Indera Khusus
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INDERA KHUSUS
Penglihatan (Visus)
Pendengaran (Auditorius)
Keseimbangan (Vestibularis)
Pembauan (Olfactorius)
Pengecapan
(Gustatorius)
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Somatosensory
receptors in the skin. a Free nerve ending (pain,
temperature).
b Tactile disk of Merkel.
c Peritrichial nerve endings
around a hair follicle
(touch).
d Tactile corpuscle of
Meissner.
e Vater−Pacini corpuscle
(pressure, vibration).
f End bulb of Krause
(cold?).
g Ruffini corpuscle
(warmth?).
Receptors in muscle,
tendons, and fascia.
a Annulospiral ending of a
muscle spindle (stretch).
b Golgi tendon organ
(tension).
c Golgi−Mazzoni corpuscle
(pressure).
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Cortex
sensoris
Sistem somato sensoris
Reseptor Medulla
spinalis
Thalamus
Saraf tepi
Tractus
spinothalamicus
Columna dorsalis
Rangsang nyeri,
panas,dingin, raba, getar
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Local anesthesia
Block konduksi potensial
aksi / impuls
Block impuls dengan cara :
menghambat pembukaan saluran ion Natrium (Na channel
penting untuk konduksi potensial aksi )
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INDERA PENGLIHATAN
Anatomi Sclera
Choroid
Retina reseptor
Kornea
Corpus siliaris
Iris
Aquous Humour
Vitreus Humour
Canal Schlemm
Lensa
Ligamentum lensa
Fovea centralis
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OTOT EKSTRA OKULER
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Retina • Sel Rods (Batang)
• Sel Cones (Kerucut)
• Obyek Memantulkan gelombang cahaya (berkas
cahaya) dibiaskan lensa Retina (reseptor)
• Akomodasi : kecembungan lensa mata diperbesar
karena proses aktif otot mata
Melihat jauh →
lensa pipih
Melihat dekat →
lensa cembung
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Kelainan
Hipermetropia Bola mata lebih pendek
bayangan difokuskan di belakang retina
Koreksi dg lensa convex / cembung
Miopia Bola mata lebih panjang,
bayangan difokuskan di depan retina
Koreksi dg lensa concave / cekung
Astigmatism Kelengkungan lensa tidak
rata
Koreksi dg lensa silindris
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INDERA PENDENGARAN & KESEIMBANGAN
Anatomis
• Telinga luar
• Telinga tengah
• Telinga dalam
Fisiologis :
Apparatus pendengaran
Apparatus vestibularis
(keseimbangan)
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Fungsi
Telinga Luar pinna / auricle : membantu mengarahkan gelombang suara masuk ke dalam
meatus acusticus externus (mae)
meatus acusticus externus : mengkonsentrasikan gelombang suara
masuk ke dalam telinga tengah melalui membrana tympani
membrana tympani : resonansi, menyesuaikan impedansi gelombang,
melindungi cochlea dari suara berintensitas tinggi
Telinga Tengah tulang pendengaran : maleus, incus & stapes
tuba eustachius : berhubungan dengan faring dan rongga hidung
Telinga Dalam cochlea, didalamnya terdapat organ corti (reseptor pendengaran)
vestibulum (untuk reseptor keseimbangan)
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Konduksi Suara
Meatus akustikus eksternus
Membrana tympani
Osikuli
Jendela oval
Scala vestibuli (perilymph)
Scala media (endolymph)
Reseptor (hair cells)
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ALAT KESEIMBANGAN
• Duktus semisirkularis
Superior
Posterior
horizontal
•Utrikulus
•Sakulus
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Ekuilibrium statis (saat tubuh tak bergerak dan pada percepatan
linier)
Reseptor : Makula (pada dinding sakulus dan
utrikulus)
Ekuilibrium dinamis (saat merespon gerakan angular atau
rotasi)
Reseptor : Ampula (berisi krista)
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INDERA PEMBAUAN
Reseptor :
Mukosa olfactorius
(berupa hair cells
= sel rambut)
Pusat :
- Nucleus Amygdalae
- Hippocampus
- Cortex pyriformis
(cortex olfaktorius)
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Mekanisme pembauan Bau / odorant
• Dapat menguap
• Larut dalam cairan mukosa olfactorius
Menembus mukosa membran olfactorius
Reseptor olfactorius
(hair cells)
Pyriformis ↔ Hipotalamus ↔ sistem limbik
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INDERA PENGECAPAN
• Bahan kimia dalam makanan berinteraksi dengan reseptor pengecapan (taste bud)
• Empat rasa dasar :
MANIS
ASIN
PAHIT
ASAM
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Jaras Pengecapan
Gyrus Postsentralis
Talamus
Nukleus Solitarius
N.VII N.IX N.X
Taste cell