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Index

Abrahms, Max, 498nAfghanistan, 41, 46, 136, 181. See also

Operation Enduring FreedomAmerican concerns when planning the

invasion of, 284American policy in, motivations for, 279American public opinion polls on, 284–5cruise missile attacks against al-Qaeda

training camps in, 200as a grand strategic victory (GSV), 41insurgency in. See insurgencyprimary goal of U.S. policy toward, 17purpose of the military operation in, 287–9selective use of U.S. power in, 10Soviet invasion against (December 27,

1979), 280U.S. invasion of (2001), 11and the “war on terror,” 41

Ahady, Anwar, 483n“aim points,” 321aims. See also means

limited, 38, 45, 148air power, 20

advantages of, 223attributes of, 543nbounding rules on, 543ncontribution of, to victory, 364–7defined, 358, 543ndependent on network of bases, 362disadvantages of, 362–4and economic infrastructure, 361–2

expense of, 363–4and flexibility, 360function of (Douhet), 223fundamental objective of (Casablanca

Conference, 1943), 179and mobility, 360and operational speed, 358in the Persian Gulf, 239and precision, 240primacy of (Seversky), 125and range, 358–9relevance to lesser contingencies, 364sporadic nature of, 362theory of (Douhet), 122unique capability of, 364–5and U.S. production in World War II, 364and vulnerability to attack, 365in World War II, 360–1

Airborne Warning and Control System(AWACS), 224, 360

Ajami, Fouad, 485nAlabama, 145Alawi, Ayad, 313Albright, Madeleine, 254, 270, 485–489n,

494n, 516n, 519nAlexander the Great, 95al-Faw peninsula, 320Alger, John I., 57, 400n, 402n, 411n, 418n,

419n, 422n–423n, 426n–429n, 436n“Alienation and Social Classes” (Marx), 86Allison, Graham, 464n, 500n

553

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554 Index

al-Kut, 320Al-Maliki, Nuri Kamal, 313, 326, 333, 339,

516n–517n, 534nal-Qaddafi, Muammar, 199, 202al-Qaeda, 200–1, 298

implicated in terrorist acts before 9/11,283

threat discussed in President’s Daily Briefs(PDB), 282

Altham, E. A., 88, 426nAmerica, 139American “way of war,” 341Amphibious Ready Group, 291an-Najaf, 320Anbar Awakening. See also IraqAnbar Province, 325–6, 335Andres, Richard, 511n, 523nAngell, Norman, 443nAppomattox Courthouse, 178Ardennes, 116Arkansas, 145Arkin, William, 436n, 477n, 479narmament, limitations to precision, 102armies, mass, 69Armistice (November 11, 1918), 148“Armistice Demands,” 148Arms and Influence (Schelling), 127Armstrong, Anne, 453n–461narmy, purpose of (Fuller), 113Aron, Raymond, 79, 126–7, 129, 400n,

405n–406n, 423n–424n, 431n,436n–437n, 451n

Arreguin-Toft, Ivan, 404nArt, Robert, 412nArt of Field Service in the Nineteenth Century,

The (Rustow), 87Art of War, The

(Jomini), 76(Machiavelli), 66(Sun Tzu), 61–2

Aspin, Les, 352Athens, 62–3Atlantic Charter (August 14, 1941), 155,

195, 357atomic bomb, 127, 131Austria, 92AWACS. See Airborne Warning and Control

SystemAxe, David, 511nAxelrod, David, 507nAxelrod, Robert, 450n“axis of evil,” 315, 463n. 12Axis Powers, after World War II, 53

Aziz, Tariq, 248Aziziyah Barracks (Libya), 206–7

B-l bombers, 288B-17 bombers, 361B-2 bombers, 360B-52 bombers, 240–1, 288Baath Party, 47, 247, 312, 326, 332, 334,

338–9Bacevich, Andrew, 1, 399n, 536nBaghdad, Battle of, 322Bailey, Thomas A., 440n–443n, 439n, 448n,

461n, 469nBaker, James, 215, 217, 245, 256Baldwin, David, 25, 403nBaldwin, Hanson, 439nBalfour, Michael, 457nBalkans

as comprehensive change in the status quo,273

limited mobilization for, 274postconflict obligations (PCOs) in, 274

Balling Francis, 453nballistic missiles, 101, 168, 169, 173, 236,

241, 249, 352, 354, 362Barakat, Sultan, 533nBaram, Amatzia, 480nBardos, Gordon, 496nBarker, Thomas, 420nBarney, William, 442nBartholomees, J. B., 403nBass, Gary, 416nBass, Warren, 537nBassford, Christopher, 423n–424nbattle

categorized by type (Keegan), 35defined (Keegan), 35

Baum, Matthew, 416nBean, Richard, 414nBearden, Milton, 510n, 528nBegleiter, Ralph, 416nBellamy, Alex, 416nBelloni, Roberto, 494nBengal, Bay of, 357Benghazi, 199, 206–7Benina air base, 206Bennett, Andrew, 408n, 477n, 481nBennett, D. Scott, 405nBenson, Kevin, 407nBenson, Oliver, 410nBergen, Peter, 512nBeringer, Richard, 422n, 424n, 455nBerinsky, Adam, 516n






Index 555

Bermeo, Nancy, 413nBernhardi, Friedrich von, 96–8Betts, Richard, 448n–449n, 493n, 535nBeyerchen, Alan, 423nBialer, Seweryn, 450n, 453nBiddle, Stephen, 33, 403n–404n, 407n,

478n, 482n, 504n, 511n, 513n, 522n,527n, 536n

Biden, Joseph, 301, 399n, 550nBigelow, John, 407n, 411nBihac, 264–5Bildt, Carl, 491nBill of Rights, 145bin Laden, Osama, 280–9, 297, 300“Bin Laden Planning High-Profile Attacks”

(PDB, June 30, 2001), 282biological and chemical weapons, Iraqi,

319Bismarck, Otto von, 87Black, Jeremy, 439n–440n, 442n, 454nBlaney, John, 450nblitzkrieg, 72, 116–17Bloch, Ivan, 150, 443n–444nBluhm, William, 400nBlum, Yehuda, 466nBlumenson, Martin, 534nBoemeke, Manfred, 436nBoettcher, William, 531nBogart, Ernest, 414nBolshevik Central Committee, 106Bolton, John, 537nBonaparte, Napoleon, 75–6Bond, Brian, 11, 404n, 408n, 422n, 534nBoot, Max, 453n, 506n, 511n–514n, 526n,

532n, 534n, 547n“boots on the ground,” 344Boritt, Gabor, 424n, 442n, 453nBorton, Hugh, 458nBosnia, 163, 346–8, 367. See also Operation

Allied Force; Operation DeliberateForce; Operation Deny Flight;Operation Joint Endeavor; OperationJoint Guard; Operation ProvidePromise

American objectives in, 259American perspective, 259–61American policy in, motivations for, 260American public opinion polls on, 255,

261, 272analysis of military operation, 262–8as case of limited strategic victory, 269change in the status quo, 273and cold-war theory, 253

criteria defining military intervention in,254

description of the operation in, 261–8and the domino theory of aggression, 261ethnic casualties in, 252fear of guerrilla warfare in, 258genocide in, 260internal frictions in, 253lessons learned from conflict in, 272limited mobilization, 274motivation for American intervention in,

257–61NATO air campaign against Serbs in

(summer 1995), 253no-fly zones over, 262–4, 490norigins of the civil war in, 252phases in the decision to intervene in,

252–7policy context, 253–9postconflict obligations, 274purpose of U.S. policy in, 261significance of, to a theoretical narrative of

victory, 276UN humanitarian relief efforts in (July

1992), 252U.S. intervention in, 11, 194, 198victory, interpreting, 268–72

Bosnia-Herzegovina, ethnic genocide in(1992–5), 252

Bosnia-Kosovo, 252–77, 377–9as limited strategic victory, 272selective use of U.S, power in, 10

Bosnian Serb Army (BSA), 264(VRS), 273

Bosnian Serbs, 46, 253, 257–9, 270Bottom Up Review (1993), 352–3Boulding, Kenneth, 405nBouthoul, Gaston, 405nBoyd, Charles, 483nBracken, Paul, 414n, 453nBrackenridge, H. M., 440n, 442nBrands, H. W., 475nBraun, Chaim, 468nBrecht, Arnold, 31, 135, 406n, 439n, 548nBrennan, John, 301Brewer, Paul, 525nBrodie, Bernard, 20, 81, 123, 126–9, 167–9,

401n, 405n, 412n, 421n–422n, 425n,435n, 437n–438n, 451n–452n,538n–539n, 542n

Bronson, Rachel, 537nBruckner, Simon, 177Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 410n, 452n, 475n






556 Index

BSA. See Bosnian Serb ArmyBull, Hedley, 451nBullock, Alan, 445n, 447n, 460nBulow Adam Heinrich Dietrich von, 73–5Bunn, Matthew, 464n, 499nBurns, Arthur Lee, 405nBusch, Andrew, 550nBush, George H. W., 133, 198, 205, 215,

232, 239, 253, 349address on August 8, 1990, 232, 233address on February 27, 1991, 246

Bush, George W., 4, 198, 251address on December 18, 2005, 529n,

550n, 551naddress on March 19, 2003, 312address on October 7, 2001, 278, 297address on September 20, 2001, 279, 286

Bush Doctrine (2002), 283Byman, Daniel, 483n, 492n–493n, 517n,

528n, 530n, 534n, 542n–543n, 547n

C-17, 262C-130, 262C-141, 262Caesar, Julius, 68Cameron, David, 415nCampbell, John, 458n–460nCamp Rhino, 291campaign, defined, 478n“Campaign Against Terrorism: Strategic

Guidance for the U.S. Department ofDefense” (Rumsfeld), 296–7

Canada, 143“Cannae Studies” (Schlieffen), 90Carl Vinson Strike Group, 291Carpenter, Ted, 494nCarr, Caleb, 463nCarter, Ashton, 500nCarter, Jimmy, 217, 228, 232Carthage, 63, 176, 191, 343“Carthaginian Peace,” 45, 129Carthaginian War, 65Casablanca Conference (1943), 179, 369case studies, 198Castaneda, Jorge, 471nCastex, Raoul, 120–2Castro, Fidel, 134“casualty avoidance,” 163. See also “rule of

low collateral”Caven, Brian, 460n, 535ncavalry, function of (Napoleon), 72CENTCOM. See U.S. Central CommandCentral America, drug smuggling in, 215

Cerro Tigre (Panama), 222Chandler, David, 497nChanley, Virginia, 415nChase, John, 451nchemical and biological weapons, 126Cheney, Dick, 315Chetnik resistance, 258Chiang Kai-shek, 179Chickering, Roger, 414n, 436nChina, People’s Republic of (1949), 109China, Republic of, 109–12Chittick, William, 418nChivvis, Christopher, 497nChoi, Ajin, 425nChristensen, Thomas, 413n–444nChristopher, Warren (In the Stream of

History), 255–6, 484n–489n, 494nChurchill, Winston S., 37, 39, 48, 101, 151,

155, 179Chuter, David, 454nChyba, Christopher, 468nCirincione, Joseph, 469nCivil War (April 12, 1861-April 9, 1865), 10,

145–7, 138, 176–7casualties in, 146causes of, 145and comprehensive change in the status

quo, 147Confederate strategy in, 145as an existential strategic victory, 146–7Lincoln’s strategy in, 177mobilization for, 146and the notion of unconditional surrender,

176and postconflict obligations (PCOs), 147principal objective of, for the Union, 146victory as defined by the Confederate States

in, 145victory as defined by the Union in, 110

Clarke, Richard, 497n, 521n, 531nClarke, Walter, 537nClark, Wesley, 268, 485nClausewitz, Carl von, 8, 12, 29, 31, 33, 37,

58, 78–83, 88–9, 121, 374–5, 384,400n, 406n, 408n, 410n, 418n,423n–426n, 433n, 438n, 482n, 523n,534n, 548n

concept of warfare, 80Clements, Kendrick, 443n, 446nClifford, Clark, 164Clinton, Bill, 198, 253

address on September 21, 1999, 256Clinton, Hillary, 276, 302






Index 557

Clodfelter, Mark, 542n, 544n, 547n“coalition of the willing,” 285, 287, 289Cobb, Michael, 531ncocaine, 218, 221Cohen, Eliot, 536n–537n, 545n, 547nCohen, William S., 268Cold War, 10, 126–32, 166–71

American strategy during, 170–1and comprehensive change in the status

quo, 171effect on American theory of victory,

169–71as grand strategic victory, 171and limited mobilization, 171and nuclear weapons, 126–32and postconflict obligations (PCOs), 171and the Truman Doctrine, 167–8

Coles, Harry, 441n–442nColin, Jean (1864–1917), 102Colombia drug cartel, 218Combs, Cindy, 499nCommand of the Air (Douhet, 1921), 122Commanders, The (Woodward), 242Concerning Battle (Sulla battaglie,

Montecuccoli), 69Concord, Battle of (April 19, 1775), 139Conduct of War, 1789–1961, The (Fuller), 35Confederacy. See Confederate States of

AmericaConfederate States of America, 145conflicts, with nonstate actors, 19Conniff, Michael, 470n–471nConnor, Walker, 417nconquest, defined, 22conquirere, 22conscription, mass, 72Constitution, 190Conway, Stephen, 439nCooley, John, 463nCoral Sea, 156

Battle of the (1942), 206Corbett, Sir Julian Stafford, 120, 435n,

538n–539n, 542nCordesman, Anthony, 409n, 467n, 478n,

497n–498n, 505n, 522n–524n, 529n,531n, 540n, 552n

Cornwallis, Charles, 139Cortright, David, 524n, 528ncounterforce strategies, 134counterinsurgency, 54, 367, 391

in Afghanistan, 11, 45, 291, 294, 296,299–311, 344, 346, 361, 364, 369,386, 388, 393

in Iraq, 11, 45, 294, 302, 325, 331, 386,393

and Lyautey. See also Lyautey, LouisHubert

Cox, Michael, 501nCrane, Conrad, 416nCrane, Keith, 417n, 459n, 537nCrenshaw, Martha, 499n, 552nCroatia, ethnic war in (1991–5), 252Crocker, Chester, 537nCronin, Audrey Kurth, 415n, 498n, 549ncruise missile, 200, 240, 243–4, 247, 267,

274, 281, 288, 291–2, 318, 320–1,323, 355–6, 362

Cuba, 217Cuban Air Force, 224

Daalder, Ivo, 484n, 486–492n, 494–496nD’Amato, Anthony, 473nDassu, Marta, 535nDavis, Jefferson, 145, 177Dawisha, Adeed, 537nDawisha, Karen, 537nDawson, Miles, 414nDayton Peace Accord (December 14, 1995),

262, 265Dayton Peace Talks (November 1, 1995),

259De Gaulle, Charles, 432n, 434nde Mesquita, Bruce Bueno, 407n, 413n,

549nDe re militari (Vegetius), 65Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776),

139defeat, 158

defined (Clausewitz), 89Defence of the West, The (Liddell-Hart, 1950),

134DeGrasse, Beth Cole, 417nDelbruck, Hans, 68, 94–6democratic peace theory, 425nDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea

(PRK, North Korea), 158Department for Promoting Virtue and

Preventing Vice (Afghanistan),280

Department of Homeland Security, 283,463n, 501n

Derrecagaix, Victor-Bernard, 87–8Desch, Michael, 407n, 409n, 425n, 528n,

549nDessler, David, 405ndestruction, mutual assured, 133, 173






558 Index

deterrence, 29, 36, 127, 132–4, 170,350

Deudney, Daniel, 450nDeutch, John, 463nDew, Andrea, 498n, 524n, 529n, 532nDiamond, Larry, 516n, 528–530n, 533nDiego Garcia, 290Diehl, Paul, 414n–415ndiplomacy, American, post-World War II,

232Discourses (Machiavelli), 67disfacere, 24Divine, Robert, 481nDjibouti, 290Dobbins, James, 417n, 459n–461n, 525n,

537nDodge, Toby, 413n, 528nDole, Bob, 255Donbass, 107Donnelly, Thomas, 469n–474n,

483nDora Farm Compound, 318Doran, Charles, 415nDouhet, Giulio, 122–24, 365Dower, John, 417nDruckman, James, 516n“dual-key” system, 264Dugard, John, 473nDulles, Allen, 459n, 461nDunn, David, 517n, 533nDupuy, T. N., 401n

E-2C Hawkeye airborne command andcontrol aircraft, 207

E-3 AWACS, 224Earle, Edward Mead, 57, 400n, 418n, 425n,

429n–430n, 433n, 470nEarly, Jubal Anderson, 177East Africa, 178Easton, David, 31, 406n, 549nEC-130 aircraft, 223Echevarria, Antulio, 405n, 425nEdelstein, David, 458nEF-111 electronic countermeasures aircraft,

207, 223“effects based warfare,” 361Egypt, 242Egypt Air Flight 648, hijacking of (November

1985), 203Ehrhart, Hans-Georg, 497nEichenberg, Richard, 415n, 502n, 514nEisenhower, Dwight D., 156, 169, 184El Salvador, 217

Elements of Military Art and Science(Halleck), 78

Eliot, George Fielding, 403n, 406n, 429nEllis, David, 411n–412nEllul, Jacques, 138, 439nEmancipation Proclamation (September 23,

1862), 146Emsley, Clive, 436nEnders, Walter, 467nEngels, Friedrich, 85–7England, 92Enterprise Strike Group, 291Enthoven, Alain, 450n, 534nEpitoma rei militaris (Vegetius), 65Epstein, Joshua, 535nErmarth, Fritz, 410nErrington, R.M., 413n, 418nEsposito, John, 499nEssai general de tactique (Guibert, 1770), 73EUFOR. See European Union ForceEuropean Union Force (EUFOR), 275Evans, Gareth, 416nExocet antiship missiles, 355

F-lll aircraft, 207F-117 A Nighthawk stealth fighter-bombers,

223F-14 (Tomcat) fighters, 206–7, 288F-15 aircraft, 224, 318F-16 aircraft, 224F/A-18 electronic warfare and jamming

aircraft, 207F/A-18 fighters, 288Falconara Air Base, 262Falkenrath, Richard, 502nFalklands War, 207Farewell Address (Washington, September

19, 1796), 141fatwa, 280–1FB-111 aircraft, 207Fearon, James, 412n, 414n, 525nFedayeen Saddam, 322Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 273Feith, Douglas, 337Feldman, Shai, 479nFerling, John, 439nFerrill, Arther, 410nFick, Nathaniel, 507n, 525nField Manual 100–5: Operations, 536nFirst Special Operations Wing, 223First World War, 193Fleischmann, Manly, 414nflexible response, 133, 165






Index 559

Flibbert, Andrew, 533nFlorida, 145Florini, Ann, 536nFlournoy, Michele, 536nFoch, Ferdinand, 91–3Foote, Shelby, 442nFordham, Benjamin, 438nForeign Affairs (Oppenheimer, 1953), 132Forster, Stig, 414n, 436n, 442nFort Donelson, 177Fort Sumter, 145Forward . . . From the Sea (U.S. Navy), 352Fossedal, Gregory, 461nFoundations of the Science of War, The

(Fuller), 113Fourteen Points (Wilson), 178Fourth Inaugural Address (Roosevelt,

January 20, 1945), 187Fox, William T. R., 27, 167, 403n, 451nFrance, 53, 71, 73, 115–16, 128, 140, 142

Battle of (May 10, 1940), 116Franks, Tommy, 287–8, 290–1, 318–20,

322, 337, 503n–504n, 522n–524n,532n

Frederick II of Prussia, 72–3Freedman, Lawrence, 438n–439n,

450n–451n, 474n, 477n, 528n, 540nFreeman, Chas, 411n, 418n–419nFreyberg-Inan, Annette, 418nFrunze, Mikhail V., 129Fukuyama, Francis, 417nFuller, J. F. C., 112–13, 116–17, 412n,

432n, 434n, 446n

G-222, 262Gaddis, John Lewis, 401n, 405n, 413nGagnon, V. P., 484nGallup Poll Monthly, 465n, 487n, 489n,

495n, 516nGaltung, Johan, 405nGamble, Andrew, 450nGantzel, Klaus Jurgen, 405nGat, Azar, 35, 41, 57, 69, 410n, 412n,

418n–424n, 425n, 548nGates, Robert, 294, 299, 303, 307–8, 508n,

510n, 526n, 548n–550nGates, Scott, 407n, 549nGathering Storm, The (Churchill), 151Gause, Gregory, 416n, 475nGeddes, Barbara, 416nGeller, Daniel, 407nGellman, Peter, 443nGelpi, Christopher, 407n, 528n

General Principles of War (Frederick II ofPrussia, 1746), 72

“General Rules for Warfare” (Machiavelli), 68Genghis Khan, 76, 176Gentile, Gian, 546nGeorge, Alexander, 408n, 452n, 454n, 466nGeorgia, 177German Empire (1871), 87Germany, 10, 40, 84, 96, 153, 190, 361

aftermath of World War II in, 185American plans to defeat, in World War II,

185American World War II postconflict

obligations (PCOs) in, 189–90enforced demilitarization in, after World

War II, 194and punitive reparations after World War I,

196Soviet reparations against, after World War

II, 186Gerring, John, 401n, 407nGfoeller, Mike, 450nGhent, Treaty of (December 24, 1814), 143Gilbert, Felix, 67, 400n, 418n–421n,

428n–429n, 439n, 447n, 551nGilboa, Eytan, 470n, 472nGilpin, Robert, 39, 42, 44, 383, 405n–406n,

411n–413n, 425n, 549nGimbel, John, 417n, 461nGlaspie, April, 234Glenny, Misha, 484–485n, 488–489n, 535nGlitman, Maynard, 490nglobal positioning system (GPS), 290–1,

345“global war on terrorism,” 387Goertz, Gary, 32, 407nGoldgeier, James, 496nGoldsmith, Benjamin, 501nGoldsworthy, Adrian, 413n, 418nGoldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, 229Goodman, Ryan, 496nGorazde, 262–5Gorbachev, Mikhail, 211Gordon, John, 535nGordon, Michael, 484n, 493n, 521n,

524n–525n, 528n, 550nGordon, Philip, 474n, 484n, 501n–502nGoulding, Vincent, 408nGraham, Malbone, 456–457nGrant, Ulysses S., 78, 145, 177, 454n–455nGray, Colin, 18, 400n–402n, 405n, 407n,

409n–410n, 438n, 451n–452nGray, Jacqueline, 497n






560 Index

Gray, John, 406nGreat Britain, 141, 175Greater Serbia, 260Griesdorf, Michael, 407nGriffith, Thomas, 511n, 523nGrotius, Hugo, 69, 176, 408n, 416n, 420n,

454nground forces

advantages of, 344–5contribution of, to victory, 348–50disadvantages of, 345–8and grand strategic victory, 344operational endurance of, 344–8purposes of, 343strategy of the use of, 343unique capability of, 370

Guibert, Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte, comtede (1743–90), 73–5

“Guide to Tactics, or the Theory of theCombat” (Clausewitz), 80

Gupta, Vipin, 536nGunaratna, Rohan, 497n, 499nGulf of Sidra, FON (freedom of navigation)

exercises in, 203Gvosdev, Nicholas, 496n

Haass, Richard, 399n, 413n, 511nHagan, John, 483nHaidar, Huma, 496nHaiti, 163, 276, 346, 379, 383Halleck, Henry Wager, 78Hamid Karzai, 295Hamilton, Alexander, 84Handel, Michael, 57, 400n, 407n–409n,

411n, 414n, 418n, 423n–424n, 453n,459n

Hankey, Maurice, 28, 404n, 453nHannibal, 64, 90Harknett, Richard, 536nHarris, William, 418nHarrison, Mark, 400n, 414n–415nHashim, Ahmed, 483n, 499nHastedt, Glenn, 458nHaushofer, Karl, 102–4Hayes, Stephen, 509nHegre, Havard, 407n, 549nHehir, Aidan, 486nHeinl, Robert Debs, 411n, 418n, 421n,

428n, 454nhelicopters, attack, 240Helmand Province, 293Helmbold, Robert, 409nHenderson, G. F. R., 87–9, 426n

Herat (Afghanistan), 288, 293Herbst, Jeffrey, 537nHerring, George, 448nHeymann, Philip, 463nHeyting, W. J., 416nHickey, Donald, 440n–443nHigh Command in War (Montgomery),

102“Highway of Death,” 243, 244Hindenburg, Paul von, 178Hiroshima (August 6, 1945), 185, 193, 365Hirsh, Michael, 501nHistories, The (Polybius), 62History of the Art of War within the

Framework of Political History, The(Delbruck), 28, 68, 94–6, 419n, 428n

History of Rome (Livy), 64History of Warfare, A (Montgomery, 1968),

140Hitler, Adolf, 152Hobbs, Richard, 404n, 410nHoffman, Bruce, 462–463n, 466n, 516nHoffmann, Stanley, 406n, 449nHogan, Michael, 417n, 461n, 538nHolbrooke, Richard, 301, 484n, 488n–489n,

494n, 508n, 535n, 537nHoldren, John, 464n, 499nHolles, Everett, 454n, 458n, 459nHolsti, Kalevi, 403nHolsti, Ole, 416n“holy war,” 499nHoriuchi, Yusaku, 501nHorowitz, Michael, 496n, 542n, 546nHorsman, Reginald, 440n–442nHosmer, Stephen, 465n–467n, 471n, 474n,

491nHoward, Michael, 133, 400n, 421n,

423n–425n, 438n, 442n, 444nHungary, 255Huntington, Samuel, 449n, 485nHussein, Qusay, 320Hussein, Saddam, 4, 46, 198, 212, 233, 235,

249, 316August 2001 speech, 248January 17, 2001 speech, 248

Hussein, Uday, 320Huth, Paul, 414n

IADS. See integrated air defense systemIkenberry, John, 416n, 450n, 484nIkle, Fred, 414nImplementation Force (IFOR), in Operation

Joint Guard, 265






Index 561

impressment, 142improvised explosive devices (IEDs), 348Inchon, 159Indonesia, 165Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, 357Indyk, Martin, 468n, 474nInfluence of Sea. Power on World History,

1660–1783 (Mahan), 119Innocent, Malou, 511nInoguchi, Takashi, 501ninsurgency, 21, 344

in Afghanistan, 1, 4, 5, 275, 291–311,371, 377–8, 392, 394

in American Civil War, 177in American War for Independence, 140in Iraq, 1, 4–5, 50, 52, 312–14, 323–339,

346, 349, 369, 377, 388, 390, 392,394

in Operation Just Cause planning, 222,225

in Vietnam, 161–2insurrection, use offeree in (Lenin), 85integrated air defense system (IADS), 265“interdiction missions,” 324Iran, 332, 355

American diplomat hostages in Tehran(November 1979), 201

Iran-Iraq War (1980–8), 234Iraq, 164, 175, 181. See also Operation Desert

Sabre; Operation Desert Shield;Operation Iraqi Freedom; Persian GulfWar; weapons of mass destruction

American failure to plan for insurgency in,333

Anbar Awakening in, 325, 335cruise missile attacks against (January 1993

and June 1993), 247December 15, 2005 parliamentary

elections, 333defining victory in, 4destructive use of U.S. military power in,

10insurgency in. See also insurgencyinvasion of (March 2003), 1, 321January 30, 2005 elections in, 333military forces in the early 1990s, 234national elections in, 321–4no-fly zones over (August 1992), 247nuclear weapons program in, 235–6occupation of, 5October 15, 2005 constitutional

referendum in, 333after the Persian Gulf War (1991), 186–7

postconflict obligations (PCOs) in, 53postinvasion environment of, 333and regime change, 336standoff over arms inspections in

(November 1997–February 1998),247

U.N.-imposed economic sanctions against,235–6

U.S. invasion of (March 2003), 44–5“Iraq: Goals, Objectives and Strategy”

(National Security PresidentialDirective), 316

Iraqi Republican Guard, 322“Iraqi Targeting Primer” (Franks), 319Is War Now Impossible? (Bloch, 1898), 150isolationism, 149Ivkovic, Sanja, 483n

Jablonsky, David, 535nJalalabad, 288Jamihiriyah Guard barracks, 206Janda, Lance, 442nJapan, 10, 155, 237–8

aftermath of World War II in, 193American plans to defeat, in World War II,

185American postconflict obligations (PCOs)

in, 185, 191–3Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, 189enforced demilitarization in, after World

War II, 194firebombing of (March 10, 1945), 193objectives of American policy of democracy

building in, 142JDAMs. See Joint Direct Attack MunitionsJentleson, Bruce, 467n–468nJervis, Robert, 413n, 448n, 501n, 518n,

549njihad, 280–1, 290–2, 306, 312, 334, 339,

499n, 505n, 509n, 534nJodl, Alfred, 184Joffre, Joseph, 115John Stennis Strike Group, 291Johnson, Carter, 496nJohnson, David, 535nJohnson, Dominic D. P., 404nJohnson, Loch, 416nJohnson, Lyndon B., 135, 162–4, 217, 268,

347, 448n, 450nJohnson, Thomas, 511nJohnston, Alastair Iain, 410n, 451nJoint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAMs),

290






562 Index

Joint Forces Command-North and -East, 242Joint Special Operations Task Forces

(JSOTFs), 323–4Joint Targeting Board, 491nJomini, Antoine-Henri, 76–8Jones, Frank, 460nJones, Seth, 417n, 459n, 505n, 509n, 511n,

513n, 537nJordan, 319Joseph, Suzanne, 406nJudah, Tim, 485nJutersonke, Oliver, 483n

Kabul, 280, 288Kagan, Donald, 418n, 539n, 542nKagan, Frederick, 506n, 511n–514n, 526n,

535nKagan, Kimberly, 506n, 511n–514n, 526n,

535nKagan, Robert, 410nKahl, Colin, 522n, 526n, 528nKahn, Herman, 127, 402n, 414n, 423n,

437n, 448n, 452nKaiser, David, 448nKandahar, 280, 288Kang, David, 448nKara, Karel, 430nKarsh, Efraim, 474n, 476–477nKarzai, Hamid, 293, 295, 298, 301, 303,

307, 309, 505n, 508n–510n,515n

Kaufmann, Chaim, 533nKaufmann, J. E., 433nKC-10 aircraft, 207, 225KC-135 tanker aircraft, 207, 225Keaney, Thomas, 536nKecskemeti, Paul, 37, 126, 128, 132, 180,

404n, 410n, 436n–438n, 453n,455n–458n, 548n

Keegan, John, 34–6, 43, 95, 374, 400n,409n, 412n, 417n, 428n, 443n–444n,446n, 548n

Kegley, Charles, Jr., 401n, 499nKennan, George, 460nKennedy, David, 417nKennedy, John F., 162–3, 165Kennedy, Paul, 20, 40, 401n, 404n,

410n–411n, 444nKennett, Lee, 534n, 542n, 544n, 546nKenya, al-Qaeda attack on American embassy

in (August 20, 1998), 281Kerkvliet, Benedict, 437nKester, Randall, 415n, 443n

Key West agreement (April 21, 1947),369–70

KFOR. See Kosovo ForceKhobar Towers, 1996 bombing of, 281,

282Khrushchev, N. K., 437nKilcullen, David, 525n, 552nKim, Woosang, 412n–413n, 549nKissinger, Henry, 37, 129–32, 137, 156,

167, 169, 400n, 405n, 411n,438n–439n, 447n–448n, 450n–453n,471n, 542n, 547n

Kitty Hawk Strike Group, 291KLA. See Kosovar Liberation ArmyKlare, Michael, 518nKlinkner, Philip, 528nKober, Avi, 408n–409nKoblentz, Gregory, 468nKohn, George, 410n, 440n, 448nKohn, Hans, 445nKohn, Richard, 439nKolsto, Paul, 496nKorea, 161Korean War (June 24, 1950–July 27, 1953),

10, 158–61consequences for the theory of victory,

159limited mobilization for, 161limited postconflict obligations (PCOs)

after, 161as a limited strategic victory, 159–61and moderate changes to the status quo,

161Koslowski, Rey, 451nKosovar Liberation Army (KLA), 266Kosovo, 11, 163, 360, 366

origins of crisis in, 265–6as a quasi-strategic victory, 275terror against ethnic Albanians in

(1996–9), 252Kosovo Force (KFOR), 275Krasner, Stephen, 425nKratochwil, Friedrich, 451nKrepinevich, Andrew, 29, 404n, 536n–538nKristol, William, 410nKTO. See Kuwaiti theater of operationsKuperman, Alan, 496n, 498nKurds, 248, 324, 327, 332, 390Kuwait, 231, 235

Iraqi grievances toward, 234Iraqi invasion of (August 2, 1990), 231Iraqi motivations for invading, 234postconflict obligations (PCOs) in, 249–51






Index 563

Kuwaiti theater of operations (KTO), 239Kydd, Andrew, 498n

Labonte, Mark, 415n, 481n, 549nLachow, Irving, 536nLaird, Melvin, 450nLake, Daniel, 492nLake, David, 407n, 425n, 549nLal, Rollie, 417n, 459n, 537nLambakis, Steven, 410nLambert, Richard, 501nLambeth, Benjamin, 478n, 490n–495n,

497n, 542n–544n, 546n–548nLaney, James, 448nLaqueur, Walter, 463n, 499nLarson, Eric, 415n–416n, 449n, 478n, 514n,

542n, 549nLauren, Paul, 454nLawson, Stephanie, 413nLayman’s Guide to Naval Strategy, A

(Brodie), 127Layne, Christopher, 533nLebanon, 474n, 510nLebo, Matthew, 514nLebow, Richard Ned, 407nLee, Bradford, 400n, 408n–409n, 453nLee, Robert E., 145–6, 177–8LeMay, Curtis, 132Leng, Russell, 26, 403nLenin, Vladimir I., 105–9, 152Lepgold, Joseph, 477n, 481nLepingwell, John, 429n, 535nLevite, Ariel, 468nLevy, Jack, 405n, 408n, 414n, 444nLewis, Michael, 478n, 480nLexington, Battle of (April 19, 1775), 139Liao, Kuang-Sheng, 432nLibby, Scooter, 329Libya, 164, 385–6. See also Operation El

Dorado Canyonair strikes against (March 1986), 10, 101,

156American perspective, 202–6American public support for the raid on,

202analysis of military operation, 206–8armament in raid on, April 1986, 199benefits of small scale operation in, 211description of the operation against, 206–7factors influencing the military planning for

a raid against, 208–9interpreting victory, 208–12as a limited change to the status quo, 212

limited mobilization for, 212as a limited strategic victory, 212military objective of the U.S. strike, 208–9missile attacks by and against Libya (March

26, 1986, April 15, 1986), 206policy context, 200–2and postconflict obligations (PCOs), 213raid against (1986), 296raid as a limited strategic victory, 208–9selective use of U.S, power in, 10strategic objectives of the raid on, 202–6terrorist activity after U.S. raid on, 207–9

Liddell-Hart, B. H., 112–15, 117, 119, 134,401n, 421n, 427n, 430n, 432n–434n,439n, 447n, 534n

Lieber, Robert, 475n“lift and strike” strategy, 258limited nuclear war, 411nLimited War (Osgood), 132Lincoln, Abraham, 145, 176, 334lines of operation (Jomini), 77, 421n, 523nLiotta, Peter, 410n, 494nList, Friedrich, 84–5Livy (Livius, Titus), 64–6Lloyd, Alan, 441n, 442nLocal Defense Initiative (Afghanistan), 304London Conference (July 21, 1995), 264Long, Austin, 526nLopez, George, 524n, 528nLouisiana, 145Ludendorff, Erich von, 102–4Lusitania (May 7, 1915), 149Luttwak, Edward, 407n, 409nLuvass, Jay, 426n, 443nLyautey Doctrine, 94Lyautey, Louis Hubert, 93–4

MAC. See Military Airlift Command (MAC)MacArthur, Douglas, 159, 189Macedonia, 252MacGregor, Douglas, 407n, 410n, 481nMachiavelli, Niccolo, 66–69, 72, 74, 78, 83,

95, 400n, 418n–420nMadden Dam, 222Madison, James, 142Maechling, Charles, 470n, 473nMaga, Timothy, 462nMaginot, Andre, 115–16Maginot Line (1929–36, 1939–40), 115Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 119–20, 422n,

434n–435n, 470n, 538n–539n, 542nMahin, Dean, 442n–443nMahnken, Thomas, 480n, 536n






564 Index

Mahoney, James, 407nMaier, Charles, 461nMalaysia, 165Mandel, Robert, 28–9, 36, 404n, 410nMandelbaum, Michael, 450n, 452n, 487n,

491n, 493nManhattan Project, 157Mansfield, Edward, 407n, 413n, 548nManstein, Erich von, 116–17Manual of Siegecraft and Fortification, A

(Vauban), 71Mao Tse-tung (Zedong), 109–12maritime forces

advantages of, 351–4and the Cold War, 356contribution of, to victory, 356–7dependent on logistical infrastructure, 355disadvantages of, 354–6flexible responsiveness of, 353and “forward presence,” 350and geographical mobility, 351high-value assets of, 354maritime pre-positioning ships (MPS),

243operational endurance of, 352as overt statement of intention and

commitment, 353and “power projection,” 350–1and “presence,” 350purpose of, 350responsiveness of, 352roles of, 350threatened by advanced technologies and

weapons, 354unable to access all targets, 355–6unique capability of, 369–70

Marshall, George C., 182Marshall Plan (April 3, 1946), 152, 193–4Marten, Kimberly, 508nMarwick, Arthur, 436nMarx, Karl, 85–7Marxism-Leninism, 170Mason, M. Chris, 511nMassoud, Ahmed Shah, 281Matheson, Michael, 416nMattingly, Garrett, 420nMaull, Hanns, 486nMayer, Jane, 482nMazar-i-Sharif, 288McAllister, Ian, 528nMcArthur, Douglas, 131, 159McChrystal, Stanley, 17, 291, 295, 299–300,

303, 308, 400n, 505n, 512n–513n

McCormick, James, 416nMcGinn, John, 417n, 459n, 537nMcGuire, Samuel, 415nMcGurk, Brett, 413n, 512nMcNamara, Robert, 163McNaughton, John, 162McPherson, James, 424n, 442n, 453n–455n,

458nMeacham, John, 415n, 417n, 447n,

455n–456n, 460nMearsheimer, John, 422n, 438n–439n,

516n, 535nMedellin drug cartel, 219, 227Medina, 322Meernik, James, 471nMeilinger, Philip, 535n, 539n, 543n–544n,

546n–547nmercantilism, 84Merrill, Dennis, 451nMes Reveries (Saxe), 71Mikhail, Bill, 461nmilitary actions, 103, 110–1, 113, 341–70Military Airlift Command (MAC), 225military history, defined (Keegan), 95Military Institutions of the Romans, The

(Vegetius), 65“Military Instruction to His Generals”

(Frederick II of Prussia), 72military operations, role of surprise in

(Frederick II of Prussia), 73military power

air power, evaluating, 358and changes to the status quo, 44–47ground forces, evaluating, 343and levels of mobilization, 47–50maritime forces, evaluating, 350and postconflict obligations (PCO), 50–54victory, 348, 356, 364

Military Testament (Frederick II of Prussia,1768), 72

Miller, Edward, 447nMiller, Steven, 528nMillett, Allan, 27, 403nMilosevic, Slobodan, 266, 273, 366mines, Iraqi, 243–4“mission creep,” 347Mississippi, 145Mitchell, Sarah McLaughlin, 407n, 549nMitchell, William “Billy,” 122, 124–6, 365Mitterrand, Francois, 211mobile combat, 72mobilization limited, 10

mass, 48, 69






Index 565

mobilization for war (MW), 47–50scale of, 47–50U.S., for World War II, 148–51, 154

Modern War (Derrecagaix), 88Mogadishu, deaths of American soldiers in

(1993), 346Moltke, Helmuth, Graf von, the Elder, 88Moltke, Helmuth, Graf von, the Younger,

101Monroe Doctrine, 141, 216Monroe, James, seventh annual message to

Congress (December 2, 1823), 216Montecuccoli, Raimondo de, 69–70Monten, Jonathan, 501nMontgomery, Alexander, 468nMontgomery, Bernard, 102, 425n, 426n,

439n, 442n–443n, 457n–458n,536n

Moon, Bruce, 527nMoore, John, 416nMorales, Waltraud, 470nMorgenthau, Hans, 31, 44–5, 47, 406n,

412n–413n, 445n, 449n, 461nMorgenthau Plan, 53Morris, Richard, 439nMorrow, James, 407n, 412n, 549nMoscow, 160Mosely, Philip, 456nMost, Benjamin, 407nMotyl, Alexander, 450nMowatt-Larssen, Rolf, 464nMPS. See maritime pre-positioning ships

(MPS)MQ-1 Predators, 258Mueller, John, 415n–416n, 449n, 478n,

480n, 506n, 549nMueller, Karl, 485nMujahideen, 280, 281, 292Muravchik, Joshua, 430nMurphy, Dennis, 409n–410nMurphy, Sean, 494nMurray, Williamson, 27, 403n, 446n, 479n,

481n, 504n, 520n, 523n–524n, 547nMurtha, John P., 313mutual-assured destruction. See also victory,

implications of mutual annihilation onthe concept of

Naftali, Timothy, 462nNagasaki (August 9, 1945), 193, 365Nagl, John, 507n, 513n, 525nNapoleonic Wars, 142nation building, 346

National Intelligence Estimates, and Iraqiweapons of mass destruction, 334

National Security Decision Directive, 203National Security Presidential Directive 11.

See also “Iraq: Goals, Objectives andStrategy”

24 (January 20, 2003), 33826 (October 2, 1989), 232

National Security Strategy (1994), 350(1995), 260(2002), 201, 283

National Socialism, 151NATO’s North Atlantic Council (NAC),

264Naval Special Warfare Group TWO, 225Nazism, 91, 126Neville-Jones, Pauline, 486nNew Orleans, Battle of (January 8, 1815),

143Nicaragua, 217Nicholson, Helen, 409n9/11 Commission Report, 282–4, 463n, 497n,

499n–501n, 520n, 521nNixon, Richard M., 130, 135, 162, 357Noriega, Manuel Antonio, 215, 225, 227–8North Carolina, 145North Korea, 159Northern Alliance, 281, 287, 290NSPD. See National Security Presidential

Directivenuclear weapons, 101, 126–32, 167Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy

(Kissinger, 1957), 130Nye, Joseph, 533n, 536nNygren, Kip, 535n

Oakley, Robert, 463n, 499nOAS. See Organization of American StatesObama, Barack, 5, 17–8, 41, 198, 279–311,

313, 326, 328, 335, 340, 377, 387–8address on December 1, 2009, 17, 294,

300, 387address on July 15, 2008, 298address on March 27, 2009, 41, 294, 298and Afghanistan, 294–311and Iraq, 313, 326, 328, 335, 340and threat of nuclear terrorism, 282, 387

O’Connor, Raymond, 27–8, 404n, 406n,446n, 453n–454n

Odom, William, 526noffensive, cult of the (Colin), 101Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian

Assistance (ORHA), 338






566 Index

O’Hanlon, Michael, 474n, 491n–492n,495n, 528n, 536n, 541n, 547n–548n

Oman, 242Omar, Mullah Mohammed, 280, 287, 289,

297On the Art of War (Dell’arte militaire,

Montecuccoli), 69On Future War (Fuller, 1928), 112On Thermonuclear War (Kahn), 127On Today’s War (Bernhardi), 96On War (Clausewitz), 8, 33, 37, 58, 78–80,

83, 384Operation Allied Force (March 24–June 10,

1999), 266–8combat sorties in, 267corrected tally of destruction in, 268initial claims of destruction in, 268purpose of, 267–8

Operation Attain Document (January 1986),206

Operation Deliberate Force (August29–September 14, 1995), 261,264–265

as a limited strategic victory, 269, 271military targets in, 265mission of, for NATO, 265political objective of, 265

Operation Deny Flight (April-December1995), 263–4

aircraft involved in, 263as a limited strategic victory, 269principal military objective of, 263

Operation Desert Sabre (February 24, 1991).See Persian Gulf War

Operation Desert Shield (August 7, 1990).See Persian Gulf War

Operation Desert Storm (January 17, 1991).See Persian Gulf War

Operation Desert Strike (September 1996),247

Operation Downfall (May 25, 1945), 182Operation El Dorado Canyon (April 1986),

199–214, 227Operation Enduring Freedom (October 7,

2001), 1, 278, 290Afghan Surge, 300, 303, 344air campaign (October 7, 2001) in, 290–91American objectives for, 283American perspective, 285–7American strategy in, 279, 283–87, 289American war plans for, 318–324analysis of military operation, 287–92as “coalition of the willing,” 285, 287, 289

as comprehensive change in the status quo,306–7

land campaign in, 287–90, 292maritime campaign in the, 291–2mobilization for, 307objectives of, 283, 286–7, 294, 296–7,

299, 302policy context, 279–85as a strategic victory, 285, 297–311victory, interpreting, 295–306

Operation Horseshoe, 266Operation Infinite Reach (August 20, 1998),

281Operation Iraqi Freedom (March 19, 2003),

1, 306, 308, 312, 320, 334American casualties during major combat

operations in, 321, 323, 325–7,333–4, 336

American forces in, 313–14, 318–28, 330,333–4

American perspective, 316–8American rationale for, 316analysis of military operation, 318–24campaign imperatives of, 320central objective of ground operations

during, 322–4comprehensive change in the status quo,

336conditions for postconflict rebuilding, 319,

324, 333–4, 336–8conditions for victory in (Bush), 312counterinsurgency strategy, 325, 331disintegration of Iraqi military forces in,

323, 328failure of the anticipated popular uprising,

321, 323initial outcome as grand strategic victory,

aspiration to achieve, 318insurgency, 325–6, 329–330, 332–6,

338–9Iraq Study Group, The, 324Iraq Surge, 314, 325–6, 331, 335“lines of operation” (Franks) in, 319maritime campaign in the, 323mobilization for, 337policy context, 314–6postconflict obligations (PCOs) in, 332,

334, 337purpose of, 312, 316, 318purpose of the air campaign in, 318–20regime change in, 314–18, 320–22, 327,

329, 332, 336–7sorties flown during, 321, 323






Index 567

strategic victory, erosion of, 330–34strategy for victory in, 328–9, 332, 334–40success of coalition military operations in,

322targets in the air campaign during, 318–23and victory, destabilized by insurgency,

334–5victory, interpreting, 328–30weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 312,

314–18, 320–21, 334, 339Operation Joint Endeavor (December 5,

1995–December 20, 1996)purpose of, 266troops deployed during, 265

Operation Joint Endeavor (December 5,1995–December 20, 1996) andOperation Joint Guard (December 20,1998), 265–6

Operation Just Cause (December 20, 1989),11, 38, 48, 52, 164, 196, 198, 215,221–30

American casualties in, 226American military objective in, 221American objectives for, 220–1American perspective, 220–1analysis of military operation, 221–5

air power, 223land campaign, 222maritime forces, 225special operations forces, 225

composition of the air campaign in, 223–5composition of the maritime forces in, 225comprehensive change in the status quo in,

226–7consequences of, 219, 226–9description of the operation, 221–5functions of the air campaign in, 223–5functions of the land campaign, 222–3functions of the maritime and special forces

in, 225importance of, to study of victory, 215–16,

226limited mobilization for, 228as a limited strategic victory, 227–30military personnel involved in, 220objectives of the air campaign in, 223–5objectives of the land campaign in, 222–3and postconflict obligations (PCOs), 221,

226, 228–30scope of the military operation in, 221–2selective use of U.S, power in, 11small-scale intervention, operation, 227,

229

special operations forces, 225victory, interpretations of, 225–7

Operation Promote Liberty, 226Operation Provide Promise (July

1991–March 1996), 262–3, 269as a limited strategic victory, 253, 269–77materiel airdropped during, 262problems encountered during, 263

Oppenheim, Felix, 402n–404n, 406n, 515n,549n

Oppenheimer, Robert, 79Orchard, John, 415nOrders-in-Council of 1807, 132Organization of American States (OAS), 218ORHA. See Office of Reconstruction and

Humanitarian AssistanceOsgood, Robert, 132–3, 405n, 411n, 436n,

438n, 448n, 451n–452n, 456n, 464nOttaway, Marina, 417nOvery, R. J., 414n

P-3 aircraft, 323Pakistan, 298, 357Pan Am Flight 208, 212

bombing of (December 21,1988), 208Panama, 196, 367–8. See also Operation Just

CauseAmerican interest in, since the nineteenth

century, 215Canal, world traffic through, 215Canal as vital to American interest, 215fear of guerrilla warfare in, 220–1, 225National Assembly of, declaration of war

against the U.S. (December 15,1989), 215

origins of crisis in, 215–6treaty obligations with the United States,

217Panama Canal Treaty (1977), 217, 228Panama Defense Force (PDF), 215, 220, 223Panmunjom, 158Panzer Division, 117Pape, Robert, 412n, 417n, 457n, 463n,

491n, 533n, 542n–545n, 547nParet, Peter, 57, 399n–400n, 418n–420n,

423n–425n, 427n–429n, 432n,434n–435n, 438n–439n, 447n, 449n,551n

Paris, Ronald, 416nParis, Treaty of (September 3, 1783), 139,

141Parker, James, 411nParker, Suzanne, 415n, 478n






568 Index

Payne, Keith, 407n, 438n, 452nPDF. See Panama Defense ForcePearl Harbor (December 7, 1941), 126, 278Peceny, Mark, 471nPeloponnesian War, The History of the

(Thucydides), 62Peloponnesian Wars, 62Pemberton, John C., 177Pentagon, 278, 286, 307“People’s Democracies” (Mao), 110People’s Republic of China, 159, 164Pericles, 62Perkins, Bradford, 439n–440n, 442nPerry, John Curtis, 459nPerry, William, 477n, 481nPersian Gulf

American policy in, 231–2oil supplies, 232

Persian Gulf War (1991), 10, 231–51,319–20, 333, 337, 347

American deployment for, 231American intelligence and command in the,

244–5American long-term objectives in, 236–7American military objectives in, 238,

244–5American operational strategy for, 238–9American perspective, 235–8American purpose in, 231American short-term objective in, 236analysis of military operation, 238–45

air campaign, 239ground campaign, 241intelligence and command, 244maritime campaign, 243

coalition air campaign in, 239–41coalition forces against, 238cost of, 245determining the level of victory in, 379as an example of consequence to rogue

states, 245factors influencing American operational

strategy, 238–9factors motivating international

involvement, 232ground campaign (February 24, 1991) in,

241–3Iraqi weakness in the, 246as a limited change in the status quo,

250as a limited strategic victory, 231–2,

235–6, 238, 244–51maritime campaign in the, 243–4

mobilization for, 250–1most important failure of the air campaign

in, 242objectives of the ground campaign

(February 24, 1991) in, 242objectives of the coalition air campaign in,

239objectives of the maritime campaign in,

243–4phases of the coalition air campaign in,

239–41policy context, 232–5postconflict obligations (PCOs) in, 249–51strategic purpose of the ground campaign

in the, 241–3targets in, 240–41as a total strategic victory, 247, 251victory, implications, 249victory, interpreting, 245–9weapons of mass destruction, 233, 236–7,

239–41, 244, 249Petersburg, 177Peterson, Peter, 501nPetraeus, David, 299, 300–1, 303–4,

308–10, 325, 393, 395, 511n–512n,515n, 525n, 552n

and Afghanistan, 299, 300, 302–304,308–310, 325, 393, 395

and Iraq, 325Pfaltzgraff, Robert, 539n, 543nPhillips, Thomas, 419nPillar, Paul, 29, 404n, 513n, 552nPipes, Richard, 450nPlan of Attack (Woodward), 329Plato, 62Politics among Nations (Morgenthau), 44Polybius, 62Posen, Barry, 412n, 445n, 484n–485n, 490nPossony, Stefan, 427n, 546npostconflict obligations (PCOs), 50, 172,

273–6. See also specific operationto Bosnia and Kosovo (1999), 274at the end of World War II, 274limited, 10and nation building, 274–5protracted, 10scale of, 273–4

Potsdam Declaration (July 26, 1945). See“Proclamation Defining Terms forJapanese Surrender”

Powell, Colin, 216, 246, 258, 329, 469n,471n–473n, 482n, 488n, 494n

Power, Paul, 479n






Index 569

Powers, Gregory, 411nPrados, Alfred, 417n, 477npraevalere, 22Prakash, Aseem, 452nPredator unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs),

392Preece, Jennifer Jackson, 417nPress, Daryl, 478n, 536nprevail, defined, 127–8Priest, Dana, 492n–494n, 499n, 520nPrince, The (Machiavelli), 67Prince Sultan Air Base, 290Principles of War, The (Foch), 91Pringle, Peter, 436nPRK, 112. See Democratic People’s Republic

of KoreaProbable Aspects of the War of the Future

(Douhet, 1928), 122“Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese

Surrender” (Potsdam Declaration, July26, 1945), 187

Proclamation of Neutrality (Washington,April 22, 1793), 141

“Protocol of the Proceedings of the Berlin(Potsdam) Conference (August 1,1945), 187–8

Prussia, 98public opinion, 383. See also specific operationPusan, 159Pyongyang, 159

Qaddafi, Muammar al-, 199–213Quest for Victory: The History of the Principles

of War (Alger, 1982), 57, 400n

radar- and GPS-guided artillery, 360railways, 86, 87Ramet, Sabrina, 486nRapid Deployment Force, 538nRapoport, Anatol, 400n, 405n–406n,

423nRashid, Ahmed, 499nRathmell, Andrew, 417n, 459n, 537nReagan, Ronald, 198, 201reconnaissance satellites, 345Record, Jeffrey, 449n, 495nReed, Leon, 415nrefugees, 255regime change, 236, 310Reich, Jason, 511nReiter, Dan, 407n, 414n–415n, 542n, 546n,

549nRepublic, The (Plato), 63

Republic of Korea (ROK, South Korea),158–61

Republican Guard Forces (Iraq), 239Republika Srpska, 273retaliation, massive, 131Reuveny, Rafael, 415n, 452nReview of Military Science, The, 117Revolutionary War, 10Rhodes, Richard, 431n, 438n, 446n, 546nRice, Condoleezza, 118, 346, 434n, 447n,

519n, 537nRoberts, Adam, 491n, 496nRobertson, Sara, 462nRobinson, Linda, 469n, 525nROK. See Republic of KoreaRomans, 50Rome, 59, 343

terrorist attack on airport terminal in(December 1985), 153

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 155, 178Roosevelt, Theodore, 216Ropp, Steve, 469nRosen, Stephen Peter, 405n, 411n, 449n,

451n, 453nRosenau, James, 14, 400nRosenbaum, David, 464nRosenberg, David, 435nRoth, Kenneth, 473nRotte, Ralph, 409n“Rough Outline for the Draft of a

Programme of the RussianCommunist Party” (Trotsky), 107

rout, defined, 128Rubin, Barnett, 515n“rule of low collateral” (Bush), 291Rumaila oil fields, 320Rumsfeld, Donald, 286–7, 296, 314, 318,

337Rupert, James, 498nRussia, 92, 96Rustow, Wilhelm Friedrich, 87–9

SAC. See Strategic Air CommandSAC tankers, 225Sadr City, 324Saikal, Amin, 505nSallagar, F. M., 436nSAM. See surface-to-air missileSandler, Todd, 467nSanger, David E, 399n, 458n–460n, 510n,

512n–513n, 517n–519n, 524n, 529n,532n–533n, 537n

Sarajevo, 258, 262, 264






570 Index

Saudi Arabia, 231, 233, 237–8Savych, Bogan, 416n, 514nSaxe, Maurice de, 71Sayigh, Yezid, 411nScales, Robert, 407n, 480n–481n,

523n–524n, 547nSchadlow, Nadia, 410n, 529nSchafer, Mark, 496nSchelling, Thomas, 127–8, 167, 402n, 405n,

437n–438n, 449n, 451n, 464nSchlieffen, Alfred von, 89–91“Schlieffen Plan,” 89Schmidt, Christopher, 409nSchmitt, Eric, 408n, 458n–460n, 479n,

493n, 504n, 507n, 510n, 512n–513n,516n, 521n, 531n–533n, 549n

Schoomaker, Peter, 347Schroeder, Paul, 427nSchulte, Gregory, 485nSchumacher, Edward, 463nSchwartz, Jonathan, 462n, 468nSchwarz, Rolf, 483nSchwarzkopf, Norman, 239, 480nScience of War, The (Henderson, 1905), 88Scipio, 64Scud missiles, 241, 319, 323sea basing, 540nsea power, 121, 351Second War of Independence, see War of

1812Second World War. See World War IISeoul, 159September 11, 2001, 4, 249, 278, 281, 283,

285, 307Serbia, 366

NATO air campaign against Serbs in(March 1999), 253

Serbs, Bosnian, and ethnic minorities inKosovo, 252

Seversky, Alexander P. De, 20, 125–6, 401n,435n–436n, 546n

Shanker, Thom, 408n, 450n, 477n,509n–510n, 512n–513n, 515n,519n–520n, 522n, 529n, 537n–538n

Shaplen, Jason, 448nSharp, Jane, 491nShaw, Paul, 416nShehadi, Kamal, 484nShlaim, Avi, 446nShowalter, Dennis, 421nShari’ah, 280Shelton, Hugh, 268Sheridan, Richard, 177

Sherman’s march through Georgia, 84Shiites, 327, 389–90Shiloh, Battle of (1862), 177Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance

(1996), 318, 321Shubik, Martin, 409n, 415nShultz, George (Triumph and Tragedy),

462n–467nShultz, Richard, 464n–465n, 474n, 498n,

509n, 524n, 529n, 532n, 539nSicily, 63Sidra, Gulf of, FON (freedom of navigation)

exercises in, 203siege craft, 26–7Sigal, Leon (Fighting to a Finish), 453n,

456n, 458nSilkworm antiship cruise missile, 356Simon, Jeffrey, 463nSimon, Steven, 511nSimonton, Dean, 408nSimpson, Wendy, 436nSingapore, 165Singer, J. David, 31, 406n–408n, 548nsingular generalizations, defined (Easton),

174Siverson, Randolph, 407n, 413n, 549nSkocpol, Theda, 414nslavery, 145Slovenia, 252small-scale contingency operations, 212Smith, Adam, 84–5Smith, Alastair, 26, 403n, 406n–407n, 549nSmith, Wayne, 450n, 534nSnyder, Jack, 407n, 413n, 548nSobel, Richard, 416nSobjerg, Lene, 494nSokolovskii, Vasily D., 129–32, 401n, 429n,

435n–438nSomalia, 163, 230, 276, 281, 290, 346, 348,

383Sons of Iraq. See also Anbar AwakeningSorley, Lewis, 448nSouth Carolina, 145SOUTHCOM. See U.S. Southern CommandSoviet-Afghan War (December

1979–February 1989), 280Soviet Field Service Regulations (1936), 98Soviet military doctrine, prenuclear purpose

of, 130Soviet Military Strategy (Sokolovskii, 1963),

129–30Soviet Union, 98, 129, 160–1Sparrow, Bartholomew, 414n






Index 571

Sparta, 62Special Forces, 324Spector, Ronald, 457n, 477nSpevack, Edmund, 460nSrebrenica, 259–60, 264Stabilization Force (SFOR), in Operation

Joint Guard, 266Stagg, J. C. A., 440n–441nStalin, Josef, 53, 105–9, 155, 186Stam, Allan, 405n, 407n, 414n–415n,

549nStarr, Harvey, 407nState of the Union Address

(Bush, 2002), 283, 315(Roosevelt, 1942), 189–90

statementdescriptive, 30normative, purpose of, 30

Status of Forces Agreement (November 17,2008), 4, 313, 326, 328

status quochange in (CSQ), 44–45comprehensive changes to, 10, 45limited changes to, 10, 45scale of changes to, 45

Steele, Brett, 417nStein, Janice, 475nSterner, Michael, 475nStevenson, Jonathan, 551nStevovic, Mihailo, 464nStigler, Andrew, 492n–493n, 546nStimson, Henry, 182, 195Stokesbury, James, 440nStoll, Richard, 514nStrachan, Hew, 436n, 455nStrassler, Robert B., 62, 418nStrategic Air Command (SAC), 225Strategic Bombing Survey (1946), 181, 341,

360–2, 370“Strategic Means of Utilizing Victory”

(Clausewitz), 81“Strategic Plan for the Defeat of Japan” (May

8, 1943), 182“strategic surprise,” 333Strategic Surrender (Kecskemeti, 1958), 128Strategic Theories (Castex), 121“strategical faults,” defined (Henderson), 88strategiia, 20strategists, author’s criteria for selecting,

56–8strategy

defined, 125, 375(Castex), 120

(Clausewitz), 78(Halleck), 78(Henderson), 87(Seversky), 125

deterrence as a (Brodie), 127as a geometrical science (Bulow), 74military, defined (Brodie), 126“natural principle of” (Delbruck), 95political, 411npurpose of, 126relativity of (Delbruck), 96rules of, 412n

Strategy in the Missile Age (Brodie), 20, 123Strauss, Mark, 521nStrong, Robert, 470nsubdue, defined, 24successus, 23Sudan, 280

genocide in the Darfur region of, 494nSukhoi Su-22 fighters, 206Sullivan, Patricia, 404nSummary Report of the United States Strategic

Bombing Survey (1945), 181, 341,360–2, 370, 456n, 534n

Summers, Harry, 449nSun Tzu, 61–2, 83, 98, 375, 418n, 423n,

528nSunnis, 327, 332, 335, 389–90. See Iraq,

Sunni insurgency insurface-to-air missile (SAM), 262surrender, see (unconditional surrender)

defined, 128, 175strategic (Kecskemeti), 128unconditional, 126, 138

defined (Grotius), 175surrendre, 24sustainment, defined, 540nSwanger, Rachel, 417n, 459n, 537nSyria, 201, 203, 242, 324systems analysis, 163

Ta Taktika, 35Tactics

defined(Clausewitz), 121in the eighteenth century, 35by the Greeks, 35

Taiwan Straits crisis (March 1996), 352Tajikistan, 287, 290Taliban, war against, in Afghanistan (October

2001–2011), 4–5, 45–7, 163, 181,278–311, 337, 343–5, 358, 360, 371,387–8, 391–4






572 Index

tank (armored) warfare, 112–19Tanzania, al-Qaeda attack on American

embassy in (August 20, 1998), 200,281–2

taxonomy, 38, 42–44Taylor, Richard, 443nTelhami, Shibley, 478nTeltschik, Roger, 417nTenet, George, 282, 284, 292Tennessee, 145Terrill, W., 416nTerrorism

as an act of violence against innocents,281

American view of, in the 1990s, 280central objective of, 287defined (1983 U.S. Code), 281, 499nand grand strategic victory, 286objective of, 200problems undermining intelligence efforts

to combat international, 282–3purpose of, 200strategic goal of, 281target of, 200traditional approach to, 200

Texas, 145Thailand, 165Thaxton, Ralph, 431n“The Engagement in General” (Clausewitz),

80Theodore Roosevelt Strike Group, 291theory of victory, toward a general, 17–55Third Punic War, 176, 191, 343Thirty Years’ War, 76, 84Thompson, Mark, 506nThompson, William, 415nThrash, Christopher, 407nThree Books on the Law of War and Peace

(Grotius), 176Thucydides, 62–4Thurman, Maxwell, 225Tierney, Dominic, 404nTilford, Earl, 495nTimilsina, Anga, 417n, 459n, 537nTirpak, John, 489n–490n, 493n, 504nTirpitz, Alfred von, 120–2Toft, Monica, 526nTomahawk cruise missiles, 288, 318Tora Bora, 288–9Torrijos, 228Toyota, 194Trachtenberg, Marc, 444nTransformations of War, The (Colin), 102

Treatise on War(Trattato della jjuerra,Montecuccoli), 69

Treaty Concerning the Permanent Neutralityand Operation of the Panama Canal(1979), 217

Tripoli, 199, 203Triska, Jan, 408ntriumph, 22triumphus, 22Trotsky, Leon, 105–9Truman Doctrine, 167, 170Truman, Harry, 133, 439n, 447n–448n,

451n, 456n, 458n–462nTucker, Nancy, 451n–452nTukhachevsky, Mikhail, 108, 112, 117–19Turkey, 363Turkmenistan, 287Turlington, John, 409nTuzla, 264, 265typology of victory, 7, 12, 14, 18, 22, 32–41,

50, 54, 59, 139, 384

U.N. Security Council Resolution 1199, 266,492n

U.S. Air Force, 370U.S. Air Force Europe 435th Airlift Wing,

262U.S. Army, 345“U.S. and Coalition Objectives” (Feith), 337U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), 287,

290, 318–19, 324, 523n, 531nU.S. Field Service Regulations (c. 1913), 102U.S. Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan

(September 6, 1945), 189U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, 182U.S. Marine Corps, 370U.S. Navy, 370U.S. Sixth Fleet, 206U.S. Southern Command (SOUTHCOM),

222U.S. Special Forces Command, 224U.S. Special Operations Command, 225U.S. Strategic Air Command, 124UAVs. See Predator unmanned aerial vehiclesUllman, Harlan, 522nunconditional surrender, 126, 135, 138,

146–7, 154–7, 167, 172analysis of, 174–84analytic problems of, 135aspiration, as, 175–84build new strategic relationship with

defeated state, 196consequences of, 184–97






Index 573

contending national approaches for, 135–6defeat military forces, 184destroy economy, 184establish control, 187implications of, 129–36occupy defeated state, 187outcome, as, 175–84realign defeated state’s foreign policy, 195rebuild economy and infrastructure,

190reform government and politics, 189

Unger, Danny, 477n, 481nUnited Kingdom, 242United Nations Charter, Article 51 of,

218United Nations Declaration (January 1,

1942), 179United Nations Interim Administration

Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), 275United Nations Office of Special Inspections,

237United Nations Protective Force

(UNPROFOR), 257United Nations Security Council Resolution

(UNSCR)660 (August 2, 1990), 476n661 (August 6, 1990), 476n678 (November 29, 1990), 237816 (March 31, 1993), 263, 476n1199, 2661244 (June 10, 1999), 2681441 (November 8, 2002), 315

United Nations Special Commission(UNSCOM), 241

UNMIK. See United Nations InterimAdministration Mission in Kosovo

UNPROFOR. See United Nations ProtectiveForce

USS Abraham Lincoln, 4, 334USS Cole, attack against (October 2000),

281, 282USS Enterprise, 357USS Princeton, 244USS Stark, 355USS Theodore Roosevelt, 265USS Tripoli, 244Uzbekistan, 287, 290

Van Creveld, Martin, 414n, 449n, 472nVan den Wyngaert, Christine, 473nVan Evera, Stephen, 401n, 407n–408n,

414n, 426n, 429n, 498n, 500nVan Hieu, Nguyen, 449n

Van Raemdonck, Dirk, 415nVarieties of Political Theory (Easton), 31,

406n, 549nVauban, Sebastien le Prestre, 71Ved, Nanda, 470nVegetius Renatus, Flavins, 64–6Verdier, Daniel, 468nVerkerke, J. Hoult, 415nVersailles, Treaty of (June 28, 1919), 115,

151–3Vicksburg, Battle of (1863), 177victoria, 21victory

and aerial bombardment (Douhet), 123–4Allied, in World Wars I and II, 161American logic of, 174–97through armor (Guderian), 116as building a new strategic relationship with

the defeated state, 196–7and caution (Montecuccoli), 70circumstances creating (Bernhardi), 97and compassion (Montecuccoli), 70continuum of meaning of, 8, 24, 45, 48,

52, 54as controlling the enemy state, 188decisive (Corbett), 120as defeating the enemy and its economic

infrastructure, 184–9defined

(Foch), 91(Frederick II of Prussia), 72(Fuller), 112(Jomini), 76(Liddell-Hart), 114(Livy), 64(Ludendorff), 102(Machiavelli), 67(Mao), 109–10(Mitchell), 124(Napoleon), 75(Plato), 62(Polybius), 62(Schlieffen), 89(Sokolovskii), 129(Stalin), 105(Sun Tzu), 61(Thucydides), 62(Tirpitz), 120(Tukhachevsky), 118(Vegetius), 64broadly, 62by classical theorists, 56–99, see historical

origins of victory






574 Index

victory (cont.)by modern theorists, 100–36, see

modern origins of victoryby nineteenth-century theorists, 75–83

definitionsaltered, 132–5grand strategic, 39–41strategic, 36–9tactical, 34–6

dependent on efforts of an entire nation(Bernhardi), 98

and destruction of enemy forcesClausewitz, 82Foch, 92

and discipline (Vegetius), 65as a disposition of war (Sun Tzu), 374and economic foundation of state (List),

85definitions of, scholarly, 26–9effectiveness of, depends on (Clausewitz),

81essence of (Sun Tzu), 61factors essential to (Colin), 102final, of the proletariat (Marx and Engels),

85five factors of (Sun Tzu), 61framed in psychological terms (Sun Tzu),

62as a function of tactical success in battle

(Vauban), 7–8grand strategic (GSV), 39–41

and conflicts with nonstate actors, 263described, 39–41examples of, 293–6and postconflict obligations (PCOs), 4,

8–10, 12, 18versus “total war,” 39–40, 286, 423n,

429historical phases of the American theory of,

405n, 411human factors in (Montecuccoli), 69–70human and psychological dimensions of

(Napoleon), 75in an ideological war, 108implications of mutual annihilation on the

concept of, 168implications for policymakers, 385–95implications for scholars, 373–85importance of the offensive in achieving

(Jomini), 103imprecise language about, 19–26indeterminate nature of (Montecuccoli),

70

indirect approach to (Liddell-Hart), 114“knockout,” defined (Clausewitz), 80level of (LOV), 95–8

and change in status quo, 19, 45and postconflict obligations (PCOs),

9–10, 12and scale of mobilization, 18, 147,

307levels of, and use of multiple forms of

military power, 366–367linguistic problems in defining, 19–21, 23,

25, 378logic of, 174–98and the logic of strategy, 375and mercantilism, 84military versus revolutionary (Trotsky),

105–9moderation in pursuit of

(Machiavelli), 58, 60, 66–8(Vauban), 71

moral qualities of(Bernhardi), 96–97(Livy), 64–65, 67

and the “moral” war, 132nature of (Liddell-Hart), 113objective of (Kecskemeti), 37, 126, 128

(Tukhachevsky), 108, 112organizing principle

change in status quo, 44–7mobilization for war, 47–50postconflict obligations, 50–4

partial, 121versus final (Sokolovskii), 129–130

physical factors in (Montecuccoli), 69–70and political and governmental reform of

the defeated state, 189–90as a political-military concept (Clausewitz),

29political mobilization in (Mao), 104,

111–112, 146, 250political-psychological, 411n, 483n,

485npostconflict obligations (PCOs) of the

victor, 4, 8–10, 12, 14, 18–19principles of (Lenin), 105, 106problems in defining the meaning of,

13–14as a product of cavalry charges, 72psychological factors in (Machiavelli), 58,

60, 66–7and public exploitation (Montecuccoli),

69–70, 89, 95, 124purpose of (Jomini), 12






Index 575

as realign defeated state’s foreign policy,195–6

as rebuild economy and infrastructure,190–5

in the Renaissance (Delbruck), 28in revolutionary wars, 134–136role of the infantry in (Bernhardi), 119role of the offensive in (Bernhardi), 96, 97,

98role of “psychical unity” and will in

(Ludendorff), 104and state economic power (List), 40, 85,

87, 92, 101strategic (SV), 8

existential, 139–48fortuitous grand, without war, 166–71grand, 154–8limited, 158–61total, 148–54(Machiavelli), 58, 60(Mao), 109(Schlieffen), 89–90

and strategy, 83strategists

air warfare, 122–6ancient, 60–6armored warfare, 112–9maritime warfare, 119–22mid-nineteenth to early-twentieth

century, 83–98nineteenth century, 75–83nuclear weapons, 126–32revolutionary ideologies, 105–12sixteenth to eighteenth century,

66–75total war, 101–4

surrender, see unconditional surrendersynonymous with “winning,” 92synonyms for, 6, 8–9, 13, 22–3, 29systematic thinking, 6–9tactical (TV), 24–6, 32–4

(Mao), 109–11and tactical concentrations of force

(Rustow), 41tactical nature of (Jomini), 31and “tactics, order, manoeuvre” (Foch),

45–6taxonomy of, challenges, 41–4territory as a determinate of (Frederick II

of Prussia), 28and territory seizure, 31theoretical foundations of, incomplete,

29–32

theoretical narrative for victory, building,32–55

three elements of (Clausewitz), 80three principles of (Clausewitz), 81total, principles of, in Marxist revolutionary

ideology, 57and total war, 146transient quality of (Montecuccoli), 25typology of, building, 32–3in the “war on terror,” 1, 391–5what it means to achieve, 7and the “will to conquer” (Foch), 93in World War I (Guderian), 116–17in World War II, 40, 43, 48

Victory through Air Power (Seversky), 20,124

Vienna, terrorist attack on airport terminal in(December 1985), 204

Vietnam, 348Vietnam War, 5, 10, 15, 49, 138, 148

American casualties in, 1, 246, 293,326

as an American defeat, 415as a comprehensive change in the status

quo, 166implications for the theory of victory, 21,

25–26, 59and limited mobilization, 9, 161, 274,

308original American intent in the, 162and postconflict obligations (PCOs), 4,

9–10and strategic paralysis, 4, 8–9, 10

Virginia, 145“Vision . . . Presence . . . Power” (U.S. Navy,

2000), 352–3VJ. See Yugoslav armyVoeten, Erik, 525nvon Glahn, Gerhard, 454nvon Hippel, Karin, 417n, 473n–474nVRS. See Bosnian Serb Army

Wade, James, 522nWalker, Martin, 470nWalker, Stephen, 496nWalker, William, 470nWalling, Karl, 400n, 408n–409n, 453nWalt, Stephen, 212, 413n, 468n, 516nWalter, Barbara, 498nWalters, John, 442nWaltz, Kenneth, 7, 168, 400n, 402n, 405n,

407n–408n, 451nWalzer, Michael, 416n






576 Index

waraims of (Clausewitz), 79and annihilation (Schlieffen), 45, 69, 73,

82of attrition (Foch), 92central postulates of (Jomini), 76colonial, problem of (Lyautey), 93critical targets in (Douhet), 12, 122deep operations in (Tukhachevsky), 117–8defense in (Liddell-Hart), 113–5defined, 3

(Clausewitz), 79dependent on economic organization of

the state (Smith), 84–5economic resources as legitimate targets

in (Moltke), 87, 89–90(Lyautey), 93(Montecuccoli), 25

as an extension of politics (Clausewitz), 79fought to achieve decisive ends (Frederick

II of Prussia), 65, 72–73fundamental nature of (Foch), 91–92fundamental objective of, 74fundamental objective of (Franklin D.

Roosevelt), 55, 178fundamental principles of (Napoleon), 75fundamental purpose of (Liddell-Hart),

114guerrilla, 52, 111, 140, 163, 170, 220importance of limiting destruction in

(Vauban), 71–72importance of the offensive in (Douhet),

12–13, 124, 126, 345and industrialism (Schlieffen), 89–90involves entire society (Lenin), 105laws of (Mao), 109–110“leading principle of ” (Clausewitz), 81limited, 3linguistic origin of the word, 323in Marxist thought, 106and mass political revolutionary movements

(Engels), 86(Mitchell), 122–4modern definition of, 83moral quality of (Foch), 91–2nature of (Jomini), 76nonstate, 8in the nuclear age (Kissinger), 101, 125,

129object of (LeMay), 117objective of

(Corbett), 119objectives for (Montecuccoli), 69–70

purpose of (Clausewitz), 79–80the Soviet Union in, 109versus total (Clausewitz), 78versus total (Guibert), 73–4

offensivewith combined arms operations

(Tukhachevsky), 117–118objective of (Halleck), 78

outcome determined by attrition (Foch),91–92

political framework for (Montecuccoli),68–70

and the political object (Clausewitz), 79and politics (Bulow), 74purpose of

(Clausewitz), 39(Delbruck), 28(Derrecagaix), 87–88(Fuller), 112–13(Machiavelli), 66–67

role of attrition in (Clausewitz), 39role of the offensive in (Rustow), 87and the semblance of victory (Liddell

Hart), 114“soundest strategy in” (Lenin), 105–106and state policy (Delbruck), 28as state-controlled violence (Clausewitz),

39strategic nature of (Derrecagaix), 87–8strategy for successful guerrilla (Mao), 52,

140tactical nature of (Henderson), 87–89and tactics (Foch), 35, 39task of the army in (Ludendorff), 102–103and territory seizure (Clausewitz), 36theme of eighteenth-century, 66theory of (Douhet), 122–3theory of limited, 131–2, 167–8total, 134–5

aim of (Seversky), 125–6(Douhet), 122–3(List), 85(Marx and Engels), 85–6propositions of (Ludendorff), 103purpose of (Clausewitz), 39in twentieth-century, 83–4twentieth-century influences on,

83–4and “the will to victory” (Bernhardi),

96–97War of 1812, 10, 15, 37, 138

American casualties in, 246, 293limited mobilization for, 9, 51–4, 161






Index 577

and nationalism, 144, 151and postconflict obligations (PCOs), 51–4,

161prewar status of combatants, 142–3and the status quo, 19–20, 45, 144

War of 1812 (June 18, 1812–February 17,1815), causes of, 142–5

War of American IndependenceAmerican casualties in, 139American strategy during, 139goal of American colonies in, 139and mobilization for war, 141and postconflict obligations (PCOs),

141significance of, to a theory of victory, 140and the status quo, 141

War of American Independence(Revolutionary War, 1775–83),139–142

War of the Future, The (Bernhardi, 1920),96

“War Message”(Madison, June 1, 1812), 142(Wilson, April 2, 1917), 149

war on terror, 41warfare

air, 122–6attrition-style, in World War I, 150maritime, 119–22unrestricted German submarine, 150Washington, George, 141

Watkins, Ralph, 415nWatman, Kenneth, 27, 403nWatts, Barry, 480n, 536nWaxman, Matthew, 492nweapons of mass destruction (WMD), 201,

232, 315preventing terrorists from accessing, 201,

282, 284, 289, 314–8, 334Wehrmacht, German, 118, 258Weigley, Russell, 159, 409n, 439n,

442n–443n, 448n–450n, 453n,456n–458n, 534n–535n, 544n

Weimar Republic, 153Weinberg, Gerhard, 416n, 448nWeisiger, Alex, 496nWeller, Mark, 473nWerner, Suzanne, 412n–413nwerra, 19wers, 19West Berlin

Libyan involvement of discothequebombing (April 5, 1986) in, 152

terrorist attack on discotheque in (April 5,1986), 149

Wexler, Imanuel, 417nWheeler, Hugh, 26, 403nWhite, James, 409n–410nWhiteman Air Force Base, 360Whitt, Sam, 497nWhyte, Nicholas, 535nWhytock, Christopher, 467n–468nWier, Anthony, 464n, 499nWills, Craig, 511n, 523nWilson, Jeremy, 496nWilson, Margaret, 497nWilson, Peter, 535nWilson, Rick, 497nWilson, Woodrow, 148–149Wilz, John, 483nwin, defined, 23Winik, Jay, 454n, 458nwinnan, 23Wirtz, James, 404nWittkopf, Eugene, 401nWittman, Donald, 453nWittstock, Battle of (1636), 420nWMD. See weapons of mass destructionWohlforth, William, 412nWohlstetter, Albert, 545nWolfowitz, Paul, 366Wolin, Sheldon, 420nWoller, Gary, 413nWong, Yuwa, 416nWoodward, Bob (The Commanders), 242Woodward, Bob (Obama’s Wars), 301–2Woodward, Bob (Plan of Attack), 329Woodward, Susan (Balkan Tragedy), 483n,

485–487n, 489nWorld Trade Center Towers, 1993 bombing

of, 278, 281World War I (1914–18), 48, 61, 112–16

Allied victory in, 161American casualties in, 246, 293and American mass mobilization, 148–51,

154casualties in, 151failure to achieve a grand strategic victory

in, 184, 249Germany in, 114–16and mobilization for, 115–16as a total strategic victory, 114–15and postconflict obligations (PCOs),

115–16reparations, 114and the status quo, 115–16






578 Index

World War II, 15, 48Allied objective in, 155–6Allied strategy in, 155and classical definition of total war, 154,

156–7and comprehensive change in the status

quo, 66effect on the American theory of victory,

154, 156and postconflict obligations (PCOs), 141

World War II (1939–45), 154–8effect of, on American theory of victory,

157–8as a grand strategic victory, 157–8

Wright, Claudia, 462n

Wright, Louise, 401n, 414nWright, Quincy, 401n, 408n, 414n, 443nWylie, J. C., 405n

Yannis, Alexandros, 494n

Zachary, Pascal, 496nZaller, John, 416nZametica, John, 484n, 495nZaum, Dominik, 497nZenko, Micah, 500nZiemke, Earl, 416n, 458nZimmerman, Tim, 467nZimmerman, William, 450nZoubir, Yahia, 468n






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