Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97811070/25080/index/9781107025080... · 2013. 1....

Index

“A glorious tablau of the peace ofGhent,” 282

“A scene on the frontiers as practiced bythe ‘humane’ British and their‘worthy’ allies,” 146–47

abolitionists, 331accomodationists, 143Act for the Encouragement of the

Fisheries, 90Act for the Relief and Protection of

American Seamen, 112, 117, 339Act of Union of 1707, 26Act to Regulate Trade and Intercourse

with the Indian Tribes, 141Adam-Onis Treaty, 133, 299Adams, John

and impressment, 90, 91, 101, 102,182

as diplomat, 37, 43, 48, 49, 50, 65, 66,93, 101, 102, 338

as president, 58–62, 116, 120, 121,148, 155, 166, 172, 176, 187

Adams, John Quincyas congressman, 331as minister to Great Britain, 269,

288–90as minister to Prussia, 62as minister to Russia, 251, 252–54

as peace negotiator, 252–55as president, 306, 318, 334as secretary of state, 133, 293–95, 334

Adams, Samuel, 88Adams, William, 256, 288Addington, Henry, 149Address to the People of the United

States, 229admiralty courts, 21, 113, 149, 153, 154advertisements, 324, 329, 330, 333, 342Africa, 22, 76Africa, HMS, 78, 106African Americans, 110, 112, 141, 143,

181, 186, 265, 278, 324, 331–33,342

agriculture, 94, 309, 310, 311, 317Aix-le-Chapelle, 291, 301Alabama, 132, 133, 221, 331Alert, HMS, 1, 202Alexander, Czar, 252, 253, 254–55, 264Algiers, 47, 49, 56, 57, 59, 93, 96, 98,

123, 179, 299Allen, John, 264Alvison, John, 211, 215Ambrister, Robert, 317Amelia Island, 134American Consuls Act, 113American Intercourse Act, 39, 152

405

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406 Index

American Revolution, 3, 4, 5, 13, 26, 31,84, 89, 110, 157, 285 (see alsoRevolutionary War)

and free trade, 35, 36, 37–45, 48, 66,85, 155, 196

heritage, 3–4, 6, 8–9, 11, 65, 117, 118,148–49, 154, 161–62, 190, 195,207, 237, 243, 243, 251, 266, 275,278, 298, 300, 317, 324, 328, 334,337–39, 343

American Seamen’s Friend Society, 333American State Papers, 115“American System,” 313, 314, 317, 319“American Tar, The,” 95Amherstburg, 145Amiens, Peace of (1801), 148, 171Amsterdam, 254Andrews, Charles, 265, 270–71Andros, Thomas, 93Anglo-American culture, 76, 79Anti-Federalists, 111, 128antimonopoly, 329, 333Appleton, Nathan, 314Arbuthnot, Alexander, 317Argentina, 304Armitage, David, 92Armstrong, John, [Jr.] 165, 220, 226,

229, 230Armstrong, John, [Sr.], 33army bill, 234Army, U.S., 7, 60, 134, 141, 158, 216,

222, 223, 224, 227, 230, 280, 284,285, 340

Arne, Thomas, 95Articles of Confederation, 11, 40–42, 45,

66Ashburton, Lord, 296Atkinson, William, 106auction system, 315Austerlitz, Battle of, 152Austria, 42, 43, 49, 294, 314

Babcock, Amos G., 264, 266Bache, Benjamin Franklin, 59Bainbridge, William, 173, 237, 319

Baker, Anthony, 246balance of power, 14–15, 22, 28, 259Baldwin, Henry, 310Baltimore, 4, 159, 182, 187, 188, 226,

258, 281, 326, 328Baltimore, Battle of, 215Baltimore, USS, 115–16Bank of England, 19Bank of the United States, Second, 231,

312, 313, 318, 328banking, 7, 167, 225, 279, 304Barbary States, 2, 49, 56, 92, 94, 97,

125, 158, 172, 199, 339Barclay, Robert Heriot, 218Baring, Alexander, 253Barney, Joshua, 333Barron, James, 156–57, 180Barron, Samuel, 122Bartlett, Joseph, 91Baton Rouge, 133–34Bayard, James, 252–55, 288Bayonne Decree, 163Beasley, Reuben, 267, 269Bee, Thomas, 121Berkeley, Sir George Canfield, 180Berlin Decree, 156, 163, 165, 229Bermuda, 78, 266, 305Bernard, Francis, 88Bidwell, Barnabas, 179Bill of Rights, 111–12Bingham, Arthur, 194Bladensburg, Battle of, 225Bladensburg Races, 225blockade, 7, 153–54, 156, 175, 189, 225,

247, 252, 259, 297Blount, William, 129, 130Blue Licks, Battle of, 138Bombay, 301Bond, Phineas, 107Boone, Daniel, 130Boston, 79, 81–82, 83, 88–90, 264Boston Massacre, 89bounties, 28Bowline, Tom, 319Boyd, Julian P., 128






Index 407

Brazil, 299, 304Bremen, 303Brigham, Elijah, 232Brigstock, William, 120Bristol, England, 83–84Broadfoot, Alexander, 77Brock, Isaac, 145, 216, 217Broke, Philip Vere, 203Brown, Jacob, 223, 224, 284Buffalo, 220Bull, John, 236Bunting, Ben, 185Burnt Corn, Battle of, 221Burr, Aaron, 129, 133, 191Burwell, W. A., 135

Cadore, Duke of, 165Cadore letter, 165, 167, 184, 229,

332Calcutta, 301Calhoun, John C., 188, 235Cambridge, Massachusetts, 78Camillus essay, 104Canada, 3, 53, 54, 81, 85, 91, 127, 130,

135–36, 140, 145, 147, 159, 168,194, 195, 202, 215–26, 234, 242,245, 249, 252, 257, 258–59, 266,280, 281, 340

Canning, George, 164, 183, 294–95Canning, Stratford, 293, 294, 305Cape Horn, 204, 212captivity, 56, 92, 171–72, 174–75, 179,

199Carey, Mathew, 96, 313Carnatic, HMS, 116cartels, 20, 212, 241, 271, 274Cass, Lewis, 291, 322, 333Castine, Maine, 184Castlereagh, Lord, 245–46, 250, 252–57,

268–69, 289, 290–91, 294, 301Cathcart, Lord, 254Catherine the Great, 42–43Catholics, 135celebrations, 326, 328, 342 (see also

parades; toasts)

Central America, 303–04Ceres piece, 326 (see also scrimshaw)Chalmette Plantation, 227Chapel, Alonzo, 173Charles River Bridge, 314Charles, William, 146–147, 340Charleston committee, 309–310, 312Charleston, South Carolina, 19, 121Charming Jenny, 83Chateauguay River, Battle of, 220Chauncy, Isaac, 182, 219–20, 282Cherokee, 138, 140, 143, 222Cherub, HMS, 206–11Chesapeake Affair, 145, 156–59, 163,

164, 180–82, 183, 191, 192, 193,182, 291, 339

Chesapeake Bay, 222, 225Chesapeake, USS, 156, 180Chesapeake, USS, battle with HMS

Shannon, 202–04, 218Chiapas, Mexico, 304Chickasaw, 138, 143Chile, 206, 299China, 304Chippewa, 142Chippewa, Battle of, 223Choctaw, 138–43citizenship

American ideas, 6, 69, 105, 109,110–16, 121–23, 132, 244–51,260–61, 283, 291, 339

rights of, 49, 99, 100, 101, 110–161,175–89

sailors and, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102–03,106, 107, 110–16, 196, 208–09,234, 238, 243, 263, 271, 324,331–32

Civil War, 4, 8, 278, 296, 322, 324, 335,337, 342

civilization program, 140–47Clark, George Rogers, 129–30, 138Clay, Henry

and free trade and sailors’rights,233–34, 320–22, 333

and Whig Party, 308, 313, 317, 319






408 Index

Clay, Henry (cont.)as congressman, 233–34, 236, 238,

243, 284as diplomat, 255–57, 269, 273, 274,

288, 289, 297as secretary of state, 292, 303

Clinton, DeWitt, 229–30Clinton, George, 158, 228Cobbett, William, 283code duelo, 1, 190–92, 201Coercive Acts of 1774, 23Colden, Cadwallader, 20, 21Colombia, 299, 303Colombia, Treaty with (1824), 303colonial America, 18–25, 26, 69, 71,

78–91, 108, 114, 123, 305, 339commerce, 4, 7–9, 14–67, 85–86, 92–98,

102, 104, 107, 110, 112, 114, 123,131–32, 147, 148–70, 172, 173,174–76, 178, 179, 181, 184, 188,190–96, 207, 229, 233, 237,242–43, 244, 255, 260, 283–84,300–07, 309–17, 329, 339

commercial treaties, 41–42, 47–55, 66,159, 288–89, 297–307

Common Sense, 15, 36Confiance, HMS, 224Congress

and Embargo, 157, 158, 159, 163,166

and expansion, 133, 135, 139, 141,145–46, 147

free trade and sailors’ rights, 197, 202,234–35, 243

and Hermione, 121–22and impressment, 111–113, 115, 117,

175–76, 178–79, 187, 188, 191,232–35, 250–51, 286, 289

and navy, 56, 97, 201, 202and Negro seamen’s acts, 331and Quasi War, 58–59, 62and trade, 55, 148, 150–51, 157, 163,

188, 260–61, 293–94, 300–01, 302,303, 305, 306, 308–09, 311, 314

War of 1812, 7, 165, 193, 197, 219,225–26, 228–36, 250–51, 255, 279,281, 286, 289

Congress, Continental, 23, 32–33, 34,37–38, 40, 48, 92, 131, 138

Connecticut, 33consolato del mare, 29Constellation, USS, 98, 199Constitution, model ship, 330Constitution of the United States, 11,

41–42, 45, 51, 55, 66, 98, 128, 139,251, 285, 307, 333, 338

Constitution, USS, 200, 202, 204, 235,319, 328

Constitutional Convention, 41, 111consuls, 113, 115Continental Army, 8, 32, 38, 92, 135Continental Association, 23, 90contraband, 29, 30, 43, 52–53, 54, 57,

58–59, 63, 116, 153, 154, 175, 297Convention of 1800, 63, 67, 131Convention of 1815, 297, 300–01Convention of 1818, 298, 301convention on the slave trade, 294–95conventions, 32–33Cooper, Thomas, 310, 316Corbet, Michael, 89–90cordwainers case in Philadelphia, 315Costa Rica, 304cotton, 133, 304, 309, 312Craig, Sir James, 145Craney Island, 225Creek, 137–38, 140, 143–44, 147Creek War, 143–44, 221–22Creswell, Nicholas, 108crimps, 327crowd action, 33, 85 (see also riots)Crowinshield, Jacob, 178Crowley, John E., 28Crysler’s Farm, Battle of, 221–22Cuba, 136, 150, 305Curacao, 306customs duties, 4, 26, 51, 115 (see also

impost; tariffs)






Index 409

customs officials, 88customs union, Articles of Confederation

as, 40Cutting, John B., 101

Dallas, Alexander J., 280, 283Dartmoor Massacre, 7, 198, 262–75,

324, 342Dashkov, Andrei, 251–52Davie, William, 63Deane, Silas, 38Dearborn, Henry, 217debt, Revolutionary War, 47, 57Decatur, Stephen, 8, 171–74, 237, 238,

328, 332, 333Decatur’s toast, 238 (see also toasts)Declaration of Independence, 37, 46, 91,

92, 127, 112decolonization, 334“Defense of Fort McHenry,” 197, 215,

226, 227Defore, Daniel, 92DeLancey, James, 83Delaware (Native Americans),140, 142Delaware (state), 91Democratic Party, 278, 308, 309,

312–13, 314, 317, 318, 320,321–23, 329, 343

demonstrations, 159, 264, 279Denmark, 42, 44, 49, 50, 53, 63, 155,

193, 303, 306, 318derserters, 82, 83, 86, 87, 91, 107, 108,

178, 180, 182, 184, 200, 209–10,242, 250, 277, 291–92

Descartes, Rene, 14Desha, Joseph, 146, 192Detroit, 140, 145, 216, 217, 219, 291,

322Dexter, Andrew, Jr., 167Diderot, Denis, 14, 15, 16Diggio, John, 194diplomacy

early republic, 23, 46–67, 102–03, 140,115, 148–59, 163–66, 177–78, 180,

183, 190–96, 197, 228–30, 232,280

Enlightenment and, 5–6, 11–18, 29–31,36–45, 46, 59, 60, 63, 66, 190

post–War of 1812, 8, 262, 273,268–70, 277, 280, 288–307, 312,337–38, 341

Revolutionary, 8, 32, 36–45sentimental, 17, 59, 190War of 1812, 244–60

direct negotiations, 254discrimination (duties and tonnage fees),

25, 51–52, 54, 55, 66, 151, 155,156, 159, 300, 301–02, 303, 304,306–07, 309

domestic economy, 35, 278, 312, 322,334

“Don’t give up the ship,” 2, 197, 203,215, 218, 316, 319, 328

Doolittle, Amos, 236Dorchester, Lord, 140Douglass, Frederick, 333drawbacks, 28, 301Drummond, Gordon, 223–24Duane, William, 175, 179, 184, 228dueling, see code duelo

East Indies, 53, 76, 186, 200, 257, 304Eaton, John, 186economy

British, 80, 151, 259colonial, 20–24, 80, 94early republic, 94, 159–60, 162–65,

172post–War of 1812, 278, 309–28, 334revolutionary, 32–35, 44–45War of 1812, 231, 241–42, 279–80,

341El Salvador, 304Elba, 268Eldridge, Azariah, 326election of 1824, 295election of 1844, 319–321Eliza, 199






410 Index

Elliot, Matthew, 145Ellsworth, Oliver, 63emancipation, 333Emancipator, The, 331embargo in 1807, 148, 158–63, 164–66,

167, 168–69, 171, 180–81, 183–84,187, 189, 194, 200, 289, 304, 305,309, 338, 341

embargo of 1794, 53embargo of 1798, 59embargo of 1813, 231, 241, 260, 263empire of liberty, 127–36Enlightenment, the, 5–6, 11, 13–31, 32,

35, 37, 39, 42–43, 44, 46, 49,51–52, 53, 56, 57, 59–60, 66, 69,139, 337, 343

Enterprise, USS, 200equality, 119, 196, 335, 337, 343Era of Good Feelings, 308Erskine agreement, 164, 166, 167, 184,

188, 192, 232Erskine, David M., 164, 167, 193Ervin, John, 201, 208Essex decision, 149–50, 154, 179Essex Junior, USS, 205–12Essex, USS, 1–3, 60, 69, 107, 122, 186,

196, 197, 199–201, 204–214, 215,220, 238, 242–43, 275, 340

Evans, John, 120expansion, 127–47, 170, 306, 319, 323exports, 80, 159, 164–65, 168, 172, 301,

304 (see also trade)

Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 140Farmer, Jasper, 83farmers, 35, 55, 62, 78, 79, 94, 129, 159,

165, 168, 311, 313, 314, 317Federalist Number 10, 128Federalist Number 11, 52, 307Federalist Party, 113, 121, 153, 173,

174, 191, 194–95, 252and Chesapeake Affair, 157and expansion, 129, 132Hartford Convention, 260–61, 279and impressment, 171, 176, 183–87

and Jay Treaty, 54–55, 104–05and trade restrictions, 60–62, 148–49,

159–63, 165–66, 167, 168–69, 188,338, 341–42

and War of 1812, 7, 197, 222, 228,231–43, 245, 250, 251, 262,263–64, 273, 275, 277, 284–86,315–16, 318, 323, 329, 342

Federalists (supporters of theConstitution), 111–12, 128–29

Fell’s Point, 188Fernandina, 134Festival of Mirth and American Tars

Delight, The, 96Fielding, Henry, 75filibuster, 134–35Findlay, William, 316, 146fishermen, 86, 87, 90, 94, 95, 101, 260flogging, 76, 119, 179, 182, 185–86Florida, 6, 57, 127, 130, 131, 132–34,

135, 136, 147, 150, 193, 195, 221,257, 291, 331, 340

food riots, 33foreign policy, see diplomacyFort Dearborn, 216Fort Erie, 217, 223–24, 258Fort George, 219–20Fort Jackson, Treaty of (1814), 147Fort Mackinac, 216, 219, 222, 258Fort Malden, 216, 218, 219Fort McHenry, 226Fort Meigs, 218Fort Mims, 221Fort Niagara, 219, 223, 258, 283Fort Wayne, Treaty of (1809), 145Fort Wilson riot, 34Foss, John, 93Foster, Augustus John, 193, 201, 229,

245Fourth of July, 36, 46, 56, 153, 162, 168,

170, 179, 316, 317, 324, 328, 330Fowey, HMS, 82France, 6, 14, 29, 56, 94, 150, 208, 240,

243, 293, 314, 328 (see also FrenchRevolution)






Index 411

alliance with U.S., 32, 37–40, 42–44,51, 53, 57, 59, 63, 338

and Louisiana, 131–32, 133and neutral rights, 299in Quasi War, 57–63, 97–98, 115, 131,

172relations with U.S., 57–63, 125, 129,

149, 154, 156, 159, 161–70, 184,188, 229, 230, 301–02, 303, 306,340

trade restrictions, 21, 30, 48, 123, 156,161–70, 184, 188, 229, 230–32,301–02, 303, 306, 318, 338

wars with Great Britain, 19, 20, 30, 37,47, 52–53, 58, 66, 72, 79, 80, 81,82, 83, 85, 95, 101, 102–03, 131,107, 148, 149, 155, 152, 171, 174,176, 197, 201, 222, 252, 259, 268,284, 339, 297, 304–05, 338

Franklin, Benjamin, 20, 37–38, 43, 48,298, 327, 333

Frazier, Daniel, 174Frederick the Great, 50free market, see free trade, as free market“free ships make free goods,” 13, 29, 30,

42–43, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58,59, 62, 63, 66, 155, 179, 233, 251,286, 299, 306, 338

free tradeand American Revolution, 32–45and Enlightenment, 13–31, 35, 37, 39,

42, 51, 56, 337and political rhetoric, 35, 55, 148–50,

154, 155, 159–70, 196, 240, 317,320, 341

and tariff debate, 305–18, 322and Treaty of Ghent, 8as free market, 13, 18–19, 32–35, 148,

278, 309–10, 312, 314–15, 326,329, 330, 334, 338

as lower restrictions, 13, 19–25, 36–7,48–57, 61–62, 131, 148–49, 152,159, 164–65, 189, 191, 232–33,242–43, 245, 305–307, 308–18,322

as neutral rights, 8, 13, 28–30, 42–44,45, 49–50, 54, 57–61, 62–64, 66,125, 148–170, 179, 180, 232–33,251, 252, 255, 278, 283, 295,297–301, 307, 308, 312, 321, 337,340, 341

as no restrictions, 13, 25–28, 39–42,48, 148, 154

as reciprocity, 13, 25–26, 29, 30,37–39, 40, 45, 49, 51, 66, 278, 297,300–05, 307, 308, 309, 312, 334,337, 338, 341

in the early republic, 46–64multiple meanings, 4, 5–6, 11, 13,

30–31, 32, 44–45, 48, 65–67, 69,155, 171–72, 179, 183, 189, 191,200, 232–33, 277–78, 297–98, 308,321, 322, 334, 337, 339, 341–43

free trade and brokers rights, 330free trade and carpenters rights, 329free trade and equal rights, 311, 330free trade and fisherman’s rights, 329free trade and mechanic’s rights, 330–331free trade and no impressment, 238free trade and sailors’ rights

meaning of, 3, 4–9, 69, 125, 136, 149,175, 189, 190, 197–98, 202, 203,215, 222, 227, 228, 233, 244, 247,257, 260, 278, 280–81, 308, 324,325, 335, 337–43

used by advertisements, 324, 229–30used by African Americans, 278, 324,

331–33used by David Porter, 1–2, 123, 196,

199, 200, 205, 207–14used by Democrats, 278, 318–21,

322–23used by Federalists, 233, 238, 240–43,

274, 285–86, 316used by others, 203, 204, 219, 222,

263–64, 278, 310, 324, 327–31,333–34

used by Republicans, 234–40, 243used by seamen, 207–209, 211, 261,

262–66, 275, 278, 324–27






412 Index

free trade and sailors’ rights (cont.)used by Whigs, 278, 318–21, 322–23used in tariff debate, 308–14, 316–17,

321–22free trade and the rights of citizens and

sailors, 330“free trade, mutual rights, & equal

taxation,” 330“free vessels make free goods,” see “free

ships make free goods”French and Indian War, see Seven Years’

WarFrench Revolution, 56–57, 95, 111–12,

118, 131, 134, 207, 298Frenchtown, 217Frolic, HMS, 202, 235frontier, 53, 55, 79, 128–29, 135–47, 216frontiersmen, 129, 141, 147

Galapagos Island, 205Gallatin, Albert

as congressman, 122as diplomat, 268–69, 273–74, 288–89,

291, 296, 297as secretary of treasury, 165, 178, 217,

229, 230, 231, 250, 252, 253in peace negotiations, 254–61

Galloway, Joseph, 24Gambier, James, 256Ganges, HMS, 116–17Gardoqui, Don Diego de, 57, 130Gaston, William, 232Genet, Edmond, 129Genoa, 49George III, 41, 103, 109, 111, 118, 135,

162, 177, 182Georgia, 91, 132–33, 147, 140, 144,

221, 331Gerry, Elbridge, 58, 168Gervaise, Isaac, 16, 26Ghent, 227, 244, 245, 255–61, 269, 279Ghent, Treaty of (1814), 8, 255–61, 262,

264, 266, 275, 277, 280, 283, 288,297, 298, 301, 306, 320, 324, 334,343

Gibbon, Edward, 14Gibbon vs. Ogden, 329Gibraltar, 130Glorious Revolution, 18God and country; British sailors best

rights – traitors offend both, 207God, our country, and Liberty – tyrants

offend them, 207, 213Golitsyn, Dmitri Alekseevich, 43Gore, Christopher, 161, 166, 167

and free trade, 161, 167, 168Gothenburg, Sweden, 254, 255Goulburn, Henry, 256, 288government of “All the Talents,” 152Grand Banks, 101Great Britain

and Jay Treaty, 53–56, 57, 62, 97,103–05, 131

and Native Americans, 137, 139,140–41, 145–147, 232–36, 240,257–58

and Spain, 130, 133army, 32, 223, 225, 227, 231, 248,

268, 269–70, 272, 279, 283, 291commercial regulations, 5–7, 21–29,

36, 37, 39, 48, 49, 51–52, 61, 69,108, 123, 148–70, 177, 229, 241,243, 297, 314, 338

emancipation of slaves in 1834, 306empire, 4, 19, 30, 71, 72, 80, 86, 90,

92, 93, 137imperial regulations, 33, 85impressment in, 6, 7, 8, 69, 71–78, 81,

84, 339impressment of Americans, 6, 84,

86–91, 102–09, 118–23, 174–89,246–52, 256–57, 273, 279, 288–96

peace negotiations, 244–61, 281–83,285

post-1814 relations with U.S.,294–302, 303, 309, 316, 318, 341

reform movement, 118Revolutionary War, 41–43, 47–48,

91–93role of seamen, 90–93






Index 413

War of 1812, 3, 6–7, 66, 69, 125, 127,135, 191–96, 207–27, 241, 265,268–69, 273, 277, 281–83, 285,286, 319, 332, 340, 343

wars with France, 20, 30, 47, 52–53,58, 66, 72, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85,95, 101, 102–03, 131, 107, 148,149, 155, 152, 171, 174, 176, 197,201, 222, 252, 259, 268, 284, 339,297, 304–05, 338

Great Lakes, 130, 135, 137, 144, 222,247, 259, 260, 277, 283, 291–92

Greenland, 77Greenville, Treaty of (1795), 140, 143,

257Greenville, Treaty of (1814), 258Gregg, Andrew, 151Grenville, Lord George, 53, 103–04, 105,

108, 122, 152Grosvenor, Thomas Peabody, 232Grotius, Hugo, 18Grundy, Felix, 135, 145, 170, 233,

250Guadeloupe, 306Guatemala, 304Guerriere, HMS, 194, 202, 235, 328gunboats, 158

Hague, 43Haiti, 61, 131 (see also St. Dominigue)Halifax, 159, 249Hamburg, 49, 303Hamilton, Alexander, 52, 60, 104, 129,

191, 264, 307Hamilton, Paul, 201Hampton Roads, 157Hampton, Wade, 220–21Hancock, John, 88Hanover, 303Hanseatic cities, Treaty with the (1827),

303Hanson, Alexander Contee, 233, 259,

286Hardy, Charles, 83Harmar, Josiah, 140

Harrison, William Henry, 143, 144, 145,217–19, 319

Hartford Convention, 7, 245, 260, 261,279, 318, 319, 342

Havana, 115Hawke, HMS, 87Heart of Oak, 93Henry, John, 194Henry, Patrick, 333Hermione, HMS, 106, 109, 118–23Hickey, Don, 3Hicks, William, 23Hillyar, James, 207–211, 214Hispaniola, 21, 131–32 (see also St.

Domingue)Holy Alliance, 294–95, 298–9, 301Home, Rodham, 106Honduras, 303honor, 3, 6, 54, 59, 94, 98, 104, 109,

116, 117, 125, 146, 153, 157, 187,190–96, 200–04, 210, 212, 214,229, 235, 237, 242, 283, 284, 285,280, 288, 291, 295, 296, 332, 340(see also code duelo; dueling)

Hopkins, Stephen, 21–22Hornet, USS, 202, 204, 235, 236“Hornet and Peacock; Or, John Bull in

Distress, The,” 236Horsely, William, 30Horseshoe Bend, Battle of, 147, 222House of Representatives, 121, 170, 171,

179, 230–31 (see also Congress)Howe, Richard, 118Hull, Isaac, 235, 237, 282, 319, 328,

333Hull, William, 216, 322Hume, David, 16, 17, 19, 26, 73Humphreys, David, 96Hunt, Gilbert J., 286Hutchinson, Thomas, 90

iconography, 278, 328Illinois, 321immigrants, 108, 111, 175, 247, 291,

312 (see also citizenship)






414 Index

imports, 22, 80, 164–65, 168, 172, 301,302, 304, 315 (see also trade)

imposts, 25–26, 41, 49, 230, 308, 322(see also tariffs)

impressment, 6, 7, 8, 69, 214colonial America, 69, 79–92early republic, 69, 85, 94, 99–125, 146,

147, 151, 154, 163, 171, 174–89,191–96, 200, 209, 280–81, 339

Great Britain, 6, 7, 8, 69, 71–78peace negotiations, 197, 240, 244–261,

279, 283–84post–War of 1812, 277, 286, 288–96,

297, 299, 301, 319, 323, 329, 334,341

War of 1812, 197, 209, 214, 232–36,238, 240, 243, 263, 266, 274–75,280–81, 283, 284

Indian Ocean, 2, 200, 205Indian Trade and Intercourse Act,

141Indians, see Native Americans; names of

individual tribesindividualism, 312Ingersoll, Charles Jared, 234insurance, 153, 304internal improvements, 312, 313international law, 59, 151invisibles, 228Ireland, 26Italy, 20Izard, George, 221

“Jack contending for the motto,” 325Jack Tar, 85, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 100,

110, 123, 171, 174, 181, 185, 186,188, 196, 199, 205, 238, 241, 247,262, 288, 312, 333, 337, 339 (seealso seamen)

Jackson, Andrewand Creek War, 147, 221–22and Florida, 291and War of 1812, 3, 8, 215, 227, 261,

279, 284, 291as president, 296, 306, 308, 312,

317–18, 334

Jackson, Francis, 193Jackson, John G., 187Jamaica, 78, 105, 248James I (James VI of Scotland), 25, 26James, Reuben, 174Java, HMS, 202Jay, John, 39, 53, 57, 99, 103–05,

130–31, 153–54, 186Jay Treaty, 52–59, 62, 66, 97, 99,

103–05, 110, 112, 116, 121–22,130, 140, 151, 154–55, 177, 186,246

Jefferson, Thomasand expansion, 127, 128, 132–34, 136,

141–43and farmer, 129and free trade, 24, 65–67, 97, 180–81,

307and impressment, 91, 102–03, 107–08,

171–72, 178–79, 183, 184, 185,232, 244, 245, 281, 339

and Native Americans, 141–43and War of 1812, 202, 215as diplomat, 48–51as president, 65–67, 125, 132–35,

141–43, 148, 150–55, 157–59,162–63, 166, 171–72, 174, 176–77,178–79, 180–81, 183, 184, 185,232, 244, 245, 279, 339

as secretary of state, 94–95, 102–103,115, 296

Jena, Battle of, 155Jeremie, St. Domingue, 106, 108, 109,

199Jersey, HMS, 92, 339Johnson, James, 316Johnson, Richard M., 188, 219Jones, James, 121Jones, John Paul, 8, 237Jones, William, 231

Kennedy, Archibald, 21, 86Kentucky, 130, 138, 139–40Key, Francis Scott, 197, 215, 226,

227King, Charles, 269–74






Index 415

King, Rufus, 150, 177, 246, 269, 316King-Larpent report, 269–74Kingsbury, William, 213Kinsman, Rufus, 331Knowles, Charles, 82Knowles riot, 82, 87Knox, Henry, 139

L’Insurgente, 98, 199La Colle Mill, Battle of, 222La Guaira, 119La Vengeance, 98labor relations, 315LaClerc, General Charles Victor

Emmanuel, 132Lafayette, Indiana, 144Lafayette, marquis de, 255, 328Lafitte, Jean, 227laissez-faire, see free trade, as free

marketsLake Champlain, Battle of, 224–25, 226,

258, 281, 283Lake Champlain corridor, 215, 217Lake Erie, 218, 220, 224Lake Erie Battle of, (Battle of Put’n Bay),

218–19Lake, Handsome, 144Lake Ontario, 219–20Lamb, William, 92Langdon, John, 166Larpent, Francis Seymour, 269–74late Loyalists, 135Latin America, 294, 298, 303–04, 305,

341Laurens, Henry, 44law of nations, 29, 50, 58, 103, 151, 157,

158, 193Lawrence, James, 202–04, 218, 227, 236,

282Lawrence, USS, 218, 237League of Armed Neutrality, 42–44, 53,

61Leander, HMS, 153, 179–80Lee, Arthur, 38Lee, Charles, 120Leech, Samuel, 262–63, 326

Leib, Michael, 228Leland, John, 318Lennox, David, 113Leopard, HMS, 156, 157, 191Levy, Moses, 315Lexington and Concord, Battles of,

39“Liberty or Death,” 333liberty, 33, 56, 87, 89, 90, 128, 329

American, 23, 36, 65, 93–94, 96, 98,180, 187, 195, 207

and impressment, 73–77, 81, 84,87–89, 91, 98, 105, 120, 171, 175,233

British, 73, 74–77, 84, 92, 93, 123,149, 176, 184, 195, 207

in commerce, 19, 29–30, 35, 43, 55,56, 93, 98

in markets, 33–34sailors, 174, 262, 266–67, 274

Liberty riot, 88–89Lieven, Khristofor A., 254–55Lisbon, 84Little Belt, HMS, 193–94Liverpool, 76, 106, 182–83Liverpool, Lord, 251, 254–55, 301Livingston, Edward, 113, 117, 296Livingston, Robert R., 132Locke, John, 14London, 76–77, 78, 95, 104, 113, 118,

254, 255, 256, 269, 288Loring, John, 116Louisbourg, expedition to, 81Louisiana Purchase, 129, 131, 133, 153,

176, 257, 301Louisiana Territory, 127, 128, 129,

131–32, 138, 142Louisiana, the state, 134, 331Louverture, Toussaint, 61, 66, 132Lovett, Robert, 328Lower Creek, 221–22Loyalists, see Tories, AmericanLundy’s Lane, Battle of, 223Lyon, Matthew, 179

Macdonough, Thomas, 224






416 Index

Macedonian, HMS, 202, 238, 263,328

Macomb, Alexander, 224Macon’s Bill No. 2, 165, 167, 229“Madison and Free Trade,” 167Madison, James, 128, 136, 263

and free trade, 125, 150, 151, 171,179

as congressman, 51, 55, 127, 307as president, 2–3, 7, 8, 133–34, 142,

163, 165, 166, 167–68, 193, 195,222, 225, 226, 228–43, 244–45,247, 248–49, 250, 251, 252, 255,256, 259, 260, 274, 279–81,283–87, 289, 291–92, 300, 302,334, 341

as secretary of state, 112, 142, 150,151, 154, 155–56, 159, 171,177–180, 183–85

Madras, 301Maine, 224, 258, 283, 319malcontents, 228, 230Malta, 200Malthus, Thomas, 310manifest destiny, 127“Manning the Navy,” 75Mansfield, Lord, 77–78manufacturing, 17, 94, 308–13, 317Marcus, Simon, 120Marquesas Islands, 205–09Marshall, John, 58, 60, 121–22Marten, Frances, 120Martin, Philip, 329Martinique, 97, 306Maryland, 111Massachusetts, 33, 80, 81, 82, 89Mather, Moses, 36Maumee River, 218Melville, Herman, 319–20memory, 8, 92, 263, 283, 286, 288, 295,

308, 312, 316, 332–34mercantilism, 4, 8, 14–15, 17, 19–21, 25,

27–28, 37, 44–45, 47, 54, 61, 67,278, 297, 305–06, 308, 312, 334,337–38, 341

merchant marine, American, 80, 95, 97,107–08, 113, 120, 163, 184, 178,304, 332

merchant marine, foreign, 72, 73, 80, 93,301, 302

merchant ships, 18, 20, 43–44, 80–81,82, 91, 106, 115–16, 150, 153, 156,158, 182, 199, 236, 244, 249, 250,295, 298, 304

merchants, 16–17, 28, 30, 50American, 18, 33, 34–35, 39, 41, 51,

52–53, 56, 60, 62, 64, 80, 97,104–05, 107, 112, 150, 152, 161,162–63, 165, 168, 182, 231, 243,250, 300, 303–305, 309, 311, 312,315

British, 21, 150, 163, 231colonial, 18–20, 22, 23, 86foreign, 25, 51, 301, 309

Merry, Anthony, 177Mexican-American War, 321, 322Mexico, 19, 22, 129, 134, 139, 299, 304,

321Mexico, Gulf of, 132–33, 137, 141Miami, 139, 142Michigan, 216, 291, 323Milan Decree, 156, 163, 165, 229militia, 7, 34, 83, 158, 172, 216–27, 230,

270, 280, 285“millions for defense, but not a cent for

tribute,” 60Minehead, 83Minerva, HMS, 201Mirabeau, marquis de, 16, 17, 19Miranda, Francisco de, 134–35Mississippi River, 57, 125, 128, 130,

131, 132–33, 134, 137, 138,142–43, 147

Missouri, 321Mobile, Alabama, 133, 134, 221, 227,

281Model Treaty of 1776, 37–39, 42, 49,

60, 300, 301Molasses Act, 22monarchy, 15–16, 36, 48, 125, 195






Index 417

monopoly, 17, 24–25, 36–37, 65, 169,280–81, 305, 312–13, 314–15,329–31, 333–34, 342

Monroe Doctrine, 288, 294–95Monroe, James, 49, 57, 128, 132

as minister to Great Britain, 150,177–79, 183–84

as secretary of state, 225, 229, 245–47,249, 250, 251, 252, 254–55, 256,259, 270, 280, 290, 292

Monroe-Pinkney Treaty, 153–56, 159,168, 177–78, 179, 184, 232, 246

Monte Cristi, 21Montesquieu, Baron, 26, 14, 15, 19Montgomery, Richard, 243Moody, Benjamin, 105Morgan, Jeremiah, 87Morgan, John, 22Mormons, 321Morocco, 49Morris, Gouverneur, 57, 101, 102,

107Morrison, Joseph, 221Morrison, Samuel, 274most-favored-nation, 25, 39, 49, 53, 54,

55, 57, 63, 301, 338motto, 2, 207, 210, 219, 235, 237, 238,

243, 318, 322, 333“Mr. Madison’s war,” 232Murray, William Vans, 63mutiny, 118–23, 209, 265

Nantucket, 82, 94, 208Naples, 43, 49, 318Napoleon, 131–32, 149, 152, 155–56,

161, 163, 165, 166, 168, 176, 184,201, 222, 242, 245, 251, 253, 254,256, 268, 301, 318, 340

national anthem, 222National Republican Party, 313nationalism, 8, 44–45, 46, 92–98, 99,

187, 222, 226, 235, 244, 263,279–87, 313

Native Americans, 6, 35, 47, 53, 79, 129,135, 137–47, 170, 195, 216,

217–18, 219, 220, 226, 227, 245,257–58, 260, 261, 280, 340

native girls, 205naturalization, 110–17, 247–51, 291 (see

also citizenship)Nautilus, USS, 248Nauvoo, 321naval stores, 29, 43, 57Navigation Act of 1817, 303Navigation Acts, 18, 20–21, 24, 72, 78navy, British

and slave trade, 295, 296and war with France, 152deserters, 156–58, 177, 180, 182–83,

292enforcement of trade restrictions, 21,

30, 43, 61, 69, 86, 152–53, 175–76,310

impressment in, 7, 57, 71–84, 85–94,97, 99, 100–09, 113, 115, 156–58,174, 177, 178, 186, 238, 244,248–49, 259, 266, 277, 290, 293,295, 339, 341

in War of 1812, 196, 199–214,218–19, 222, 225–26, 231, 242,248, 248–49, 255

mutinies, 118–23Navy, U.S., 95, 120, 134, 158, 176–77,

230, 293, 295, 298, 324, 328Chesapeake Affair, 180–84, 191in 1790s, 56, 60, 61, 95, 96, 97–98,

110, 113, 115–17, 197in Quasi War, 2, 60, 61, 199–200in Revolutionary War, 91, 93in Tripoli War, 172–74, 199–200in War of 1812, 197–214, 218–19,

224–25, 230–31, 236, 238–39, 263,280, 284–85, 316, 332, 340

Negro seamen’s acts, 331–33, 342Nelson, Horatio, 172Nelson, Hugh, 195Netherlands, 18, 21, 24, 29, 30, 42, 44,

56, 302Netherlands, Treaty with (1782), 42,

66






418 Index

neutral rights, see free trade; neutralrights

neutral rights, as impressment, 289neutrality proclamation (1793), 52, 97New Brunswick, 305New England Restraining Act, 91New Haven, 184New Netherlands, 18New Orleans, 7, 57, 131–32, 200, 227,

257, 331, 334New Orleans, Battle of, 8, 227, 279, 281,

317, 318New York (provincial congress), 33New York (colony), 18, 21, 91New York Chamber of Commerce, 46New York City, 78, 82–84, 86–87, 92,

120, 134, 153, 159, 182, 187, 213,263, 264, 315, 328, 332–33

“New York Patriotic Song,” 98New York State, 224New Zealand, 209Newburyport, Massachusetts, 183, 183,

188Newfoundland, 90, 91, 257Newport, Rhode Island, 86–87, 106newspapers, America’s historical,

databank, 181Newton, Isaac, 14Niagara campaigns, 216–17, 220,

223–224Niagara River, 215, 216, 219, 220,

223–24, 291Niagara, USS, 218Nicaragua, 304Nicholas family, 228Nicholson, Joseph, 222Nicolson, Thomas, 86Niles, Hezekiah, 214, 238–39, 281, 313,

314non-importation, 23, 151–52, 156, 158,

177, 179Non-Importation Act, 151–52, 155, 158,

179Non-Intercourse Act, 163–65Nootka Sound controversy, 101, 130

Nore, The, 118, 122Norfolk, Virginia, 87, 157, 158, 180,

182, 225North Carolina, 91, 140, 331North, Lord, 90North Point, Battle of, 226North, the, 311, 317, 333Northwest (Old Northwest), 130, 135,

138, 140, 144–45, 218, 219, 257–58Northwest Ordinances, 140Norway, 292Nova Scotia, 91, 301, 305Nukahiva, 205–06nullification, 311–12

“O grab me,” 160, 184Oakely, Thoms Jackson, 232Ohio (state), 138, 140, 218Ohio River, 138, 139, 140Ohio River Valley, 130, 137, 147, 195,

216, 219Old Republicans, 229Oldenburg, Duchy of, 303order in council, December 26, 1783, 39order in council, January 7, 1807, 156,

164order in council, January 8, 1794, 53order in council, July 2, 1783, 39order in council, June 24, 1803, 175order in council, June 8, 1793, 53order in council, May 16, 1806, 152order in council, May 16, 1807, 156order in council, November 1, 1807, 156,

164order in council, November 6, 1793, 53orders in council, 79, 146, 151, 153,

161–62, 167, 168, 169, 189, 192,197, 227, 229–30, 231, 232,233–34, 244, 245, 246, 247, 252,257, 284

Otis, James, 88

Pacific Northwest, 101, 130, 257Pacific Ocean, 136, 204–08, 304, 341Paine, Thomas, 15, 36, 112






Index 419

Pakenham, Edward, 227Panton, Lieutenant, 89–90Papal States, 303parades, 183, 188, 213, 319–20, 326,

328, 330, 333Paris, 38, 256, 301Paris, Treaty of (1763), 85Paris, Treaty of (1783), 48, 51, 94, 99,

127, 130, 138, 260Parker, Josiah, 116Parker, Richard, 118–19Parliament, 21, 23, 24, 26, 36, 39, 48,

79, 80, 88–90Paterson, William, 19Patriotic Medley: Being a Choice

Collection of Patriotic, Sentimental,Hunting, and Sea Songs, 96

Paul I, Czar, 63Peabody Essex Museum, 319–20Peacock, HMS, 202, 235, 236Penang, 301Pennsylvania, 111, 138Penrose, Captain William, 96Perdido River, 134Perry, Oliver Hazard, 2, 218–19, 227,

332Perth Amboy, New Jersey, 120Peru, 19, 22, 139, 304Philadelphia, 34, 159, 174, 187, 333Philadelphia, USS, 171–72, 199, 328Phillips, Isaac, 115–16, 187philosophes, 14–16, 36, 69Phips, Spencer, 81Phoebe, HMS, 206–14physiocrats, 17, 26Pickering, Timothy, 62, 97, 116, 120Pierce, John, 153, 157, 179–80, 182, 334Pigot, Hugh, 105–06, 109Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 58Pinckney, Thomas, 102–03, 115, 246Pinckney Treaty, see Treaty of San

LorenzoPinkney, William, 154–55, 177, 184piracy, 120, 227, 294–95Pitt Packet, 89

Pitt, William, 101, 149Plan of Treaties, see Model Treaty of

1776Plattsburgh, Battle of, 222, 224–25, 281,

283Plymouth in an Uproar, 75Poland, 259Polignac Memorandum, 294political economy, 13, 17, 61, 148, 343Polk, James, 320Polly decision, 63–64, 66, 148Pontiac’s War, 137Pope Day, 87popular culture, 278Porter, David, 1–3, 5, 11, 69, 107, 122,

186, 196, 199–214, 227, 234, 235,242, 244, 275, 278, 321, 328, 333,340

Porter’s motto, 6–8, 125, 215, 228, 233,234, 239, 262, 263, 266, 275, 277,278, 308, 311, 315–22, 325–28,330, 335, 337, 341, 342 (see alsofree trade and sailors’ rights)

Portugal, 20, 29, 43, 49, 50, 56, 302, 304Potawatomi, 142pottery, 327, 342Powell, William P., 331–35President, USS, 122, 193“Press Gang or English Liberty Display’d,

The,” 73–75press gangs, 71–84, 86–89, 101, 102,

103, 104, 106, 159, 174–75, 109,208, 210, 339

Prevost, Sir George, 145, 224price controls, 33–34, 44, 65, 338, 341Pride of Baltimore II, 4prince regent, 270, 285prison ships, 92, 187prisoners of war, 20, 85, 91, 120, 88,

198, 209, 211–12, 216, 218, 225,226, 241, 244, 247–49, 260, 261,262–75

privateers, 4, 30, 57, 82, 85, 91, 92, 93,95, 97, 199, 205, 226, 247, 248,266, 284, 297, 332






420 Index

Proctor, Henry, 217–19Prophetstown, 144–45protections, 103, 113–15, 175, 176, 181,

234, 309, 320Providence, Rhode Island, 184Prussia, 42, 49, 62, 66, 155, 156, 294,

299, 303, 314Treaty of 1785, 49–50, 66, 298,

299Treaty of 1797, 62Treaty of 1799, 66Treaty of 1828, 299, 303

public works projects, 187Puerto Rico, 305Purdy, Robert, 220

Qaramanli, Yusof, 172Quasi War of 1798–1800, 2, 57–64, 66,

97–98, 115, 131, 148, 172, 199,200, 339

Quebec, 135, 243Queenston Heights, Battle of, 216, 248,

249Quincy, Josiah, 234

racism, 278, 324, 331–33, 342Raguet, Condy, 293Rambouillet Decree, 165Ramsay, David, 36Randolph, John, 229–30Randolph, Thomas Mann, 158Ranger, 91–92Raymond, Daniel, 313Raynal, Abbe Guillaume, 15reciprocity, 13, 25–26, 29, 30, 37, 39,

40, 45, 49, 51, 66, 278, 297,300–05, 307, 308, 309, 312, 334,337, 338, 341

Reciprocity Act of 1815, 300–02, 341Reciprocity Act of 1828, 303, 306, 341Red Sticks, 144, 221–22re-export trade, 53, 148, 150, 153, 164,

304religious reformers, 326“Remember the Raisin,” 218, 219

Remembergrace, 86Renssalear, Stephen Van, 216–17Report on Commerce, 51Republican Party

and Barbary Wars, 172–74and Chesapeake Affair, 157–59,

180–82, 193and Dartmoor Massacre, 262, 264,

270–75and expansion, 127–36, 141–43, 147,

148–170and impressment, 97, 99, 104–05, 111,

121–22, 154, 175–89, 191–92, 193and Jay Treaty, 54–57, 121post-1815, 277, 279–87, 308, 313,

315–16, 334and trade restrictions, 55–56, 61, 62,

153–54, 161–70, 179–83, 191–92,193, 277, 309, 341–42

and War of 1812, 8, 195, 197, 204,213–15, 229–43, 245, 250–51, 261,279–87, 329

republics, 36, 66, 127–29and commerce, 32, 36, 46, 67, 159and diplomacy, 36, 46–64, 67, 139idea of, 6, 14, 40, 55, 56, 59, 67, 94,

119, 129, 135, 195, 222resistance movement, 23–24, 69, 82, 84,

86–91, 151, 339revitalization, 144Revolution, the, see American RevolutionRevolutionary War, 26, 30, 42, 53, 58,

106, 108, 130, 134, 135, 150, 157,190, 216, 243 (see also AmericanRevolution)

free trade in, 11, 15–16, 18–19, 24,32–41, 44, 47, 61, 65

memory of, 8, 187, 195, 278, 317,339

Native Americans, 138, 145seamen in, 69, 91–94, 98, 187, 339smuggling in, 21

Rex v. Broadfoot, 77Rex v. Tubbs, 77Rhea, John, 233






Index 421

rhetoric, political, 6, 8, 148, 170, 184,218, 233, 240, 275, 308, 312, 315,318, 342 (see also free trade, andpolitical rhetoric; free trade andsailors’ rights, used by Republicans;free trade and sailors’ rights, used byFederalists; free trade and sailors’rights, used by Democrats; free tradeand sailors’ rights, used by Whigs)

Riall, Phineas, 223Ricardo, David, 310right of deposit, 57, 131right of navigation of the Mississippi, 57right of search, 257, 293–95, 322rights of man, 52, 118–23, 139, 170,

171, 311, 316, 318Rights of Man, The, 112Rio de Janario, 293riots, 5, 33, 69, 71, 76–79, 81–82, 84,

87–88, 90, 92, 106, 168–69,182–83, 184, 233, 267, 291, 333,339

Ripley, John, 211Riquetti, Victor de, 16River Raisin, Battle of, 217–18, 283Rivington, James, 19Robbins/Nash (Jonathan Robbins, alias

Thomas Nash), 121–22, 187Roberts, Jonathan, 284Robinson, Frederick John, 288Roderick Random, 74Rodgers, John, 193–94, 248–49, 282Rogers, Nicholas, 76–77role d’equipage, 57Rome, 49Romney, HMS, 88, 89Rose, George Henry, 183Rose, HMS, 89, 90Ross, Robert, 226Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 14, 15rowdiness, 266Rowson, Susannah, 95, 96royal proclamation of October 16, 1807,

182“Rule Britannia,” 93, 316

Rule of 1756, 30, 149–51Rumiantzev, Count Nikolai, 251–54Rush, Benjamin, 129Rush, Richard, 290, 291, 294–95,

298–99Rush-Baghot Treaty, 292Russell, Jonathan, 245–47, 250, 255,

288, 302Russia, 40, 42–43, 63, 155, 156, 294,

299, 302, 303, 314Russian mediation, 244, 251–55, 259,

261, 281

Sacket’s Harbor, 220, 221“Sailor’s Goodbye,” 95Sailor’s Magazine, 326Sailor’s Medley: A Collection of the Most

Admired Sea and Other Songs, The,96

“Sailor’s Return,” 95sailors, see seamensailors’ rights, 6, 69, 84, 85, 92, 98, 99,

100, 110, 112, 115, 118–23, 125,171, 183, 189, 191, 199, 200, 209,232, 237, 238, 240–45, 247,250–51, 256, 262, 264, 266, 273,275, 292, 315, 320, 322, 326, 337,339, 342, 343 (see also free tradeand sailors’ rights)

sailors’ rights and free trade, 183, 188,235

Salem, Massachusetts, 200Sampson, 84San Ildefonso, Treaty of (1800), 132Sandusky, Battle of, 138Sandy Hook, New Jersey, 153Sarah Ann, 248Saranac River, 224Saratoga, USS, 224Sardinia, 49, 303Saxony, 49Schuyler, Philip, 138Scotland, 25Scott, Winfield, 217, 219, 223scrimshaw, 324–25






422 Index

seamen, 3, 5, 6, 7, 62, 171, 153, 200–01,278, 317, 324–7

African American, 331–32and mutiny, 119–23and politics, 96–97, 172, 182–89,

191–92, 232–34, 240–43as citizens, 69, 110–17, 172, 196,

323–27, 340–41as prisoners of war, 91–92, 248–50,

262–75defenders of nation, 92–98, 171–74,

205–14, 225, 236–39, 319impressed, 72, 76, 79, 80–82, 83, 84,

85, 88–91, 99–109, 163, 175–84,191–92, 232, 233, 234, 237, 244,245, 259, 266, 277, 280–81, 286,288, 289, 290, 292, 296, 320, 323

in the American Revolution, 86–92work, 65, 72, 86, 158, 159, 162, 178,

304, 315Seamen’s Act, 250–51, 252, 253, 289,

290seamen’s rights and free trade, 234secession, 245Sedaine, Michel-Jean, 17seizures of American ships, 53, 56, 57,

61, 97, 151, 153, 154, 165, 167,168, 175, 176, 179, 181

Seminole, 134Senate, 41, 53, 132, 134, 155, 175, 221,

252, 254, 280, 295, 303Seneca, 144Seven Years’ War, 20, 30, 72, 80, 82, 83,

114, 137Seybert, Adam, 250–51Shannon, HMS, 203, 218Shawnee, 137, 140Shawnee Prophet, 144Sheffield, Lord, 39, 149Shelburne, Earl of, 39Shirley, William, 80, 81Shortland, Thomas G., 268–73Sierra Leone, 292–93Sixth of Anne, 79–80, 88–89, 90–91,

114

Skipwith, Fulwar, 97Slater, Samuel, 317slave trade, 260, 288, 290, 291–98slavery

African American, 133, 141, 143, 278,308, 310, 320, 323, 331, 333, 342

seamen compared to, 73, 175, 178,179, 181, 185, 186, 187, 208, 214,234, 293, 326

Slaves in Algiers, 96smallpox, 267Smilie, John, 179Smith, Adam, 4, 6, 14, 16–17, 19, 21,

26–29, 35, 63, 66, 69, 301, 310,313, 314

Smith, Jeremiah, 166Smith, John, 186Smith, Joseph, 321Smith, Robert, 164, 180, 193, 228, 229Smith, Samuel, 175–76, 228, 300, 304Smithsonian Institution, 327Smollett, Tobias, 74smuggling, 20–22, 88, 133, 134, 159,

166, 289, 305Smyth, Alexander, 216–17Society of Cincinnati, 46Somerset, Duke of, 25songs, 96, 98, 174, 207–10, 219, 226,

235, 329Songs in the Purse; or, Benevolent Tar, 96Sons of Liberty, 19, 88Sons of Neptune, 85Sons of St. Tammany, 46Souriron, Paul-Emile, 195South Carolina, 309–11, 331South, the, 137, 216, 221, 243, 309–13,

317, 320, 331, 333Southampton, HMS, 1, 69Southwest (Old Southwest), 130, 131,

133sovereignty, 14, 40, 103, 105–06,

115–16, 123, 138, 170, 174–75,182, 185, 191–92, 214, 233,291–92, 295

“Sovereignty of the Ocean,” 235






Index 423

Spain, 6, 19–20, 49, 51, 61, 79, 101,150, 231, 294, 298, 302, 305

and U.S. border, 56–57, 127, 130–35,137, 138, 140–41, 221, 299

during Revolutionary War, 42, 43Spanish West Indies, 52Spayd, John, 166Spirit of the Laws, 14, 26Spithead, 118, 122St. Augustine, 132, 134, 221St. Bartholomew, 306St. Clair, Arthur, 140St. Cloud Decree, 231St. Domingue, 61–62, 66, 105, 108–09,

121, 131–32St. Eustatia, 21, 78, 306St. Germaine-en Laye, Treaty of (1677),

29St. Lawrence River, 221, 291St. Petersburg, 251–55Stamp Act (1765), 22, 23, 85, 87Stamp Act Congress, 22Stamp Act riots, 85“Star Spangled Banner, The,” 197, 215,

226, 227, 332Starr Center, 5states rights, 311–12states rights and free trade, 311States Rights and Free Trade Association,

311status quo antebellum, 260, 283steamboat, 334Stephens, James, 149Stevens, Edward, 61Stoddert, Benjamin, 97, 116Stricker, John, 226strikes, 278, 315, 326, 342Strong, Caleb, 264subscription ship, 60, 200Success, HMS, 105sugar, 21–22Sullivan, James, 161Sultana, 4, 21super frigates, 97–98, 200, 202, 203, 263Supreme Court, 329

Surprise, HMS, 117Sweden, 42, 43, 53, 63, 66, 155, 288,

299, 302, 303Sweden and Norway, Kingdom of,

Treaty with the (1827), 303Sweden, Treaty with (1783), 42Syre A Choice Collection of Sea,

Hunting, Other Songs, The, 96

Talbot, Silas, 113Tallyrand-Peigord (Tallyrand), Charles

Maurice, 59Tammany Hall, 213, 235Tangier Island, 225tar and feathers, 88, 201, 208tariff of 1816, 309Tariff of Abominations, 311tariffs, 15, 17, 21, 25, 28, 30, 278, 300,

309–22, 328, 331, 334, 337, 338,342

taverns, 1, 82, 262, 263, 264, 341taxes, 140, 230, 231, 259, 260, 317, 326,

339Taylor, Zachary, 322Tea Act of 1773, 23Tecumseh, 144–45, 147, 219, 221Telfair, Thomas, 309, 310, 312Tennessee River, 130Tennessee volunteers, 8, 221, 227Tenskwatawa, 144–45Texas, 129, 134–35Thames, Battle of the, 147, 332Thames River, 219theater, 76, 93, 96, 174Thomas and Sally: Or the Sailor’s

Return, 95three–fifths clause, 260Tilsit, Treaty of (1807), 156Tingey, Thomas, 116–17Tippecanoe, Battle of, 145, 319“To America, commerce, and freedom,”

95toasts, 46, 60, 95, 153, 170, 174, 179,

188, 213, 235, 238, 275, 284, 316,317, 324, 328, 341






424 Index

Tohopeka, 222Tom Jones, 75tonnage duties, 25, 51, 300, 301, 305,

309Toronto, 220Tories, American, 24, 33, 35, 106, 135,

186, 285, 318Tory Party, Great Britain, 149, 152, 156,

163, 164, 165, 229, 283Townshend Duties (1767), 19, 22–23, 87Tracy, Uriah, 112trade

and American Revolution, 36–37, 40,90–91

balance of, 22, 28growth of U.S., 52, 80, 107, 135, 294importance of, 92, 94–96, 98impositions on, 7, 18, 21–22, 34, 39,

43, 47, 54–55, 85, 90–91, 148–70,175, 179, 195, 199, 309–22

in War of 1812, 231–33, 241, 243,260, 263

international, 15, 57, 67, 251, 301–07with East Indies, 53, 301with Great Britain, 39, 80, 90, 107,

300–301with Native Americans, 130, 137, 140,

141, 145with West Indies, 20, 149–50, 305–07

Trafalgar, Battle of, 152Trans-Appalachian West, see West,

Trans-AppalachianTreaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s

Treaty; 1795), 56, 131, 133, 140Tripoli, 49, 171, 172–74, 175, 176, 199,

328, 339Troup, George Michael, 233Trumbull, Jonathan, 33Truxton, Thomas, 98“Truxton’s Victory,” 98Tunis, 49Turkey, 49Tuscany, 49, 50

United States, USS, 202, 238, 263

University of Edinburgh, 4University of Glasgow, 4University of Oklahoma, 5Upper Creek, 222Utah, 321uti possidetis, 258–59Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 29, 374

Valparaiso, Battle of, 197, 207–14, 242,341

Valparaiso, Chile, 2, 200, 201, 205–14Van Buren, Martin, 296, 319Vattel, Emer de, 29–30Vaughan, Charles R., 292Venezuela, 134Venice, 49Vermont, 159Vernon, Edward, 81Vesey, Denmark, 331veto message, Andrew Jackson’s, 313Vienna Congress, 256, 259Vincennes, 138Virginia, 24, 138Voltaire, 14

Wade, James, 46Wager, HMS, 81War Hawks, 127, 135, 188, 230, 255,

273, 322“War in Disguise: or, the Frauds of the

Neutral Flags,” 149War of 1812, 4, 5, 288, 289, 292,

308–09causes, 6, 7, 11, 100, 125–96, 228,

231, 234, 304land battles, 215–28meaning of, 1–9, 11, 197, 262–63,

275memory of, 277–343naval battles, 1–3, 60, 69, 199–214,

218–19, 224, 225peace negotiations, 244–61politics of, 228–43, 264

Warren Free Bridge, 314Warren, Henry, 114






Index 425

Warren, Sir John Borlase, 246–47,252

Washington Benevolent Society, 241Washington, D.C., 225–26, 227, 242,

258, 280, 281, 283, 293Washington, George, 8, 41, 52, 53, 54,

60, 97, 101, 102, 103, 112–13, 129,138, 139, 141, 153, 166, 176, 235,316, 328

Washington naval yard, 328Wasp, USS, 202, 235, 248Waterloo, 301“We have met the enemy, and they are

ours,” 2, 215, 228Wealth of Nations, 26, 27–28Webster, Daniel, 231, 296, 318Webster, Pelatiah, 34Wellington, Duke of, 259West Indies, 18, 20–21, 22, 39, 57, 58,

60, 66, 71, 76, 80–81, 82, 83, 86,91, 97, 104–06, 113, 119, 149, 174,199, 249, 257, 297, 305–06, 338,341

British, 39, 51, 53–54, 152, 153, 155,301, 305, 306, 333

Danish, 306French, 20, 39, 48, 52, 61–62 (see also

St. Dominigue)West, the, 128, 129–31, 133, 136, 243West, the, front in War of 1812, 215,

216–17, 219, 233, 279

West, Trans-Appalachian, 128, 130, 132,137–38, 145–46, 147, 170

Westminster, Treaty of (1655), 29whaling, 2, 94, 197, 204–05, 206, 209,

341Wheeden, James, 185Whig Party

Great Britain, 149, 156, 164U.S., 278, 308, 309, 313–14, 318,

319–2, 322, 342White House, 245Wilkes, John, 24–25, 26Wilkinson, James, 129, 130, 131, 220–22Williams, David R., 234Williams, Joannes, 120Wilmington, Delaware, 120Wilson, James, 34Winchester, HMS, 84Winchester, James, 217–18Winder, William, 225, 249Witherspoon, John, 33Wright, Robert, 178writs of assistance, 21

XYZ affair, 59, 62, 66

Yankee Doodle, 23, 207Yeo, Sir James, 1–2, 3, 201, 204, 207,

269, 196, 220York (Canada), 220Yorktown, Battle of, 42






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