and

effects, 156target organ effects, 156

cholinesterase inhibitors, 66, 198–199pharmacological mechanisms and

effects, 157reversible, 158–159structure–activity relationships,

158cholinomimetic alkaloids, 154f,

157Chondrodendron tomentosum, 198choroid plexus, 178chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL),

1201chronic palliative therapy,

glucocorticoids, 746Chrorulon, 678tchrysotherapy. see gold therapychukar partridges, lasalocid for, 1148cidofovir, 1013cimetidine, 1256–1257, 1256tcimicoxib, 470, 471fciprofloxacin, 953, 954t, 955f

for dogs and cats, 969–970circumventricular organs (CVOs),

178cisapride, 1251–1252

clinical use, 1252formulations, 1252mechanism of action, 1251pharmacokinetics, 1251–1252side effects and interactions, 1252

cisatracurium, 198, 199–200characteristics of, 199t

cisplatin, 1212, 1212fcitalopram, 434citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine

(CPDA-1), 629clarithromycin, 1262clathrins, 171cleansers, 781

types of, 781clemastine, 458, 459


Index

clenbuterol, 138, 1305–1306, 1368in food-producing animals, 1306in horses, 1306unapproved use of, 1306

Client Information Sheet (CIS), 1455clindamycin, 927–930, 1155–1156,

1155fabsorption and distribution,

928–929adverse effects and precautions,

929–930chemical structures of, 925fclinical use, 930mechanism of action, 928metabolism and excretion, 929pharmacokinetics –

pharmacodynamics, 928–929resistance to, 928source and chemistry, 927spectrum of activity, 928

Clinical and Laboratory StandardsInstitute (CLSI), 1379

clinical anesthesia, 185–189clinical breakpoint, 1381clomipramine, 431clonazepam, 404clopidogrel, 639–640, 1261clopidol, 1143, 1143fcloprostenol, 678tclorazepate, 404–405

behavioral responses of, 426clorsulon, 1092–1093

chemical structure of, 1092fdosage, 1092elimination of, 1093with ivermectin, 1092pharmacokinetic behavior of, 1093safety and toxicity, 1093

closantel, 1088–1091, 1089f, 1092fand ivermectin, 1089mechanism of action, 1089pharmacokinetic behavior of,

1089–1090, 1090ftoxicity, 1091

Clostridium spp., 198, 1265clotrimazole, 1009cloxacillin, 835coagulopathies, agents for treatment

of, 638cocaine, 175coccidiosis, drugs for, 1131t,

1132t–1133tcodeine, as antitussive, 1302–1303Code of Federal Regulations (CFR),

1408

Codex Alimentarius, 1426Codex Committee on Residues of

Veterinary Drugs in Foods(CCRVDF), 1426

colitis-X, 865colloid osmotic pressure (COP),

583–584colloid therapy, 583–584column chromatography, 1441common ion effect, 94comparative pharmacokinetics,

1351–1353comparative pharmacology, 6Compliance Policy Guide (CPG),

1348–1349, 1358, 1431compounded drugs, 1430

current status of, 1430–1432potential problems from, 1432–1434signs of drug instability, 1432ttransdermal medications for pets,

1434–1435veterinarians and veterinary

pharmacists, guidelines for,1435

compounding of drugs, 1359. see alsocompounded drugs

concentration gradient, 10congestive heart failure (CHF), 601

ancillary therapy in, 527digitalis for, 510

conivaptan, 614–615constant flow treatments, 1377constant-rate infusion (CRI), 607Consumer Complaint Coordinator,

FDA, 1452Controlled Internal Drug Release

(CIDR), 104, 683–684, 684fcontrolled-release dosage

formulations, 1460controlled substances, 1430

inventory records, 1436medical record, 1436prescribing, 1436prescription for, 1437tstorage and security, 1436

coprophagy, 15–16corticosteroids

in cancer chemotherapy, 1214in cats, 1311, 1312tin dogs, 1311in horses, 1312inhaled, 1312–1313as metered-dose inhalers, 1312tfor ocular inflammation, 1325–1326,

1325t

corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH), 649–651, 650t, 651t

dosage protocols for, 654tstimulation test, 654

cortisol, 732, 741fcortisone, 740t, 741fcosolvent, 94cotransmission, 420cotrimoxazole, 815cough reflex, 1302coumaphos, 1061coumarin derivatives, 632–638COX-inhibiting nitric oxide donors

(CINODs), 472Cremephore-free paclitaxel, 1211cresols, 786cromolyn, 1307crufomate, 1061cryptorchidism

in dogs, hCG for, 679reproductive hormonal drugs for,

687cryptosporidiosis, drugs for, 1130tcrystalline penicillin, 834crystalloid therapy, 582–583crystalluria, sulfonamides and, 805CTBP. see cytosolic thyroid

hormone-binding proteinsCTX. see cyclophosphamidecurare alkaloids, 194cutaneous metabolism, 19CVM. see Center for Veterinary

Medicinecyclodextrin molecule, 268fcyclohexanones, 185cyclohexylchloroethylnitrosurea

(CCNU), 1202, 1202fcyclooxygenase (COX), 467

cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)characteristics, actions, and roles

of, 469tcyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 1213

characteristics, actions, and rolesof, 469t

inhibition of, 477–478, 478tefficacy, potency, and sensitivity

of, 478–480in vivo and ex vivo determination

of, 480cyclophosphamide, 1200, 1200f,

1233–1234adverse effects, 1234clinical use, 1234mechanism of action, 1234

cycloplegics, 1330


Index

cyclosporine, 1227–1232administration, 1230adverse effects and precautions,

1231–1232, 1231tclinical use

in cats, 1229in dogs, 1228–1229

drug interactions, 1232formulations and pharmacokinetics,

1229–1230for inflammatory bowel disease,

1270mechanism of action, 1228, 1228fmonitoring, 1230–1231, 1231ffor ocular disease, 1329ophthalmic use

anterior uveitis, 1232keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 1232

structure of, 1228fcyfluthrin, 1179Cyklokapron, 642cylcooxygenase (COX), 600CYP2D6, 1337–1338cypermethrin, 1179cystic ovaries therapy, gonadorelin for,

676Cystorelin, 676, 678tcytarabine, 1014. see also cytosine

arabinoside (Ara-C)cytauxzoonosis, drugs for, 1130tcytosine arabinoside (Ara-C),

1207–1208, 1208fcytosolic binding proteins, thyroid

hormones and, 704cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor

(cGR), genomic effects by,732–733

cytosolic thyroid hormone-bindingproteins (CTBP), 698

cytotoxic drugs, 1194

Ddabigatran etexilate, 635, 636tdacarbazine (DTIC), 1203, 1203fdactinomycin (DACT). see

actinomycin Ddalbavancin, 936dalteparin (Fragmin), 631–632danofloxacin, 954t, 973dapsone, 1239–1240

adverse effects, 1240clinical use, 1239–1240mechanism of action, 1239pharmacokinetics, 1239

Datura stramonium, 159

dazamide, 601Dear Doctor Letters, 1455decamethonium, 197decongestants, 1315

for incontinence, 1316systemic, 1315–1316topical, 1315

decoquinate, 1141–1142, 1141fdehydration

physical findings in, 562ttypes of, 561–562

dehydrocholic acid, 1271deiodinase enzymes, regulation of,

695–698Delvo tests, 1472demulcents, 1315deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 730depot preparations, 1460deracoxib, 470, 471fdermatological effects

of glucocorticoids, 743of thyroid hormones, 706

dermis of the skin, 18derquantel, 1069DERs. see Drug Experiencing Reportsdesflurane, 228–229

biotransformation, 228cardiovascular actions of, 229CNS, effect on, 228–229CO2 absorbent stability, 228convulsive activity of, 224respiratory system, effect on, 229rubber or plastic/gas partition

coefficient of, 219tsolubility of, 218tvapor pressure of, 228, 228t

desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), 638,665, 666–667

desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA),751

desoxycorticosterone pivalate(DOCP), 751

detomidine hydrochloride, 345f,346–347, 346t

dexamethasone, 740, 740t, 741f, 1214,1247

in food animal, 1365, 1368in horses, 1312

dexmedetomidine, 345f, 348, 348tin preanesthetic period, 187

dexrazoxane, 1205Dextran 40, 582tDextran 70, 582tdextromethorphan, 1303diabetes insipidus (DI)

ADH for diagnosis of, 666central, chlorpropamide for

treatment of, 667nephrogenic, treatment of, 667

Diabinese, 667diamidine derivatives, 1157, 1157f

amicarbalide, 1158diminazene diaceturate, 1157–1158imidocarb diproprionate,

1158–1159pentamidine isethionate, 1158phenamidine isethionate, 1158

diaminopyrimidines, 796Diamox, 601diamphenetide, 1097–1098

chemical structure and metabolicfate, 1097, 1097f

mechanism of action, 1098safety, 1098

diarrhea, sulfonamides and, 807diarrhea, treatment for, 1262

antimicrobials, 1265–1267motility modifiers, 1263–1264mucosal protectants and adsorbents,

1262–1263opioids, 1264–1265

diazepam, 402–404adverse reactions and tolerance,

402behavioral responses of, 425–426in cats, 403clinical use, 403induced eating in anorexic cats,

404mechanism of action, 402pharmacokinetics, 402–403routes of administration, 403

rectal administration, 403as skeletal muscle relaxant, 404in treatment for anxiety, 404

diazepam hydrochloride, 331–334chemical name, 331–332dose, 333tmolecular formula, 331regulatory information, 333–334

diazoxide, 773dichlorvos, 1061diclazuril, 1149–1150, 1149fdiethylcarbamazine, 1063–1064, 1063fdiethylenediamine. see piperazinediethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), 1184diethylstilbestrol (DES), 683diffusional coefficient of drug, 10difloxacin, 954tdiflubenzuron, 1183


Index

digitalis, 505–513cardiac energy metabolism with, 507cardiac output with, 506, 507fcardiovascular effects of, 505in cats, 510–513, 512tcellular mechanisms, 505–506chemistry and sources, 505combined effects during atrial

fibrillation and flutter, 508electrophysiological effects, 508excitability and automaticity,

507–508impulse conduction and refractory

periods, 508kidneys and diuresis with, 508–509myocardial contractility, 505neuroendocrine effects, 507pharmacokinetics, 509–510preparations, 513therapeutic indications for, 510toxicity

clinical signs, 509electrolyte involvement, 509–510plasma concentrations, 509

digoxin, 544–545dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate

synthase inhibitors, 1152, 1153formetoprim, 1153f, 1154pyrimethamine, 1153f, 1154–1155trimethoprim, 1152–1154, 1153f

dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase(DPD), 1195

dihydrostreptomycin andstreptomycin, 890–891

dimenhydrinate, 1246, 1246tdiminazene diaceturate, 1157–1158,

1157fdinitolmide, 1145, 1145fdinoprost, 678t, 681dinotefuran, 1174di-npropyl isocinchomeronate (MGK

326), 1184dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate, 1271dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS),

1271dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, 772diphemanil, 1264, 1264tdiphenhydramine, 1245, 1246, 1246tdiphenoxylate, 1264diphenylmethane, 1270diprenorphine, 309dip treatments, 1378direct-acting parasympathomimetic

agonistsacetylcholine, 154–155

choline esters, 156–157cholinomimetic alkaloids, 157effects of, 153tgeneral characteristics, 153structure–activity relationships,

153–154direct compression technique, 106direct stimulants, 1314disinfectant footbaths, 791disinfectants, 781, 782

alcohols as, 782–783aldehyde, 784–785factors affecting efficacy of, 786

biofilms, 788concentration, 786contamination, 787exposure time, 787organism types, 787pH, 787temperature, 787

gas, 786ideal characteristics of, 781oxidizing agents as, 785Q10 coefficient, 787, 787tresistance to, 788–789use of, examples of, 790–791

avian influenza, 791–792Salmonella species, 791

disinfection, 782high-level, 782intermediate-level, 782low-level, 782

disk diffusion susceptibility tests, 1379disophenol, 1087, 1088Dispensatorium, 3displacement, with plasma protein

binding, 25dissociation constant of ligand, 69dissociative anesthetics, 259–264

adverse effects/ contraindications,263

chemistry, 260classification, 260dose, 263drug availability, 264drug interactions, 264history, 259–260indications, 260mechanism of action, 260metabolism, 262–263overdosage/acute toxicity, 264pharmacokinetics, 262physiological/pharmacodynamic

effects, 260–262analgesic effects, 262

cardiovascular effects, 261CNS effects of, 260–261effects on ICP, 260–261muscular effects, 262norepinephrine affects, 261respiratory effects, 261–262

preparation, 260regulatory information, 264

dissociative drugs, 187distal convoluted tubule (DCT), 595,

596, 599fdistribution, drug

aminoglycosides, 882–883chloramphenicol, 904–905clindamycin, 928–929extent of tissue binding, 25–26factors affecting, 22–23, 25–26florfenicol, 909–910fluoroquinolones, 967lincomycin, 926of lipophilic compounds, 9–10macrolide antibiotics, 918–920penicillins, 833–834physiological determinants of, 23plasma protein binding, 24–25sulfonamides, 800, 802, 804tetracyclines, 861–864, 861t–863ttissue barriers to, 23–24volume of, 26

diureticsaquaretics, 614–615carbonic anhydrase inhibitors,

601–603dopamine receptor agonists, 615edema formation, 601effect on water and electrolyte

elimination, 601tloop/high-ceiling, 605–610mineralocorticoid receptor

antagonists, 612–614neutral endopeptidase inhibitors,

615osmotic, 603–605principles of, 600–601renal epithelial sodium channel

inhibitors, 611–612renal physiology, 593–600, 594f,

596fepithelial transport and secretion,

600nephron function, 593–597, 595f,

596fthiazide and thiazidelike, 610–611

d-limonene, 1182dobutamine, 513


Index

dogsabsorption of buprenorphine in, 306acepromazine in, 328acquired cardiac disease in,

treatment of, 146–147albendazole for, 1137–1138alfaxalone in, 269aminoglycosides toxicity in, 885amprolium for, 1144apomorphine dosage for, 304aspirin dose for, 639atovaquone for, 1142–1143azithromycin for, 1156barbiturate in, 254–255benzodiazepine derivatives in, 333t,

425bromide in, 410butorphanol in, 307carvedilol in, 147chloramphenicol for, 904, 907–908cisapride in, 1252clindamycin for, 1155–1156clopidogrel dose for, 640colloids in, indications, dosages and

administration of, 582tcyclophosphamide in, 1200cyclosporine in, 1228–1229decoquinate for, 1142diabetes in, insulin for treatment of,

767–768digitalis in, 509diminazene for, 1157doxorubicin in, 1205doxycycline for, 1140etomidate in, 267febantel for, 1138fenbendazole for, 1138fluconazole for, 998fluoroquinolones for, 968–970griseofulvin for, 989guaifenesin in, 356heparin dose for, 630imepitoin in, 401–402imidocarb for, 1158–1159with immune-mediated hemolytic

anemia, 625itraconazole for, 1002ketamine in, 262tleflunomide in, 1238levothyroxine dosages for, 711–712macrocyclic lactones for, 1113maropitant in, 1249mechlorethamine in, 1201meglumine antimonate for, 1136metoclopramide in, 1250

metronidazole for, 1133morphine in, 294–295nifurtimox for, 1140oclacitinib in, 1233ormetoprim for, 1154paromomycin for, 1139pentamidine for, 1158phenamidine for, 1158pimobendan in, 514, 514tponazuril for, 1151propofol in, 258proton pump inhibitors in,

1259–1260pyrimethamine for, 1154rivaroxaban and apixaban for,

636–637ronidazole for, 1135selective serotonin reuptake

inhibitors (SSRIs) in, 432skin reactions in, 806sodium stibogluconate for, 1136sterile hemorrhagic cystitis in, 1200streptokinase for, 641subaortic stenosis (SAS) in, 147sulfonamides for, 1151theophylline in, 1309thyroid hormone and iodide kinetics

in, 700tthyroxine kinetics in, 701ttinidazole for, 1135tissue-type plasminogen activator

for, 641toltrazuril for, 1150topical antifungal products for,

1006ttramadol in, 309–310TRH for diagnosis of

hypothyroidism in, 656–657trimethoprim for, 1153–1154ulcerative colitis in, 1266vitamin K1 dose for, 638warfarin dose for, 635

domperidone, 680, 1251dopamine, 124, 129, 138, 421, 513, 679,

1245as neurotransmitters, 174–175receptors, 175termination of action of, 175

dopamine receptor agonists, 615doping control, 1439doramectin, 1102, 1103f, 1116, 1175,

1177dosage form considerations, 99–105,

1459biomass products, 103–104

bolus, 102capsules, 103chewable tablets, 102–103common veterinary forms, 99fconsiderations when formulating,

100fcontrolled internal drug release

system (CIDR), 104cream, 101delayed release, 101–102different types, use of, 1459ease of drug administration, 1461emulsions, 100extended release (ER) tablets, 101feed additives, 1461–1463, 1463fgels, 101granules, 103immediate release (IR) tablets, 101implants, 102liquid suspension, 99–100lotions, 101medicated feed, 103modified release (MR) tablets, 101ointment, 101parenteral products, 104–105pastes, 101pharmacokinetic considerations and

controlled-drug delivery,1459–1461, 1460f

powders, 103site-directed therapy, 1463solutions, 99suspoemulsion (SE), 101tablets, 101topical products, 105transdermal drug delivery, 105

dosage regimens, 57–62adjusting for disease, 60–62, 61fconstant-dose, interval-extension

method (IE), 61, 61fconstant-interval, dose-reduction

(DR), 61determination of an effective and

safe, 77dosage rate, 59efficacy and safety, 60factors important in designing, 59instantaneous dose rate, 59loading dose, 58–59maintenance dose, 58plasma concentration vs time

profile, 58ffor quinolone, 82, 83relative dosage interval, 59selection of dose, 81–83


Index

dosagesalpha-chloralose, 270tapomorphine, 304atipamezole, 350tazaperone, 330tbarbiturates, 253–254, 254tbromide, 410buprenorphine, 306tbutorphanol, 307chloral hydrate, 357clorsulon, 1092detomidine hydrochloride, 346tdiazepam hydrochloride, 333tdissociative anesthetics, 263dose–effect relationship vs PK/PD

modeling, 66fetomidate, 266etorphine in animals for

immobilization, 303tgentamicin, 880tglucocorticoids, 1227guaifenesin, 355–356hydromorphone, 297tketamine, 263levamisole, 1057metomidate, 272midazolam maleate, 334opioids, 312tpimobendan, 516piperazine, 1062–1063praziquantel, 1083propofol, 259, 259tromifidine, 347tspecies differences, 269telazol, 263tetracycline antibiotics, 866ttetrahydropyrimidines, 1060tolazoline, 353ttribromoethanol, 272–273trimethoprim–sulfadiazine, 814urethane, 271xylazine hydrochloride, 345tyohimbine, 351t

dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), 1198dose titration trial, 78–79, 78f, 79fdown-regulation, 76doxacurium, 200

characteristics of, 199tdoxapram, 1316doxazosin, 143doxil, 1205doxorubicin, 1204–1205, 1204fdoxycycline, 859f, 859t, 864–865,

868–869, 1140pharmacokinetic parameters of, 863t

dronabinol, 1248droperidol, 328drug administration, routes of

intraperitoneal injection, 22parenteral dosage forms, 21subcutaneous (SC or SQ) and

intramuscular (IM) route, 21drug approval process, for minor

food-producing animals,1345–1346

Drug Enforcement Authority (DEA),1436

Drug Experiencing Reports (DERs),1423–1424

drug receptor theories, 74–76, 75fdrugs, 3

absorption of ( see absorption, drug)affinity, efficacy, and potency of,

69–70, 69f, 70fas agonist or antagonist, 67–69binding of, and chemical forces,

72disposition of, 8–10distribution of

factors affecting, 22–23, 25–26physiological determinants of,

23plasma protein binding, 24–25tissue barriers to, 23–24

hepatic disposition, 32–38hepatic clearance, 34–35metabolism impact, 34metabolism induction and

inhibition, 35–38phase I and phase II reactions,

33–34, 33tmechanism of action, 67fpartial agonist vs full agonist, 74receptors, 72–74renal elimination, 26–32

clearance, 30–31mechanism of, 27–30physiology relevant to, 26–27tubular secretion and

reabsorption, 31–32specificity and selectivity of,

70–72drug targets, types of, 65–67, 66fdrug transporters, 1334d-tubocurarine, 197, 198, 200

histamine release by, 207neuromuscular blocking effect of,

204–205, 204f, 205fDyrenium, 611dysautonomia, 118

Eear tags, 1167Eat this Bug, 1395Eazi-Breed CIDR, 678t, 684, 684fEbers Papyrus, 3Echinococcus granulosus, 1081ectoparasiticides, 1166

amitraz, 1170t, 1182–1183approval and registration in US,

1184–1185, 1184tcarbamates, 1182chemical structures and

physicochemical properties of,1169t–1170t

d-limonene and linalool, 1182fipronil, 1170–1172, 1170tideal, 1166indoxacarb, 1180insect growth regulators, 1170t,

1183insect development inhibitors,

1183juvenile-hormone analogs, 1183

macrocyclic lactones, 1175–1177mechanisms of action, 1168, 1170tneonicotinoids

dinotefuran, 1174imidacloprid, 1172–1173isoxazoline, 1174–1175nitenpyram, 1173spinosad, 1174

organophosphates, 1170t,1180–1182

pyrethrins and pyrethroids, 1170t,1178–1180

resistance to, 1168, 1170routes of dermal absorption,

1167–1168, 1167fsynergists and repellents, 1170t,

1183–1184topical formulations, 1167transdermal delivery, 1167

edema formation, diuretics and,601

Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, 3edrophonium, 158–159

for reversal of neuromuscularblockade, 210

effect compartment model, 79efficacy of drugs, 69–70, 69f, 70f

clinical, 69intrinsic, 69

eicosanoids, 467–468, 485, 600eicosapentanoic acid, for colitis,

1269–1270


Index

EIPH. see exercise-induced pulmonaryhemorrhage

electrocardiogram, cardiac glycosidesand digitalis effects on, 508

Electronic Submissions Gateway(ESG), FDA, 1453

Electronic Submissions System (ESS),1453

elimination, drugof aminoglycosides, 883of angiotensin-converting enzyme

inhibitors, 616of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors,

602of cephalosporins, 843of florfenicol, 910of loop diuretics, 607of mannitol, 603–604of mineralocorticoid receptor

antagonists, 613of osmotic diuretics, 603–604of penicillins, 833of tetracyclines, 861t–863t, 864

elimination half-life, 1474emodepside, 1069, 1070, 1070fendectocides, 1369endocannabinoids, 177endocrine effects

of glucocorticoids, 742, 742tof thyroid hormones, 708

endometritis, persistentoxytocin for, 681prostaglandins analogs and, 681

endothelial NO synthase (eNOS),121

energy metabolism, glucocorticoidsand, 737

enflurane, 228CNS, effects of, 231pharmacokinetics, 231rubber or plastic/gas partition

coefficient of, 219tsolubility of, 218ttonic–clonic muscle activity, 224undesirable features of, 231vapor pressure of, 228t

enilconazole, 1008–1009enoxaparin (Lovenox), 632enrofloxacin, 953, 954t, 955f, 969t,

1337, 1433enteric nervous system, 121enterohepatic recycling, 15–16

concentration vs time profile, 16fEnvironmental Protection Agency

(EPA), 781, 1408, 1453, 1470

enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA),1443, 1472

eosinophilic colitis, 1269epidural barrier, 180, 180f, 181fepinephrine, 136, 175, 1304, 1304teplerenone, 614eprinomectin, 1102, 1103f, 1108, 1116,

1175, 1176, 1460pour-on formulation, 1177

epsiprantel, 1085, 1085f, 1086fEquidone, 680equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG),

678t, 679equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1),

1011equine, propofol effect on, 258equine protozoal myelitis, drugs for,

1130tequine protozoal myeloencephalitis

(EPM), 799, 1142, 1149Equipoise, 685ertapenem, 849erythromycin, 11, 912t, 920–921, 1253

chemical structures of, 913fclinical use of, 921formulations, 920for ocular infections, 1328pharmacokinetic parameters of, 919tregulatory considerations, 921

erythropoietin, 1446escitalopram, 434esmolol, 546esters, 742estradiol, 682estradiol benzoate, 682–683estrogens, 682–683estrous cycle, 674–675, 675festrous synchronization, 681Estrumate, 678testrus synchronization, 676E-test, 1379ethyl alcohol, 782–783ethylenediamine dihydroiodide

(EDDI), 1008, 1314ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid

(EDTA), 628ethylene oxide, 786etofenprox, 1179etomidate


chemistry, 264, 264fclassification, 264–265compatibility of, 267dose, 266

drug availability, 267drug interactions, 267history, 264indications, 265mechanism of action, 265metabolism, 266overdosage/acute toxicity, 267pharmacokinetics, 265–266physiological effects, 265, 266f

analgesic effects, 265cardiovascular effects, 265CNS effects, 265endocrine system, 265muscular effects, 265respiratory system, 265

preparation, 264–265regulatory information, 267species differences, 266–267stability of, 267storage of, 267

etorphine, 303–304eucalyptus oil, 1314European Association for Veterinary

Pharmacology and Toxicology(EAVPT), 5

European Medicines Agency (EMA),1453

European Union (EU), 1425euthanasia, 388euthanizing agents

in animals, 393immersion agents, 391–392

benzocaine hydrochloride, 3922-phenoxyethanol, 392quinaldine sulfate, 392tricaine methane sulfonate,

392inhaled agents, 388–390

anesthetic overdose, 390argon, 389carbon dioxide, 388–389carbon monoxide, 389nitrogen, 389–390

injected agentsbarbiturate, 390carfentanil citrate, 391dissociative agents, 391embutramide, 391etorphine hydrochloride, 391potassium chloride, 391tributame, 390–391

miscellaneous considerations,392–393

opioids, 391evidence-based pharmacology, 4


Index

Evidence-Based Veterinary MedicalAssociation (EBVMA), 1466

evidence-based veterinary medicine(EBVM), 1465–1467

clinical decision making, 1465definition of, 1465evidence hierarchy, 1466, 1467fevidence rating system, 1467, 1467f

excitatory amino acid transporters(EAATs) neurotransmitters, 172

excretionchloramphenicol, 905clindamycin, 929fluoroquinolones, 967macrolide antibiotics, 920pharmacogenetics of, 1339–1340sulfonamides, 805

exercise-induced pulmonaryhemorrhage (EIPH), 609–610,1445

exocytosis, 171exogenous glucocorticoids, 701–702exotic animals, antifungal drugs for,

998, 999t–1000texpectorants and mucolytics, 1314

acetylcysteine, 1315demulcents, 1315direct stimulants, 1314guaifenesin, 1315saline expectorants, 1314

extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs), 828

extracellular fluid (ECF), 556cations in, 557–558osmolality, 557

extralabel use (ELU), 1358–1359, 1375,1410

definition of, 1472drugs prohibited for, 1429t, 1473tregulatory discretion for, 1427requirements for, 1429tveterinarian and, 1472–1473

extrusion processes, 106

Ffactor Xa inhibitors, 636–637Factrel, 676, 678tfamciclovir, 1012–1013

adverse effects, 1013clinical use, 1013pharmacokinetics, 1012–1013

famotidine, 1256–1257, 1256tfamphur, 1181FARAD. see Food Animal Residue

Avoidance Databank (FARAD)

Fasciola hepatica, 1046, 1053,1085–1087, 1087t

fasciolosis, 1085–1086. see alsoantitrematodal drugs

febantel, 1039, 1048, 1138Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act

(FFDCA), 1407, 1408, 1425Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and

RodenticideAct (FIFRA), 1408Federation Equestre International

(FEI), 1440felbamate, 405feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1),

1011, 1013fenbendazole, 1036f, 1048–1049,

1137f, 1138. see alsobenzimidazoles

fenleuton, 1314fentanyl, 178, 1398–1399fenthion, 1169t, 1181fenvalerate, 1179fescue toxicosis, 1251FFDCA. see Federal Food Drug and

Cosmetic Actfibrinolytic agents, 640–641Fick’s law of diffusion, 10, 31field-block anesthesia, 370finasteride, 678t, 685fipronil, 1166, 1170–1172, 1170t

chemistry, 1171efficacy, 1171formulations, 1170–1171mechanism of action, 1171pharmacokinetics, 1171safety/toxicity, 1171–1172

firocoxib, 471f, 475tfish

florfenicol for, 911–912fluoroquinolones for, 971–972morphine and, 296propofol and, 259

flea allergy dermatitis, 1166flip-flop phenomenon, 47florfenicol, 909–912, 1361

adverse effects, 912in aquatic animals, 1385, 1388–1389clinical use, 911–912

cattle and pigs, 911fish, 911–912horses, 912other species, 912small animals, 911topical forms, 911

pharmacokinetics of, 909–911, 910tabsorption, 909

distribution, 909–910metabolism and elimination, 910pharmacokinetic–


regulatory information, 912structure of, 909

flubendazole, 1036f, 1049. see alsobenzimidazoles

fluconazole, 993t, 997–998adverse effects, 998clinical use

exotic animals, 998, 999t–1000tlarge animals, 998small animals, 997–998

interactions, 998pharmacokinetics, 997spectrum of activity, 997structure of, 1004f

flucytosine, 1008fluid therapy, 577–588

diagnosis and monitoring for,577–578, 579t

fluid volume and type for, 578–580products for, 582–588

blood substitutes, 585–588colloids, 583–584crystalloids, 582–583hypertonic solutions, 584–585

rates and routes of administration,580–582

solutions, composition of, 579tunits of measure and conversions

used in, 556tflumazenil


analgesic activity of, 337cardiovascular effects, 337CNS depressant effects, 337doses, 338indications, 337mechanism of action, 337molecular formula, 337musculoskeletal effects, 337pharmacokinetics properties,

338regulatory information, 338respiratory effects, 337

flumequine, 1385–1386flumethasone, 740t, 741fflunixin, 1475–1476flunixin meglumine, 1313fluoroquinolone-induced retinal

toxicity, 1337


Index

fluoroquinolones, 953, 1265advantages of, 953antibacterial spectrum, 956–957,

956tchemical features, 953–955clinical use

birds, 971dogs and cats, 968–970fish, 971–972horses, 972–973nursing animals, 974pigs, 973–974pregnant animals, 974reptiles, 971ruminants, 973small mammals, 970–971young animals, 974–975

dose guidelines, 968, 969tdrug interactions, 977formulations, 977–978mechanism of action, 955–956for ocular infections, 1327pharmacokinetics, 958, 959t–964t,

965–987excretion, 967intramuscular and subcutaneous

injection, 966metabolism, 966oral absorption, 965–966protein binding, 965t, 967tissue distribution, 967

pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics,967–968

resistance to, 957–958clinical, 957–958human health risks of, 958

safety of, 975–976blindness in cats, 975–976CNS effects, 975problems in young animals, 976

structure–activity relationships,954–955

susceptibility testing, 954t, 957third-generation, 953, 955used in veterinary medicine, 954t

5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 1008,1209–1210, 1209f

fluoxetine, 176, 432–433fluralaner, 1174–1175flush treatments, 1377fluticasone, 1312–1313fluvoxamine, 434FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs),

1070–1071

foals, antimicrobials for diarrhea in,1267

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),649, 651f, 675f, 678t, 679

Follitropin, 678tFollutein, 678tFood and Agriculture Organization

(FAO), 1426, 1476Food and Drug Administration (FDA),

6, 96, 1407–1409, 1409t, 1431,1448, 1470–1471. see alsoregulation of animal drugs

postapproval surveillance program,1448

Food and Drug AdministrationAmendments Act (FDAAA),1452

Food Animal Residue AvoidanceDatabank (FARAD), 816, 882,1348, 1351, 1352, 1469, 1477

food animals, use of drugs in, 1358anesthetics and analgesics,

1369–1370antibiotics, 1361–1365, 1362t–1363tanticoccidials, 1365, 1366tantiinflammatories, 1365–1368,

1366tantiparasitics, 1367t, 1369extralabel use, 1358–1359hormones for reproductive use,

1367t, 1369miscellaneous drugs, 1370production enhancement drugs,

1366t, 1368–1369residues andwithdrawal times,

1359–1361food code, 1426food-producing animals

major, 1345minor, 1345

Food Safety and Inspection Service(FSIS), USDA, 1470–1472

formaldehyde, 784–785, 791formulation elements, 95–99

function of excipients, 95International Conference on

Harmonization (ICH)guidelines, 96

in liquid and semisolid formulationsantimicrobial agents, 98antioxidants, 98buffering agents, 97bulking agents, 97chelating agents, 98coloring agents, 99

complexing and dispersing agents,98

flavors, 99flocculating/suspending agents,

98humectants, 99preservatives, 98solubilizing agents, 98thickening agents, 98–99tonicity agents, 98wetting agents, 98

for modified release formulationscoated tablets, 97matrix tablets, 97

natural ingredients, 95semisynthetic ingredients, 95–96for solid dosage forms

binders, 97coating agents, 97disintegrants, 97fillers (diluents), 96–97glidants, 97lubricants, 97

synthetic ingredients, 96Freedom of Information (FOI)

summaries, 1407free hormone hypothesis, 698–699frog

metomidate in, 272opioid in, 312, 312t

Frontline Plus, 1166, 1170furazolidone, 934–935furosemide, 605–610, 1234,

1444–1445

GGABA, as neurotransmitters, 172,

173t, 174gabapentin, 405–406

adverse effects, 406clinical use, 406pharmacokinetics, 406

GABA receptors, 174, 174fGADPTRA. see Generic Animal Drug

and Patent Term RestorationAct

gallamine (Flaxedil), 201–202γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), 174γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), 731gamithromycin, 912t, 923

chemical structures of, 914fpharmacokinetics of, 917t

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA),422

ganciclovir, 1013


Index

gantacurium, 198, 201characteristics of, 199t

gas chromatography (GC), 1441–1442gas disinfectants, 786GastroGard®, 1260gastrointestinal effects, of

glucocorticoids, 742t, 743gastrointestinal function, drugs

affectingacetylcholine (ACh), 155alpha-2-adrenergic receptor

agonists, 341barbiturates, 252bethanecol, 156carbachol, 156choline esters, 156inhalation anesthetics, 226muscarinic receptor antagonists,

160nonsteroidal antiinflammatory

drugs (NSAIDs), 482–484opioids, 288–289

gastrointestinal stasis, 188gastrointestinal tract, thyroid hormone

effect on, 707gastrointestinal ulcers, drugs for, 1254,

1254t, 1255fantacids, 1255–1256Helicobacter gastritis and, 1262histamine H2-receptor antagonists,

1256–1257proton pump inhibitors, 1258–1261,

1258tsucralfate, 1257–1258, 1257fsynthetic prostaglandins, 1261–1262

gatifloxacin, 953GC-induced leucine zipper (GILZ)

gene, 738gemcitabine, 1208–1209, 1209fgeneral anesthesia, 184–185

injectable agents for, 188, 188tmechanism of action, 185stages of, 184, 184ftechniques of, 184–185

balanced anesthesia, 184single-agent technique, 184

general visceral afferent (GVA) system,118

general visceral efferent (GVE) system,113

Generic Animal Drug and Patent TermRestoration Act (GADPTRA),1409, 1420

generic product application, 1421gentamicin, 877, 886–888

chemical structure of, 877, 878fdisposition of

age on, effect of, 886body condition and disease on,

effect of, 886, 888once-daily dosages for, 880tpharmacokinetic data for, 887t–888t

ghrelin, 661giardiasis, drugs for, 1129tglaucoma, 1323–1325

pharmacological therapy, 1323beta-blockers, 1323carbonic anhydrase inhibitors,

1323–1324hyperosmotic agents, 1324–1325parasympathomimetics, 1325prostaglandin analogues, 1324

physiology of, 1323glial cells, 177–178glomerular filtration, 27–28, 28fglomerular net filtration pressure, 596fglomerulus, anatomy of, 598fglucagon, 771–772glucagon-like peptide 1, 772glucocorticoids, 729–750

adverse effects, 1227cellular effects, 1226–1227chemistry of, 740–742, 740t, 741f

esters, 742source, 740steroid base, 741–742structure–activity relationships,

740, 740t, 741fchoice of drugs, 1227classes of therapy with, 744–750

adrenal reserve testing, 747alternate-day therapy, 746–747antiinflammatory and antiallergic

therapy, 745chronic palliative therapy, 746immunosuppressive therapy,

745–746intensive short-term and shock

therapy, 745intraarticular administration,

748–749neurologic applications, 749ophthalmic applications, 749physiological replacement

therapy, 744–745stress supplementation, 747–748topical and intralesional usage,

748clinical dosing and cellular actions

of, relationship of, 734t

clinical use, 1311–1312dosage, 1227every-other-day (EOD) therapy,

1227exogenous, 701–702fatal sequela in dog, 743genomic mechanisms of action,

732–736, 733fgenomic effects via cGCR,

732–733lipocortin induction and

phospholipase A2 inhibition,734, 735f

posttranslational modifications,736

steroid receptor isoforms,735–736

hypoadrenocorticism management,729

for immune-mediated diseases,1226–1227

immunosuppressive effects,1227

for inflammatory bowel diseases,1268–1269

laminitis in horse, 743, 749mechanism of action, 1311mechanism of action of, 734, 734fmolecular mechanisms of action,

732newer preparations of, 749–750nonadrenal disorder management,

729nongenomic effects of, 736–737and NSAIDs, 735f, 748pharmacologic effects of, 737–740

cardiorespiratory, 738–739CNS, 739, 742–743, 742tendocrine, 739, 742, 742tenergy metabolism, 737gastrointestinal, 739–740, 742t,

743growth and development, 737immune and hematologic effects,

738water and electrolyte balance,

737–738physiological effects of, 737physiology and, 729–737

hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenalaxis, 731–732, 731f

negative feedback, cellularmechanisms of, 732

steroids biosynthesis, 729–731,730f


Index

plasma binding, metabolism, andexcretion of, 732

principles of rational therapy,743–744

for respiratory diseases, 1311–1313thyroid function and, 701–702toxicity of, 742–743, 742tfor vomiting, 1247withdrawal from, 747

glucoreceptor (GR), 71glucose effect, 252glucose metabolism

diazoxide, 773dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors,

772glucagon, 771–772glucagon-like peptide 1, 772hypoglycemic agents, oral, 768–771

acarbose, 770–771metformin, 770sodium–glucose cotransporters,

771sulfonylureas, 768–770thiazolidinediones, 770

insulin, 763–768adverse effects ofchemistry and biosynthesis of,

763–764history of, 763mechanism of action, 765metabolism of, 765–766preparations and properties of,

766–767, 766tsecretion of, 764–765therapeutic uses of, 767–768,

768tsomatostatin, 772–773toceranib phosphate, 773

glutamate, as neurotransmitters, 172,173t

glutamate-gated chloride channels(GluCl), macrocyclic lactonesand, 1104–1105

glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD),172

glutaraldehyde (GLT), 785, 791glycine, as neurotransmitters, 172,

173tglycine xylidide (GX), 381glycopeptides, 936–937glycopyrrolate, 161, 1310goats

amprolium for, 1144decoquinate for, 1142monensin for, 1148

paromomycin for, 1139vitamin K1 dose for, 638

goitrogens, 715gold therapy, 1238–1239

adverse effects, 1239clinical use, 1239dosage, 1239formulations for, 1239

gonadorelin, 675t, 676–677clinical use of, 676–677dosage of, 678t

gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH), 676

gonadotropins, 677–679, 678thuman chorionic, 677–679mechanism of, 677secretion and function of, 677therapeutic uses of, 677

Good Manufacturing Practices(cGMPs), 1451

G-protein, 655G protein-coupled receptors (GRPCs),

72, 73f, 168granisetron, 176Green Book, 1409griseofulvin, 988–990

clinical useadverse effects, 990large animals, 989–990small animals, 989

mechanism of action, 988microsized formulations,

988pharmacokinetics, 988–989spectrum of activity, 988ultramicrosized formulations, 988

growth hormone–releasing hormone(GHRH), 661

guaiacol, 1315guaifenesin, 354f, 1315


classification, 354dose, 355–356drug interactions, 356indications, 355mechanism of action, 355metabolism, 355overdosage/acute toxicity, 356pharmacokinetics, 355physiological effects, 355regulatory information, 356species differences, 356

guanidine derivatives, asantiprotozoan drugs, 1143–1144

HHaemonchus contortus, 1046Hageman factor, 627thalf-life of drug, 1474halofuginone, 1146, 1146fhaloperidol, 328halothane, 228

advantages, 230biotransformation, 229, 230cardiovascular actions of, 230CO2 absorbent stability, 230complete respiratory arrest, 230declining use and availability,

230–231hepatic injury related with, 230–231pharmacokinetics, 230rubber or plastic/gas partition

coefficient of, 219tsolubility of, 218tvapor pressure of, 228t

halothane hepatitis, 231haloxon, 1061hCG. see human chorionic

gonadotropinheartworm adulticides, 1064Helicobacter gastritis, 1262hemicholinium, 198hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

(HBOCs), 586–588adverse effects of, 587–588osmolality of, 586

Hemopure, 587hemorrhagic cystitis, 1234Hemospan, 587hemostasis, 625–629

coagulation phase in, 627–628calcium involvement, 627t, 628fibrin formation, 626f

fibrinolysis phase in, 628natural anticoagulants in, 628vascular and platelet phases in,

626–627, 627fin vitro anticoagulants and clotting

tests, 628–629Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, 10,

27, 29, 570fheparin, 629–632

adverse effects of, 630for IMHA, 630indications and clinical uses,

629–630low-molecular-weight, 629, 630–632pharmacological properties of, 633treversing agent for, 632unfractionated, 629


Index

hepatic disposition of drugs, 32–38bile formation, 36–37biliary drug elimination, 36cytochrome (Cyt) P450-dependent

mixed-function oxidation, 33,34t

hepatic clearance, 34–35metabolism impact, 34metabolism induction and

inhibition, 35–38phase I and phase II reactions,

33–34, 33thepatic necrosis, sulfonamides and,

806hepatozoonosis, drugs for, 1130tHetastarch, 582thigh-ceiling diuretics. see loop

diureticshigh ceiling effect, 69highly effective antiretroviral therapy

(HAART), 1015Hill model, 80Hippocrates, 3histamine, 175

antihistamineschemistry, 456–457development, 456H1 receptor antagonists, 456, 457tH2 receptor antagonists, 460pharmacological effects, 457side effects and interactions,

459–460therapeutic uses, 457–459therapeutic uses of, 459

pharmacological effects, 455–456receptors, 453–455, 454trelease, 452–453serotonin

agonists and antagonists, 463metabolism, 460–461neuronal uptake of, 461–462pharmacological effects, 462–463physiological and pathological

processes, 463side effects and interactions, 463sources, 460–461subtypes, 462

sources, 451–452synthesis, 451–452

histamine H2-receptor antagonists,1256–1257

adverse effects, 1256antiallergic effects, 1257clinical use, 1256immunological effects, 1257

mechanism of action, 1256potency of, 1256tsmooth muscle activity, effects on,

1257HIV-1 protease inhibitors, 1337Hofmann elimination reaction, 199homeostasis

of potassium, 565–566of water, sodium, and chloride,

558–559, 559fhormesis, 74hormone implants, 1368hormone response elements (HRE),

682hormones

adrenocorticotropic hormone,651–655, 654t, 662t

antidiuretic hormone, 662t, 665–667corticotropin-releasing hormone,

649–651follicle-stimulating hormone, 649,

651f, 675f, 678t, 679hypothalamic hormones, 649–668,

650t, 651tluteinizing hormone, 649, 651f, 675pituitary hormones, 649–668

anterior, 649–665posterior, 665–668

reproductive hormones, 674–687,675t

thyrotropin-releasing hormone,655–657

hormones for reproductive use, 1367t,1369

horsesacepromazine in, 327–328airway diseases in, 1305alfaxalone in, 269aminoglycosides toxicity in, 886anticholinergic drugs in, 1310antiherpetic therapy for, 1011–1012azathioprine in, 1236benzodiazepine derivatives in, 333tbutorphanol in, 307chloral hydrate in, 357chloramphenicol for, 908cisapride in, 1252corticosteroids in, 1312decoquinate for, 1142diazepam hydrochloride in, 335diclazuril for, 1149–1150digitalis in, 509diminazene for, 1157dissociative anesthetics in, 263domperidone in, 1251

florfenicol for, 912fluoroquinolones for, 972–973guaifenesin in, 356heparin dose for, 630imidocarb for, 1158intraarticular glucocorticoid usage

in, 748–749itraconazole for, 1002ketamine in, 262tlevothyroxine dosages for, 712macrocyclic lactones for, 1112metoclopramide in, 1250metronidazole for, 1133misoprostol in, 1262morphine in, 295–296phenytoin in, 401ponazuril for, 1150–1151proton pump inhibitors in, 1260pyrimethamine for, 1154–1155rifampin use in, 933tetracyclines for, 1140tetracyclines in, effects of, 865theophylline in, 1309–1310thiopental in, 255tinidazole in, 1135toltrazuril for, 1150tramadol in, 311TRH for diagnosis of

hypothyroidism in, 657trimethoprim–sulfadiazine for,

814vitamin K1 dose for, 638warfarin dose for, 635

HSS. see hypertonic salineHSS plus dextran (HSD), 585human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),

677–679, 678tadverse reactions and side effects,

679dosage of, 678ttherapeutic uses of, 677–679

Human Genome Project, 1332humidity, 92hyaloideocapsular ligament, 1322Hydodan®, 1303hydralazine hydrochloride, 522–523hydrochlorothiazide, 667hydrocodone, 1303hydrocortisone, 740thydrogen peroxide, 785

gas plasma, 786hydrolysis, 92hydromorphone, 296–297

dosages, 297t4-hydroxycoumarin, structure of, 633f


Index

hydroxyquinolones andnaphthoquinones, 1141, 1141f

atovaquone, 1141f, 1142–1143buparvaquone, 1141f, 1143decoquinate, 1141–1142, 1141fparvaquone, 1141f, 1143

5-hydroxytryptamine, 175–176Hyoscyamus niger, 159hyperadrenocorticism, adrenolytic

drugs for, 751–752hyperbolar agonist–effect

relationships, 74hypercapnia, 224hyperchloremia, 565hyperkalemia, 567–568

causes of, 567, 567tmanagement of, 568t

hypernatremia, 562–563, 563fhyperosmotic agents, for glaucoma,

1324–1325hyperosmotic cathartics, 1270hypersensitivity reactions

cephalosporins and, 847–848sulfonamides and, 805–806

hyperthyroidism, 691hypertonic saline (HSS), 584–585,

790hypervolemia, 563hypnotic-sedatives, in preanesthetic

period, 187hypoadrenocorticism management,

glucocorticoids for, 729hypochloremia, 565hypochlorites as disinfectants,

783–784hypoglycemic agents, oral, 768–771

acarbose, 770–771metformin, 770sodium–glucose cotransporters, 771sulfonylureas, 768–770thiazolidinediones, 770

hypokalemia, 568–569causes of, 568tpotassium supplementation in, 569t

hyponatremia, 563–565, 564fhypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis,

731–732, 731fhypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis,

694–695, 695fhypothyroidism, 691

therapeutic trial for diagnosis of,713

thyroid replacement therapy of, 710fhypotonic fluid loss, 561, 563hysteresis loop, 79

II-653. see desfluraneibafloxacin, 954tidiosyncratic reactions, 1340idoxuridine, 1013–1014ifosfamide, 1200–1201, 1200fimazalil, 1008imepitoin, 401–402

adverse effects, 402clinical use in dogs, 402drug interactions, 402pharmacokinetics, 402

IMHA. see immune-mediatedhemolytic anemia

imidacloprid, 1166, 1170t, 1172–1173chemistry, 1172efficacy, 1172–1173mechanism of action, 1172pharmacokinetics, 1172products, 1172safety/toxicity, 1173

imidazothiazoles, 1054–1058. see alsolevamisole

imidocarb diproprionate, 1157f,1158–1159

imipenem, 849imipramine, 430–431immersion disinfection, 782immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

(IMHA), 625, 1226, 1227immunoblotting, 1354–1355immunological effects, of

glucocorticoids, 743immunosuppressive drugs, 1226

azathioprine, 1235–1237, 1235fchlorambucil, 1234–1235cyclophosphamide, 1233–1234cyclosporine, 1227–1232dapsone, 1239–1240glucocorticoids, 745–746,

1226–1227gold therapy, 1238–1239for inflammatory bowel diseases,

1269leflunomide, 1238mycophenolate mofetil, 1237–1238oclacitinib, 1233pimecrolimus, 1232sirolimus, 1232–1233tacrolimus, 1232

inamrinone, 516–517Increlex, 664infections, ocular

antibacterial agentsaminoglycosides, 1327

chloramphenicol, 1327–1328double antibiotic/triple antibiotic

preparations, 1326–1327erythromycin, 1328fluoroquinolones, 1327tetracyclines, 1327

antibacterial agents for, 1326–1328antifungal agents

azoles, 1328polyenes, 1328

antifungal agents for, 1328antimicrobial therapy for,

1326–1329antiviral agents for, 1328–1329

purine analogues, 1329pyrimidine analogues, 1328–1329

infertility therapygonadorelin for, 676hCG for, 677

inflammation, ocular, 1325and antiinflammatory therapy,

1325–1326corticosteroids for, 1325–1326,

1325tnonsteroidal antiinflammatory

agents for, 1326, 1326tinflammatory bowel disease (IBD),

drugs for, 1267anticholinergics, 1268glucocorticoids, 1268–1269immunosuppressive drugs, 1269sulfasalazine, 1267–1268

inhalation anestheticsas cerebral vasodilators, 224drug kinetics properties, 218–219methods of characterization, 217pharmacodynamics of, 222–232

cardiovascular system effects,225–226

central nervous system effects,223–224

desflurane, 228–229effects of volatile anesthetics on

arterial oxygen tension (Pao2),224, 225f

enflurane, 231gastrointestine, 226halothane, 230–231isoflurane, 227–228kidneys, 226–227liver, 226methoxyflurane, 231nitrous oxide, 231–232respiratory system effects,

224–225


Index

inhalation anesthetics (Continued)sevoflurane, 229–230skeletal muscle, 227

pharmacokineticsblood flow characteristics in

different tissue groups, 221tdelivery to alveoli, 220dosage, 222factors contributing to anesthetic

elimination, 222factors promoting rapid changes,

220tminimum alveolar concentration

(MAC), 222, 222tmovement, 219foil/gas partition coefficients vs

potency (MAC), 223fpartial pressure between alveoli

and venous blood, 221recovery from, 221–222removal from alveoli, 220–221standard index of potency for,

222upper limit of inspired

concentration, 220uptake and elimination, 219–222

physicochemical characteristics of,216–218

chemical, 216–217forms, gas vs vapor, 217physical, 217of volatile anesthetics, 218t

postanesthetic cognitive dysfunctionand, 224

preconditioning effects, 224solubility characteristics of

in blood and tissues, 220blood/gas solubility, 219high agent solubility, 219oil/gas partition coefficient,

219rubber or plastic/gas partition

coefficients, 219tfor tissues, 219

trace concentrations of, 232inhaled corticosteroids, 1312–1313injectable anesthetics

barbiturates, 248–255, 254tCNS activity in seizing patients, 247disadvantages of, 247dissociative anesthetics, 259–264etomidate, 264–267indications for, 247intramuscular, 247neurosteroids, 267–269

properties of ideal, 248pharmacological, 248physiological, 248

propofol, 255–259, 255f, 259tInnovar-Vet, 328inodilators, 513–516inodoxacarb, 1179inosine monophosphate

dehydrogenate (IMPDH), 1237inotropic agents, 516–517inotropic effect, 506insect development inhibitors (IDIs),

1183insect growth regulators (IGRs), 1183inspired concentration, of inhalation

anesthetics, 220, 231Institute for Safe Medication Practices

(ISMP), 1451insulin, 763–768

chemistry and biosynthesis of,763–764

history of, 763mechanism of action, 765metabolism of, 765–766preparations and properties of,

766–767, 766tsecretion of, 764–765therapeutic uses of, 767–768, 768t

intact animals, gonadorelin for, 677interferons, 1017

administration of, 1017adverse reactions, 1020alpha, 1017, 1020clinical and experimental uses of,

1018t–1019tomega, 1020types of, 1017

International Conference onHarmonization of TechnicalRequirements for Registration ofPharmaceuticals for Human Use(ICH), 1425

International Federation ofHorseracing Authorities (IFA),1440

interspecies extrapolations, 62–63, 62fintraarticular administration, of

glucocorticoids, 748–749intracranial pressure (ICP), diuretics

to reduce, 605intramuscular (IM) injection of

anesthetics, 247intraocular pressure (IOP), 1321,

1323intraosseous fluids, 581

intravenous regional nerve block(IVRA or Bier block), 370

intrinsic sympathetic activity (ISA),145

iodinated radiocontrast agents, 719,719f

iodine, as antiseptic/disinfectant, 783iodine metabolism, 691–693iodophors, 783ion channels, 66ionic strength of a solution, 94ionotropic receptors, 72, 171ion trapping, 10, 11fiopanoic acid, 716tischemia–reperfusion injury,

associated with HBOCs, 587isoflurane, 227

anticonvulsant effects of, 228biotransformation, 227–228cardiovascular actions of, 228CNS, effect on, 228CO2 absorbent stability, 227immobilizing effects of, 224respiratory system, effect on, 228rubber or plastic/gas partition

coefficient of, 219tsolubility of, 218tvapor pressure of, 228, 228t

isophosphamide. see ifosfamideisopropamide, 1264, 1264t, 1310isopropyl alcohol, 782–783isoproterenol, 137, 138, 544, 1305isosorbide dinitrate, 524–526isoxazolines, 1174–1175

efficacy, 1175mechanism of action, 1175pharmacokinetics, 1174–1175safety/toxicity, 1175

itraconazole, 993t, 998, 1000–1003adverse effects, 1002–1003clinical use, 1001–1002

cats, 1002dogs, 1002large animals, 1002

formulations, 998, 1000pharmacokinetics, 1001spectrum of activity, 1000–1001structure of, 1004f

ivermectin, 1102, 1103f, 1104f, 1111f,1115–1116, 1168, 1169t, 1175,1176. see also macrocycliclactones (MLs)

pour-on products, 1167sustained release device, 1115–1116toxicity, 179


Index

JJanuvia, 772Joint Expert Committee on Food

Additives (JECFA), 1476Journal of Biological Chemistry, 4Journal of Pharmacology and

Experimental Therapeutics, 4Journal of the American Veterinary

Medical Association, 1476Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology

and Therapeutics (JVPT), 5juvenile-hormone analogs (JHAs),

1183juxtaglomerular cells, anatomy of, 598f

KK9 AdvantixTM, 1173Kahun Papyrus, 3kanamycin, 889–890

structure of, 879fkaolin–pectin, 1262–1263keratinization, 1279keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), 1232

sulfonamides and, 805keratomycosis, in horses, 1328ketamine, 187, 260f, 263


bronchodilating properties of, 261cardiovascular effects, 261chemistry, 260CNS effects of, 261in different species, 262tdose, 263history, 259–260metabolism, 262pharmacokinetics, 262preparation, 260salivation stimulation of, 261species differences, 264

ketoacidosis, 575–576ketoconazole, 752f, 754, 993t, 994,

996–997adverse effects, 996clinical use, 996interactions, 997pharmacokinetics, 994, 996spectrum of activity, 994structure of, 1004f

ketoprofen, 471f, 1368kidneys

cardiac glycosides and digitalis with,508–509

factors regulating function of,597–600

antidiuretic hormone, 600cylcooxygenase, 600renin–angiotensin–aldosterone

system, 597–600, 599fsympathetic nervous system, 600

physiology of, 593–600, 594f, 596fepithelial transport and secretion,

600nephron function, 593–597, 595f,

596fkinesin, 170Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase

(KPC), 828

Llabeling error, 1451labor induction, oxytocin for, 681lacrimogenics, for ocular disease, 1329lactic acidosis, 575lamivudine, 1014–1015

clinical use, 1015pharmacokinetics, 1015

larval development assay (LDA), 1109lasalocid, 1147–1148, 1147fL-asparaginase, 1212–1213laudanosine, 200law of mass action, 24Lawsonia intracellularis, 1267laxatives and cathartics, 1270, 1270t

bulk laxatives, 1270–1271, 1271tlubricant laxatives, 1271saline cathartics, 1270stimulants, 1270stool softeners, 1271

lazaroids, 749L-deprenyl, 752f, 754–755leflunomide, 1238

adverse effects, 1238indications and clinical uses, 1238

leishmaniasis, drugs for, 1130tleucovorin, 1207leukeran. see chlorambucilleukotriene inhibitors, 1314leukotriene receptor blockers, 1314levamisole, 1055–1058, 1066

anthelmintic spectrum, 1057dosages, 1057formulations, 1057immunomodulatory effects,

1057–1058metabolic pathways of, 1055fmode of action, 1055–1056pharmacokinetics, 1056–1057routes of administration, 1057safety and toxicity, 1058

levetiracetam, 407–408adverse effects, 408clinical use, 407–408pharmacokinetics, 407

levobupivacaine, 383levofloxacin, 953levothyroxine, 708–712, 709t

dosage considerations for, 710–711dosages

for cats, 712for dogs, 711–712for horses, 712

quality control of, 710LFRs (Livestock Food Reports), 1452lidocaine, 250, 251, 381–382, 548–549,

1253behavioral changes attributed to,

382in food animals, 1369–1370pharmacokinetics of, 381pharmacological and

nonpharmacological features,381

physical–chemical properties andpharmacological properties of,376t

uses, 382ligand-gated ion channels, 67lincomycin, 926–927

absorption and distribution, 926adverse effects and precautions,

926–927chemical structures of, 925fclinical use, 927formulations, 926mechanism of action and spectrum,

926metabolism and excretion, 926regulatory considerations, 927source and chemistry, 926

lincomycin methyl, 1155flincomycin–spectinomycin, 927lincosamides, 925–926, 1155–1156,

1155fclindamycin, 925f, 927–930lincomycin, 925f, 926–927

lindane, 1470linezolid, 940lipid and carbohydrate metabolism,

thyroid hormones influence on,706

lipid-soluble drugs, 12lipid : water partition coefficient, 10lipocortin, 734lipooxygenase inhibitor, 1314


Index

liquid chromatography (LC), 1442,1443

liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), 1441liquid petrolatum, 1271liver

bile secretion in lobule of, 37fdrug localization and

biotransformation in, 32relationship between blood flow and

hepatic clearance, 35, 35fliver fluke, 1085–1086. see also

antitrematodal drugsL-lysine, 1020lobendazole, 1039local anesthetics, 183–184

activity-dependent blockade, 371chemical properties

amino-ester vs amino-amideclasses, 373

effect of local pH, 373–375stability and formulations,

375–376stereoisomerism, 375

clinical uses in veterinary medicine,369–370

differential effects on nerve fibers,371–373

drug interactions, 378general ADME considerations,

377–378major classes of, 373fmechanism for, 371–373metabolic degradation of, 378model for sodium channel blockade

by, 372ffor ocular disease, 1330–1331onset and duration of action,

376–377physical–chemical properties and

pharmacological properties of,376t

regulatory issues of, 380–381topical use of, 370toxicity of

cardiovascular system, 380central nervous system, 379–380

logit, 81lomustine. see

cyclohexylchloroethylnitrosurea(CCNU)

long-acting rodenticides, 635loop diuretics

absorption and elimination of, 607chemistry/formulations of, 605–606mechanisms and sites of action, 606

therapeutic uses, 608–610toxicity, adverse effects,

contraindications, andinteractions, 607–608

loop of Henle, 27, 595–596, 595f, 598floperamide, 1114, 1264–1265lorazepam

behavioral responses of, 426–427chemical name, 334–335molecular formula, 334regulatory information, 335

low-molecularweight heparin(LMWH), 629, 630–632

dalteparin (Fragmin), 631–632enoxaparin, 632

L-triiodothyronine, synthetic, 709t,712–713

lubricant laxatives, 1271lufenuron, 1007–1008, 1183Lutalyse, 678tlymphocytic–plasmacytic colitis, 1269lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 1398

Mmacrocyclic lactones (MLs), 1064,

1102and ABC transporters, interactions

between, 1114–1115ecotoxicological impact, 1121as ectoparasiticides, 1175–1177,

1175tchemistry, 1175–1176efficacy, 1176–1177mechanism of action, 1176pharmacokinetics, 1176safety/toxicity, 1177

general pharmacology of,1102–1104

mechanism of action, 1104–1106,1105f

pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic relationship,1109–1111

pharmacokinetics of, 1106–1109drug and host-related factors

affecting, 1116–1120, 1118f,1119f

exchange between bloodstreamand target tissues, 1106–1108,1106f, 1107f

hepatic metabolism, 1108–1109preparations available, 1115–1116resistance to, 1113–1114safety and toxicity, 1120–1121therapeutic uses, 1111

dogs and cats, 1113horses, 1112ruminants, 1111–1112swine, 1112

tissue residues and withdrawaltimes, 1120

macrolide antibiotics, 912, 912tadverse effects and precautions, 920antibacterial activity of, 915azithromycin, 924–925clarithromycin, 923drug interactions, 920erythromycin, 920–921gamithromycin, 923immunomodulatory effects,

916–918interpretive criteria for, 916tmechanism of action, 915pharmacokinetic–

pharmacodynamic properties,916–917, 917t

pharmacokinetics, 918–920, 919tabsorption and distribution,

918–920metabolism and excretion, 920

resistance to, 915source and chemistry, 912–915spectrum of activity, 915–916, 916tstructure of, 913, 913f, 914ftildipirosin, 923–924tilmicosin, 922tulathromycin, 922–923tylosin, 921–922

macula densa, anatomy of, 598fmaduramicin, 1147f, 1148magnesium hydroxide, 1255, 1256Malassezia dermatitis, terbinafine for,

1007male infertility, hCG for, 677–679mammalian target of rapamycin

(mTOR), 1232mammals, drugs in, 1397

farmed/domestic species,1397–1398

small/pocket pets/rodents, 1397zoo/marine mammals, 1398–1400

mammary gland, oxytocin function in,680

Mannheimia hemolytica pneumonia,816

mannitolabsorption and elimination of,

603–604for prophylaxis of acute renal failure,

604–605


Index

Manual of Operative VeterinarySurgery, 183

manufacturing defect, 1451manufacturing process

direct compression, 106extrusion, 106factors influencing product

dissolution, 106–107roller compaction, 106slugging, 106tableting processes, 106wet/dry granulation, 105–106

marbofloxacin, 954t, 955f, 973marcfortine, 1069marketing exclusivity, for new animal

drug, 1409maropitant, 1248–1249masitinib, 1215mass spectrometry (MS), 1442, 1443mast cells, 1304materia medica, 3, 5mavacoxib, 470, 471fmaximum residual limits for

veterinary drugs (MRLVD), 1426Maximum Residue Level (MRL), 1360MDR-1 deficient dogs, 179mebendazole, 1036f, 1049. see also

benzimidazolesmecasermin, 664mechlorethamine, 1201, 1201fmedetomidine, 345f, 347, 348tmedical devices, 1407–1408medication control programs, 1439.

see also performance animals,medication control programs in

medication errors, 1451–1452mefenoxam, 1009–1010meglumine antimonate, 1136melarsomine, 1064melengestrol acetate (MGA), 683meloxicam, 471f

in food animal, 1368melphalan, 1202, 1202fmenadiol, 637menadione, structure of, 633fmeperidine, 176, 313

analgesic effects of, 312–313mepivacaine, 376t, 3836-mercaptopurine (6-MP), 1235meropenem, 849mesalamine, 811, 1268, 1268f, 1268tmesna (2-mercaptoethanesulfonate),

1200, 1234metaanalysis, 1353metabolic acidosis, 574–576, 575f

metabolic alkalosis, 576metabolic effects, of glucocorticoids,

742metabolism, drug, 32–33, 33t

aminoglycosides, 883azathioprine, 1235, 1235fbenzimidazoles, 1038–1042cephalosporins, 843chloramphenicol, 905clindamycin, 929florfenicol, 910fluoroquinolones, 966macrolide antibiotics, 920penicillins, 834pharmacogenetics of, 1337–1339sulfonamides, 804–805tetracyclines, 864

metabotropic receptors, 171metaproterenol, 1305metered-dose inhalers, 1306,

1312–1313, 1312tin horses, use of, 1313in small animals, use of, 1313

metformin, 770methacholine, 156methantheline, 162methenamine

(hexamethylenetetramine), 938methicillin, 835methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus (MRSA), 835methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

pseudintermedius (MRSP), 957methimazole (MMI), 715, 716–718,

716tadverse effects of, 716–717diagnostic scintigraphy, 718monitoring of patients on, 718pharmacokinetics and

pharmacodynamics of, 716transdermal, 717–718

methohexital, 248, 249f, 249t, 250–251dose of, 254teffects on dogs, 254generalized excitement and

activation of epileptic foci, 251regulatory information, 250t

methoprene, 1166, 1170, 1183methotrexate (MTX), 1206–1207,

1207f, 1208fmethoxyflurane, 228

advantages, 231biotransformation, 231pharmacokinetics, 231renal failure and, 231

rubber or plastic/gas partitioncoefficient of, 219t

solubility of, 218tundesirable effects of, 231vapor pressure of, 228t

methscopolamine, 1264, 1264tmethylatropine, 162methylnaltrexone, 1254methylprednisolone, 740tmethylprednisolone acetate, 1269methylthioinosine monophosphate

(MeTIMP), 1235methylxanthines, 614, 1307–1308

adverse effects, 1309antiinflammatory effects, 1308clinical use, 1309–1310drug interactions, 1309formulations, 1308pharmacological effects, 1308

metioprim, pharmacokinetics of, 804tmetoclopramide, 680, 1247, 1250

adverse effects, 1247antiemetic effects, 1247pharmacokinetics, 1247

metomidate, 271fchemistry, 271dose, 272drug availability, 272history, 271indications for, 271mechanism of action, 271pharmacokinetics, 271physiology, 271–272preparation, 271regulatory information, 272species differences, 272

metoprolol, 146, 147, 546metronidazole, 1128, 1131,

1133–1134, 1262benzoate, 1131chemical structure of, 1134fclinical use, 1133–1134

metronidazole-responsive diarrhea,1265–1266

metronomic chemotherapy, 1193mexiletine, 549Meyer–Overton rule, 185Michaelis–Menten enzyme kinetics,

28Michaelis Menten equation, 69miconazole, 1009microglia, 178Microzide, 667Midamor, 611midazolam, 404


Index

midazolam maleatechemical name, 334dose, 334molecular formula, 334regulatory information, 334

migration inhibition assay (LMIA),1109

milbemycin oxime, 1102, 1169t,1177

milbemycins, 1102, 1104, 1175. seealso macrocyclic lactones (MLs)

milk discard time, 1469, 1476milk letdown, oxytocin for, 681milrinone, 517mineralocorticoid, 740tmineralocorticoid receptor (MR), 71mineralocorticoid receptor

antagonists, 612–614absorption and elimination of, 613chemistry/formulations of, 612–613mechanisms and sites of action, 613therapeutic uses, 613–614toxicity, adverse effects,

contraindications, and druginteractions, 613

mineralocorticoid receptor blockers,520–522

clinical uses, 521–522mineralocorticoids, 750–751

history of, 750preparations and properties of, 751secretion and mechanism of action

of, 750side effects of, 751sructure of, 751ftherapeutic use of, 751

mineral oil, 1271minimum alveolar concentration

(MAC), 222, 222t, 303cortical function and, 223volatile anesthetic concentrations

and, 223minimum inhibitory concentration

(MIC), 827minocycline, 178, 859f, 859t, 869

pharmacokinetic parameters of,863t

minor food-producing animals,veterinary pharmaceuticals in,1345

approval process for use of,1345–1346

considerations and challenges, 1345FDA-approved drugs, 1346

for aquaculture species, 1349t

for cervids/other ruminants,1348t

for small ruminants, 1347tlegislation and policies supporting

availability of, 1346–1350Animal Medicinal Drug Use

Clarification Act, 1346–1348Compliance Policy Guide (CPG),

1348–1349Minor Use and Minor Species

Animal Health Act, 1349–1350programs supporting use of,

1350–1351Food Animal Residue Avoidance

and Depletion Program, 1351Minor Use Animal Drug Program,

1350–1351withdrawal intervals, estimation of,

1351–1355allometric scaling, 1353–1354comparative pharmacokinetics,

1351–1353species grouping, 1354in vitro and molecular studies,

1354–1355Minor Use and Minor Species

(MUMS) Animal Health Act,1349–1350, 1401, 1422–1423

conditional approval, 1350designation of drugs, 1350indexing, 1350

Minor Use Animal Drug Program,1350–1351

Miostat®, 157mirtazapine, 435, 1249–1250misoprostol, 1261–1262mitotane, 752–753mitoxantrone, 1205–1206, 1206fmivacurium, 198, 200MLs. see macrocyclic lactonesThe Modern Horse Doctor, 183monensin, 1147f, 1148monepantel, 1071–1072Moniezia expansa, 1046Monitored Adverse Reaction

Committee (MARC) meeting,1454

monoamine oxidase inhibitors(MAOIs), 175, 435–436

monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 1214monoethylglycine xylidide (MEGX),

381MonteCarlo simulations, 83f, 84montelukast, 1314morantel, 1058, 1059f, 1060

morphine, 178, 312analgesic effects of, 312–313as antitussive, 1302

mosapride, 1251motility modifiers, for diarrhea,

1263–1264Motilium, 680moxidectin, 1102, 1104, 1104f,

1107–1108, 1108f, 1111f, 1116,1175, 1177

moxifloxacin, 953, 973MSRT (morantel slow release

trilaminate bolus), 1060Mucinex®, 1315mucosal protectants and adsorbents,

1262–1263bismuth subsalicylate, 1263kaolin–pectin formulations,

1262–1263multiple drug resistance (MDR), 12,

1196muscarinic receptor antagonists,

159–161antimuscarinic effects of, 161clinical uses, 161pharmacological effects, 160–161

mustargen. see mechlorethaminemutation, 1333myasthenia gravis, 1237mycophenolate, 1237–1238

adverse effects, 1238clinical use, 1237pharmacokinetics/

pharmacodynamics,1237

mydriasis, 188mydriatics, 1330myocardial contractility, with digitalis

and cardiac glycosides, 505myxedema coma, thyroid hormones

for treatment of, 714–715

Nnaftifine, 1006nalbuphine, 308nalidixic acid, 1386N-alkane anesthetics, 226nalmefene, 308nalorphine, 308naloxegol, 1254naloxone, 308naltrexone, 308nandrolone, 685naphtalophos, 1061naphthalophos, 1061


Index

narasin, 1147f, 1148narcotics, 1430natamycin, 1010National Antimicrobial Resistance

Monitoring System (NARMS),958

National Coordinating Council forMedication Error Reporting andPrevention (NCCMERP),1451–1452

National Formulary (NF), 96National Human Genome Research

Institute, 1332National Pesticide Information Center

(NPIC), 1453National Research Support Project #7

(NRSP-7). see Minor Use AnimalDrug Program

National Residue Program (NRP), 1470Naunym-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of

Pharmacology, 4N-butylscopolamine bromide (NBB),

161–162N-butylscopolammonium bromide,

1264, 1310NCCMERP. see National Coordinating

Council for Medication ErrorReporting and Prevention

nebulization, 1306nedocromil sodium, 1307nemadectins, 1175neomycin, 890

structure of, 879fneonicotinoids, 1168

dinotefuran, 1174imidacloprid, 1172–1173isoxazoline, 1174–1175nitenpyram, 1173spinosad, 1174

neosporosis, drugs for, 1130tneostigmine, 158–159, 205, 1252–1253


nephronaatomy of, 594ffunction of, 593–597ion and water movement, 596fstructure of, 26–27, 27f

Neptazane, 601netobimin, 1039, 1048neural NO synthase (nNOS), 121neuroendocrine effects, of cardiac

glycosides and digitalis, 507neurokinin, 1245neurokinin-1 (NK-1), 1248

neurokinin receptor (NK), 1302neuromuscular blocking (NMB)

agents, 194action mechanism of, 194characteristics of, 199tclinical use of, 208–211competitive nondepolarizing agents,

195, 198–202, 199tasymmetric mixed-onium

chlorofumarates, 201atracurium, 199–200doxacurium, 200mivacurium, 200pancuronium, 200rocuronium bromide, 201trisquaternary ether NMB agent,

201–202vecuronium, 200–201

depolarizing agents, 195, 202–204phase I block, 202phase II block, 202

development of, 194–195drug interactions, 208impulse transmission at somatic

NMJ, 195pharmacological considerations,

198physiological and anatomic

considerations, 195–196, 195findications for, 194margin of safety of neuromuscular

transmission, 209pharmacological effects of, 204

autonomic effects, 206–207cardiovascular effects, 207–208central nervous system, 207histamine release, 207ocular effects, 208serum potassium, 208skeletal muscle, 204–206, 204f,

205freversal of blockade, 209–210

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors,210

sugammadex, 210–211sporadic use of, 194

neuromuscular junction (NMJ), 194neuropeptide Y (NPY), 120neurosteroid anesthetics


classification, 267dose, 269drug availability, 269history, 267

indications, 268mechanism of action, 267metabolism, 269overdosage/acute toxicity, 269pharmacokinetics, 268, 268tphysiological/pharmacodynamic

effects, 268allergic reactions, 268analgesic effects, 268cardiovascular effects, 268CNS effects, 268following cesarean section, 268muscular effects, 268respiratory effects, 268

regulatory information, 269species differences, 269

neurotransmitters, 168, 170–171,170f

and receptors, 171–172agmatine, 177amines, 174–176amino acids, 172–174endocannabinoids, 177peptides, 176–177purines, 177

neutral endopeptidase inhibitors,615

New Animal Drug Applications(NADAs), 1346, 1361, 1407,1412–1419

n-3 fatty acids, for colitis, 1269–1270N-halamines, 784nicarbazin, 1145–1146, 1145fniclofolan, 1087, 1088niclosamide, 1082, 1082fnicotine injections, 224nicotinic cholinergic receptor, 72, 194,

196–198, 196fNMB agents and, 197, 197f

nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), 174nifurtimox, 1139–1140, 1140fnitarsone, 1137nitazoxanide (NTZ), 1069, 1159nitenpyram, 1173

efficacy, 1173pharmacokinetics, 1173safety/toxicity, 1173

nitric oxide (NO), 121nitrobenzamides, 1144–1145, 1145f

aklomide, 1145, 1145fdinitolmide, 1145, 1145f

nitrofurans, 934–935as antiprotozoan drugs, 1139–1140in food-producing animals, 1470

nitrogen, 389–390


Index

nitrogen mustard, 1191, 1200–1202chlorambucil, 1201–1202, 1201fcyclophosphamide, 1200, 1200fifosfamide, 1200–1201, 1200fmechlorethamine, 1201, 1201fmelphalan, 1202, 1202f

nitroglycerin, 524–526nitroimidazoles, 1128, 1129t, 1134f

benznidazole, 1135metronidazole, 1128, 1131,

1133–1134ronidazole, 1135secnidazole, 1135tinidazole, 1134–1135

nitroprusside, 524–526nitrosoureas, 1202nitrosteroids, 749nitrous oxide

analgesic actions of, 224biotransformation, 231cardiovascular actions of, 232cerebral blood flow, in, 232CNS, effects of, 231–232kidney, effects of, 232liver, effects of, 232potency of, 231respiratory system, effects of, 232vapor pressure of, 228t

nitrovasodilators, 524–526adverse effects, 526clinical uses, 525–526mechanism of action, 524pharmacokinetics, 524tolerance, 526

nitroxynil, 1087–1088, 1087fadministration of, 1088chemical structure of, 1087fmechanism of action, 1088pharmacokinetic behavior, 1088side effects, 1088

nizatidine, 1256–1257, 1256tNizoral, 754NK-1 receptor antagonists, 1248–1249


N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDAreceptor), 172, 178

nociceptors, 168, 182nonadrenal disorder management,

glucocorticoids for, 729nonadrenergic–noncholinergic

(NANC) fibers, 121nonadrenergic–noncholinergic

neurons, 121

nonhuman primates, morphine effectson, 296

nonlinear zero order kinetics, 29nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs), 65, 606, 703additional actions of, 481chemical classification of classical,

470tSAID, 470–472

eicosanoids and, 467–468in food animals, 1370and glucocorticoids, 735f, 748history of, 469–470for ocular inflammation, 1326, 1326tpharmacodynamics

central sites and mechanisms ofaction of, 480–481, 482t

efficacy, potency, and sensitivity ofCOX inhibition, 478–480

inhibition of COX and 5-LO,477–478, 478t

pharmacokinetics of, 472tabsorption, 472distribution, 472–473drug residues, 476–477excretion and metabolism

(elimination), 473–476species differences in, 474, 475tterminal half-life of, 474t

for respiratory diseases, 1313–1314selection of dose and dose regimen,

81therapeutic uses of

acute pain and inflammation,487–488, 488t

antihemostatic actions of aspirin,489

antipyresis, 489calf and piglet scours, 491cancer, 489–490chronic pain, 488–489mastitis, metritis, and

endotoxemia, 490neurodegenerative diseases, 491ophthalmic uses, 491respiratory diseases, 490–491

toxicity ofbone, tendon, and ligament

healing, 486cardiovascular system and blood

cells, 485–486gastrointestinal, 482–484hepatotoxicity, 485local irritancy, 484nervous system, 487

renal, 484–485reproductive system, 487respiration, 487skin, 487soft tissue healing and repair,

486–487No Observable Effect Level (NOEL),

1359norepinephrine (NE), 136, 175, 421,

1304, 1304tnovobiocin, 930–931noxious stimulus, 181Noyes–Whitney equation, 106NSAIDs. see nonsteroidal

antiinflammatory drugsnuclear thyroid hormone receptors,

704–705nucleoside analogs

acyclovir and valacyclovir,1010–1012

cidofovir, ganciclovir, andvalganciclovir, 1013

cytarabine and vidarabine, 1014idoxuridine and trifluridine,

1013–1014penciclovir and famciclovir,

1012–1013ribavirin, 1014zidovudine, PMEA, and lamivudine,

1014–1015nucleoside reverse transcriptase

inhibitor (NRTI), 1014nutraceuticals, 439nystatin, 1010

Ooccupancy theory, 74Occupational Safety

andHealthAdministration(OSHA), 1199

oclacitinib, 1233clinical use, 1233mechanism of action, 1233pharmacokinetics, 1233safety and adverse effects, 1233

octreotide, 661–662ocular globe, 1321Office of Minor Use and Minor Species

Animal Drug Development(OMUMS), 1422–1423

Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation(ONADE), 1454

oil/gas partition coefficient ofanesthetics, 219

ointments, 1322


Index

oleandomycin, 913oligodendrocytes, 178omega interferon, 1020omeprazole, 1258–1259, 1258t, 1262,

1433ondansetron, 176, 1247ophthalmic applications, of

glucocorticoids, 749ophthalmic pharmacology, 1321

anatomy and physiology related to,1321

corticosteroid formulations, 1325tdrug levels in tissues, factors

influencingadministration factors, 1322–1323drug factors, 1322ocular factors, 1321–1322

glaucoma and, 1323–1325infections and, 1326–1329inflammation and, 1325–1326lacrimogenics, 1329local anesthetics, 1330–1331mydriatics and cycloplegics, 1330topical administration, 1322,

1323topiate antagonists, 1253–1254opioid peptides, 177opioids, 437

advantage of, 281adverse effects of, 281agonists

alfentanil, 303apomorphine, 304carfentanil, 303–304codeine, 298etorphine, 303–304fentanyl, 300–303heroin, 298–299hydrocodone, 297–298hydromorphone, 296–297meperidine (pethidine), 300methadone, 299–300morphine, 294–296oxycodone, 298oxymorphone, 297propoxyphene, 304remifentanil, 303sufentanil, 303

antagonistscentral, 309diprenorphine, 309nalmefene, 308naloxone, 308naltrexone, 308peripheral, 309

chemical properties, 290tclinical pharmacology

analgesia, 291as anesthetic, 291as antidiarrheal drug, 291antitussive use, 291effects on temperature regulation,

292in patients with head trauma,

292in treatment of congestive heart

failure, 291contraindications, warnings, and

drug interactions, 292–294for diarrhea, 1264–1265, 1264tdose, 312temetic properties, 288–289in food-producing animals, 294history of, 281interactions between, 292

with drug clearance, 293with other analgesics and

antidepressants, 293–294in nonmammal species, 311–313,

312tpartial and mixed, 304–308

buprenorphine, 304–306butorphanol, 307nalbuphine, 308nalorphine, 308pentazocine, 308

pharmacodynamics, 285–290antitussive effect, 288cardiovascular effects, 287–288central nervous system excitation,

286gastrointestinal effects, 288–289gastrointestinal motility, 289immune system effects, 290respiratory depression, 285supraspinal pathways, 285tolerance and dependence, 290urinary tract, 289

pharmacokinetics of, 287t, 290–291physiology of, 282–285potency of, 296tas preanesthetics, 187, 1302receptor density in different species,

312treceptor types and their associated

effects, 284trole in analgesia, 281, 285–286routes of administration

epidural, 311periheral, 311

therapeutic uses in animals, 282tUnited States drug scheduling of,

283torbifloxacin, 954torganophosphates, 1061–1062, 1170t,

1180–1182chemistry, 1181efficacy, 1181mechanism of action, 1181safety/toxicity, 1181–1182

oritavancin, 936ormetoprim, 1153f, 1154

pharmacokinetics of, 804toseltamivir, 1015–1016

adverse effects, 1016clinical use, 1016

osmotic compensation, 604osmotic diuretics, 603–605

absorption and elimination of,603–604

adverse effects of, 604chemistry/formulations of, 603contraindications of, 604drug interactions of, 604mechanisms and sites of action,

603therapeutic uses of, 604–605

Ostwald ripening, 90ototoxicity, aminoglycosides and, 884outsourcing facility, 1431Ovagen, 678tOvernight Rapid Beef Identification

Test (ORBIT), 1472over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, 1430ovulation induction, gonadorelin for,

676Ovuplant, 676oxantel, 1058, 1059oxazepam, behavioral responses of,

426–427oxazolidinones, 940

adverse effects, 940clinical use, 940drug interactions, 940

oxfendazole, 1036f, 1049. see alsobenzimidazoles

oxibendazole, 1049oxidation, 92Oxoject, 681oxolinic acid, 1385oxybarbiturates, 248oxyclozanide, 1089f, 1091, 1092foxygen carrier, 585oxyglobin, 586–587oxymetazoline, 1315


Index

oxytetracycline, 859f, 859t, 867–868,1140, 1327

in aquatic animals, 1381, 1384,1386–1397

pharmacokinetic parameters of, 862toxytocin, 668, 678t, 680–681

adverse reactions and side effects,681

clinical uses of, 681function of, 680mechanism of action, 681structure of, 680

Ppachycurares, 199paclitaxel, 1211, 1211fpain, 181

acute, 182amantadine for, 1017in animals, 181–182chronic, 182–183mechanisms of, 182–183, 182f

Palladia, 773pancuronium, 197, 198, 200

characteristics of, 199tparaherquamide, 1069parasympathetic nervous system

(PSNS), 113, 115f–116f,116–119, 117t, 120–121, 151

ganglionic nicotinic receptors, 121parasympatholytics, for ocular disease,

1330parasympathomimetics, 151

for glaucoma, 1325for ocular disease, 1329

parathyroid hormone (PTH), 561receptors, 596

parecoxib, 470, 471fparomomycin, 891, 1138–1139, 1138fparoxetine, 433partition coefficients of API, 91parturition

prostaglandins analogs for, 681reproductive hormonal drugs for,

686parvaquone, 1141f, 1143P450 assays, 1354patent term restoration, 1409Pausinystalia yohimbe, 144pegvisomant, 662penciclovir, 1012–1013

adverse effects, 1013clinical use, 1013pharmacokinetics, 1012–1013spectrum of activity, 1012

penems. see carbapenemspenetration-enhancing vehicles, 1434penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), 826penicillin G, 1360penicillins, 11

adverse effects, 836aminopenicillins, 829, 834–835

dosages for, 835telimination of, 835formulations of, 835

antimicrobial activity, 829–830antistaphylococcal, 829, 835β-lactamase inhibitors, 836–838extended-spectrum, 829–830,

835–836general pharmacology, 828–829

structure, 829, 829funitage, 828–829

natural, 829, 834formulations, 833t, 834penicillin G, 834penicillin V, 834

pharmacokinetics, 830, 832t,833–834, 833t

absorption, 830, 833distribution, 833–834elimination, 833metabolism, 834

special species considerations, 836susceptibility testing, 830, 831t

pentamidine isethionate, 1157f, 1158Pentastarch (PEN), 582tpentavalent antimonials, 1135–1136,

1136fmeglumine antimonate, 1136sodium stibogluconate, 1136, 1136f

pentazocine, 308pentobarbital, 248, 249f, 249t, 250

adverse effects on fetus andneonates, 252

cardiovascular activity of, 250delivery mode of, 250dose of, 254tduration of action of, 250euthanasia solutions, 250regulatory information, 250t

pentoxifylline, 1307Pen Tsao, 3Penzyme III, 1472peptides neurotransmitters, 176–177,

176t, 177tPepto Bismol®, 1263perfluorochemicals, 585–586performance animals, medication

control programs in, 1439

and controversiesanabolic steroids, 1445–1446furosemide, 1444–1445recombinant products, 1446

drug testing process, 1440detection, 1442extraction, 1441overview, 1442–1443referee sample analysis,

1443–1444sample type, 1440–1441separation process, 1441–1442

regulatory agencies and stakeholderorganizations, 1439

nonracing drug and medicationrules, 1440

racing animals, 1439–1440thresholds, reporting levels, and

cutoffs, 1444, 1444twithdrawal times, factors affecting,

1444peripheral nociceptors, 168periventricular nucleus (PVN)

neurons, 731permeability coefficient, 10permethrin, 1169t, 1179pesticides, 1408pet food adverse events, reporting of,

1452Pet Food EarlyWarning and

Surveillance System (PFEWSS),1452

PF1022A, 1070PG600, 678tP-glycoprotein (P-gp), 12, 179, 1196,

1334–1335efflux pump, 994macrocyclic lactones and,

1105–1106in oral drug absorption, 1334substrates, 1341t

pharmaceutic principlesactive pharmaceutical ingredient

(API), characteristics of, 87–88,88f

formulation challenges, 87pharmacodynamics (PD), 65

alfaxalone, 268alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists, 353benzodiazepines, 331–332butyrophenone, 329dissociative anesthetics, 260–262dose and dosage regimen selection,

81–83in vivo drug selectivity, 79f


Index

dose titration designs, 77–78, 78fdose titration vs PK/PD modeling,

78–79, 78f, 79fdown-and up-regulation, 76inhalation anesthetics, 222–232neurosteroid anesthetics, 268nonsteroidal antiinflammatory

drugs, 480–481, 482topioids, 285–290PK/PD model building, 79–81,

80f–81ffundamental differences between

dose-ranging trial and, 79in graded concentration response

relationship, 80–81Hill model, 80limitation of, 84quantal concentration–response

relationship, 80rate of change of response over

time, 80stimulation or inhibition function,

80PK/PD predictive indices, 82population, 76–77population PK/PD, 83–84types of drug targets, 65–67, 66f

pharmacogenetics, 1332, 1333in clinical practice, 1341–1342of drug distribution, 1335–1337,

1336fof drug excretion, 1339–1340

P-gp mediated biliary excretion,1339–1340

solute carrier-mediated renalexcretion, 1340

of drug metabolism, 1337–1339canine, CYP polymorphisms in,

1338CYP polymorphisms in other

species, 1338Phase II metabolic enzymes,

1338–1339of drug receptors, 1340future directions, 1342and idiosyncratic reactions, 1340of oral drug absorption, 1334–1335,

1335fand protein binding, 1340–1341

pharmacogenomics, 1332. see alsopharmacogenetics

pharmacokinetics (PK), 65acyclovir, 1011afoxalaner, 1174alfaxalone, 268, 268t

alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists, 352talpha-2-adrenergic receptor

agonists, 343, 344tof aminoglycosides, 882–884barbiturates, 252–253behavior drugs, 416–419benzodiazepines (BZDs), 333tbromide, 410butyrophenone, 329–330cephalosporins, 840–843, 841tchloramphenicol, 904–905, 905t,

906tcisapride, 1251–1252of clindamycin, 929tcyclosporine, 1230dapsone, 1239definition, 41diazepam, 402–403digitalis, 509–510dissociative anesthetics, 262dosage regimens, 57–62

adjusting for disease, 60–62, 61fconstant-dose, interval-extension

method (IE), 61, 61fconstant-interval, dose-reduction

(DR), 61dosage rate, 59efficacy and safety, 60loading dose, 58maintenance dose, 58relative dosage interval, 59

drug passage across membranes,10–12

enflurane, 231etomidate, 265–266famciclovir, 1012–1013fipronil, 1171florfenicol, 909–911, 910tfluconazole, 997flumazenil, 338fluoroquinolones, 958, 959t–964t,

965–987fluralaner, 1174–1175fundamental axioms of, 8–10gabapentin, 406griseofulvin, 988–989guaifenesin, 355half-life, 44halothane, 230imepitoin, 402imidacloprid, 1172interspecies extrapolations, 62–63,

62fitraconazole, 1001ketamine, 262

ketoconazole, 994, 996lamivudine, 1015language of, 41–43levamisole, 1056–1057levetiracetam, 407lidocaine, 381macrolide antibiotics, 917t,

918–920, 919tmethoxyflurane, 231metomidate, 271multicompartmental models, 52–53mycophenolate, 1237neurosteroid anesthetics, 268, 268tnitenpyram, 1173nitrovasodilators, 524noncompartmental models, 53–55nonlinear, 55–56nonsteroidal antiinflammatory

drugs, 472–476, 472toclacitinib, 1233one-compartment open model,

44–48, 45fabsorption in, 46–48, 47fclearance, 45fC-T profile, 47–48equilibrium compartments, 44parameters of, 45–46, 46fsemilogarithmic

concentration-time profile for,45f

volume of distribution (Vd),44–45

opioids, 287t, 290–291penciclovir, 1012–1013penicillins, 830, 832t, 833–834, 833tphenobarbital, 253phenothiazines, 325phenytoin, 400physiological-based

pharmacokinetic (PBPK)modeling, 57

pimobendan, 516population, 56–57praziquantel, 1083–1085, 1084fprimidone, 399propofol, 257and residues, 1473–1476rifampin/rifampicin, 932, 932tof sulfonamides, 800–805,

801t–804tterbinafine, 1006–1007tetrahydropyrimidines, 1059–1060theophylline, 1308, 1309tthiopental, 252–253tramadol, 310t, 311


Index

pharmacokinetics (PK) (Continued)tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs),

429–430two-compartment open model,

48–52absorption in, 51clearance, 51data analysis and limitations,

51–52volumes of distribution, 50–51

valacyclovir, 1011voriconazole, 1003–1005zidovudine, 1014–1015zonisamide, 408–409

pharmacologydefinition of, 3history of, 3–4regulations and standards, 5–6veterinary, 4–7

pharmacopeia, 3pharmacovigilance, 1449–1453. see

also Center for VeterinaryMedicine (CVM)

Pharmacy CompoundingAccreditation Board (PCAB),1435

pharmacy, veterinary, 1427, 1428tclassification of drugs

compounded drugs, 1430controlled substances, 1430drug, definition of, 1429legend (prescription) drugs,

1429–1430over-the-counter

(nonprescription) drugs, 1430VFD drug, 1430

compounded drugscurrent status of, 1430–1432potential problems from,

1432–1434transdermal medications for pets,

1434–1435veterinarians and veterinary

pharmacists, guidelines for, 1435drug dispensing labeling

requirements, 1436–1437extralabel use

drugs prohibited for, 1429tregulatory discretion for, 1427requirements for, 1429t

legal extralabel use, need for,1427–1429

prescribing controlled substances,1436

inventory records, 1436

medical record, 1436storage and security, 1436

prescription writing, 1437, 1437tunapproved drugs available by

importation, 1435–1436Phased Review process, 1421–1422

Administrative NADA, 1422presubmission conference, 1422protocol development meetings,

1422standard operating procedures

(SOPs), 1422study documentation and

submission, 1422study protocols, 1422submissions, 1422

pheasants, amprolium for, 1144phenamidine isethionate, 1157f, 1158phencyclidine, 260fphenobarbital, 248, 249f, 249t, 250,

395–399adverse effects

association with blood disorder,398

on corticosteroid metabolism, 398on fetus and neonates, 252on hormone levels, 398on liver, 397–398

clinical monitoring, 399clinical use, 398–399dose of, 254tdrug interactions, 397mechanism of action, 396pharmacokinetics of, 253, 396–397regulatory information, 250t

phenolphthalein, 1270phenothiazine, 1245, 1246tphenothiazines, 175, 179, 186–187,

324–328acepromazine maleate, 326, 327fanalgesic activity of, 326as antiemetic, 326antihistamine properties of, 326chemistry, 324chlorpromazine hydrochloride, 327,

327fcontraindications, 328drug interactions, 328hematocrit of animals, effect of, 326indications, 324mechanism of action, 324overdose/acute toxicity, 328phototoxicity properties of, 326physiological effects

cardiovascular effects, 325

CNS effects, 324–325musculoskeletal effects, 325pharmacokinetics and

metabolism, 325respiratory effects, 325

platelet aggregation, effect of, 325promazine hydrochloride, 326–327,

327fregulatory information, 328species differences, 327–328thermoregulation with, 325veterinary approved products, 328

phenothizaine, 1062phenothrin, 1179phenoxybenzamine, 1432-phenoxyethanol, 392phentolamine, 143phenylbutazone, 11, 474tphenylephrine, 136phenylpropanolamine (PPA),

1315–1316phenytoin, 250, 400–401

clinical use, 400mechanism of action, 400pharmacokinetics, 400therapeutic drug monitoring, 401

phosmet dips, 1181phosphodiesterase enzyme, 1308phospholipase A2 (PLA2), inhibition

of, 734photolysis, 92photophobia, 118pH partitioning phenomenon, 10–11,

11fPhRMa website, 1412physiologically based pharmacokinetic

(PBPK) modeling, 57, 1353physostigmine, 158–159phytonadione, 637pigeons, ronidazole for, 1135pigs

acepromazine in, 328antimicrobials for diarrhea in,

1266–1267dissociative anesthetics in, 264florfenicol for, 911fluoroquinolones for, 973–974macrocyclic lactones for, 1112ponazuril for, 1151propofol in, 258toltrazuril for, 1150trimethoprim–sulfadiazine for, 815

pilocarpine, 157for ocular disease, 1329

pimecrolimus, 1232


Index

pimobendan, 513–516adverse effects, 516clinical application, 514–515formulations and dosing, 516mechanism of action, 515–516pharmacokinetics, 516

pinocytosis, 693piperacillin–tazobactam, 836,

838piperazine, 1062–1063, 1063f

dosages, 1062–1063mode of action, 1062safety and toxicity, 1063

piperonyl butoxide, 1171piromidic acid, 1386piroxicam, 1213Pitocin, 678t, 681pituitary hormones, 649–668,

651tanterior, 649–665, 650t

adrenocorticotropin, 651–655corticotropin-releasing hormone,

649–651glycoprotein hormones and

associated releasing hormones,655–661

melatonin, 655somatomammotropins and

regulatory hormones, 661–665posterior, 665–668

antidiuretic hormone, 665–667oxytocin, 668

pivampicillin, 835planar chromatography, 1441plasma

cations and anions in,concentrations of, 557t

hypertonicity, 558plasma hormone binding, of thyroid

hormones, 698plasma membrane transporters,

thyroid hormones translocatedby, 704

plasma protein binding, 24–25assessment of, 25covalent binding, 24, 26displacement with, 24–25dissociation in, 24hydrogen bonding, 25noncovalent binding, 24

plasma volume, in animals, 556tplasmin, 628pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO), 717,

1434p38 MAP kinase inhibitors, 178

PMEA, 1014–1015adverse effects, 1015clinical use, 1015

poikilothermic animals, 1354Poison Prevention Packaging Act,

1436–1437polyenes, for ocular infections, 1328polyether ionophores, 1146–1147,

1147f, 1368–1369lasalocid, 1147–1148, 1147fmaduramicin, 1147f, 1148monensin, 1147f, 1148narasin, 1147f, 1148salinomycin, 1149semduramicin, 1147f, 1148–1149

PolyHeme, 587polyhexamethylene biguanide

(PHMB), 784polymorphisms, 89, 1333, 1337–1338polymyxins, 938–939ponazuril, 1150–1151population pharmacokinetics, 1352posaconazole, 1005–1006postantibiotic effect (PAE), 878Postapproval Experience (PAE)

section, 1454Postapproval Monitoring Programs

(PAMPs), 1455postsynaptic processes, 171potassium, 565–569

disorders of balance, 566–569homeostasis, 565–566renal regulation of excretion of, 566

potassium clavulanate, 837potassium iodide, 716t, 1008, 1314potassium peroxymonosulfate

(PPMS), 785potency

of drugs, 69–70, 69f, 70fof inhaled anesthetic, 222

potentiated sulfonamides, 813sulfadimethoxine–ormetoprim, 816trimethoprim–sulfachlorpyridazine,

815trimethoprim–sulfadiazine,

813–815trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole,

815pradofloxacin, 953, 954t, 955, 955f

for dogs and cats, 970pranlukast, 1314praziquantel, 1082–1085

chemical structure of, 1082fdosage of, 1083and epsiprantel, 1085, 1086f

febantel and, 1083formulations, 1083mode of action, 1083pharmacokinetics of, 1083–1085,

1084fpyrantel, oxantel and, 1083safety, 1085

prazosin, 143, 157, 522preanesthetic medications, 186α2-adrenergic drugs, 187dissociative drugs, 187drug classes for, 186tdrug combinations, 187hypnotic-sedatives, 187opioids, 187parasympatholytic (anticholinergic)

drugs, 187–188tranquilizer-sedatives, 186–187

prednisolone, 740, 740t, 741f, 1214,1269

for feline asthma, 1311prednisone, 740t, 741f, 1269pregabalin, 406–407premature ventricular contraction

(PVCs), 84preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone

(preproTRH), 655prescription, 1437

for controlled substances, 1437tfor noncontrolled substances, 1437twriting of, 1437, 1437t

prescription drugs, 1429–1430presynaptic processes, 168, 170–171,

170fPrimer on the Autonomic Nervous

System, 113primidone, 399–400

adverse effects, 400clinical efficacy, 399–400clinical use, 400pharmacokinetics, 399therapeutic monitoring, 400

probenecid, 834pro-benzimidazoles

administration routes, 1050anthelmintic spectrum, 1047–1049chemistry of, 1035–1037, 1036fdisposition kinetics and efficacy of,

1050–1053drug transfer into target parasites,

1046–1047febantel, 1048formulations of, 1050, 1053netobimin, 1048pharmacodynamics, 1037


Index

pro-benzimidazoles (Continued)pharmacokinetics

in nonruminant species,1044–1046

in ruminant species, 1037–1044withdrawal times, safety, and

toxicity, 1053–1054procainamide, 547procaine, 384procaine penicillin G, 834procarbazine (PCB), 1203–1204,

1204fprochlorperazine, 1245, 1246tproduct defects, 1451

reporting of, 1451production enhancement drugs, 1366t,

1368–1369progesterone, 678tprogestins, 678t, 683–684Proglycem, 773proinsulin, 763, 764fprokinetic drugs, 1250

bethanechol, 1252cisapride, 1251–1252domperidone, 1251erythromycin, 1253H2-receptor antagonists, 1253lidocaine, 1253metoclopramide, 1250neostigmine, 1252–1253opiate antagonists, 1253–1254

prolactin (PRL), 664–665, 679–680drugs affects, 680mechanism of, 679regulation of, 679structure and function of, 679therapeutic uses, 680

prolactin-inhibitory hormone, 651tprolactin-releasing hormone, 651tproliferative enteropathy, 1267promazine hydrochloride, 326–327,

327f, 328promethazine, 1246, 1246tproopiomelanocortin (POMC), 176propantheline, 162, 1264, 1264t, 1268,

1310propantheline bromide, 543–544proparacaine, 384propofol, 138, 188, 255–259, 259t


chemistry, 255classification, 255–256compatibilities and

incompatibilities, 259

dose, 259induction dose and constant rate

infusion dose, 259tdrug availability, 259drug interactions, 259history, 255mechanism of, 256metabolism, 257–258overdosage/acute toxicity, 259pharmacokinetics of, 257physiological effects

antioxidant effects, 257cardiovascular effects, 256–257CNS effects, 256muscular effects, 257nausea and vomiting, 257respiratory effects, 257

preparation of, 256regulatory information, 259species differences, 258–259structure, 255fsyndrome, 258withdrawal times, 259

propoxyphene, 304propranolol, 145, 146, 546propylthiouracil (PTU), 716, 716tProscar, 678t, 685prostaglandin analogues, for

glaucoma, 1324prostaglandin (PG)H synthase, 467prostaglandins, 678t

analogs, 681–682adverse reactions, 682clinical uses of, 681–682

protamine sulfate, 632proteomics, 1354, 1355prothrombin time (PT), 628proton pump inhibitors (PPIs),

1258–1261, 1258tadverse effects, 1260–1261clinical use, 1259

in dogs and cats, 1259–1260in horses, 1260

drug interactions, 1261pharmacokinetics and metabolism,

1259proximal convoluted tubule (PCT),

594–595, 597–598, 597fpseudoephedrine, 1315–1316pseudomembranous colitis, 927, 929pseudopregnancy, reproductive

hormonal drugs for, 686Publius Vegetius, 3pulmonary edema, furosemide for,

608–609

purine analogues, for ocularinfections, 1329

purines, 177pyrantel, 1058–1061, 1059f. see also

tetrahydropyrimidinespyrethrins and pyrethroids, 1170t,

1178–1180chemistry, 1178efficacy, 1179–1180fifth-generation pyrethroids, 1179first-generation pyrethroids, 1179formulations, 1178fourth-generation pyrethroids, 1179mechanism of action, 1178–1179pharmacokinetics, 1178pyrethroid ether, 1179–1180safety/toxicity, 1180second-generation pyrethroids, 1179third-generation pyrethroids, 1179

pyridinols, 1143pyridostigmine, 158–159


pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), 172pyrimethamine, 1153f, 1154–1155pyrimidine analogues, for ocular

infections, 1328–1329pyriproxyfen, 1174, 1183

Qquaternary ammonium compounds

(QACs), 781quinaldine sulfate, 392quinidine, 547–548quinolones, in aquatic animals,

1385–1386

Rrabacfosadine, 1215–1216rabbits

alfaxalone and, 269diclazuril for, 1150dissociative anesthetics in, 264lasalocid for, 1148morphine and, 296robenidine for, 1144sulfonamides for, 1151

rabeprazole, 1259racing animals, medication rules for,

1439–1440Racing Medication and Testing

Consortium (RMTC), 1440ractopamine, 1368radioactive iodine (131I) therapy, 719rafoxanide, 1089f, 1091, 1092f


Index

ranitidine, 1256–1257, 1256tRational Questionnaire (RQ), 1453Rauwolfia root, 144RBC volume, in animals, 556treceptor internalization, 171receptor reserve, 74receptors, 172, 173t, 174

neurotransmitters and, 171–172agmatine, 177amines, 174–176amino acids, 172–174endocannabinoids, 177peptides, 176–177purines, 177

receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family,72, 1214

recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO),1446

recombinant growth hormone (rGH),1446

Red Book, 1470Reglan, 680regulation of animal drugs, 1407

FDA/CVM on, 1407animal drugs, 1407device, 1407–1408history of, 1408–1409, 1409tpesticides, 1408veterinary biologics, 1408

Federal Food Drug and CosmeticAct (FFDCA) on, 1407, 1408

amendments to, 1409–1411international harmonization,

1425–1426laws, regulations, and guidance,

1408minor use/minor species, drugs for,

1422–1423new animal drug, 1408, 1431–1432

challenges in development of,1411–1412

premarket evaluation of,1411–1412

New Animal Drug Applications(NADAs), 1407, 1412–1419

abbreviated, 1420–1421components of, 1412–1419Phased Review process,

1421–1422over-the-counter (OTC) products,

1420postapproval monitoring of drugs,

1423–1425Adverse Drug Experience

Reports, 1424–1425

Drug Experiencing Reports,1423–1424

prescription (Rx) products, 1420veterinary feed directive drugs

(VFD), 1420Regumate, 678t, 683remifentanil, 303renal elimination, 26–32

of aminoglycoside antibiotics, 31biotransformation, 30clearance, 30–31

calculating, 30–31para-amino hippurate (PAH), 32

determinants of, 27–30brush-border tubular membrane,

28, 28fcellular structure of transport

systems, 28, 28fdifferences in urinary pH, 29glomerular filtration barrier,

27–28, 28fmechanism of nonionic passive

tubular reabsorption, 29organic anion and organic cation

transporters, 28mechanism of, 27–30nephron, structure of, 26–27, 27fphysiology relevant to, 26–27of pinocytozed drugs, 29tubular secretion and reabsorption,

31–32renal epithelial sodium channel

inhibitors, 611–612renal insufficiency, furosemide for, 608renal vasculature, anatomy of, 598frenin–angiotensin–aldosterone

system (RAAS), 597–600, 599frepellents, 1184replacement therapy, glucocorticoids,

744–745Reportable Food Registry (RFR), 1452reproductive hormonal drugs, uses of,

686–687for abortion, 686–687for benign prostatic hypertrophy,

687for cryptorchidism, 687for parturition, 686for pseudopregnancy, 686for superovulation, 686

reproductive hormones, 674–687, 675tanabolic steroids, 684–685androgens, 684equine chorionic gonadotropin, 679estrogens, 682–683

estrous cycle, 674–675finasteride, 685follicle-stimulating hormone, 679gonadorelin, 676–677gonadotropin-releasing hormone,

676gonadotropins, 677–679human chorionic gonadotropin,

677–679overview, 674oxytocin, 680–681progestins, 683–684prolactin, 679–680prostaglandin analogs, 681–682steroid hormones, 682–685

reptilesdrugs for, 1396fluoroquinolones for, 971metronidazole for, 1134

resiniferatoxin, 168resmethrin, 1179respiratory acidosis, 576–577, 576trespiratory alkalosis, 577, 577trespiratory stimulants, 1316Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid

Tumors (RECIST), 1197retinoid X receptor (RXR), 704rheology, 92ribavirin, 1014ricobendazole, 1045, 1048rifampin/rifampicin, 931–934

adverse effects, 933clinical use, 933–934interactions, 932–933mechanism of action and spectrum,

931–932pharmacokinetics, 932, 932t

rifaximin, 1265rimantadine, 1016–1017Risk Minimization Action Plans

(RiskMAPs), 1455rivaroxaban, 636–637, 636trobenacoxib, 470, 471frobenidine, 1143–1144, 1143frocuronium, 198

characteristics of, 199trocuronium bromide (Zemuron), 201romifidine, 345f, 347, 347t

in preanesthetic period, 187ronidazole, 1135, 1266

chemical structure of, 1134fclinical use, 1135

ropivacaine (Naropin), 383–384roxarsone, 1137rumen flukes, 1085


Index

ruminantsbarbiturate and, 254–255fluoroquinolones for, 973macrocyclic lactones for, 1111–1112metoclopramide for, 1250morphine and, 296

RXR. see retinoid X receptor (RXR)

SSafety Reporting Portal (SRP), 1452safety signal, 1453salicylanilides, 1087, 1088

closantel, 1088–1091oxyclozanide, 1091rafoxanide, 1091

saline cathartics, 1270, 1270tsaline expectorants, 1314saline, hypertonic, 790salinomycin, 1149Salmonella, 791, 1266Sandostatin, 773sarcocystis, drugs for, 1131tsaturated vapor pressure, 218scopolamine, 160, 1245–1246secnidazole, 1135sedation, 184sedatives

alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists,349–354

alpha-2-adrenergic receptoragonists, 338–349

benzodiazepine antagonists,336–338

benzodiazepine derivatives,330–336

butyrophenone, 328–330chloral hydrate, 357–358guaifenesin, 354–356phenothiazines, 324–328

selamectin, 1102, 1103f, 1175, 1177selective glucocorticoid receptor

agonists (SEGRAs), 733, 734f,749

selective glucocorticoid receptormodulators (SEGRMs), 733, 734f

selective relaxant binding agent(SRBA), 210

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs), 176, 431–436, 433f

adverse effects, 432–434nonbehavior modifying effects, 432

selectivity of drug, 70–72selegiline, 176, 435–436semduramicin, 1147f, 1148–1149Sentinel Initiative, 1455–1456

serotonin (5-HT), 421. see5-hydroxytryptamine

agonists and antagonists, 463metabolism, 460–461neuronal uptake of, 461–462pharmacological effects, 462–463physiological and pathological

processes, 463side effects and interactions, 463sources, 460–461subtypes, 462

serotonin antagonists, 1247serotonin syndrome, 176sertraline, 433–434seven transmembrane receptors (7TM

receptors), 72sevoflurane, 224

biotransformation, 229cardiovascular actions of, 230CNS, effect on, 229–230CO2 absorbent stability, 229respiratory system, effect on, 230rubber or plastic/gas partition

coefficient of, 219tsolubility of, 218tvapor pressure of, 228t

sheepalfaxalone effects on, 269decoquinate for, 1142lasalocid for, 1148vitamin K1 dose for, 638

signal detection, at CVM, 1453sildenafil, 526–527silodosin, 143sinus tachycardia, antiarrhythmic

agents for, 544–546sirolimus, 1232–1233skin, 1278

anatomy and histology, 1278–1279,1279f

blood supply, 1280, 1281tdermis, 1279f, 1280epidermis, 1279–1280, 1279f

avian, 1280as a barrier, 17–18, 18fbiochemistry

drug biotransformation,1281–1282

energy production and utilization,1281

lipid metabolism, 1282protein metabolism, 1282

cells, 17–18cleansers, 789dermis and appendages, 18

gross features of, 18, 18flayers, 17–18medicated applications, 1293

dressings, 1294lotions, 1294ointments, 1293–1294pastes, 1294plasters, 1294poultices, 1294powders, 1294suspension, 1294

percutaneous absorptionelectrically assisted transdermal

drug delivery, 1289factors affecting, 1287penetration enhancers,

1287–1289principles of, 1283–1285, 1283f,

1284fpig, 1280–1281stratum corneum, 18–19topical vehicles, 1285–1287, 1286f,

1289adsorbents and protectives, 1289astringents, 1290caustics and escharotics, 1291demulcents, 1289–1290emollients, 1290, 1290tkeratolytics, keratoplastics, and

antiseborrheics, 1291–1293rubefacients, irritants, and

vesicants, 1291skin elasticity, and dehydration,

561–562slugging, 106small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

(SIBO), 1265SNARE proteins, 171soaker-type catheter, 370Society of Veterinary Hospital

Pharmacists, 1435sodium cromoglycate. see cromolynsodium–glucose cotransporters,

771sodium hypochlorite, 393, 783, 790sodium iodide, 1008sodium nitroprusside, 525sodium o-phenylphenol, 786sodium stibogluconate, 1136, 1136f“soft” steroids, 749–750solid-phase extraction (SPE), 1441solute carrier (SLCs) proteins, 179solute carrier (SLC) transporters,

1340somatostatin, 661, 662t, 772–773


Index

somatotropin (GH), 662–664adverse effects of, 664function of, 663porcine, 663secretion of, 662, 662tstructure of, 662therapeutic use, 663–664

somatotropin-inhibitory hormone,651t

somatotropin-releasing hormone, 651tsotalol, 546, 550spare receptors, 74spatial summation, 171species grouping, 1354specificity of drug, 70–72spectinomycin, 939–940

antimicrobial activity, 939clinical use, 939–940pharmacokinetics, 939

spheroblasts, 826spinal and epidural anesthesia,

370–371spinosad, 1174spironolactone, 612–614splash blocks, 370Spot Test, 1472SRP. see Safety Reporting Portalstability of drug, 92stanazolol, 678t, 685Staphylococcus aureus, 788static baths, 1377statistical tolerance limit procedure,

1471steady state blood concentrations, 31stereochemistry of the API, 93stereoisomers, 71sterilization, 782steroid base, 741–742steroid hormones, 674, 682–685

anabolic steroids, 684–685estrogens, 682–683finasteride, 685mechanism of action of, 682progestins, 683–684testosterone, 684, 684f

steroid implants, 1368steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR)

protein, 730, 730fsteroid receptor isoforms, 735–736steroid synthesis inhibitors, 751–755Stewart’s acid–base analysis, 572–573,

573tStilboestrol, 683stimulant laxatives, 1270stimulation or inhibition function, 80

St John’s wort, 176stool softeners, 1271streptokinase, 641Streptomyces avermitilis, 1102streptomycin, 879fstress supplementation, and

glucocorticoids, 747–748strong ion difference (SID), 572–573Stuart–Prower factor, 627tsubstance P, 177succinylcholine, 197, 202–204

cardiovascular effects of, 207characteristics of, 199tneuromuscular blocking effect of,

205–206, 206fside effects from, 203

sucralfate, 1257–1258clinical use, 1258drug interactions, 1258structure, 1257f

Sucromate, 676sufentanil, 303sugammadex, for neuromuscular

blockade reversal, 210–211sulbactam–ampicillin, 838sulfabromomethazine, 812sulfachlorpyridazine, 812–813sulfadiazine, 797f, 797t, 811–812,

1151, 1152fpharmacokinetics of, 802t

sulfadimethoxine, 797f, 797t, 807–808,1151, 1152f

clinical use of, 808formulations, 808pharmacokinetics of, 807–808

sulfadimethoxine–ormetoprim, 816in aquatic animals, 1384–1385,

1387–1388sulfadimethoxine–sulfamethoxazole,

813sulfadimidine. see sulfamethazinesulfadoxine, 797f, 797t, 1151, 1152fsulfaethoxypyridazine, 812sulfaguanidine, 797f, 1151, 1152fsulfamerazine, 811

pharmacokinetics of, 811sulfamethazine, 797f, 808–810, 1151,

1152fpharmacokinetics of, 801t

sulfamethoxazole, 797f, 797t, 1151,1152f

pharmacokinetics of, 802tsulfanilamide, 796sulfanitran, 1151, 1152fSulfa-on-Site (SOS) test, 1472

sulfaquinoxaline, 797f, 797t, 810–811,1151, 1152f

and hypoprothrombinemia, 806sulfasalazine, 811

for inflammatory bowel diseases,1267–1268, 1268f

sulfathiazole, 811pharmacokinetics of, 811

sulfisoxazole, 812sulfonamides, 796

adverse effects, 805acetylator status and, 806–807blood clotting disorders, 806blood dyscrasias, 806carcinogenesis, 807crystalluria, 805diarrhea, 807hepatic necrosis, 806hypersensitivity, 805–806keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 805potassium regulation, 807skin reactions, 806thyroid metabolism disorders, 806

as antiprotozoan drugs, 1151, 1152fpharmacokinetics of, 800–805,

801t–804tdistribution, 800, 802, 804excretion, 805metabolism, 804–805oral absorption, 800

pharmacology of, 796–800clinical uses and microbial

susceptibility, 798–799drug resistance, 799–800interactions affecting

antimicrobial activity, 799mechanism of action, 798, 798fsusceptibility testing, 799

potentiated, 813sulfadimethoxine–ormetoprim,

816trimethoprim–

sulfachlorpyridazine,815

trimethoprim–sulfadiazine,813–815

trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole,815

properties of, 797tresidues in food animals, 816–817structure of, 797fin veterinary medicine, 807–813

sulfabromomethazine, 812sulfachlorpyridazine, 812–813sulfadiazine, 811–812


Index

sulfonamides (Continued)sulfadimethoxine, 807–808sulfaethoxypyridazine, 812sulfamerazine, 811sulfamethazine, 808–810sulfaquinoxaline, 810–811sulfasalazine, 811sulfathiazole, 811sulfisoxazole, 812

sulfonylurea glipizide, 769fsulfonylureas, 768–770, 769f, 769tsuperovulation, reproductive

hormonal drugs for, 686surface disinfection, 782surfactant, 94–95surfactants, 1271Swab Test on Premises (STOP), 1472swine

etomidate in, 267morphine in, 296thiopental in, 255xylazine in, 345

sympathetic nerve discharge (SND),113

sympathetic nervous system (SNS),113, 117t, 131, 600

anatomy of, 119–120“fight-or-flight” response, 114preganglionic and postganglionic

anatomical relationships ofnerves, 120f

SNS-induced physiologicalresponses, 113–115

sympathomimetics, 131–132chemical structures of, 132fdobutamine, 513dopamine, 513for ocular disease, 1330

synaptic vesicles, 170synaptosomal nerve-associated

proteins (SNAPs), 122synergists, 1183–1184SynergizeTM, 785synthetic L-thyroxine. see

levothyroxinesynthetic prostaglandins, 1261–1262synthetic vitamin K, structure of, 633fSyntocinon, 678t, 681systemic inflammatory response

syndrome (SIRS), 583–584

Ttableting processes, 106tachyarrhythmias, antiarrhythmic

agents for, 544–550

tachykinins, 177tachyphylaxis, 76tacrolimus, 1232tamsulosin, 143tapeworm infections, 1081. see also

anticestodal drugs;benzimidazoles

targeted therapies, 1191TBG. see thyroxine-binding proteinTCBZ. see triclabendazoletedizolid, 940teeth discoloration, tetracyclines and,

865Tegretol, 667telavancin, 936telazol, 187, 263–264

dose, 263species differences, 263–264

temodar. see temozolomidetemozolomide, 1203, 1203ftemperature-sensitive thermogels,

1460temporal summation, 171teratogen, 1471terazosin, 143terbinafine, 1006–1007

adverse effects, 1007clinical use, 1007pharmacokinetics, 1006–1007spectrum of activity, 1006

terbutaline, 1305testosterone, 684, 684ftetanus toxin, 171tetracaine (Amethocaine), 384tetracycline antibiotics, 858, 859f,

859t, 867adverse effects

allergy, 865esophageal lesions, 865gastrointestinal microflora

changes, 865hepatic disease, 865interactions, 865IV administration, risks from,

865–866outdated products and, 865photosensitivity, 865problems in young animals, 865renal tubular necrosis, 865

antimicrobial spectrum and clinicaluses, 864–865

as antiprotozoan drugs, 1140chemical and physical properties of,

859tchlortetracycline, 866–867

dosages, 866tdoxycycline, 868–869formulations of, 864tindications for, 858mechanism of action, 858minocycline, 859f, 859t, 869nonantimicrobial uses of, 869–870

angular limb deformities in foals,870

arthritis, 870dermatology, 869–870

for ocular infections, 1327oxytetracycline, 859f, 859t, 867–868pharmacokinetic parameters of,

862tpharmacokinetic–


absorption, 860–861, 861tdistribution, 861–864excretion and elimination, 864metabolism, 864protein binding, 860t

resistance to, 859structure of, 858, 859fsusceptibility testing, 859–860

breakpoints for, 860ttetracycline, 859f, 859t, 867

tetrahydropyrimidines, 1058–1061anthelmintic spectrum, 1060–1061chemistry, 1058–1059, 1059fdosages, 1060formulations, 1060mode of action, 1059pharmacokinetics, 1059–1060routes of administration, 1060safety and toxicity, 1061

tetramisole, 1054tetroxoprim, 804ttheileriosis, 1143

drugs for, 1130ttheophylline, 1307–1310, 1308t, 1309t.

see also methylxanthinestherapeutic drug monitoring, 77therapeutic index, 77, 1191therapeutic window, 72, 77thermal degradation, 92thiabendazole, 1048, 1054thiacetarsamide sodium, 1064thiamine analogues, 1144thiamphenicol, 908–909thiamylal, 249t, 250thiazide, 610–611thiazidelike, 610–611thiazolidinediones, 770


Index

thin layer chromatography (TLC),1441

thiobarbiturates, 188, 248, 252, 253,254, 291, 301, 390

thiopental, 248, 249–250, 249f, 249tcardiovascular effects, 251dose of, 254tpharmacokinetics of, 252–253pH of, 253regulatory information, 250t

thiophanate, 1039thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT),

1235–1237, 1339thiostrepton, 931thioureylenes/thionamides, 715–719,

715fmedical options to, 718–719

thrombin inhibitors, 635–636thrombocytopenia, sulfonamides and,

806thromboelastography (TEG) test, 629thyroglobulin (Tg), 693thyroid

antithyroid drugs, 715–719, 715f,716t

factors altering function ofillness and malnutrition effect,

699–701imaging of, 720physiology of, 691–699

hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidaxis, 694–695, 695f

iodine metabolism, 691–693metabolic clearance rate, 699plasma hormone binding of

thyroid hormone, 698thyroid hormone metabolism,

695–698, 696f, 697fthyroid hormone secretion,

693–694thyroid hormone synthesis, 692f,

693tissue thyroid hormone uptake,

698–699thyroid hormones, 691–719

analogs, relative nuclear bindingaffinity of, 703t

antithyroid drugs, 715–719, 715f,716t

cellular localization of, 697fhyperthyroidism, 691hypothyroidism, 691mechanism of action of

clinical effect correlation withcellular actions, 703–704

cytosolic binding proteins, 704extranuclear actions, 705nuclear thyroid hormone

receptors, 704–705plasma membrane transporters,

704metabolism of, 695–698, 696f, 697f

clearance rate, 699, 700tcompartmental model of, 699fdrug effect on, 701–703extrathyroidal factors affects,

699–703illness and malnutrition effect,

699–701pathways of, 696f

monitoring therapy with, 713–714myxedema coma treatment,

714–715overdose effect of, 713peripheral action of, 696fphysiologic and pharmacologic

effects of, 705–708, 706tcalorigenesis and

thermoregulation, 705cardiovascular effects, 707dermatological effects, 706dermatologic effects, 706endocrine effects, 708gastrointestinal effects, 707growth and maturation effects,

705–706hematologic effects, 708immunologic effects, 708lipid and carbohydrate

metabolism, 706neuromuscular effects, 707reproductive effects, 707

plasma hormone binding of, 698preparations of, 708–715

crude products, 708synthetic L-thyroxine, 708–712synthetic L-triiodothyronine,

712–713secretion of, 693–694synthesis of, 692f, 693therapeutic failure, 714therapeutic trial for hypothyroidism,

713thyroid physiology, 691–699uptake of, 698–699

thyroid peroxidase (TPO), 693thyroid-response element (TRE), 704thyroid scintigraphy, 718thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),

651t, 657–661, 692f, 694–695

alpha and beta subunits of, 658binding of, 658chemistry of, 657concentration of, effects of drugs on,

660–661glycosylation patterns, 660mechanism of action, 658preparation of, 658–659protocols for, 659tstimulation test, 659–660structural homology, 660

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),655–657

diagnosis of hypothyroidismin cats, 657in dogs, 656–657in horse, 657

stimulation test, 656–657protocols for, 657t

thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA),698

thyroxine-binding protein (TBG), 698ticarcillin, 836ticarcillin–clavulanate, 836, 838ticlopidine, 640tigecycline, 858, 859tigers, dissociative anesthetics, effects

of, 263tiletamine, 187, 260, 260f


tilmicosin, 912t, 922chemical structures of, 914fpharmacokinetics of, 917t

timolol maleate, 148tincture of iodine, 783tinidazole, 1134–1135, 1266

chemical structure of, 1134fclinical use, 1134–1135

tissue residue depletion studies,1420–1421

tissue solubility of anesthetics, 219tissue-type plasminogen activator

(t-PA), 641tobramycin, 890

structure of, 879ftoceranib, 1197, 1214–1215, 1214ftoceranib phosphate, 773α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000

succinate (TPGS), 96tolazoline, 144, 351–353, 351f, 353t,

354tolerance, 76, 1470–1471tolfenamic acid, 471ftoltrazuril, 1149f, 1150


Index

topical anesthesia, 370total body water (TBW), 556, 556ttotal intravenous anesthesia (TIVA)

techniques, 247Toxicologie Generale, 4toxoplasmosis, drugs for, 1130tTPO. see thyroid peroxidasetramadol, 176, 309–311, 310t, 312,

438–439as antitussive, 1304drug availability, 311efficacy of, 310mode of administration, 309pharmacokinetics and metabolism

of, 311uses, 309

tranquilizers, as preanesthetic drug,186–187

transduction, 168transient receptor potential vallinoid

(TRPV) family of receptors, 168transmissible spongiform

encephalopathies (TSE), 96transpeptidation reaction, 826transthyretin (TTR), 698, 704Transylol, 642trazodone, 434–435trenbolone, 1368trenbolone acetate, 685triamcinolone, 740t, 741ftriamterene, 611–612triazine derivatives, 1149, 1149f

diclazuril, 1149–1150, 1149fponazuril, 1150–1151toltrazuril, 1149f, 1150

tribromoethanol, 272fadverse effects, 272chemistry, 272dose, 272–273drug availability, 273history, 272mechanism of action, 272physiology, 272

tricaine methanesulfonate, 273f, 392,1396

adverse effects, 273chemistry, 273drug availability, 273history, 273mechanism of action, 273physiology of, 273withdrawal information, 273

trichlorfon, 1061trichomoniasis, drugs for, 1129ttriclabendazole, 1093–1097

chemical structure and metabolicpathways, 1094f

combined formulations, 1096in lactating animals, 1096–1097pharmacokinetics of, 1094–1095,

1095fresistance to, 1096, 1096fsulfoxide metabolite of, 1094, 1095

triclosan, 786tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs),

428–431, 429fadverse effects, 430–431pharmacokinetic properties,

429–430trifluoroacetic acid, 230trifluridine, 1013–1014trilostane, 752f, 753trimethoprim, 1152–1154, 1153f

pharmacokinetics of, 803ttrimethoprim–sulfachlorpyridazine,

815trimethoprim–sulfadiazine, 813–815

for bacterial skin infections, 814for cattles, 815clinical uses, 814for dogs and cats, 814–815dosage, 814formulations, 813for horses, 814for pigs, 815for urinary tract infections, 814

trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, 815trimethoprim–sulfonamides, 798–799Trusopt, 601trypanosomiasis, drugs for, 1129tTTR. see transthyretintubular secretory pathways, 31–32tubulin, 1037tulathromycin, 912t, 922–923

chemical structures of, 914fpharmacokinetics of, 917t

turkeysamprolium for, 1144diclazuril for, 1150dinitolmide for, 1145halofuginone for, 1146lasalocid for, 1148monensin for, 1148ormetoprim for, 1154sulfonamides for, 1151

two-state model of drug action, 75–76,75f

tylosin, 912t, 921–922chemical structures of, 913fpharmacokinetic parameters of, 919t

tylosin-responsive diarrhea, 1265tyrosine kinase inhibitors, 1214–1215

masitinib, 1215toceranib, 1214–1215, 1214f

UUDP-glucuronyl transferase (UGT)

enzymes, 1338ulceration, gastrointestinal, 1254–1262ulcerative colitis, in dogs, 1266unfractionated heparin (UFH), 629unitary theory of narcosis, 185United States Department of

Agriculture (USDA), 1350, 1470,1471

United States Equestrian Federation(USEF), 1440, 1444

United States Pharmacopeia (USP), 4,5, 1431, 1435, 1451

up-regulation, 76ureidopenicillins, 836urethane, 271f

carcinogenicity, 271chemistry, 271dose, 271drug availability, 271history, 270mechanism of action, 271metabolism, 271physiological effects, 271regulatory information, 271

urokinase, 641ursodeoxycholic acid, 1271US Controlled Substances Act, 1970,

247US Department of Agriculture,

1408USEF. see United States Equestrian

Federationuterine contractions, prostaglandins

analogs and, 681uterine infections, prostaglandins

analogs for, 682uterus, oxytocin function in, 680

Vvalacyclovir, 1010–1012

adverse effects, 1012clinical use, 1011–1012pharmacokinetics, 1011spectrum of activity, 1011

valganciclovir, 1013valproic acid, 401vancomycin, 936–937, 1265

administration guidelines, 937


Index

adverse effects, 937clinical use, 937

vapor pressure, of anesthetic, 218vasopressin, 614–615

effects of drugs and electrolytes,559f

Vasostrict, 666vecuronium, 197, 200–201

characteristics of, 199tventricular tachycardia,

antiarrhythmic agents for,546–550

vesicular glutamate transporters(VGLUTs), 172

vesicular monoamine transporter(VMAT), 175

The Veterinarian’s Vade Mecum, 5veterinary biologics, 1408Veterinary Co-operative Oncology

Group Common TerminologyCriteria for Adverse Events(VCOG-CTCAE), 1191–1192

Veterinary Drug InformationMonographs, 1466

veterinary feed additives, 1461–1463,1463f

veterinary feed directive (VFD), 1349,1411, 1420, 1430, 1461

Veterinary International Committeeon Harmonization (VICH), 1365

Veterinary Material Medica andTherapeutics, 5

Veterinary Medical Dictionary forDrug Regulatory Authorities(VeDDRA), 1453

veterinary pharmacology, 4–7Veterinary Services, 1408Veterinary Susceptibility Testing

Subcommittee (VAST) ofClinical and LaboratoryStandards Institute (CLSI), 6

Vetoryl, 753Vetstarch, 582tVICH (International Cooperation on

Harmonization of TechnicalRequirements for Registration ofVeterinary Medicinal Products),1425

vidarabine, 1014vinblastine (VBL), 1210–1211, 1210fvinca alkaloids, 1210–1211, 1210f

extravasation, 1199

vincristine (VCR), 1210–1211,1210f

Vinstrol-V, 678tvirginiamycin, 935–936Virus Serum Toxin Act, 1408visceral targets, 152fvitamin K1, 637–638vitamin K2, 637vitamin K3, 637vitreous humor (VH), 1321volatage-gated Na+ channels, 66volatile inhalation anesthetics

effects on arterial oxygen tension(Pao2), 224, 225f

myocardial contractility and, 226vomiting center, 178vomiting, neurotransmitters involved

in, 1245, 1246t. see alsoantiemetic drugs

von Willebrand factor (vWF), 626voriconazole, 993t, 1003–1005

adverse effects, 1005clinical use, 1005pharmacokinetics, 1003–1005structure of, 1003, 1004f

Wwarfarin, 632–638

adverse effects of, 635agents to reverse, 637–638clinical use, administration, and

monitoring, 634–635mechanism of action, 633pharmacological properties of, 633t,

634precautions in using, 635structure of, 633fthrombin inhibitors, 635–636vitamin-K cycle and, 634f

waterborne treatments, 1377–1378water, sodium, and chloride, 558–565

disorders of balance, 561–565homeostasis, 558–559, 559frenal regulation of excretion of,

559–561, 560fwet/dry granulation, 105–106white petrolatum, 1271Winstrol-V, 685withdrawal intervals, estimation of

allometric scaling, 1353–1354comparative pharmacokinetics,

1351–1353

species grouping, 1354in vitro and molecular studies,

1354–1355withdrawal time, 1469, 1470, 1471,

1475definition of, 1443factors affecting, 1443

Wolff–Chaikoff effect, 693World Health Organization (WHO),

1426, 1449, 1476

Xxanthines. see methylxanthinesxenobiotics, 1400xenon

analgesic actions of, 224solubility of, 218t

xylazine hydrochloride, 343–346,345f

xylazine, in preanesthetic period, 187xylitol, 96xylometazoline, 1315

Yyohimbine, 144, 350–351, 351f, 351t

Zzafirlukast, 1314zidovudine, 1014–1015


zileuton, 1314zilpaterol, 1306, 1368Zolatel®, 259zolazepam, 262, 263

chemical name, 335molecular formula, 335regulatory information, 335

zolpidem, 427–428zonisamide, 408–409


zoological pharmacology, 1395allometry in, 1400–1401invertebrates, 1395–1396vertebrates

avian, 1397mammalian, 1397–1400reptile and amphibian, 1396

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