Independence Movements – World Today. Negritude Movement – a movement to celebrate African...
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Transcript of Independence Movements – World Today. Negritude Movement – a movement to celebrate African...
Independence Movements – World Today
Negritude Movement – a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values
Right to self-determination (U.N. charter)
Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War II
Resentment toward imperial rule and economic exploitation
Bloody – British settlers owned prime farmland in the highlands of Kenya and resisted independence for Kenya
Leader – Jomo Kenyatta
West Africa – peaceful transitionOriginally called Gold Coast under
the British
War for independence from France
Struggle against apartheidLed by Nelson Mandela, who
became the first black president of South Africa
Both Palestinians and Israelis want the same land
Creation of Israel in 1948 led to many conflicts between Israel and countries in the Middle East (Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, etc…)
1993 – creation of a Palestinian state (Gaza Strip and West Bank)
Golda Meir- Golda Meir- Prime Minister of Israel Prime Minister of Israel who helped defeat Arab nations in who helped defeat Arab nations in the Yom Kippur War and sought a the Yom Kippur War and sought a close relationship with the U.S.close relationship with the U.S.
Protestants vs. Catholics IRA (Irish Republican Army) – wants
a united Ireland (Northern Ireland – part of Great Britain)
Today – not an issue
1990s – Slovenia and Croatia separate from Yugoslavia
Serbian-led Yugoslav army invaded both Croatia and Slovenia – became free from Serbian rule
February 1992 – Bosnia Herzegovina declared independence
April 1992 – Serbia and Montenegro formed a new Yugoslavia
While Bosnian Muslims and Croats supported independence, Bosnian Serbs did not
Supported by Serbia, Bosnian Serbs launched a brutal war in 1992 (ethnically cleanse Bosnia Herzegovina of all Muslims)
Leader – GandhiRole of civil disobedience and
passive resistance (boycotts and Salt March)
Hindu-Muslim conflict 1947 partition – India (Hindus) and
Pakistan (Muslims)
Modern India a parliamentary democracy with a strong economy
Ethnic and religious tensions face the developing the nation.
Was created based on a religious issue and divided into two territories (East and West)
Conflict between East and West (linguistic, religious, and regional issues)
1971 – East Pakistan declared its independence
East Pakistan became Bangladesh
Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil war
Chiang Kai-shek – nationalist China (Taiwan)
Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) – Communist China (mainland China)
Continuing conflict
North America and EuropeEconomic stability - prosperousHigh literacy rates (most people can
read and write)Health care (most people have
access to health care)Low birth rate/low infant mortality
ratePopulation growth - slow
Africa and AsiaEconomic Conditions – Poverty Low literacy rateHealth care (diseases)High birth rate/high infant mortality
rateGrowing population – rapid
Widespread but unequal access to computers and instantaneous communications
Genetic engineering and bioethics
Economic development (pollution)Rapid population growth (strain on
natural resources)
PollutionLoss of habitat (places to live)Global climate change
PovertyPoor health IlliteracyFamineMigration
Role of rapid transportation, communication, and computer networks
Rise and influence of multinational corporations Changing role of international boundaries Regional integration (European Union – tariff-
free trade among European nations)
Trade Agreements – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – tariff-free trade between U.S., Canada, and Mexico and World Trade Organization (WTO) – monitors trade among nations
International Organizations – United Nations + International Monetary Fund (IMF) – offers emergency funds to countries in crisis
Refugees as an issue in international conflicts (ex. Palestinian-Israeli conflict forced a lot of Palestinians into Jordan) – people who are forced to leave their homelands because of war, poverty, political problems, and environmental disasters
People who leave their homeland to work elsewhere (Ex. Central and South Americans coming to the United States) – guest workers
Indira GandhiFirst female Prime Minister of
India established a close relationship with established a close relationship with
the the USSR USSR during the Cold during the Cold War and built a nuclear programWar and built a nuclear program
Margret ThatcherFirst female British prime
ministerLess government regulation of
economy Close relationship with the US on
foreign policy
Mikhail Gorbachev Allowed people to criticize the
government ( glasnost )Allowed private ownership of small
business ( perestroika ) Last president of the Soviet
Union
Deng Xiaoping Became leader of
China after Mao’s deathReformed economy to a
market economy which allowed for rapid growth
Continued Communist rule of China