Independence and Decolonization
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Transcript of Independence and Decolonization
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Independence and DecolonizationIn India and Africa
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Indian Independence Internal conflict between Hindus
(majority) and Muslims (minority) India struggles against British
rule Amritsar Massacre
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Indian Independence Mohandas Gandhi – leader of
Indian independence movement–Civil disobedience and passive
resistance to protest British rule (ex. = Salt March)
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Indian Independence Other leaders
– Jinnah – leader of Muslims (Muslim League)
–Nehru – leader of Hindus (Indian National Congress)
WWII ends in 1945, independence movement gains strength
British agree to grant independence – Aug 15th, 1947 (but partition India)
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Indian Independence Partition of India
–Hindu India–Muslim Pakistan and
East Pakistan
Bangladesh- Ceylon Sri Lanka
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Partition of India
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African Independence UN Charter grants “right of
self-determination” to all people
SELF-DETERMINATION = the right of a people to decide their own political status or government
African colonies began to demand their independence after WWII
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Map of African Independence
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African Independence People of Africa have:
–Pride in African cultures and heritage (Negritude Movement)
–Resentment against imperial rule of Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal
–Resentment of the economic exploitation of their lands by these countries
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African Independence Independence movements also
influenced by superpowers’ rivalry during the Cold War
After WWII, there were both peaceful and violent revolutions against imperial rule
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Differences in African Independence
West Africa – had little foreign settlement = peaceful transition to independence (ex. Ghana)
Algeria/Kenya/South Africa/Angola/Congo – sizeable foreign settlement = violent transition to independence
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African Independence Algeria – French settlers,
called colons, did not want independence from France. Algerians did.
Bloody war resulted in independence in July, 1962.
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Algeria Wins IndependenceAlgeria had the largest white settler population of any French African colony, with a million people of French descent holding power over eight million Algerian Muslims.
Seven years of guerrilla warfare cost tens of thousands of lives
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African Independence Kenya – British settlers did not
want independence. Kenyans, under the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta, did.
Armed rebellion by the Mau Maus led to British army intervention.
Independence came in 1963.
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Mau Mau RebellionKenya, during the 1950s, was dominated by the Mau Mau uprising against the British. A central feature of this revolt was a desire on the part of the Kikuyu, along with some Embu and Meru people, for land taken by the Europeans.
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African Independence South Africa – White settlers,
British and Afrikaners (settlers of Dutch descent), won independence from Britain in 1931.
1948 – Afrikaners, believers in white supremacy, came to power.
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African Independence Afrikaner gov’t established
official policy of apartheid. Apartheid = racial separation
between blacks and whites. Blacks were treated as second-
class citizens without any personal freedoms or civil rights
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African Independence African National Congress (a
black nationalist group) led opposition to apartheid and the white-led gov’t
The ANC and other opposition groups along with international pressure finally ended policy of apartheid in the late 1980’s.
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Challenges Faced by Latin America, Africa, and Asia in
the Post WWII Era
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Latin AmericaChallenges to the spread of Democracy
Powerful militaries which suppress opposition
Poor economies (little industrialization)Large income gaps between rich and
poorResponses
Land ReformHuge Economic Development ProgramsReform the Political Process
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Latin America Brazil
– 2002 - Conservative and pro-business gov’t gave way to a more moderate/socialist gov’t
Mexico– 2000 - 50+ years of one party rule of the
Institutional Revolutionary Party (or PRI) ends
– New President Vincente Fox vows to end corruption and advocates free-market economy
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India1947 - Largest democracy in the world
1948 - Gandhi killed by Hindu nationalist
Nehru – industrialized India through direct government action
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IndiaChallenges
Internal conflict between Hindus and Muslims
60+ million Muslims remain in India
Territorial ConflictsPakistan – Kashmir and JammuChina
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IndiaChallenges
Rapid population growthUrbanizationGrowing gap b/w rich and poor
Nuclear arms race with Pakistan
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Africa – Challenges FacedNational boundaries based on
colonial borders of 19th centuryEthnic/religious conflicts over
powerTrouble attracting foreign
investmentWest is still seen as trying to
take/control Africa’s natural resources = “neo-colonialism”
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AfricaSouth Africa
1990’s - International pressure and internal resistance helps to end the policy of apartheid in South Africa
1992 – Political equality granted to all S. Africans
1994 – Nelson Mandela wins presidency in 1st all-race elections
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China Pragmatists – Communist
officials who wanted to modernize the Chinese economy
Cultural Revolution – Mao’s attempt to purge the pragmatists
1971 - More moderate gov’t under Zhou Enlai takes over – begins “détente” with USA
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China Economic Reform
–1976 – Mao dies. China under Deng Xiaoping – opens economy = allows for limited capitalism
–Four Modernizations – set of goals to modernize/reform China’s economy
–Chinese society becomes more open – people allowed to listen to Western music, more tourists, etc.
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China Dissidents in China
–Tiananmen Square – 1989Students protest against Chinese gov’t – want more democratic freedoms
Deng Xiaoping used Chinese army to end protest – thousands of protesters killed or wounded
China cracks down on political dissidents and advocates for democracy
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China Challenges Faced by China
–Balance rapid economic growth withPressure for democratic change
Effects of the environmentRising population/urbanization