IND: Bihar State Highways II Project Additional Financing€¦ · Since Bihar is the third most...

Initial Environmental Examination

November 2011

IND: Bihar State Highways II Project – Additional

Financing

(SH-88: Barunapul-Rasiyari Subproject)

Prepared by Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited for the Asian Development Bank.

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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 November 2011)

Currency unit – Indian rupee (Rs) INR1.00 = $0.0192104505

$1.00 = INR52.055000

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank BSHPII-

AF – Bihar State Highways Project II- Additional Financing

BSRDC – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. BSPCB – Bihar State Pollution Control Board CGM – Chief General Manager CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board CRRI – Central Road Research Institute DoE – Department of Environment DFO – District Forest Officer DGM – Deputy General Manager DPR – Detailed Project Report EA – Executing Agency EFRC – Environment Friendly Road Construction EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EMoP – Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EO – Environmental Officer GDP – Gross Domestic Product GoI – Government of India GoB – Government of Bihar GRC – Grievance Redressal Mechanism IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IMD – Indian Meteorological Department INR – Indian Rupees IPP – Indigenous Peoples Plan IRC – Indian Road Congress MDRs – Major District Roads MoEF – Ministry of Environment and Forests MoSRTH – Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways MSL – Mean Sea Level NGO – Non Government Organization NH – National Highway NOx – Oxides of Nitrogen NSDP – Net State Domestic Product PCU – Passenger Car Unit PIU – Project Implementation Unit PPEs – Personal Protective Equipments PWD – Public Works Department R and R – Resettlement and Rehabilitation ROB – Road Over Bridge ROW – Right of Way RCD – Road Construction Department

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Rs. – Indian Rupees RSPM – Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter RP – Resettlement Plan SC – Supervision Consultant SH – State Highway SO2 – Sulphur Dioxide SPM – Suspended Particulate Matter SPS – ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement SOI – Survey of India SPCB – State Pollution Control Board TA – Technical Assistance TCS – Typical Cross Section TOR – Terms of Reference UNDP – United Nation Development Program

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Km – kilometer M – meter

NOTE

In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Executive summary................................................................................................. I

2. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1

2.1. Project Background/Rationale ........................................................................... 1

2.2. Executing Agency ............................................................................................. 1

2.3. Technical Assistance for Environmental Safeguard ........................................... 1

2.4. Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................... 2

2.5. Extent of IEE ..................................................................................................... 2

2.6. IEE Content ....................................................................................................... 2

2.7. Methodology ..................................................................................................... 2 2.7.1. Information/ data Sources .......................................................................... 3 2.7.2. Public Consultation .................................................................................... 4

3. Policy, Legal And Administartive Framework ...................................................... 5

3.1. Country‟s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project. ....... 5

3.2. Procedure for Environmental Clearance ........................................................... 6

4. Description Of The Subproject .............................................................................. 8

4.1. Project Location ................................................................................................ 8

4.2. Category of the Project ..................................................................................... 8

4.3. Need for the Subproject .................................................................................... 8

4.4. Existing and Projected Traffic ............................................................................ 8

4.5. Characteristics of the Existing Road ................................................................ 10

4.6. Key Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities ............................................. 11

5. Description of the Environment .......................................................................... 16

5.1. Physical Environment ...................................................................................... 16 5.1.1. Meteorology and Climate ......................................................................... 16 5.1.2. Natural Hazards ....................................................................................... 16 5.1.3. Air and Noise Quality ............................................................................... 18

5.1.3.1 Air Quality ............................................................................................. 18 5.1.3.2 Noise Level ........................................................................................... 19

5.1.4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography ............................................... 19 5.1.5. Geology ................................................................................................... 20 5.1.6. Soil ........................................................................................................... 20 5.1.7. Land use .................................................................................................. 20 5.1.8. Groundwater ............................................................................................ 21

5.1.8.1 Occurrence and Yield ........................................................................... 21 5.1.8.2 Groundwater Quality ............................................................................. 21

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Source: Environmental Impact Assessment during DPR ........................................ 22 5.1.9. Surface water Resources ......................................................................... 22

5.1.9.1 River System/Hydrology and Water bodies along the Road .................. 22 Source: Field Survey .......................................................................................... 23 5.1.9.2 Surface Water Quality .......................................................................... 23

5.2. Ecological Resources ...................................................................................... 24 5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology ................................................................................... 24

5.2.1.1 Forests ................................................................................................. 24 5.2.1.2 Wild Life and Protected Areas .............................................................. 24 5.2.1.3 Road Side Plantations .......................................................................... 24

5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology ....................................................................................... 24

5.3. Economic Development .................................................................................. 24 5.3.1. Industries ................................................................................................. 25 5.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities ............................................................................. 25

5.3.2.1 Water Supply ........................................................................................ 25 5.3.2.2 Transportation ...................................................................................... 25 5.3.2.3 Power Sources and Availability ............................................................. 26 5.3.2.4 Agriculture ............................................................................................ 26 5.3.2.5 Mineral Resources ................................................................................ 26 5.3.2.6 Tourism ................................................................................................ 26

5.4. Social and Cultural Resources ........................................................................ 27 5.4.1. Population and Communities ................................................................... 27 5.4.2. Health Facilities ........................................................................................ 27

Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007 .................................................................. 28 5.4.3. Literacy .................................................................................................... 28

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics ................................................. 28 5.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration ........................................................... 28 5.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples 29 5.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance ........................................................................................ 29

5.4.6.1 Areas of Eco-Sensitivity/Protected Area/Restricted Area legislative and others 29

6. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and its Mitigation Measures .................... 30

6.1. Impact on Physical Environment ..................................................................... 30 6.1.1. Climate ..................................................................................................... 30 6.1.2. Natural Hazard ......................................................................................... 31 6.1.3. Air Quality ................................................................................................ 31 6.1.4. Noise........................................................................................................ 33 6.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil .......................................................................... 34

6.1.5.1 Loss of Productive Soil and Change in Land use ................................. 34 6.1.5.2 Soil Erosion .......................................................................................... 35 6.1.5.3 Borrow Areas and Quarries .................................................................. 36 6.1.5.4 Compaction and Contamination of Soil ................................................. 37

6.1.6. Groundwater ............................................................................................ 38 6.1.7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies .............................................................. 38 6.1.8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of rivers and other water bodies ....... 39 6.1.9. Hydrology and Drainage .......................................................................... 40

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6.2. Impact on Biological Environment ................................................................... 41 6.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology ................................................................................... 41 6.2.2. Aquatic Ecology ....................................................................................... 42

6.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste .................................................... 43

6.4. Socioeconomic Impact .................................................................................... 43 6.4.1. Positive Impacts ....................................................................................... 43 6.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts ................................................................... 44

6.4.2.1 Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers .......... 44 6.4.2.2 Safety of Construction Workers and Accident Risk to Local Community 45

6.4.3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic ........................................................ 47 6.4.4. Transports and Storage of Materials ........................................................ 47

6.4.4.1 Impact on Land and Private Properties ................................................. 47 6.4.4.2 Impact on Common Property Resources .............................................. 48

7. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure ............................................... 51

7.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed ............................................. 51

7.2. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements ...................................... 51 7.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency ........................................................ 51 7.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments ................................... 51 7.2.3. Beneficiaries‟ Comments.......................................................................... 52

7.3. Integration of Comments into the IEE .............................................................. 52

7.4. Public Disclosure............................................................................................. 52

8. Environmental Management plan and grievance addressal mechanism ......... 56

8.1. Environmental Management Plan ................................................................... 56 8.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans .............................................................................. 56

8.1.1.1 Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP): ............................................................ 56 8.1.1.2 Resettlement Plan ................................................................................ 56 8.1.1.3 Emergency Response Plan .................................................................. 56

8.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP) .................................................... 56 8.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule ..................................... 57 8.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program .................. 57

8.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement .................... 57 8.3.2. Institutional Capacity Building .................................................................. 59

8.4. Grievance Redressal Mechanism .................................................................... 61

9. Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................................. 62

9.1. Conclusions .................................................................................................... 62

9.2. Recommendations .......................................................................................... 63

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List of Tables Table 2.1 : Road Sections under BSHIIP-AF ................................................................... 1 Table 2.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources ................................................. 3 Table 3.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject .................................... 5 Table 4.1 : Present Traffic Volume at Selected Locations ............................................... 9 Table 4.2 : Total Projected Traffic at Km. 27.000) ........................................................... 9 Table 4.3 Total Projected Traffic at K. 43.000.................................................................. 9 Table 4.4 Total Projected Traffic at K. 88.123.................................................................. 9 Table 4.5 Existing Important Junctions/Intersections ..................................................... 11 Table 4.6 : Details of Bypasses/Realignments ............................................................... 13 Table 4.7 Details of Cross Drainage Structures ............................................................. 14 Table 4.8 Construction Material Requirement and Source ............................................ 15 Table 5.1 : Average Annual Rainfall (mm) in the Project Districts .................................. 16 Table 5.2 : Ambient Air Quality in the Project Area ....................................................... 19 Table 5.3 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor ......................................... 19 Table 5.4 : Groundwater Quality Along the Project Road .............................................. 21 Table 5.5 : List of Rivers/nallahs/Drains along the Alignment ........................................ 22 Source: Field Survey ..................................................................................................... 23 Table 5.6 List of Ponds/ water bodies very close to the Alignment ................................ 23 Table 5.7 : Surface Water Quality in the Project Area .................................................... 23 Table 5.8 : List of Trees within Proposed Corridor ......................................................... 24 Table 5.9 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts ........................... 27 Table 5.10 : Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project Districts ............................... 27 Table 5.11 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts ................................... 28 Table 5.12 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category ........................ 28 Table 5.13 : Type of Workers among Various Categories ............................................. 29 Table 6.1 : Some Noise- Sensitive Receptors along the Alignment ............................... 33 Table 6.2 : List of religious structures very close/within corridor ................................... 48 Table 7.1 : Consultations with Local Community ........................................................... 53 Table 8.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations ............................ 58 Table 8.2 : Training and Awareness Programmes ......................................................... 60 List of Figures Figure 3.1 : Environmental Clearance procedure ............................................................ 7 Figure 4.1 : Typical cross section of standard 2-lane ..................................................... 12 Figure 5.1 Flood Inundated Areas in Parts of Bihar (based on the analysis of

Resourcesat-2AWiFS on September 2011) ............................................................ 17 Figure 5.2 : Multi-Hazard Zone Map of Bihar ................................................................. 18 Figure 5.3 Land use Map of the Study Area .................................................................. 21 Figure 8.1 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation .................................. 59 List of Appendix Appendix 3.1 : Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist ............................................. i Appendix 5.1 : Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management .............................................. v Appendix 7.1 : Environmental Management Plan (SH-88: Barunapul-Rasiyari) .............. ix Appendix 7.2 : Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators ..................................... 29 Appendix 7.3 Sample Site Environmental Compliance Inspection and Monitoring Form 32 Appendix 7.4 Outline of Project Environmental Progress and Monitoring Report ........... 36 Appendix 7.5 Guidelines For Services Of A Contractor/Ngo For Tree Plantating - Terms

Of Reference .................................................................................................... xxxviii

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List of Maps Map 1: Road Sections under BSHP I, II and BSHIIP-AF ............................................ h Map 2: Location Map of SH-88 Subproject ................................................................. i

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Map 1: Road Sections under BSHP I, II and BSHIIP-AF

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Map 2: Location Map of SH-88 Subproject

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Description of the Project. Poor quality of the road infrastructure is one of the major factors constraining the socio-economic development of Bihar. Rapid development and strengthening of the road network will sustain the accelerating economic development of the state, enabling it to move from being dependent on subsistence farming to focusing on market-oriented agriculture and tourism. Since Bihar is the third most populous and poorest state in fast-growing India, development of the state is equally important for the country‟s goal of regionally balanced growth.

2. Comprehending the above fact, Government of Bihar (GOB) has decided to improve the deteriorated key state highways with soft loan assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB). Additional Financing for Bihar State Highways II Project will be third loan assistance to GOB for improving four road sections aggregating approximately 254 kms after already negotiated BSHP I (820 Km) and BSHP II (354 Km) which are under implementation.

3. Description of the Subproject. is located in Samastipur and Darbhanga districts. It starts at NH-103 near Baruna Bridge which is a 3 legged junction and terminates at Rasiyari covering a total length of 124.2 km. The stretch from Baruna Bridge to Kalua Ghat Bridge is under Samastipur District and the remaining part belongs to Darbhanga District. Near Daini Chowk it overlaps with NH-28 at ch. km 20.213 to ch. km 18.60 for a length of 1.613 km, and from ch. km 39.245 (near Sighia Ghat) to ch. km. 46.181 (near Rosera Bazar). SH-88 overlaps with SH-55 for a length of 6.756 km, where upgrading activities are currently on-going. The sub-project road connects more than 100 villages of two districts and several market areas. Existing road is in very poor condition in several stretches and most of the CD structures are not functional.

4. Key activities for sub-projectsubproject road improvement involves: (i) widening/strengthening of the road up to 2-lane carriageway configuration with 1.5 paved and 1 m unpaved shoulders on either side, (ii) improving road geometry, (iii) laying of embankment, (iv) rehabilitation and construction of new bridges and other cross drainage structures, (v) construction of side drains, (vii) Junctions/intersections improvement, and (viii) provision of underpasses, way side amenities.

5. The subproject is classified as Category-B in compliance to the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). Screening of likely impacts and subproject location which does not pass through or located near any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ecologically sensitive reinforces the conclusion that no adverse impacts will result. Further, no archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. Under the EIA Notification, 2006 promulgated under Environment (Protection) Act 1986, the subproject is exempted from environmental clearance.

6. The IEE has been prepared by BSRDC consistent with the ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area impact zone is considered up to 7 km on both sides of road alignment to allow for a larger analysis of land use and other environmental features.

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7. Description of the Environment. The subproject area is located in the Ganga Plain Zone which has a tropical monsoon climate. Hot season starts on April until June while cold season extends from December to February, and monsoon season starts in July and ends in September. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 978 to 1088 mm in the project districts. Mean temperature observed during summer is 38°C - 43°C and during winter it is 5°C to 10 °C. Bihar is considered as the most flood-prone state in India where 28 of the 36 districts are susceptible to flooding which accounts for 73% of the total Bihar State territory or nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country‟s total population. However, project area is free from flooding. Most of the project area lies in vast open agricultural land and is largely free from air pollution and noise generating sources. All measured parameters for air quality and noise level confirms at all monitored locations.

8. Some portion of project road gets inundated during breach in the embankment of rivers draining through the region mainly River Bagmati and River Kamla Balan and their tributaries. Water logging was reported near damaged CD structures, low lying areas and where ground is sloping towards road from both sides

9. Land use/land cover of the study area (7 km radial distance) has been delineated using satellite imagery supported by ground truthing. Project area is predominantly agricultural (43%) followed by built-up (28%) and water bodies (22%). Rest is shared by sand/barren land/fallow land/roads and other infrastructure.

10. Due to favourable geologic setup, abundant groundwater is available in the project area. Long-term water level data indicates no significant decline in water level. Yield prospect in Nawada district ranges from 100-200 m3 whereas it is 10-100m3 in Sheikhpura district. The study area does not have any perennial waterway River Sakri, its distributaries/tributaries and canals mainly control the hydrology of the area. The riverbed is shallow, wide and sandy. It is ephemeral in nature and virtually in spate during the rainy season.

11. The subproject area is devoid of any type of forests. There are altogether 11 wildlife-sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state butnone is located in the project area. No other similar eco-sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment. However, roadside linear plantation in Sheikhpura district is notified as Protected Forest and hence forest clearance in required under Forest Conservation Act, 1984 Trees along roadside are mainly non-fruit bearing in nature. About 3,616 trees will be removed along the proposed ROW. No loss of any rare, threatened or endangered species is envisaged.

12. In absence of any perennial waterway/waterbody, organized fishing was not observed in the project core zone.

13. The economy of Bihar is agricultural and service oriented. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India between 1999 and 2008; GDP grew by 5.1% annually, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% in 2006-2007, and stood at 942,510 crores rupees (US $21 billion) which makes Bihar one of the fastest growing major states. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It

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produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India accounting for 6%, 6%, 11% and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize and jute produced in India, respectively. The major industries located in the state are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small scale industries include saw mill, rice mill, suji (sweets) factory, beverages, cold storage, and plywood. There are no major industries in the subproject area.

14. Bihar ranks among the top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply with nearly 90% of the total population have access to safe drinking water. The State is serviced by 2,318 kms. of national highways, 4,192 km of state highways, 12,579 kms. of district roads and over 69,000 km. of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77Km and the road density is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Bihar has a fairly developed railway network with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1,000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India. About 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects. Bihar is a land of monasteries and several antique ruins of Mugal Empire and other dynasties. Several Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Muslim and Sikh shrines abound in this ancient land. Important places of tourist interest are Rajgir (pilgrim place for the Buddhists), Bodh Gaya (most sacred place for Buddhists), Gaya, (centre of pilgrimage for Hindus), Nalanda (ruins of the world's earliest Buddhist university) and Vaishali (the seat of the first republic of the world in the sixth century BC).

15. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The subproject district contributes nearly 9 % of the state population. Health facility in the state is weak. Among the project districts, the health care facilities in Nalanda district are comparatively better than other two districts. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53%, which is significantly low compared to country‟s literacy rate of 65.38%. There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57% respectively. Among the project districts, Nalanda has the higher literacy rate of 53.64%. Of the total population of 82.8 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the State. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. Based on census and National Sample Survey reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in India. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. There are no structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance.

16. Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures. All pre-construction, construction, and operation activities that were likely to cause environmental impacts were identified, and evaluated to assess their magnitude, duration, and potential receptors in consultation with the stakeholders. Consultations were made with the government representatives (District Forest Office, State Pollution Control Board, Agriculture Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, and the District Rural Development Authority), local communities (Bagi-Bardiha More, Lilabigha, Shahpura Chawk and Shekhupur Sarai). Consultations were also held by detailed design team at 4 locations (Manjaur, Maharath, Balwapar and Warsaliganj).

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17. The significant impacts during design and construction stage include the constricted sections of the roads which will be by-passed or require road alignment improvement to avoid and minimize resettlement and other sensitive structures and locations particularly in Warsaliganj and Ambari. An estimated 3,616 trees will be removed along the road to allow for road expansion. Compensatory afforestation will be done on of 1:3 basis in compliance to the Bihar Forest Department‟s requirements. As a strategy to minimize GHG emissions from increase in traffic due to road upgrading, BSRDC will cause the implementation of a 1:7 additional plantation on all trees removed whether these are public or privately owned on top of the 1:3 regulatory compensatory afforestation required by the Forest Department. BSRDC will consult with the Forest Department, among others, on the implementation of the compensatory plantation specifying location, species, tree layout, and appurtenances (e.g. irrigation and rest area). Priority will be given, but not limited, to areas along state highways with available land in establishing the plantations. Other areas may include degraded forestlands, eroded riverbanks, and community forest. Guided by the Tirhut1 Social Forest Model, the BSRDC will implement additional plantation with strong community participation and ensure at least 80% survival of trees after 3 years. The BSRDC will ensure the involvement of project affected women and vulnerable people in tree planting and maintenance activities. Annual reports pertaining to the accomplishment, survival, and community participation (e.g. number of women and vulnerable people) will form part of the annual environmental monitoring report to be submitted to the ADB. BSRDC will coordinate with the Bihar State Pollution Control Board and Transport Department in launching the road side vehicular emission monitoring program to assess the impacts on air quality and GHG emission from the expected increase in traffic. All contractors are encouraged to install solar panels to support all facility lighting demand of the campsites.

18. As part of climate proofing, BSRDC will ensure that: i) upgraded road surfaces will be constructed at least 1 meter higher than the high flood level with 50-year return period, ii) stratified and multi-storey road side plantation where timber wood and similar erosion resistant variety are planted on the ROW periphery to break flood flow velocity to protect road embankment, iii) construction of new and installation of larger cross-drainage, iv) construction of new side drains, and stone pitching and, iv) bio-engineering along strategic areas where breaches and inundation have previously occurred.

19. It is anticipated that short-term deterioration impacts on air quality due to increase in fugitive dust emissions and noise level from earthmoving, ground shaping, unpaved transport, and emissions from heavy equipment and other mobile sources. Water suppression to control dust, use of clean fuels, changing the location and timing of construction activities and equipment will minimize these impacts. Land use conversion particularly of residential areas and relocation of structures within the ROW will be implemented with following a meaningful consultation and acceptable compensation and relocation agreements. All borrow areas will comply with national laws and regulations. Impacts from the establishment and operation of the construction camps like generation and disposal of solid wastes, sewage, potable water requirements, health/hygiene, and safety is part of the contractor‟s responsibility highlighting the

1 MOEF (2005). Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guaranteed Program.

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need for compliance with applicable laws. Waste and material use minimization will be promoted to decrease the volume of wastes that will be generated. Traffic safety to workers and pedestrian, particularly to children is considered through the preparation and strict implementation of a Traffic Control Plan to be prepared by the contractor prior to construction activities and in consultation with the affected communities.

20. During operation stage, the main impacts are increase in mobile emissions, road safety to motorist, pedestrian and animals. Road safety measures will be implemented as per IRC guidelines and recommendations of road safety audits during detailed design and technical assistance fielded by ADB for BSHP II: additional financing. Information and education campaign through the use of signs and posters distributed along the roadside encouraging motorist to properly maintain their vehicles, and proper driving habits to reduce emissions, reduce fuel consumption, and promote safety will be made. Finally, traffic control measures will be implemented to ensure safety to pedestrian. Adequate cross drains and side drains and their proper maintenance will be implemented to avoid localised waterlogging due to drainage congestaion one like near Milky village.

21. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation. In general, the subproject received immense support from local people with some concerns and apprehensions related to compensation for land and structures. The local people appreciated that besides providing an efficient connectivity to large rural population it will bear out several other positive economic and social benefits which outweigh the negative environmental impacts.

22. Conclusion. This initial environmental examination (IEE) ascertains that the subproject is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed subproject, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and can be easily mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage.

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2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. Project Background/Rationale

23. Bihar is one of the economically backward states of India. Judged by the per capita state income of Rs9,765 in the FY2007, Bihar ranks far below the all India average of Rs33,299. The road network in Bihar is very poor in terms of coverage and conditions while demand for road transport is increasing. The road density in Bihar is only 861 km per million population, compared with the national average of 2,828 km. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Insufficient funding for road maintenance in the past has increased the number of roads beyond maintainable condition.

24. Poor quality of the road infrastructure is one of the major factors constraining the socioeconomic development of Bihar. Rapid development and strengthening of the road network will provide momentum in accelerating economic development of the state, enabling Bihar to move from being dependent on subsistence farming to focusing on market-oriented agriculture and tourism. Since Bihar is the third most populous and poorest state in fast-growing India, development of the state is equally important for the country‟s goal of regionally balanced growth.

25. Comprehending the above fact, Government of Bihar (GOB) decided to improve the deteriorated key state highways with soft loan assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB). Bihar State Highways II Project-Additional Financing will be third loan assistance to GOB after already negotiated BSHP I (820 Km) and BSHIIP (354 Km) which are under implementation. The road sections details under BSHIIP-AF are given in Table 2.1. Project location map for all the three phases of BSHP and Subproject are given as Map 1: and 0, respectively.

Table 2.1 : Road Sections under BSHIIP-AF

S. No. SH No.

Project Road Length (Km)

Districts

1 83 Baghi - Barbigha 37.30 Nawada, Sheikhpura

2 86 Saraiya - Motipur 28.33 Muzaffarpur

3 87 Runnisaidpur - Bhiswa 67.75 Sitamarhi

4 88 Barunapul - Rasiyari 124.20 Samastipur, Darbhanga

2.2. Executing Agency

26. Executing agency (EA) for the project is Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited (BSRDCL). Road Construction Department is the parent organisation responsible for construction and maintenance of roads on behalf of GOB. GOB has recently setup the BSRDCL to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. All powers, functions, and accountability of road agencies in the state have been redefined.

2.3. Technical Assistance for Environmental Safeguard

27. ADB fielded TA: 7773 IND to assist BSRDCL in project preparation for possible financing of BSHIIP-AF. As a part of this TA and safeguard requirement of ADB, environmental assessment has been carried out in accordance with relevant country‟s applicable laws, regulations and in consistent to ADB‟s Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 and Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009.

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28. The present report pertains to Barunapul-Rasiyari (SH-88) subproject. It has been categorized as Category ‘B’ and hence an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been conducted.

2.4. Purpose of the Study

29. The purpose of the study is to identify the environmental issues to be considered at project planning and design stage, assesses environmental consequences due to project intervention and suggests mitigation measures to minimize the adverse environmental impacts, if any, associated with construction and operation.

30. Initial Environmental Examination has four basic objectives: (i) determine the magnitude of potential environmental concerns and to ensure that environmental considerations are given adequate weight when carrying out the proposed road constructions/improvements, (ii) identify the environmental issues that should be taken into account when new links are constructed and/or existing links are improved - such to include both adverse and beneficial impacts, (iii) identify need for further environmental studies or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and (iv) suggest enhancement measures, if any.

2.5. Extent of IEE

31. IEE was conducted based on Detailed Design Report (DPR). Certain changes may occur in the subproject structural components but these changes are unlikely to cause significant environmental impacts. The IEE covers all activities proposed under the project. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area is considered up to 7 km on either side of road alignment for larger analysis of land use and other environmental features. Assessment is carried out for all components of environment covering terrestrial and aquatic ecology, soil, water, noise and socioeconomic aspects.

2.6. IEE Content

32. The IEE has been largely structured as per SPS, 2009 and ADB‟s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). This includes following eight Chapters including this introduction chapter.

Chapter 1- Introduction

Chapter 2- Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

Chapter 3- Description of Project

Chapter 4- Description of Environment

Chapter 5- Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Chapter 6- Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation

Chapter 7- Environment Management Plan and Grievance Redress Mechanism

Chapter 8- Conclusion and Recommendation.

2.7. Methodology

33. Suitable methodology was adopted to accomplish the study. As the first step, scoping exercise was undertaken to identify the parameters needed to be

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considered for the study and to outline the activities for collecting data on each parameter. Data pertaining to all facets of environment viz. physical, ecological and socioeconomic environment both through primary and secondary sources were collected. The stepwise activities includes:

Review of legal requirements

Review of feasibility study

Reconnaissance survey for identification of key issues data requirement and preliminary consultation.

Primary and secondary data collection

Consultation with stakeholders

Identification of impacts and mitigation measures

Institutional review and finalization of EMP in consultation with EA.

2.7.1. Information/ data Sources

Key relevant information sources have been summarized in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 : Primary and Secondary Information Sources

Environmental Parameters Information Sources

Project objectives, technical information on existing road features and proposed rehabilitation work

Bihar State Road Development Corporation, Ltd. (BSRDCL) and Design Consultant

Inventory of road features, water odies, community structures, environmentally sensitive locations areas, congested locations etc.

Ground Physical surveys

Climatic condition State of Environment report on Bihar by (state

Pollution Control Board) SPCB, Envis Website,2

NIC, Wikipedia, Feasibility report, primary data collection

Geology, Seismicity, Soil and Topography

State of Environment report published by SPCB, websites, and feasibility report, primary data collection

Land Use/ Land Cover Observation during survey, GIS Based land use analysis

Drainage Pattern field observation, DPR, Satellite imagery

Status of forest areas. Compensatory afforestation norms etc.

Divisional Forest Offices, Sitamarhi and Darbhanga

2 http:// www.gov.bih.nic.in/, http://bsrdcl.bih.nic.in, http:// www.samastipur.bih.nic.in/, http:// www.darbhanga.bih.nic.in/, http:// www.disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/, http:// www.fmis.bih.nic.in/, http://www.envfor.nic.in/, ,

http://gov.bih.nic.in/

http://bsrdcl.bih.nic.in/

http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/

http://fmis.bih.nic.in/

4

Environmental Parameters Information Sources

Status of fishing activity Consultation with Local Community/Fishermen

Air quality Noise, Soil and Water Onsite monitoring and Analysis of Field samples

Borrow areas, quarries and other construction material source

Road Construction Department (RCD), design consultant, SPCB, and public consultation during field visit

River geo-morphology, hydrology, drainage, flood patterns,

Irrigation and Flood Control Department, feasibility report, field observations

Socioeconomic environment Different Govt. agencies/civic bodies, official websites maintained by state govt., census of India 2001, and public Consultation during the Field survey

2.7.2. Public Consultation

34. Extensive consultations were held with all stakeholders‟ viz. local and beneficiary population, government departments/agencies, fishermen, road users etc. This was done with intent to collect baseline information, for better understanding of the potential impacts and appreciate the perspectives/concerns of the stakeholders. Information gathered was used for integration in subproject design and formulating mitigation measures, and environmental management plan.

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3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTARTIVE FRAMEWORK

3.1. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project.

35. The legal framework of the country consists of several acts, notifications, rules, and regulations to protect environment and wildlife. Review of Indian legal system has been critically carried out to identify its applicability to the project. A list of all required clearances/ permissions related to environment has been summarized in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 : Permissions/Clearances Required for the Subproject

S. No.

Clearances Acts/Rules/Notifications/Guidelines Concerned

Agency Responsibility

A. Pre-construction Stage

1 Environmental

Clearance3

New EIA Notification, 2006 amended 2009 promulgated under Environment (Protection) Act 1986

State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA),

BSRDCL

2 Forest Clearance for the protected forest stretches and permission for felling of trees in rest of the stretches

Forest Conservation Act (1980) Procedural Guidelines developed by the Department of Environment, GOB under the orders of the Honorable High Court; Tree removal will be guided as per state government rules.

District Level Committee constituted by the State Govt.

BSRDCL

B. Implementation Stage

3 Permission for Sand Mining from river bed

Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957 as amended in 1972

River Board Authorities/ Department of Mining

Contractor

4 Consent to operate hot mix plant, crushers,

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981

Bihar Pollution Control Board

Contractor

3 The EIA Notification and its latest amendment entails requirement of prior environmental clearance to the following road

projects.

Category A -i) New National High ways; and ii) Expansion of National High ways greater than 30 KM, involving additional right of way greater than 20m involving land acquisition and passing through more than one State.

Category B-ii) New state High ways; and ii) Expansion projects in hilly terrain (above 100 m mean seal level (msl) and or ecologically sensitive areas) Note: A general condition applies to both of the above category: “Any project or activity specified in Category „B‟ will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries”.

Prior to the recent amendment to the EIA Notification2006, BSRDCL officially approached MoEF (during that time SEIAA was not constituted) for obtaining environmental clearance. Based on approved TOR, EIA and subsequently Public Hearings were conducted. In view of the recent amendment, EA has approached SEIAA for the exemption. The case is under consideration by SEIAA.

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S. No.

Clearances Acts/Rules/Notifications/Guidelines Concerned

Agency Responsibility

batching plant

5 Authorization for Disposal of Hazardous Waste

Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989


Contractor

6 Consent for disposal of sewage from labour camps.

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974


Contractor

7 Use of Fly ash within 100 km around thermal power plants.

Fly Ash Notification, 1999 as amended upto 17th August 2003:

MoEF Contractor (there is one thermal power plant located within 100 km but fly ash not proposed due to its likely unavailability)

8 Pollution Under Control Certificate

Central Motor and Vehicle Act 1988 Department of Transport, Govt. of Bihar authorized testing centres

Contractor

9 Employing Labour/workers

The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996,

District Labour Commissioner

Contractor

3.2. Procedure for Environmental Clearance

36. The procedure for obtaining environmental clearance has been depicted at Figure 3.1. This subproject will follow the route applicable to Category B projects and shown on right hand side of this figure.

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Figure 3.1 : Environmental Clearance procedure

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4. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT

4.1. Project Location

37. The subproject road section (SH-88) is located in Samastipur and Darbhanga districts of Bihar State. It takes off at NH-103 near Baruna Bridge which is a 3 legged junction and Terminates at Rasiyari covering a total length of 124.2 km. The stretch from Baruna Bridge to Kalua Ghat Bridge is under Samastipur District and the remaining part belongs to Darbhanga District. Near Daini Chowk it overlaps with NH-28 at Ch. 20.213 Km to Ch. 18.60 Km for a length of 1.613 Km and from Ch. 39.245 Km (near Sighia Ghat) to Ch. 46.181 Km (near Rosera Bazar) it overlaps with SH-55 for a length of 6.756 Km. The total design length is 120.845 Km.

4.2. Category of the Project

25. The subproject has been evaluated using environmental screening checklist (Appendix 3.1) devised for the categorization of Roads and Highways by ADB. The subproject section neither passes through nor is located nearby any wildlife sanctuary, national park, reserved forest, mangrove, estuarine, protected area buffer zone, or any other similar environmental sensitive or protected areas. It traverses predominantly through agricultural land and some congested semi urban areas. The environmental impact envisaged is minimal and majority are co-terminus with the construction phase. Therefore, the project has been classified as Category “B” in accordance with ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009.

4.3. Need for the Subproject

26. Bihar State Highways Projects (I, II and III) aims to improve transport efficiency of the state road network, which will contribute to expansion of economic opportunities and poverty reduction. This will be realized by (i) improving the state highway network, (ii) facilitating safe and appropriate road usage, (iii) increasing efficiency of transport services, and (iv) enhancing GOB capacity for road asset development and management. Improved roads will improve accessibility to social services and markets, and enhance the efficiency of road transport usage.

27. The subproject road links two National Highways 103 and several important state highways providing vital interstate connectivity. It is connecting more than 100 villages of two districts and several semi-urban/urban market areas. Existing road is in very poor condition in its several stretches. Most of the CD structures are damaged. The improved road condition will serve as an all weather, economical, and hassle free connectivity to a significant population resuscitating the rural economy.

4.4. Existing and Projected Traffic

1. Traffic Scenario: Traffic surveys were carried out at 3 locations after deriving homogenous sections. Origin-Destination Survey & Axle Load Survey was also conducted at designated locations where the Classified Traffic Volume Count have been conducted in order to determine the traffic flow pattern and area of influence by their origin & destination for assessing the economic development that would have an impact on

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growth trend of traffic. The O-D survey reveals that most of the passenger traffic is local on the project road. No significant traffic of adjacent state like Jharkhand, West Bengal and UP was observed on the project road.

28. The peak and seasonal correction factors were worked out and applied on the Average Daily Traffic to obtain the annual average daily traffic (AADT) on the subproject road as reported below in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 : Present Traffic Volume at Selected Locations

S.No Location Chainage AADT in PCU

1 Mustafapur 27+000 4591

2 Bhunha Hotel 43+000 5110

3 Naudega 88+123 5623

Source: Detailed Project Report

29. Projected Traffic: Traffic forecast was carried out considering socioeconomic variables such as population, vehicle registrations, and net state domestic product. An optimistic, realistic and pessimistic scenario of growth has been estimated for the indicators and the traffic growth rates were established. Table 4.2 and 0 and Table 3.4 present the projected traffic for both the locations.

Table 4.2 : Total Projected Traffic at Km. 27.000)

Year Realistic Optimistic Pessimistic

Veh PCUs Veh PCUs Veh PCUs

2015 7592 6741 7971 7014 7234 6477

2020 10997 9536 12123 10323 9987 8815

2025 16135 13600 18744 15361 13951 12083

2030 24027 19647 29553 23224 19715 16704


Table 4.3 Total Projected Traffic at K. 43.000



2015 6721 7382 7073 7654 6389 7110

2020 9851 10206 10889 11069 8917 9583

2025 14576 14480 16970 16183 12562 12982

2030 21831 20607 26878 24048 17868 17737


Table 4.4 Total Projected Traffic at K. 88.123



2015 7770 8340 8200 8684 7364 8007

2020 11514 11892 12790 12878 10368 10984

2025 17223 17073 20166 19255 14736 15157

2030 26019 24746 32268 29173 21132 21068

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4.5. Characteristics of the Existing Road

30. Right-of-Way: Available right of way varies significantly in the whole stretch. Minimum ROW is 6 m and the maximum is 25 m with average varying between 16-18 m.

31. Carriageway width : Based on the existing carriageway width, the project road section can be divided into three groups with respect to chainage:

Carriageway width between 3.00 m to 3.70 m : from Km 0.000 to Km 18.600, Km 24.000 to Km 38.200, Km 101.000 to Km 103.400, Km 103.400 to Km 109.000 and Km 110.200 to Km 117.600.

carriageway width between 5.50 m to 7.00 m: from Km 20.200 to Km 21.500, Km 21.500 to Km 24.000, Km 38.200 to Km 39.260, Km 46.200 to Km 73.000, Km 73.000 to Km 79.000, Km 79.000 to Km 84.800, Km 84.800 to Km 101.000, Km 109.000 to Km 110.000.

From Km 117.600 to Km 124.2 carriageway width varies between 2.00 m to 4.00 m width.

32. Pavement Conditions: The carriageway of SH-88 is flexible pavement. It is observed that the pavement condition is generally fair to good with some fine to medium cracks varying from 1% to 5% in some areas. Ravelling as such was not noticed all along the project road. Rutting was observed at a number of locations in the order of 2 – 10 mm deep Patch works were also observed at very few places. Based on pavement condition, approximately 35 km of road length is fair, 60 km is good, 6.5 km is poor and the remaining 7 km is under very poor conditions. Pavement thickness varies between 225 mm to 550 mm.

33. Condition of Shoulders: Soft shoulders are generally in fair to good condition. However, at a few locations especially on high embankment sections the width is reduced to only 1 m. Edge drop and undulation are also observed at a few locations. Rain cuts are also observed at major locations mainly on high embankment stretches like approaches to the structures due to lack of protection works and chute drains.

34. Horizontal and Vertical Alignment: The horizontal alignment of the existing road has several sub-standard and sharp curves including right angle turn especially in initial stretch. Also, there is no proper transition length for several horizontal curves to provide for required super elevation reversal for riding safety and comfort. These deficiencies have been corrected in fixing the horizontal alignment for the entire subproject road to conform to MOSRTH standards. The vertical alignment of the road is at a flat grade with the height of embankment generally varying from 0.50 to 1.6.00 m, except for the approaches to major bridges.

35. Cross Drainage (CD) Structures: There are 20 minor bridges and 133 culverts (slab-42, HP-62 and Box-29) along the subproject road. Most of the CD structures are in poor conditions and needs reconstruction.

36. Roadside Drainage: The existing lined and unlined drains in the congested localities of the stretch are inadequate causing distress to the pavement at those locations. In the rural stretches, the drainage of road surface follows the surrounding topography and hence there is no drainage problem.

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37. Terrain and Land use: The project road lies to the north of river Ganga in an alluvial landscape shaped by the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan Rivers. Topographically the area form parts of Bihar Plains. It is almost completely levelled. The project road is located at the south-eastern part of Samastipur and Darbhanga districts and is situated at about 50 m above mean sea level (MSL). Land use is predominantly agricultural with some congested built-up areas, namely, Dalsingh Sarai, Kalyanpur, Rosra, Singhia, Ashapur, Alinagar and Ghanshyampur. Land use of the study area and project corridor has been detailed in baseline chapter of this report.

38. Road Intersections: There are several road intersections of 4-legged and „T‟ type on the project road. Some of the major intersections/junctions identified along the road corridor are given in Table 3.5.

Table 4.5 Existing Important Junctions/Intersections

S. No. Road Junctions Chainage (Km) Type

1. NH-103 near Baruna Bridge Km 0.000 3 Legged

2. Dalsingh Sarai on NH-28 Km 20.200 4 Legged

3. Dalsingh Sarai towards Samastipur Km 21.400 3 Legged

4. Sighia Ghat towards Begusarai Km 39.000 3 Legged

5. Singhia Ghat towards Samastipur Km 39.245 3 Legged

6. Rosera Km 46.181 3 Legged

7. Baheri Km 84.302 4 Legged

8. Aashapura Km 103.119 5 Legged

39. km).

4.6. Key Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities

40. Key activities for subproject road improvement involves: (i) widening/strengthening of the road up to 2-lane carriageway configuration with 1.5 paved and 1 m unpaved shoulders on either side, (ii) improving road geometry, (iii) laying of embankment, (iv) rehabilitation and construction of new bridges and other cross drainage structures, (v) construction of side drains, (vi) Junctions/intersections improvement, and (vii) provision of underpasses, way side amenities. The brief of all improvement components are described below.

41. Proposed Right of Way: Varying ROW is adopted considering the proposed embankment height and other requirements. In general, proposed ROW in open areas/realignment sections has been kept as 25m whereas it is 18 m in constricted sections/built-up areas. In high banks, deep cuts and at intersections, wider land width is required and the same has been taken into account

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42. Road Configuration: It is proposed to convert the present single lane state highway with 2-lane consisting of 7m wide carriageway and 1.5 m wide paved shoulders on both sides. For the Structures, new 2 Lane standard configuration with or without footpaths have been proposed. Typical cross- section for standard-2lane road is given as Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1 : Typical cross section of standard 2-lane

43. Geometric Design, Ruling and Design Speed: Geometric design standards shall be based on the IRC 73-1980 for „plain / rolling‟ terrain as applicable to State Highways. The following other parameters have been used.

Ruling design speed 80 km/h was used against 100km/h as per IRC.

Maximum design speed 80km/h & 50 km/h desirable minimum on restricted RoW/Urban areas

44. Based on DPR, the minimum design speed is limited to 50km/h in few locations. The DPR study adopted a reduced ruling and minimum design speed considering the adverse social impact and the economical benefits of utilizing existing road assets to its maximum. Considering the safety of the pedestrians and slow moving vehicles and also due to the presence of many intersections, the reviewer‟s concur with DPR recommendation to adopt a lower design speed.

45. Geometric Improvements: Deficient horizontal curves have been revised to ruling IRC standards for 100 Kmph speed on State Highways.

46. The vertical profile for the entire length of the alignment is found flat and the proposed gradient is below the IRC stipulated maximum gradient. The vertical alignment will be provided with a smooth longitudinal profile consistent with the terrain. Gradients up to the “ruling gradient” will be used as far as possible in the design. Grade steeper than the “ruling gradient” will be used for a length “as short as possible”. Vertical curve length and K value at some bridge approaches will be suitably increased to confirm the IRC design standards.

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47. Realignment/Bypasses: Due to large number of residential and commercial structures likely to be affected and corresponding R and R issues, 6 bypasses and 2 major realignments have been proposed (Table 4.6).

48. Realignment and other locations has been proposed to improve geometrics at all existing curve locations.

Table 4.6 : Details of Bypasses/Realignments

Chainage Length (km)

Village

from to

Bypasses

1.700 6.300 4.600 Raipur Village

18.000 21.650 3.650 Dalsingh Sarai

62.800 64.800 2.000 Singhia Market

70.000 71.100 1.100 Fulhara Village

96.700 101.500 4.800 Ashapur Village

112.830 119.750 6.920 Ghanashyampur

23.07

Major Realignments

13650 14600 0.950 Maktiarpur

55250 55750 0.500 Dudhpura

Source: Design Consultant

49. Embankment: The subproject road is in embankment throughout the entire length with average height of embankment varying from 0.50 m to 1.25 m, except for the high embankment of 3.50 m in approaches to the bridge at chainage 39.985 Km and for other bridges embankment height varies from 1.80m to 2.0m. In an around the semi-urban and built-up areas, the embankment height is as low as 0.000 m to 0.600 m with drainage problems causing damage to the road pavement. Significant part of the road is in flood prone area and overtopping was reported in major sections during monsoon. Hence, current road level needs to be raised by 1-1.5m. Reuse of salvaged pavement material is recommended to the extent feasible.

50. Soft soil deposits are encountered of varying depths along the subproject road. Suitable ground improvement measures (e.g. excavate & replace with good soil, if feasible) need be considered in order to avoid impact of long-term consolidation settlement behaviour of such deposits on the road embankment, either in terms of widened embankment or new alignments proposed. Theses will have long term impact on riding quality of the highway.

51. Bridges and other Cross Drainage Structures: All existing culverts and most of the minor bridges need to be replaced. Number of culverts has been increased in view of increased obstruction caused by new revised formation levels and in the stretches where new bypasses are proposed. After retaining few CD structures the proposed road will have a total of 208 culverts and 14 minor bridges.

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Table 4.7 Details of Cross Drainage Structures

S. No Type of CD structures Existing Retained

Proposed New Structure Total

1 Slab Culvert 42 19 19

2 HP Culvert 62 0 0

3 Box Culvert 29 371 371

4 Minor Bridge 20 2 17 19

5 Major Bridge 2 0 2

52. Roadside Drainage: No proper drainage exists in the entire stretch of the subproject road either in inhabited area or in rural area. Hence, suitable drainage provision shall be designed based on detailed hydrological design from contours, characteristics of catchment, location of outfall points, rain fall intensity and need to furnish the open drainage design and schedule. Provision of 3,150m length of drain has been made on both sides. In rural stretches, provisions of longitudinal side drains intercepted by mitre drain are proposed to be constructed to serve as outlet channel.

53. ROBs/RUBs/Flyovers: 3 ROBs are proposed at all existing railway level crossings at Dalsingh Sarai (Ch. 18.620), Shibnathpur (Ch. 36.569 km) & Antour village (Ch.101.507 km).

54. Junctions/intersections Improvement: Project road improvement consist improvement of all existing important junctions and construction of new junctions especially in bypass stretches where it is intersecting major roads. All junction design shall be as per the guide guidelines of IRC-SP-41, IRC-62 and MOSRT&H standard drawings for intersections. Signs and line markings shall be designed as per IRC 67 and IRC 35. The required taper and parallel lane (acceleration and deceleration) dimensions should conform to the IRC standards.

55. Service Roads and Underpasses: Presently, no provision of service roads has been made. To accommodate the slow moving traffic in the built-up areas and to improve overall safety and level of service in the main carriageway, pedestrian walkways/cycle paths are recommended with following components:

Construction of pedestrian walkway/cycle path (1.0+ 2.0 m wide) on built up sections on both side of the road

Concrete kerb with CC M20 to separate fast and slow moving traffic to channelize the traffic

Pavement for pedestrian walkways/cycle paths shall be 250mm Granular gravel base course with PCC

56. Utility Shifting: There are a number of amenities and utility services along the project corridor including high tension (HT) and low tension (LT) electrical lines, water lines, telephone lines, and optical fibre cables. All such utilities shall be safely shifted/relocated in coordination with the concerned departments.

57. Way Side amenities: Adequate way side amenities will be provided at required locations as envisaged in detailed project report. One Truck Bay is proposed at Ch. 22.500 km near Jalalpur village. Mini Bus bays have been provided at Berner (Ch.0.300 km), Gangsara (Ch.6.465 km),Bahanda (Ch.11.850 km), Muktiyarpur (Ch.14.965 km), Jalalpur (Ch.21.645 km), Kalyanpur (Ch. 29.930 km),

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Shibnathpur (Ch. 36.080 km & 36.240 km), Panchupur (Ch. 44.610 km), Hanumannagar(Ch. 52.165 km), Bihat (Ch. 57.735 km), Singhia (Ch. 63.190 km), Malghat Maurbara (Ch. 66.470 km), Jaggnathpur (Ch. 71.320 km), Matgha (Ch. 78.425 km), Murli Chowk (Ch. 82.560 km), Sankar Rohar Bithi (Ch. 89.288 km), Jerosa (Ch. 95.515 km), Packpi (Ch. 107.580 km), Pirand Motipur (Ch. 27.900 km), Pirholi (Ch.111.900 km) and Ghyanshyampur village (Ch. 118.975 km).

58. Plantation/Landscaping: The subproject highway will have plantation of trees along the highway on either side as per IRC: SP: 21. Plantation scheme will be reviewed so that it does not affect the road safety including visibility. A range of 10-15 m c/c is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be as per IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m.

59. Road Safety Provisions: Adequate road safety features viz. crash barriers, road studs, markings, signages, pedestrian guardrails, etc. will be provided as per IRC codal Provisions (IRC: SP: 32-1988, IRC: SP: 44-1999, IRC: 103-1988, IRC: 35 and IRC: 67:2001). Executing agency has developed a road safety unit to institutionalize road safety audits, to ensure that safety elements of India Roads Congress standards are incorporated in design and during construction.

60. ADB has also fielded a separate Technical Assistance-TA: 7333 IND for road safety aspects to ensure that all safety elements are incorporated in design for road sections under BSHIIP-AF.

61. Material Sourcing: Earth material is available locally within lead distance of 1-5 km from the subproject road. Other construction material requirement and source has been given in Table 3.8.

Table 4.8 Construction Material Requirement and Source

S. No. Construction Material Requirement Source

1 Bitumen 15806.01 Ton Barauni

2 Bitumen Emulsion 1267.073 Ton Uluberia

3 Fine Aggregates/ Sand 377185.3 m3 Kuel/ Koilwar

4 Coarse Aggregates 400.805 m3 Sheikpura

5 Stone Boulders 21290.69 m3 Sheikpura

6 Cement 58407.43 Ton Locally

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5. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

62. Baseline environmental conditions about all facet of environment viz. physical, biological and socioeconomic have been established using primary and secondary sources. Efforts have been made to collect the latest information at regional as well as local level especially along the subproject corridor. This will help to predict likely changes in the environment due to the project and will serve as performance indicators for various components.

5.1. Physical Environment

5.1.1. Meteorology and Climate

63. The state has a tropical monsoon climate with three distinct seasons: winters, summer, and rainy. Broadly the State can be divided into three climate zones as per its physiographic set-up (a) The Sub-Himalayan zone, (b) The Ganga plains zone, and (c) The parts of Chotanagpur plateau zones of South Bihar.

64. The Sub-Himalayan zone (project area lies in this zone) in the northern part of the state receives high incidence of rainfall over 1,400 mm, bulk of which is found to occur during the monsoon season from June to September. The mean maximum temperature is 40°C and the mean minimum temperature is 4°C. The area observes hot westerly winds which start in March and last till May, but in April and May light easterly winds blow.

65. Maximum rainfall is received during the months of July and August. The study area receives annual average rainfall between 1,114 mm-1,142 mm. The rainfall is concentrated mostly during monsoon when about 80% of the annual rainfall occurs followed by post monsoon (10 to 20%). The winter is normally dry having nil or negligible rainfall. The annual rain falls of project districts for last 5 years have been depicted in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 : Average Annual Rainfall (mm) in the Project Districts

Year District

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Normal Avg.

Rainfall

Samastipur 1066.9 1268.9 964.60 866.60 817.70 1142.00

Darbhanga 703.0 822.4 712.40 570.50 1092.00 1114.60

Source: Bihar through Figures 2007, Directorate of Economics and Statistics

5.1.2. Natural Hazards

66. Flood: Out of 36 districts in Bihar, 28 districts are susceptible to flood. This constitutes nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country‟s total population. The north Bihar plains are drained by a number of rivers viz. Kosi, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla Balan, Mahananda and Adhwara Group. They originate in Nepal, carry high discharge and very high sediment load and drop it down in the plains of Bihar. About 65% of catchments area of these rivers falls in Nepal/Tibet. The plains of north Bihar have recorded the highest number of floods during the last 30years. In the years 1978, 1987, 1998, 2004 and 2007 Bihar witnessed high magnitudes of flood. Among all, 2004 flood was most severe when the flood level surpassed all time

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high flood level. At many places, the embankments of north Bihar were breached, resulting in flood inundation in a vast area of North Bihar.

67. In the year 2008, there was an unprecedented flood due to breach of Eastern Kosi Afflux Embankment that took a shape of a catastrophe leading to miseries to lakhs of people in Sunsari and Saptari districts of Nepal and Supaul, Madhepura, Araria, Saharsa, Katihar and purnea districts of Bihar. River Kosi entirely changed its course from earlier one which was again tamed to its original course by Water Resources.Some portion of project road gets inundated during breach in the embankment of rivers draining through the region mainly River Bagmati and River Kamla Balan and their tributaries. Water logging was reported near damaged CD structures, low lying areas and where ground is sloping towards road from both sides.

68. Flood Management Information System, Department of Water Resources, GOB continuously monitors the flood situation during monsoon through satellite network with support from National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad. As per Resourcesat-2A satellite imagery, no inundation was reported in the project area as depicted in Fig 4.1.

Figure 5.1 Flood Inundated Areas in Parts of Bihar (based on the analysis of Resourcesat-2AWiFS on September 2011)

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69. Drought: In Bihar, the districts usually affected under this disaster are Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad, Jehanabad, Gaya, Nawada, Jamui and Banka. The northern part of Bihar including the subproject district is not subjected to drought. However, due to erratic rainfall, project districts sometimes evidence drought one like this year when most of the districts of the state was declared drought hit.

70. Seismicity: Bihar being close to seismically active Himalayas is prone to seismic hazards. According to Seismic Zonal Map of India prepared by Bureau of Indian Standard, Bihar lies partially in Zone V and Zone IV. Major part of the project area is under Zone IV except some northern most part which is in Zone V Zone IV denotes higher damage risk and Zone V denotes very high risk zone. A multi-hazard zone map prepared by United Nation Development Program (UNDP indicates that both the project districts fall under very high, high and low risk zone with respect to earthquake, wind and cyclone, and flooding respectively (Figure 5.2).

Figure 5.2 : Multi-Hazard Zone Map of Bihar

5.1.3. Air and Noise Quality

5.1.3.1 Air Quality

71. Air quality monitoring was undertaken in the study area using Respirable Dust and PM2.5 sampler to collect ambient air samples of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX and CO. To assess the air quality of the road corridor ambient air quality were measured at five locations for five parameters viz: Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO). The 24-hourly average of the analytical results of air quality monitoring in the above mentioned locations are compared against the National Ambient Air

19

Quality Standards (NAAQS). The details of the sampling locations and their results are given in Table 5.2. All measured parameters confirm the National Ambient Air Quality Standards except PM 10 at few congested market areas.

Table 5.2 : Ambient Air Quality in the Project Area

Locations PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx CO

Near Baruna (Sarangpur) 96.3 26.2 11.0 22.2 800

Dalsingh Sarai 110.8 32.8 14.0 20.6 930

Rosra 102.6 38.2 12.7 25.3 980

Singhia 90.5 25.2 8.9 18.1 720

Baheri 103.4 38.4 13.4 23.8 960

Ashapur 78.3 19.3 6.8 15.7 680

CPCB Standards (24 hrly except CO which is 8-hrly)

100 60 80 80 2000

Source: All units are in µg/m3.

5.1.3.2 Noise Level

72. The ambient noise levels (Table 5.3) conform to the limits prescribed under Gazette Notification 643 of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India for all land use categories during day and night time.

Table 5.3 : Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor

Locations Category Leq (Day) Leq (Night)

Near Baruna (Sarangpur) Residential 52.0 38.8

Dalsingh Sarai Commercial 58.3 40.6

Rosra Commercial 62.3 40.9

Singhia Residential 58.7 39.9

Baheri Commercial 61.6 42.4

Asapur Commercial 53.4 44.1

Standards

Residential 55.0 45.0

Industrial 75.0 70.0

Commercial 65.0 55.0

Sensitive 50.0 40.0

5.1.4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography

73. Based on broad geomorphic parameters, Bihar may be divided into three geomorphic domains. They are: (i) uplifted block of hilly southern highlands; (ii) Ganga foredeep of the North Bihar Plains bounded by the rising Himalaya in the north and the Ganga R. in the South, and (iii) the transition zone between the southern highlands the Great Ganga Plains, constituting the central Bihar Plains. The subproject area lies in Central Bihar Plains. This geomorphic/physiographic unit has been further categorized into three land systems e.g. (i) alluvial upland, (ii) older flood plain, and (iii) the present flood plains.

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74. The proposed subproject road lies to the north of river Ganga in an alluvial landscape shaped by the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan Rivers. The only diversities are the fluvial actions of the rivers. The project road is located at the south-eastern part of Samastipur and Darbhanga districts and is situated at about 50 m above MSL. Terrain is mostly flat with gentle slope towards south.

5.1.5. Geology

75. Geologically, Bihar represents the extreme northern front of Indian sub-continent. These include: (i) belt of Himalayan foothills in the northern fringe; (ii) vast Ganga Plains; (iii) Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau; (iv) sporadic and small Gondwana basin outliers in Banka district; (v) Satpura Range extending into large part of the area north of Chotanagpur Plateau; (vi) parts of Bihar Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts; and (vii) the Granite Gneissic complex of Chotanagpur plateau. Nearly two third of Bihar, including the subproject districts are under cover of Ganga basin. The subproject road runs through alluvial terrain underlain by unlithified soft quaternary formations.

5.1.6. Soil

76. Soils of North Bihar are continuously under alluviation along flood plains through annual flooding and deposition. The top soil characteristics perpetually changes and descriptions have to be viewed through temporal change. The entire road section lies on alluvial plain underlying by unconsolidated formation of Quaternary period. The area occupies an intermediary position between the Bhanger plain and Khader plain. Bhanger is older alluvium containing heavier soil with high clay proportion, while Khaddar is the newer alluvial deposit by river floods. In the northern most part, soils are heavy textured and have neutral to moderately acidic reactions.

77. As per geotechnical investigations carried during detailed design, the sub soil is mostly characterized by light grey to brownish grey silty fine sand followed by a layer of stiff brownish grey/still gray silty clay/clayey silt. After that very stiff brownish grey /yellowish grey silty clay/clayey silt layer is found

5.1.7. Land use

78. Land use/land cover of the study area (7 km radial distance) has been delineated using satellite imagery supported by ground truthing. Project area is predominantly agricultural (43%) followed by built-up (28%) and water bodies (22%). Rest is shared by sand/barren land/fallow land/roads and other infrastructure.

79. Study area is drained by several rivers/streams including massive River Koshi and Kamla Balan in the eastern and south eastern side of the project road. Land use map depicts water logged areas in the southern part of the study area. This is the low-lying area where back water of river Kamla Balan and Koshi gets accumulated after any breach in the embankment or through seepage. Area shown in light green as plantation also constitutes paddy field/vegetable crops and grasses.

80. Land use/landcover of the subproject corridor was also assessed during field observation. Predominant land use is agricultural (nearly 65%). Built-up area constitutes the next major land use category (25%). Rest is shared by plantation, water bodies, and miscellaneous use.

A

B

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Figure 5.3 Land use Map of the Study Area

5.1.8. Groundwater

5.1.8.1 Occurrence and Yield

81. The area is occupied by the thick pile of unconsolidated sediments laid down by the Ganga and its northern bank tributaries. Fairly thick regionally extensive confined/unconfined aquifers down to depth 300 m as well as moderately thick but discontinuous confined and unconfined aquifers present in this region. The thickness of sediment increases from south to north. These unconsolidated sediments are made up of alternations of sand clay with individual sand and clay layers showing interfingering relationship. In the area thick clay layers of 40 to 50 m thick overlie the fine sands which extend down to depth of120 m. The tube well within 120 m depth yields in the range of 208-215 m3/hr. The depth to water level in this region varies from 5-15 m below ground level but potable water is available at around 25-30m.

5.1.8.2 Groundwater Quality

82. The groundwater quality largely meets the drinking water standards (IS 10500:1991). All the analyzed parameters are within desirable limit except Total Dissolved Solid and Total Hardness as CaCO3 which marginally exceeds the permissible limit. Result of the groundwater quality of the samples collected during field survey in the study area has been summarized at Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 : Groundwater Quality Along the Project Road

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Sl. No. Parameters Tube Well, near Baruna bridge

1 Temperature (oC) 23.5

2 EC (at 25oC) µs/cm 2650.0

3 pH 7.2

4 TDS (mg/L) 1762.0

5 Total Hardness (as CaCO3, mg/L) 991.7

6 Calcium (mg/L) 201.0

7 Magnesium (mg/L) 118.0

8 Sodium as Na (mg/L) 19.6

9 Potassium (mg/L) 70.6

10 Iron as Fe (mg/L) 3.39

11 Fluoride as F (mg/L) 1.0

12 Arsenic (as As) (mg/L) <0.01

13 Phenolic Compound (as C6H5OH) (mg/L) <0.5

14 Alkalinity (as CaCO3, mg/L) 638.0

15 Total Coliform (MPN/100 ml) <1.1

16 Fecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml) <1.1

Source: Environmental Impact Assessment during DPR

5.1.9. Surface water Resources

5.1.9.1 River System/Hydrology and Water bodies along the Road

83. Study area lies in Burhi–Gandak, Bagmati–Adhwara, and Kamla Balan basin. It is drained by Burhi–Gandak, Kareh, (main tributary of Bagmati) Noon and Kamla Balan rivers. These rivers originate from Nepal and flows through the natural slope in south-eastern direction. A list of water bodies observed during site visit has been presented in Table 5.5.

Table 5.5 : List of Rivers/nallahs/Drains along the Alignment

Sl. No. Chainage (km) Type of Water Bodies

1 8.406 Channel of JAMUARI

2 9209 DRAIN

3 12.44 NALLAH

4 20.575 Channel

5 30.432 BAITI RIVER

6 37.075 DRAIN

7 46.175 DRAIN

8 46.367 DRAIN

9 46.425 DRAIN

10 49.450 NALLAH

11 52.225 DRAIN

12 57.15 NALLAH

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Sl. No. Chainage (km) Type of Water Bodies

14 61.075 Kareh RIVER

15 72.51 NALLAH

16 77.350 NALLAH

17 86.775 NALLAH

18 88.65 NALLAH

19 91.800 NALLAH

20 96.25 NALLAH Source: Field Survey

Table 5.6 List of Ponds/ water bodies very close to the Alignment

S.No. Chainage Village L/R Distance from C/L (m)

1 1.100 Bishunpur Usuf R 12.3

2 3.500 Raipur R 11.6

6 33500 Belsandih R 10.6

7 45.000 Moiddinnagar R 2.0

8 48.400 Bhirha L 4

10 62.100 Salepur R 10.5

11 62.600 Singhia R 7.5

12 72.500 Deokuli R 10

13 81.400 Baheri L 2

14 88.000 Bithouli R 2

15 93.100 LAwani Both Sides ( edge of toe line)

16 96400 Sripur Jagat R 11.0

17 115000 Pali R 13.0

Source: Field Survey

5.1.9.2 Surface Water Quality

84. Surface water in the project area is not used for drinking and domestic purpose. It is only used for irrigation. Fishery activity is limited to few large ponds. Hence, surface water samples tested and analyzed have been compared with the standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for propagation of wildlife and fisheries and outdoor bathing. The results of the samples conforms its suitability for both these purposes. Results of surface water quality have been given at Table 5.7.

Table 5.7 : Surface Water Quality in the Project Area

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Parameter Units Class D& E

Limits Kareh River

River

pH - 6-8.5 7.9

Conductivity uS/cm 2250 1950

Dissolved Oxygen mg/l > 4 8.2

Boron, as B mg/l 2 BDL

NH3 mg/l 1.2 BDL

Source: Analysis of field Samples

5.2. Ecological Resources

5.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology

5.2.1.1 Forests

85. Forest in Project Area: The project districts as whole are almost devoid of forest. Only 0.41% of the total geographical area of the Sitamarhi district and 0.48% in Darbhanga district are under forest. No forest is in the vicinity of the subproject road. However, roadside linear plantation in some stretches is designated as protected forest and hence requisite clearance/permission shall be obtained from forest department.

5.2.1.2 Wild Life and Protected Areas

86. There are altogether 11 wildlife sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of them is located in the project area. No other similar eco-sensitive areas is either crossed or located nearby the project alignment.

5.2.1.3 Road Side Plantations

87. Table 5.8 summarizes the no. of affected trees along the subproject road.

Table 5.8 : List of Trees within Proposed Corridor

S.no Girth Size Left Right Total

1 30Cm - 60cm 130 89 219

2 60cm - 90cm 381 409 790

3 90cm -120cm 300 348 648

4 120-180cm 656 536 1192

5. > 180 cm 178 175 353

Total 1645 1557 3202

Source: Tree cutting proposal submitted by Design Consultant

5.2.2. Aquatic Ecology

88. Fishery activity was observed in River Burhi Gandak and Kareh. All major carp species are found in these rivers as informed by the local community. Bridges on all perennial streams are already constructed and therefore no impact on aquatic life is envisaged. In view of this fact, detailed information on aquatic life was not gathered during IEE.

5.3. Economic Development

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89. The economy of Bihar is largely service oriented, but it also has a significant agricultural base. There is also a small industrial sector. As of 2008, agriculture accounts for 35%, industry 9%, and service 55% of the economy of the state. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India, although there are pockets of higher than the average per capita income. Between 1999 and 2008, GDP grew by 5.1% a year, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% in 2006-2007, and stood at 942,510 Crores Rupees ($21 billion nominal GDP). This makes Bihar the fastest growing major state. In actual terms, Bihar State GDP is ranked 14th out of 28 states in India. Various facets of socioeconomic environment of the state and the project district have been described in following paragraphs.

5.3.1. Industries

90. Contribution of industrial sector to the state‟s economy is insignificant. This is mainly due to poor investment climate. Key industries in the state include food processing/beverages fibres/textile, jute, leather, mines & minerals, tobacco, dairy, tea, petroleum products, and cement.. Unregistered units dominate the overall industrial sector, accounting for more than half of its total income. There are 259 large and medium industries. Food, beverages, tobacco and petroleum products account for more than 85% of the total industrial income. Total value of output of agro-based industries is less than 1% of the national output, despite the fact that Bihar produces about 10% of India‟s total output of common fruits and vegetables.

91. The project district is mainly characterized by agro-based small scale cottage industries; light engineering, food and food processing are the major industrial activities. Major industries located in the area are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small scale industries include sawmill, rice mill, suji factory, beverages, cold storage, plywood etc. Project area is largely devoid of any major industries

5.3.2. Infrastructure Facilities

5.3.2.1 Water Supply

92. Bihar ranks among top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply. Nearly 90% of the total population gets safe drinking water. Projects districts are also richly endowed by groundwater and surface water resources. Groundwater is principally used for drinking and domestic purposes in the project influence area.

5.3.2.2 Transportation

93. Roads: The State is serviced by 2,318 km of national highways, 4,192 Km of state highways, 12,579 km of district roads and over 69,000 km of other roads. Only 50% of the other roads are paved. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77 km and the road density in is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity.

94. Railways: Bihar‟s railway network is fairly well developed, with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India. Total rail length in the state is 5,400 km.

95. Waterways: Bihar is traversed by several rivers. Some of the major rivers are the Ganges, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Damodar, Sone and Swarnarekha. Total

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length of rivers in Bihar is 4,414 km navigable length of rivers is 1,325 km Farakka to Buxar in the river Ganges has been declared as National Water Ways No.1. It is presently operative from Haldia to Patna providing access to Calcutta Seaport (417Km) and Haldia (517Km).

96. Civil Aviation: Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Raxoul and Jogbani have domestic airports. Patna International Airport is directly connected with Kathmandu (Nepal), and important destinations of the country. There are 39 district headquarters that have air strips/aerodromes. The state government has plans to set up an Air Cargo Complex in Patna that will be promoted by Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority and Airport Authority of India.

5.3.2.3 Power Sources and Availability

97. After bifurcation of Bihar with a newly carved state Jharkhand, 70% of the generation capacity has gone to the jurisdiction Jharkhand, but 70% of the load is left with present Bihar. Bihar‟s power generating capacities stand at 540 MW of capacity in thermal plants in Barauni (320 MW) and Muzaffarpur (220MW) with a limited amount of power (25 MW) available from the hydel power sources. With 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects in the pipeline involving a total estimated cost of US$ 4.4 billion with a targeted capacity of 4820 MW.

5.3.2.4 Agriculture

98. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest Honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India. It has 6%, 6%, 11%, and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize and jute respectively, produced in India. Bihar is one of the largest vegetable producers.

99. Project districts produces all types of major crops (rice, wheat, maize, Barley, lentils).

5.3.2.5 Mineral Resources

100. Unbifurcated Bihar had vast mineral reserves. About 90% of the important minerals are now left with Jharkhand after separation. Still some more important minerals are located in the state contributing in states revenue though insignificant. Minerals found in the states are Limestone, Pyrite, Magnetite, Steatite, Mica, Chinaclay, Soapstone, Slate, Felspar, Galena, Sandstone, Saltpetre, etc. None of the mineral deposits are located in the project districts.

5.3.2.6 Tourism

101. Bihar is a land of monasteries and several antique ruins of Mugal Empire and other dynasties. Several Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Muslim and Sikh shrines abound in this ancient land. Important places of tourist interest are Rajgir (pilgrim place for the Buddhists), Bodh Gaya (most sacred place for Buddhists), Gaya, (centre of pilgrimage for Hindus), Nalanda (ruins of the world's earliest Buddhist university) and Vaishali (the seat of the first republic of the world in the sixth century BC). Other places of tourist interest in Bihar include Hazaribagh, a wildlife reserve, famous for its national park; Bhimbandh, famous for hot springs;

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Maner, a sacred Muslim shrine of Sufi Saint Hazrat Makhdoom Shah; Vikramshila, the ruins of a Buddhist university; Deoghar, famous for a Hindu shrine and Sasaram, the site of the tomb of Afghan emperor Sher Shah Suri.

5.4. Social and Cultural Resources

5.4.1. Population and Communities

102. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The project district contributes nearly 3.24 % of the state population. The decennial growth rate of population of Bihar during 1991-01 was 28.43%. The sex ratio in the State i.e. number of females per 1,000 males marginally increased from 971 in 1991 to 972 in 2001 as compared to the all India average, which increased from 927 to 933 during the same period. The density of population, which was 685persons per sq km in 1991, increased to 880 per sq km in 2001. The urban population of 13.38% in 1991 increased to 14.47 % in 2001. According to the census 2001, the state of Bihar and the project districts have following facts on Population (Table 5.9).

Table 5.9 : Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts

Project Districts Indicators

Bihar Samastipur Darbhanga

Total Population (in millions) 82.8 3.4 3.3

Urban Population (% of total population) 10.47 3.63 8.1

Rural Population (% of total population) 89.53 96.37 91.9

ST Population (% of total population) 0.9 0.0 0.0

SC Population (% of total population) 15.7 19.0 16.0

Density (Sq km) 880 1174 1442

Sex Ratio (Per 1000 males) 919 928 914

Decadal Growth (%) 28.3 24.95 31.26

Literacy Rate (%) 47.0 45.1 44.3

Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics

5.4.2. Health Facilities

103. Health facility in the state is not satisfactory. More than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state are located alone in the state capital Patna. Besides, there are several private clinics/hospitals in the city. Table 5.10 provides the distribution of government health care centres in the State and the project district as on 2006.

Table 5.10 : Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project Districts

Sl. No. Name of the

District Hospitals and

dispensary Beds

Medical Practioners

1 Bihar 1747 22290 2413

2 Samastipur 48 582 110

3 Darbhanga 56 1482 130

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Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007

5.4.3. Literacy

104. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53% which is significantly low compared to country‟s literacy rate (65.38%). There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57%, respectively. In Bihar, only 23% students below 10 years of age attend elementary schools. The literacy rate among all categories viz. total literacy, male literacy and female literacy of the project districts is quite lower than state. Sex-wise break-up of literacy rate for the state and the project districts has been tabulated in Table 5.11.

Table 5.11 : Literacy Rate in the State and the Project Districts

State & Project Districts

Literacy Rate (%)

Males Females Total

Bihar 60.32 33.57 47.53

Samastipur 57.6 31.7 45.1

Darbhanga 56.7 30.8 44.3

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics

5.4.4. Occupational Status and Migration

105. Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the state. Though Bihar is the third largest populated state in India, it accounts for only about 7% of the total organized sector employment in the public sector. In the private sector, the share of Bihar is still lower at about 3%. There has been a large increase of subsidiary status workers in the state, pointing to the presence of a high degree of disguised unemployment as well as temporary/casual labour. Maximum percentage of the workers is in the agriculture sector as a cultivator or agricultural labourers. More than 80% of the rural population is engaged in the agriculture sector. The NSSO data shows that wage employment in the agricultural labour accounted for nearly 40% of the rural work force in Bihar in 1999-00. Agriculture labour and cultivation together account for around 80%of occupations in 1999-00. In urban areas, more than 40% households are self-employed. Around 30% have regular employment in 1999-00. Percentage of main workers to total population and distribution of working populations under various categories of the state and the project districts has been summarized in Table 5.12 and further types of workers have been given at Table 5.13.

Table 5.12 : Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category

District Total Workers Main Workers

Marginal Workers

Non Workers

No % No % No % No %

Samastipur 1071974 31.6 843356 24.8 228618 6.7 2322819 68.4

Darbhanga 1028558 31.2 761464 23.1 267094 8.1 2267231 68.8

Source:-Primary Census Abstract -1991, and 2001(Bihar)

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Table 5.13 : Type of Workers among Various Categories

District Cultivators Agricultural Labourers

Workers in HHI

Other Workers

No % No % No % No %

Samastipur 290380 27.1 508319 47.4 47058 4.4 226217 21.1

Darbhanga 236715 23.0 525615 51.1 41145 4.0 225083 21.9

Source:-Primary Census Abstract -1991, and 2001(Bihar)

106. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. As per census and NSS reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in the India. Most of the migrants are male (95%) and that of poor section. A large number of people of project districts migrates to different parts of the state and other parts of the country in search of livelihood mainly during flood.

5.4.5. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples

107. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. Those living, are in the mainstream of the society and do not depend on forest and its resources for any purpose. Moreover, there is no forest resource in the project district.

5.4.6. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance

108. There is no such site of significance either impacted or in the close vicinity of the project area.

5.4.6.1 Areas of Eco-Sensitivity/Protected Area/Restricted Area legislative and others

109. No such eco-sensitive, protected, restricted areas, legislative and others were found in the subproject area.

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6. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ITS MITIGATION MEASURES

110. Environmental impacts have been assessed considering present environmental setting of the project area, nature, and extent of the proposed activities. Suitable approach and methodology was adopted to ascertain likely impacts both during design and construction and operation stage. Valued environmental components were identified during initial site visit followed by its detailed investigation during later stage of the study.

6.1. Impact on Physical Environment

6.1.1. Climate

Design and Construction Phase

111. Cutting of approximately 3,202 trees will have minor to negligible impact on microclimate of the region.

112. There are no studies yet available about the effect of climate change on rainfall or flood pattern of the area. Hence, it may be difficult to predict direct or indirect impact of climate change on the project.

Mitigation Measures

113. All efforts shall be made to minimize cutting of the trees up to final stage of project implementation. The project envisaged plantation of approximately 9,600 trees as a compensatory plantation as in compliance to prevailing guidelines of State‟s Forest Department on 1:3 basis. The contractor will be responsible to coordinate with the authorities that include meetings, actions and discussions with concerned authorities. Besides, additional plantation (1:7) is recommended near sensitive locations and riverbanks.

114. As a strategy to minimize GHG emissions from increase in traffic due to road upgrading, BSRDC will cause the implementation of a 1:7 additional plantation on all trees removed whether these are public or privately owned on top of the 1:3 regulatory compensatory afforestation required by the Forest Department. This will involve 25,312 additional trees to be planted along the ROW and other priority areas as identified in Appendix 8. BSRDC will consult with the Forest Department, among others, on the implementation of the compensatory plantation specifying location, species, tree layout, and appurtenances (e.g. irrigation and rest area). Priority will be given, but not limited, to areas along state highways with available land in establishing the plantations. Other areas may include degraded forestlands, eroded riverbanks, and community forest. Guided by the Tirhut Social Forest Model, the BSRDC will implement additional plantation with strong community participation and ensure at least 80% survival of trees after 3 years. The BSRDC will ensure the involvement of project affected women and vulnerable people in tree planting and maintenance activities. Annual reports pertaining to the accomplishment, survival, and community participation (e.g. number of women and vulnerable people) will form part of the annual environmental monitoring report to be submitted to the ADB.

115.

Operation Stage

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116. The subproject road is located mostly in open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission from vehicle. Further, extensive plantation will ameliorate/enhance the micro climate. No adverse climatic changes/impacts are anticipated during operation stage other than CO2 emission from vehicles.

6.1.2. Natural Hazard

117. The project area is located mostly in seismic zone IV with some minor part in Zone V which is high to very damage risk zone. This may cause failure of civil structures in the event of earthquake if design consideration related to seismicity is not taken into consideration.

118. Some portion of project road gets inundated during breach in the embankment of rivers draining through the region mainly River Bagmati and River Kamla Balan and their tributaries

119. Water logging was reported near damaged CD structures, low-lying areas and where ground is sloping towards road from both sides.

Mitigation Measures

120. Earthquakes may cause failure of civil structures in the event of earthquake if design aspect related to seismicity is not taken into consideration. Relevant IS codes shall be adopted while designing the civil structures to sustain the earthquake of highest magnitude in Seismic zone IV and V.

121. Following IRC guidelines have been followed in the design for construction and protection of embankment in the flood affected stretches.

IRC: 34-1970: Recommendations for road construction in waterlogged areas

IRC: 75-1979: Guidelines for Design of High Embankments

IRC: 56-1974: Recommended Practice for Treatment of Embankment Slopes for Erosion control

122. Key provisions are

Provisions of adequate cross drainage structures, like culverts/balancing culverts/causeways and roadside. The height of embankment adequately raised above highest flood level with 1 m free board. The design discharge has been evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations.

Retaining walls, Toe walls near water bodies for protection of embankment.

Turfing with sods along slope of embankment to prevent erosion of embankment material.

Floor aprons on upstream and downstream of culverts and minor bridges.

6.1.3. Air Quality


123. The potential sources of air emission during the construction phase of the project are (i) dust from earth works (during site preparation); (ii) emissions from the operation of construction equipment and machines; (iii) fugitive emissions from vehicles plying on the road; (iv) fugitive emissions during the transport of

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construction materials; (v) air emissions other than dust arise from combustion of hydrocarbons particularly from the hot mix plants; and (vi) localized increased

traffic congestion in construction areas. Most of the emissions will be in the form of coarse particulate matter and will settle down in close vicinity of construction site. Installation of crusher unit will also lead to air pollution. Hot mix plant will generate carbon monoxide (CO), un-burnt hydrocarbon, sulphur dioxide, particulate matters, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. This may affect the air quality of nearby areas especially due to emission discharge from low height stack. However, this will be a temporary phase and hence, no significant impact is envisaged.

124. The stone aggregate will be sourced from licensed quarries. No new quarries shall be open for the subproject. The pollution related aspects to these quarries are independently complied by the quarry owner. The aggregate will be transported in the covered quarries through existing national and state highways. Hence, no direct significant impact is anticipated on ambient air quality due to sourcing of aggregate.

Mitigation Measures

Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and fine aggregates shall be covered.

Loading and unloading of construction materials in covered area or provisions of water fogging around these areas.

Storage areas should be located downwind of the habitation area.

Water shall be sprayed on earthworks periodically.

Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment. Vehicular pollution check shall be made mandatory.

Mixing plants and asphalt (hot mix) plants shall be located at least 1 km downwind of the human settlements. The asphalt plants, crushers and the batching plants shall be sited at least 500m in the downwind direction from the nearest settlement and that too only after receiving a No-Objection Certificate from the SPCB. Hot mix plant shall be fitted with stack of adequate height as may be prescribed by SPCB to ensure enough dispersion of exit gases.

Bitumen emulsion and bitumen heaters should be used to extent feasible.

Only crushers licensed by PCB shall be used. LPG should be used as fuel source in construction camps instead of wood.

Water sprinkling of unpaved haulage roads.

Mask and other PPE shall be provided to the construction workers

Diesel Generating (DG) sets shall be fitted with adequate height as per

regulations (Height of stack = height of the building + 0.2 KVA.

Low sulphur diesel shall be used in DG sets as well as machineries.

Air quality monitoring should be carried out during construction phase. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken.

Operation Phase

125. Vehicular emission will be the principle source of pollution during operation stage. The subproject road is mostly located in vast open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion dynamics of gaseous pollutants. Moreover,

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majority of the traffic on the subproject will be diverted traffic from the existing highways.

Mitigation Measures

126. Plantation is one of the preferred solutions to check air pollution. Plants serve as a sink for pollutants, reduce the flow of dust. Tree plantation along roadsides and other places shall include pollution absorbent species.

127. Free flow of vehicles and improved road conditions will restrict the air pollution in settlement areas.

128. Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment.

6.1.4. Noise


129. Ambient noise level may increase temporarily in the close vicinity of various construction activities, maintenance workshops and vehicles and earthmoving equipment. These construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80–95 dB(A) (at a distance of about 5 m from the source) . Although this level of noise is higher the permissible limit for ambient noise level for residential/commercial levels but will occur only intermittently and temporary. This noise level will attenuate fast with increase in distance from noise source. Impact due to noise during construction activities will be minimal to inhabitants since most of the built-up areas are either bypassed or located at safer distance from the road. However, there are few noise sensitive locations especially schools close to the alignment (Table 6.1)

Table 6.1 : Some Noise- Sensitive Receptors along the Alignment

S. No Side (L/R)

Name of Village Type of Receptor

Ch. (M) Distance from CL

1 L Sarangpur School 400 8

2 L Sarangpur School 550 5

3 R Sarangpur School 680 7

4 R Manikpur Bujurg School 6780 5

5 R Dharampur School 7840 10

6 L Bahadurpur Armuli School 9950 7

7 R Kodaria School 35450 12

8 L Rasulpur School 47250 7

9 L Bhirha School 47890 11

10 R Bhirha College 50420 11

11 L Pararia School 53790 7

12 R Jahangirpur School 59408 10

13 R Jahangirpur School 59620 5

14 R Lalhual School 68450 13

15 L Lalhual School 69450 12

16 R Goura School 76100 13

17 R Pirouli School 111750 10

18 R Harpur Health Center 49500

Mitigation Measures

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All equipment shall be timely serviced and properly maintained to minimize its operational noise.

Stationary noise making equipments shall be placed along uninhabited stretches.

On areas near schools, several approaches to reduce noise will be employed by the Contractor to ensure compliance with noise standards. These approaches include the timing of noisy construction activities during night time and weekends when there are no activities by the sensitive receptor, concurrent noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible re-route traffic during construction to avoid the accumulation of noise beyond standards.

If the above mentioned schemes prove to be inadequate, the provision of temporary noise barrier shall be made near identified sensitive locations during construction. If temporary noise barriers are not feasible then timing for construction activities shall be regulated.

Protection devices (earplugs or ear muffs) shall be provided to the workers operating in the vicinity of high noise generating machines.

Construction equipment and machinery shall be fitted with silencers and maintained properly.

Noise measurements should be carried out to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation measures.

Multilayered plantation shall be initiated at those sensitive receptors where adequate horizontal distance is available and desired attenuation can be achieved. This will serve as mitigation option for operation stage.

Operation Phase

130. During the operational phase, movement of traffic will be the prime source of noise. Traffic congestion and pedestrian interferences increase the use of horns. This may result in increase noise levels at at nearby schools and religious place.

Mitigation Measures

Effective traffic management and good riding conditions shall be maintained to reduce the noise level throughout the stretch. Speed limitation and honking restrictions may be enforced near sensitive locations.

The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed.

Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road.

6.1.5. Impact on Land and Soil

6.1.5.1 Loss of Productive Soil and Change in Land use


131. The project will require approximately 75 ha of land as per initial assessment done by DPR team. Most of the land likely to be acquired is agricultural.

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Acquisition of agricultural land will affect the agricultural yield of the area. However, the benefits to the individual farmers accrued against reduced yield may get compensated through enhanced accessibility to the commercial market as presently farmers sell the agricultural produce at farm gate prices.

132. In additional to above, land may be required for access road and construction camp for the duration of construction period. This will also result in loss of soil productivity.

Mitigation Measures

133. The top soil from the productive land shall be preserved and reused for plantation purposes. It shall also be used for embankment slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion.

134. To offset the lost of agricultural land, efforts shall be made to provide institutional support to farmers in terms of enhancing the productivity of their land, improving the cropping pattern and use of high productive seeds.

135. It shall be ensured that the land taken on lease for access road and construction camp is restored back to its original land use before handing it over back to landowner.

Operation Phase

136. The better access can lead to conversion of agriculture land for residential and commercial purposes close to roads and especially in rural and urban area. This may result in loss of productive land and agricultural produce.

Mitigation Measures

137. The EA may explore the feasibility of restricting about 50 m-100 m area either side of the road as no development zone on the line restriction are imposed for National Highways in India.

6.1.5.2 Soil Erosion

138. Soil erosion near river banks/water bodies and wherever vegetation is cleared may have cumulative effect viz. siltation, embankment damage, drainage problem, etc. Loss of soil due to run off from earth stock-piles may also lead to siltation. The intensity of soil erosion at different locations will be influenced by the lithology, topography, soil type, and climatic condition (mainly rainfall) and drainage pattern.

Mitigation Measures

Bank protection measures shall be taken at erosion prone areas. The protection measures may include use of geo-textiles matting.

Provision of side drain to guide the water to natural outfalls.

Stone pitching wherever necessary.

When soil is spread on slopes for permanent disposal, it shall be buttressed at the toe by retaining walls.

Side slopes of the embankment shall not be steeper than 2H:1V. Turfing of embankment slopes shall be done along the stretch.

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Though terrain is flat all through the stretch. However, all steep cuts shall be flattened and benched. Retaining wall on both sides shall be provided. Shrubs shall be planted in loose soil area.

In rural stretches, longitudinal side drains shall be intercepted by „mitre‟ drains serving as outlet channels to reduce the erosion.

IRC: 56 -1974 recommended practice for treatment of embankment slopes for erosion control shall be taken into consideration.

Soil erosion shall be visually checked on slopes and high embankment areas. In case soil erosion is found, suitable measures shall be taken to control the soil erosion further including bio-turfing.

Operation Phase

139. Soil of steep slopes of embankment and near bridge approaches may erode the embankment formation due to unexpected rainfall. Soil erosion condition may arise if borrow area are not stabilized/restored properly. Regular monitoring for effectiveness of soil erosion measures viz. turfing, and stone pitching shall be carried. Suitable strengthening measures shall be taken to prevent reoccurrence of soil erosion at existing erosion prone locations and prevent erosion at newer locations.

6.1.5.3 Borrow Areas and Quarries

140. The project area is in general a flat terrain. 10 borrow areas have been identified close to the subproject road. It is recommended that borrowing from agricultural land shall be minimized to the extent possible. Further, no earth shall be borrowed from already low lying areas.

141. The dredging and use of dredged material if involved may have its impact in terms of localized sedimentation level increase and dispersion of pollutants present in the dredged material in the river water.

142. Borrow areas if left un-rehabilitated may pose risk to people, particularly children and animals .of accidentally falling into it as well as become potential breeding ground for mosquitoes and vector born disease.

143. Illegal quarrying may lead to unstable soil condition; destroy the landscape of the terrain, air and noise pollution. Opening of new quarries is not envisaged due to the proposed project. Quarry material will be sourced from existing nearby quarries.

Mitigation Measures

Borrow pits shall be selected from barren land/wasteland to the extent possible. Borrow areas should not be located on cultivable lands except in the situations where landowners desires to level the land. The top soil shall be preserved and depth shall be restricted to the desired level.

Borrow areas should be excavated as per the intended end use by the owner. The Indian Road Congress (IRC):10-1961 guideline should be used for selection of borrow pits and amount that can be borrowed.

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The dredged material from the river bank shall be tested for presence of heavy metals and other pollutants before its reuse.

The depths in borrow pits to be regulated so that the sides shall not be steeper than 25%.To the extent borrow areas shall be sited away from habitated areas. Borrow areas shall be levelled with salvaged material or other filling materials which do not pose contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond especially in the areas of deeper water level in consultation with fishery department and landowner/community.

Monitoring of rehabilitation plan of borrow areas in tune with proposed rehabilitation plan has been appended as Appendix 5.1.

6.1.5.4 Compaction and Contamination of Soil

144. Soil in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, haulage roads, and construction camp area may be compacted due to movement of construction vehicles, machineries and equipments, and due to sitting of construction camps and workshops. Approach road either paved or unpaved is available for most the bridge approaches. However, for some bridges approach road has to be constructed.

145. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of liquid waste, (lubricating oil and fuel spills, waste oil and lubricant and vehicle/equipment washing effluent) and solid waste (fuel filters, oily rags) likely to be generated from repair and maintenance of transport vehicles, construction equipment and machinery. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of domestic solid waste and sewage from construction camps.

Mitigation Measures

Fuel and lubricants shall be stored at the predefined storage location. The storage area shall be paved with gentle slope to a corner and connected with a chamber to collect any spills of the oils.

All efforts shall be made to minimize the waste generation. Unavoidable waste shall be stored at the designated place prior to disposal. To avoid soil contamination at the wash-down and re-fuelling areas, “oil interceptors” shall be provided. Oil and grease spill and oil soaked materials are to be collected and stored in labelled containers (Labelled: WASTE OIL; and hazardous sign be displayed) and sold off to SPCB/ MoEF authorized re-refiners.

To prevent soil compaction in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, the movement of construction vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be restricted to the designated haulage route.

Approach roads shall be designed along the barren and hard soil area to reduce the compaction induced impact on soil.

The productive land shall be reclaimed after construction activity.

Septic tank or mobile toilets fitted with anaerobic treatment facility shall be provided at construction camp.

Domestic solid waste at construction camp shall be segregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. The non-biodegradable and recyclable waste shall be sold off. Efforts shall be made that biodegradable

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waste shall be composted in the mechanized and movable composter4 by the contractor. Non-biodegradable and non-saleable waste shall be disposed off to authorized landfill site. If landfill site not available then disposal of the waste in a secured manner shall be ensured.

Operation Stage

146. No impact on soil is anticipated during operation phase of the project except near low-lying areas and near bridge approaches where unexpected rainfall may erode the embankment formation and deterioration of borrow areas if not rehabilitated properly.

Mitigation measures

147. Monitoring of borrow areas rehabilitation plan in tune with the proposed rehabilitation plan appended as Appendix 5.1.

148. Regular monitoring of side drains and cross drainage structures to check blockade situation.

6.1.6. Groundwater

Design and Construction Stage

149. Water will be mainly required for compaction of formation and for domestic purpose in the workers camp. Water for construction purpose and domestic water requirement for workers camp will be mainly sourced from groundwater. Groundwater resources are not scarce in the project area. But, the depth to water table in some part is depleting annually. Hence, uncontrolled abstraction can further deteriorate the situation. Contamination of groundwater is not envisaged since all construction camps will have septic tanks or mobile toilets depending on the number of workers in each camp.

Mitigation Measures

150. Requisite permission shall be obtained for abstraction of groundwater.

151. The contractor shall make arrangements for water required for construction in such a way that the water availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected.

152. Water intensive activities shall not be undertaken during summer period to the extent feasible.

Operation Stage

153. No impact is anticipated on groundwater due to the project during operation phase of the project hence no specific mitigation is proposed.

6.1.7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies


154. Project road is crossing 2 perennial rivers and several other non-perennial minor drains/nallahs. Besides, there are some ponds/ditches very closed to the alignment. Impact due to bridge construction activities and increased

4 The low costs and small capacity and size composter are available in India which can be used to dispose of

biodegradable waste effectively.

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siltation/sedimentation level is minimal since bridges on perennial rivers are already constructed. For other waterways/waterbodies.

Mitigation Measure

155. Partial loss to some ponds shall be compensated by rehabilitating borrow areas into fishponds in the areas of deeper water level. Fisheries activity can be encouraged in such ponds through institutional support from concerned department.

6.1.8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of rivers and other water bodies


156. There is no major bridge proposed in the subproject. Further, all minor bridges proposed are mostly of open foundation type and hence siltation due to bridge work will be minimal. Soil erosion has direct bearing on siltation. Siltation and consequent soil erosion has already been addressed above in soil erosion section. Temporary pollution of water bodies from spillage of chemicals and oil at construction sites and waste from construction camps may occur.

157. Accidental oil and chemicals spills can contaminate the water

Mitigation Measure

Required mitigation as suggested in soil erosion section shall be taken into consideration.

Bridge construction activity is recommended during lean season.

All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection.

All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors.

Silt fencing and/or brush barrier shall be installed for collecting sediments before letting them into the water body. Silt/sediment should be collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re-vegetated.

All wastes arising from the construction should be disposed in an environmentally accepted manner so as not to block the flow of water in the channels. The wastes should be collected, stored and transported to the approved disposal sites.

No vehicles or equipment should be parked or refuelled near water bodies, so as to avoid contamination from fuel and lubricants.

The slopes of embankments leading to water bodies should be modified and rechannelized to prevent entry of contaminants.

Chute drains shall be provided to drain surface runoff and prevent erosion from slopes.

Substructure construction should be limited to the dry season and cofferdams may be constructed and utilized to lift the spoil directly out of it and carried to the river bank for land disposal.

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Large construction camps shall be avoided along the alignment and located away from habitation and water bodies. Construction labourers shall be preferable from local population. Sewage from labour camps will be treated through septic tanks. No untreated sanitary wastewater shall be discharged into surface water bodies.

Operation Stage

158. No impact is anticipated during the operation phase on the surface water bodies due to the subproject implementation activities. However, since the project area is flood prone siltation may occur. Regular checks shall be done along the alignment to ensure that flow of water is maintained through cross drains and other channels to avoid their blockade/ choking. Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion and turfing conditions of river training structures for its effective maintenance.

6.1.9. Hydrology and Drainage


159. Some portion of project road gets inundated during breach in the embankment of rivers draining through the region. Water logging was reported near damaged CD structures, low lying areas and where ground is sloping towards road from both sides Mitigation Measures

160. The situation of flood may get aggravated due to raising of road formation level which may act as impediment to flow of flood water to its outfall in absence of adequate cross drainage/side drain structures and other engineering measures. Water logging along the road will also have ill effect on the stability of embankment especially in the area of shallow water table.

161. Diversion of water channels during construction of cross drainage structures or otherwise is not envisaged.

Mitigation Measures

Adequate cross drainage structures shall be provided to allow natural flow of water. Additional balancing culverts shall be provided in flood prone areas. The embankment height shall be designed consistent with the existing topography of the region.

Elaborate drainage system shall be provided to drain the storm water from the roadway and embankment and to ensure minimum disturbance to natural drainage of surface and subsurface water of the area.

The design of drainage system such as surface and sub-surface drainage shall be carried out as per IRC: SP: 42 and IRC: SP: 50. Surface runoff from the main highway, embankment slopes and the service roads shall be discharged through longitudinal drains, designed for adequate cross section, bed slopes, invert levels and the outfalls. If necessary, the walls of the drains shall be designed to retain the adjoining earth.

The design discharge shall be evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations. Proposed water way shall not be reduced from existing one. Linear waterways of the most of the major rivers are bank to bank. Therefore, proposed bridge length shall be bank to bank.

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IRC: 34-1970: Recommendations for road construction in waterlogged area and IRC: 75 and MOSRTH guidelines for Design of High Embankments shall be referred.

The height of the embankment based on the final road levels. The following principles shall be followed for fixing the road level: (i) top of sub-grade is at least 1.0m above the high flood level/high water table/pond level and in exceptional circumstances a minimum difference of 0.6 m between the top of sub-grade and HFL/high water table/pond level. (ii) road level of the new two-lane carriageway not lower than the existing carriageway unless it improves vertical profile and also satisfies all other requirements set out in the Manual. (iii) fulfill the minimum free board requirement and provide smooth vertical profile for portions forming approaches to structures. (iv) raise the level of stretches of the existing road from drainage considerations.

The structural features and design of embankment considerations are: (i) embankment designed to ensure the stability of the roadway incorporating only those materials, which are suitable for embankment construction as per Section 5 of the Manual. ii) Side slopes not be steeper than 2H:1V unless duly designed slope protection measures are provided. iii) where the embankment is supported on a weak stratum necessary special design of the embankment done and also adopts appropriate remedial / ground improvement measures. iv) high embankments (height 6 m or above) in all soils designed from stability considerations as per IRC: 75 and MOSRTH – Guidelines for Design of High Embankments. v) The side slopes protected against erosion by providing turfing/vegetative cover, stone/Cement Concrete block pitching, geo-synthetics, gabion walls or any other measures depending on the height of the embankment, type of soil involved and susceptibility of soil to erosion as pr IRC: 56. Pitching works on slopes shall be as per MOST Specifications

Operation Stage

162. Regular removal/cleaning of deposited silt shall be done from drainage channels and outlet points before the monsoon season. Rejuvenation of the drainage system by removing encroachments/ congestions will be regularly conducted.

6.2. Impact on Biological Environment

6.2.1. Terrestrial Ecology

163. There are no national parks, wild life sanctuaries or any other similar eco-sensitive areas in the project area. However, some trees are likely to be affected. The impact and mitigation due to tree-cutting have been discussed in the following paragraphs.


164. One month before the construction starts, clearing and grubbing will be performed by the contractor. All trees within the ROW with 300 mm diameter at 1 m above the ground will be cut, including the removal of stumps. All stumps and roots of trees of girth more than 33 mm at above 1 m from the ground level will be culled.

165. There are altogether 3,202 trees likely to be affected due to the project. The cutting of trees will have minor to negligible impact on local environment. Moreover, this will be temporary since large number of trees have been planned

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to be planted on both sides of the road. This will improve the local climatic conditions in long term.

Mitigation Measures

166. Requisite permission from forest department shall be obtained for cutting of roadside trees.

167. The subproject envisages plantation of approximately 4000 trees along both sides of road as per IRC SP: 21 specifications. This will include the compensatory plantation as per prevailing guidelines of State‟s forest department on 1:3 basis. Besides, additional plantation will be done on 1: 7 on river banks near bridge sites to enhance the aesthetics and check soil erosion and flooding impact. All tree plantations will be carried out in close consultation with forest department.

168. A range of 10-15 m center-to-center is recommended for spacing of trees (parallel to the road). Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be based on IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m.

169. For safe traffic operation, vertical clearance between the crown of the carriageway and lowest part of overhang of the tree available across the roadway shall conform to the standards laid down in IRC: SP: 21. The pit size, fencing, watering and manuring requirements shall also conform to the above standard. Excess use of pesticides shall be restricted. Planting shall be such that it does not obstruct the visibility of traffic from any side and shall be pleasing in appearance.

Operation Stage

170. Positive impacts on terrestrial ecology are expected during the subproject operation due to the increase in vegetation and landscaping along the state highway. The subproject will coordinate with the local communities to maintain and enhance the trees planted along the state road.” No adverse impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management.

171. No direct impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management.

Mitigation Measures

172. Arrangement shall be made to ensure survivability of the tree plantation. The Social Forest Department or Divisional Forest Offices shall be consulted or involved in this programme. The tree survivability audit shall also be conducted at least once in a year to assess the effectiveness of the programme.

6.2.2. Aquatic Ecology

173. Fishing was observed in major rivers and large ponds of the subproject area. However, no impact on aquatic life is anticipated since 2-lane bridges are already constructed on all perennial streams. However, sedimentation followed by increased turbidity level and water quality deterioration is expected from the subproject during the construction stage. Improvement of existing embankments particularly along the waterways will increase silt while accidental spill of materials, chemicals, and fuels may deteriorate water quality. Mitigation

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measures recommended in section 5.1.8 shall be adopted to avoid impact on aquatic life due to siltation/sedimentation. There is no impact on aquatic life during operation phase is envisaged hence no specific mitigation

6.3. Management of Construction Debris/Waste

174. Debris can be generated by dismantling of pavement, though involved only for few kilometres as realignment is envisaged for major sections. Quarry dust and unused iron bars or damaged support structures constitutes significant wastes. Mitigation for solid waste from construction camp has been given in construction camp section.

Mitigation measures

The existing bitumen surface can be utilized for paving of cross roads, access roads, and paving works in construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, haulage routes, etc.

All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage and the like will be the property of the BRCDL and will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping.

Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre-designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRTH guidelines should be followed.

Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site.

175. The locations of dumping sites should be selected with following considerations.

Unproductive/wastelands shall be selected for dumping sites.

Away from residential areas and located at least 1,000 m downwind side of these locations,

Dumping sites do not contaminate any water sources, and rivers

Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated.

Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats about the location of debris disposal site has to be obtained before finalizing the location.

Form works will be re-used to the extent possible, more than 20 times as dictated by good practice. All stripped formworks will be examined for any damage and rectified in the workshop for re-use. Rectification includes plugging holes, and straightening bent steel props.

6.4. Socioeconomic Impact

176. Assessment of project impact on socioeconomic conditions point to the conclusions that positive benefits are many fold compared to its adverse impact.

6.4.1. Positive Impacts

177. Roadside economic activities will increase due to increased number of vehicle using the road. Economic activities supporting transport like gasoline stations, automotive repair shops, lodging, and restaurants are expected to increase. Increase agro-industrial activities are also expected to take advantage of

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improved access to urban centres where there are higher demands and better prices for agricultural products. The subproject road will provide lifeline for temporary relocation and relief operation during flood season. Other generic benefits of such projects are (i) reduction in travel time, (ii) better mode and frequency of transport, (iii) access to quality heath care facilities, educational and other infrastructural facilities, (iv) enhanced tourism activities in the area and state which in many terms will boost the local economy, and (v) better investment climate for industries creating more employment opportunities to local people.

6.4.2. Anticipated Negative Impacts

178. The only irreversible impact is loss of agricultural land. Other losses like loss of common property resources, problem in accessibility and community linkage, health and safety during and after construction, and temporary change in demographic configuration are mitigable with minor to negligible residual impacts.

6.4.2.1 Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers

179. Poor sitting and improper management of construction camp may lead to several adverse impacts on environment viz. (i) loss of vegetation due to use of wood as fuel source for cooking, (ii) deterioration in nearby surface water bodies‟ quality, (iii) compaction and contamination of soil due to uncontrolled disposal of solid waste, and (iv) poor sanitation may result to transmission of communicable diseases among the workers and the host communities. This include the possible spread of sexually transmitted disease, diseases from improper handling and supply of foodstuff, poor water supply, insect-borne diseases, and alcoholic drinks and drugs.

Mitigation measures

180. Construction camp shall be sited at such locations so as to utilize the existing infrastructure. No productive land should be utilized for construction camp. All sites must be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions to avoid water stagnation. Accommodation and ancillary facilities including recreational facility for workers shall be erected and maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer. All camps should maintain minimum distance of 500 m from habitation and water bodies.

181. All construction camps shall be provided sanitary latrines and urinals with provision of septic tanks attached with soak pits. Storm water drains shall be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp. Drains and ditches shall be treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and disposed off in a hygienic manner. LPG cylinders shall be provided as fuel source for cooking to avoid any tree cutting.

182. At every workplace, the Contactor will ensure, in collaboration with local health authorities that a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances shall be provided. Workplaces remote and far away from regular hospitals shall have indoor health units with one bed for every 250 workers. Suitable transport shall be provided to approach the nearest hospital. At every workplace, an ambulance containing the prescribed equipment and nursing staff shall be provided.

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183. The Contractor will ensure the good health and hygiene of all workers to prevent sickness and epidemics. These include the HIV/AIDS prevention program to reduce the risk and transfer of HIV virus between and among the workers and community, promote early diagnosis and assist affected individuals. Activities under the program include monthly information, education, and consultation communication campaigns to workers, drivers, delivery crew, and communities on the risk, dangers, and impacts of STD and HIV/AIDS.

184. The Contractor will ensure that sufficient supply of suitable and hygienically prepared food at reasonable price and safe water supply for the use of the workers.

185. The Contractor will ensure that all precautions to protect the workers from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations.

186. No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, and barter to the workers of host community.

187. Migrant workers may be the potential carriers of various diseases. Local community may get exposed to the diseases carried by migrant workers. Regular health check-up and immunization camps shall also be organized for the workers and nearby population.

6.4.2.2 Safety of Construction Workers and Accident Risk to Local Community


188. The following safety aspects viz. (i) safety of construction workers, (ii) safety of road users including pedestrians and cyclists, (iii) safety to cattle, (iv) safety of local community, (v) unsafe/ hazardous traffic conditions due to construction vehicle movement need to be considered during design and construction stage, and (vi) conduct of safety audit.

Mitigation measures

During the construction phase, contractors shall be required to adopt and maintain safe working practices. Internationally-accepted and widely-used safety procedures should be followed during (i) road works, (ii) handling of large construction equipment and machineries, (iii) handling of chemicals and hazardous materials and inflammable substances, (iv) welding, and (v) electrical works, etc. A set of mitigation measures for construction workers have been provided in EMP matrix table.

Contractor shall arrange all PPEs for workers, first aid and fire-fighting equipment at construction sites. An emergency plan shall be prepared duly approved by engineer in charge to respond to any instance of safety hazard. The contractor will be required to appoint an Accident Prevention Officer (APO) who will conduct regular safety inspections at construction sites. The APO will have the authority to issue instructions and take protective measures to prevent accidents. The partial control on access for the project road shall be achieved through measures like service road with physical separation for local traffic, intersections, acceleration/deceleration lanes, vehicular and pedestrian underpasses.

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The partial control on access for the project road shall be achieved through measures like service road with physical separation for local traffic, intersections, acceleration/deceleration lanes, vehicular and pedestrian underpasses.

Grade separated intersections/junctions shall be provided at all major intersections in consistent to IRC: 92.

Pedestrian/cyclist and cattle passageways shall be provided near identified locations. These facilities shall be planned in accordance with the relevant provisions contained in IRC-11, IRC-17 and IRC-103. The crossing facilities can be designed either in conjunction with grade intersections or through underpasses. The road embankment will be high in most of its reaches hence, the cross drainage structures can be designed such that it can be utilized as underpass by pedestrians/cattles/animal-driven vehicles/tractors, etc.

To avoid disruption of the existing traffic due to construction activities, comprehensive traffic management plan shall be drawn up by the concessionaire. Traffic in construction zones shall be managed as per the provisions of IRC SP 55.

After construction is completed in a particular zone, it shall be opened for normal operation. All diversions/access roads should be closed before start of normal operation.

Use of retro-reflectorized traffic signs, and cantilever/gantry types overhead signs, thermoplastic road marking paints, delineators, traffic cones, empty bitumen drums, barricades, and flagmen will be used to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures adopted during construction. The audit will cover manpower and their safety, machinery, temporary works, equipment and vehicles, materials storage and handling, construction procedures, environment, site safety guidelines, and miscellaneous services.

Operation phase

189. Road safety is the main concern during operation phase of the project. ADB has already approved a separate TA for road safety aspects for roads under BSHIP. All recommendations of this study must be incorporated in the road design to avoid/minimize road accidents and tackle emergency situations due to accidents. Further, relevant IRC guidelines shall also be adopted.

190. It is proposed to explore the feasibility of providing the following facilities:

Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling to provide assistance to the users in case of any need, monitor the travel conditions to provide information to the control section and to undertake immediate measures for managing the traffic flow in case of any incident.

Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims.

Tow-away facility for the breakdown vehicles.

191. BSRDCL may also explore the possibility of coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate.

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6.4.3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic

Construction Phase

192. Disruption of access to infrastructure or social resource due to construction activity will cause nuisance and to a certain extent additional cost to the public in terms of longer travel period due to diversion or heavier traffic. It will also pose risk of accident to motorist at night if these blockages and disruptions are not clearly demarcated.

Mitigation Measures

193. The contractor will submit a Traffic Plan to the Project Engineer at least two weeks before the construction starts that will result to obstruction. The plan will include a drawing of temporary diversions and details of arrangement. A section of the Traffic Plan will be a Control Plan that details how the safety of the pedestrians and workers and delineation of the roadway at night. This Plan will recommend for approval the safe and convenient temporary diversion of traffic during construction, design of barricades, delineators, signs, markings, lights, and flagmen, among others.

194. For widening of existing carriageway and part of it will be used for passage of traffic, paved shoulder will be provided on one side of the existing road by the contractor with the following minimum requirements:

195. At least one 3.5 m lane to remain to traffic at all times

196. The surface used by the through traffic will be firm bituminous compacted surface free of defect

197. The maximum continuous length over which construction under traffic may take place is limited to 750 meters.

198. Construction activity will be restricted to only one side of the existing road.

199. On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. These paved diversions will comply with standards on junctions and temporary cross drainage.

200. Transportation of quarry material to the construction sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible. This will restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads. Small vehicles/unmotorized vehicle can also be used for its further transportation to the construction sites from temporary storage areas.

6.4.4. Transports and Storage of Materials

201. The construction material primarily will consist of aggregate, sand, cement, bitumen, lubricating oil and fuel for vehicle and construction equipments. These will be primarily stored temporarily at construction camps. The oils, fuels, and chemicals will be stored on concreted platform with spills collection pits. The cement will be stored under cover. All these temporary storage areas will be located at least 150 m away from the habitat. The likely impacts due to transportation and storage including fugitive emission have already been covered under different section above.

6.4.4.1 Impact on Land and Private Properties

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202. The assessment made by the resettlement expert shall be referred for exact loss of private properties and measures to compensate such losses. Environmental screening of resettlement sites, if required for the subproject, shall be carried out. Besides monetary compensation for any loss of private trees, compensatory afforestation and extensive plantation has been incorporated in the EMP to have long-term environmental benefits.

203. Income restoration measures/livelihood options for vulnerable group/resource poor sections and other affected persons as recommended by social development/resettlement expert shall be implemented.

6.4.4.2 Impact on Common Property Resources

204. There are various types of community structures/ facilities/utilities along the proposed alignment. Geometric adjustments have been made to minimize the loss to any such facilities. Any such structures even falling within ROW but out of required formation width shall be saved. Alternate access has to be provided to these structures during construction stage. All community structures likely to be dismantled shall be suitably relocated. The list of school and ponds has already been mentioned earlier in this report. Besides, there is large no. of hand pumps also likely to be affected. The list of religious properties has been provided at Table 6.2. For exact extent of impact on these structures and mode of compensation, resettlement/land acquisition plan shall be referred.

Table 6.2 : List of religious structures very close/within corridor

S.No Side (L/R)

Village Type of Structure

Chainage (M)

Distance from C/L

1 L Sarangpur Temple 0 10

2 R Gangsara Temple 6300 7

3 L Manikapur Temple 6800 10

4 L Dharampur Temple 8500 7

5 R Dharampur Temple 8500 11

6 L Akhtiarpur Temple 9800 9

7 R Bahadurpur Temple 10500 4

8 L Shahbazpur Temple 11100 8

9 L Prem Barhanda Temple 11900 8

10 L Prem Barhanda Temple 12400 6

11 R Mukhtarpu Temple 14200 6

12 L Mukhtarpur Temple 15300 10

13 R Pand Temple 15950 13

14 R Pand Temple 16200 9

15 L Pand Temple 16400 13

16 L Pand Yatri Sed 17000 5

17 L Rampur Jalalpur Temple 22300 5

18 R Rampur Jalalpur Temple 22600 14

19 L Mohammadpur Temple 27300 11

20 R Singhia Bujurg Temple 35200 4

21 L Kodaria Temple 35350 7

22 L Singhia Bujurg Temple 35900 12

23 L Singhia Bujurg Temple 36500 6

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S.No Side (L/R)


Chainage (M)

Distance from C/L

24 Singhia Bujurg Temple 37300 13

25 L Rosra Shrine 43200 11

26 L Rosra Temple 44500 10

27 R Rasulpur Temple 46500 8

28 L Rasulpur Temple 46900 5



31 R Bhirha Temple 48500 7

32 R Harpur Temple 49200 11

33 R Harpur Health centre 49500 13


35 L Bhirha Temple 50600 11

36 L Bhirha Temple 50800 10


38 L Bharwari Temple 51250 9



41 R Bharwari Temple 51800 13

42 R Bharwari Temple 52300 13

43 R Malipur Temple 52800 10

44 L Pararia Temple 53600 12

45 R Dudhpura Kabristan 54800 5

46 L Dudhpura Temple 55300 6

47 R Morvara Temple 56600 4

48 R Jahangipur Temple 57800 10


50 L Jahangipur Temple 58500 8

51 L Jahangipur Yatri Sed 58700 7




55 R Morvara Temple 65900 6

56 R Lalhual Temple 68700 11

57 L Lalhual Temple 69050 4

58 L Lalhual Masjid 69600 5

59 L Jaganthpur Temple 72050 5

60 R Dasuat Temple 73700 5

61 L Murvara Temple 74500 10



64 R Baghauni Temple 77400 12



67 L Beheri Temple 80200 4

68 R Gangdeh Temple 85300 5

69 L Gangdeh Temple 85900 5

70 R Gangdeh Temple 86100 11

71 L Gangdeh Temple 86800 4

72 Bithouli Temple 88400 13

73 R Bithouli Temple 88900 5

74 L Bithouli Temple 89100 5


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S.No Side (L/R)


Chainage (M)

Distance from C/L

76 L Lawani Temple 93400 9

77 L Lawani Temple 94050 6

78 R Jarson Temple 94700 10

79 R Jarson Temple 95200 6

80 L Jarson Temple 95800 6

81 R Alinagar Temple 108600 12



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7. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

7.1. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed

205. Consultations were held with all stakeholders‟ viz. beneficiaries, local and affected people, government bodies, and non-governmental organizations with intent to understand their concerns, apprehensions, and overall opinion. Informal meetings and interviews were organized covering the entire project stretch. The informal consultation generally started with explaining the subprojects, followed by an explanation to potential impacts. Participants‟ views were gathered with regard to loss of agricultural land, borrow areas, air and noise quality of the area due to traffic, water availability, and accident risk. The discussions were primarily focussed on to receiving maximum inputs from the participants regarding their acceptability and environmental concerns arising out of the project. They were given the brief outline of the project to which their opinion was sought. Suggestions were also sought for mitigating any potential adverse impact.

7.2. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements

206. In India, public consultation is mandatory in case of Category A and B1 category projects5 in select conditions. Public hearing was conducted by Bihar State Pollution Control Board in the project districts as per procedures prescribed in new EIA notification of 2006.

207. Public consultation was undertaken as per the ADB requirements. All the five principles of information dissemination, information solicitation, integration, coordination and engagement into dialogue were incorporated during the task. A framework of different environmental impacts likely from the project was strengthened and modified based on opinions of all those consulted, especially in the micro level by setting up dialogues with the village people from whom information on site facts and prevailing conditions were collected.

7.2.1. Consultation with Executing Agency

208. Officials of executing agency provided technical information‟s about the project. All issues related to effective implementation of EMP, grievance redressal mechanism, various clearances/consent and permission required prior to and during implementation were discussed. Mr. G. C, Mishra, Deputy General Manager, expressed that the BSRDCL, is committed to implement the project in environmentally sustainable way in consistent to country‟s applicable laws/regulations/guidelines and safeguard requirements of ADB. Mr. Mukesh Kumar, Manager Tech from Project Implementation Unit stressed on training and capacity building of officers responsible for implementing the EMP, country‟s legal framework and ADB‟s environmental safeguard requirements.

7.2.2. Consultation with other Government Departments

5 As per schedule I of EIA notification number S.O. 1533, dated 14 September 2006. This notification also defines when

a public consultation is mandatory.

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209. All relevant government departments/agencies, which include forest, pollution control board, water resources and flood control were consulted for collection of available information their views/ comments and suggestions about the project.

210. Forest officials informed that the road side linear plantation is under protected status in its intermittent stretches. Hence, permission/forest clearance for felling of roadside trees and diversion of forest must be obtained prior to civil works. Compensatory afforestation shall be done on 1:3 basis However, the project area does not comprise any endangered floral and fauna species.. Official expressed their willingness to extend all cooperation in compensatory afforestation work.

211. Pollution control board officials informed that the project area is largely devoid of industries. Hence, baseline information of the area is not available. They mentioned about need for obtaining necessary clearances from concerned authorities and NOC from pollution control board and emphasized that all conditions of such clearances shall be implemented strictly both during construction and operation phase of the project.

212. Directorate of Economics and statistics was consulted for obtaining latest facts and figures especially on socioeconomic aspects of the state and project districts.

7.2.3. Beneficiaries’ Comments

213. The project has immense acceptability among the local people. They perceive that in addition to providing all-weather connectivity, the subproject road will bring positive socioeconomic changes in the area. Local people mainly discussed on the issues related to flooding, rehabilitation and resettlement and road safety issues. The list of participants, their views and outcome of the consultations have been summarized in Table 7.1.

7.3. Integration of Comments into the IEE

214. During discussions, notes were taken for all issues raised and suggestions made. References have been taken from public opinion where no official data were available for understanding of the study area characteristics. Each of the issues were then analysed for practical and scientific basis. The opinions were used for identifying impacts and developing management and monitoring plan, depending on their importance and practicality. For any significant concern, preventive or mitigation measures have been suggested drawing points from all the suggested measures.

7.4. Public Disclosure

215. Disclosure of IEE/SIEE document will be done in line with ADB‟s Public Communications Policy and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009.

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Table 7.1 : Consultations with Local Community

S. No Place Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local People

Photographs

1 Barunapul (Start Point)

Dinesh Rai (Driver), Suresh Rai (Driver), Anil Mishra (Driver), Sanichar Rai (Agriculture), Sovakant Rai (Agriculture), Umesh Rai (Agriculture), Rampunit Shahi (Agriculture), Subodh Kumar (Student), Srikant (Dhaba Owner), Ramesh Kumar (Agriculture),

All the participants

appreciated the decision of

road improvement.

Overtopping was reported

during 2004.

People suggested to construct

a junction near its intersection

with NH-103

No specific environmental

issue/problem highlighted by

the participants

2 Village Bishunpur

Tejnarayan Singh (Agriculture), Sreecharan Das (Agriculture), Sanjay Kumar Jha (Agriculture), Jai Kishun Jha (Physically Challenged), Vinod Kumar Jha (Agriculture), Kailash Das (Wage earner), Jawahar Das (Wage Earner), Naval Kishore Rai (Agriculture), Vinay Prasad Singh (Agriculture), Suraj Das (Agriculture), Dr. Shiv Kumar (Doctor), Babloo Das (Wage Earner), Ramnaresh Jha (Agriculture), Ramashray Jha (Agriculture)

High dust since bituminous

surface is almost damaged

Water logging on road due to

inadequate side drains.

Local people expressed

apprehension about timely

completion of the project road

All participants agreed to

provide land if adequate

compensation is extended.

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Photographs

3 Raipur

Amarnath Jha, Pramod Kumar Jha Ramesh Kumar Jha (Agriculture), Rakesh Kumar Jha, Raghunath Paswan (wage earner), shashi Singh (Agriculture), Ramdayal Poddar (Business), Anil Pd. Singh (agriculture), Dashrath Ray (Agriculture), Ramnath Prasad (Business), Pramod (agriculture), Nand Kishore Sahni (Driver), Sudhir Singh (agriculture), Ashok Rai (Shop owner), Pappu Patel (student), Parmind Thakur (Shop Keer), Vimal Deo (Shop Keeper),

Road condition is very poor.

overtopping in 1984 and 2004

ue to breach in Bund of Noon

River

Concurred with the proposal of

Bypass

Local people reported about

poor groundwater quality

4 Singhia Market

Sushil Kumar singh (Agriculture), Rajendra Shah (Agriculture), Khushi Lal Shah (Agriculture), Ganpath Shah ( Shop Owner), Munna Kumar Singh (service), Jai Mangal Saw (agriculture),

Their main concern was

provision of bypass for Singhia

market area. They welcomed

the decision of proposed

bypass

They suggested that existing

alignment shall also be

improved and maintained.

5 Village

Gaura Jagmohan Chaudhary (Agriculture), Vimlendu Jha(Agriculture), Ramakant Mandal (Agriculture), Shivkant Mandal (Agriculture), Vimal Mukhia (Agriculture), Prabhu Mandal (Wage earner)Batali Mukhia (Agriculture), Tribuwan Yadav (Wageearner), Thakur Yadav (agriculture), Saguni Yadav (Agriculture), Mahesh Paswan (Wage Earner), Kedar Paswan (wage Earner),

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Photographs

6 Bahera Market

Alni Ahmad (farmer), Mohammad Asadullah (Business), Sati Shah (shop owner), Rafique Alam (teacher), Manoj Kumar (service), Nasim Khan (Business), Nasim (Agriculture), Naushad (wageearner),Naushad Ahmad (Business), Shahid Khan (Teacher), Said Parveen (Business), Mohd. Afzal (Business)

Suggested for a bypass at Bahera.

Reported poor groundwater quality.

Overtopping was reported in

1984, 2004 and 2007.

They perceived that the present road will significantly improve the socioeconomic condition of the area

7 Baheri

Market Amitesh Kumar (Student), Anil Kumar (Business), Amlendu Mahto (Business), Ravindra Narayan (Teacher), Ramnath Singh (Teacher), Ram Prakash (Agriculture), Nageshwar (Agriculture), Ashok Kumar (Agriculture), Ramvilash Mahto (Shop owner), Sanjeev Kumar (Teacher)

Suggested for a bypass

Complained about high noise level due to congestion, un organized traffic flow and un necessary honking.

East of the project road is flooded by Kareh River overtopping was reported in 1984 and 2007.

Accident prone location.

8 Rampur-

Jalalpur Ramviresh, Bharat Das, Sunil Kumar Sahni , Anil Das, Prakash Das (wage earner), Dilip Sahni Business), Mahendra Sahni (Fisherman), Anandi Sahni (Fisherman), Deko Sahni (Fisherman), Rambali Sahni (Fisherman), Bishnu Sahni (Agriculture), Ramotar Sahni (Agriculture), Shivji Rai (Agriculture), Laxmi Das (Agriculture), Maninder Rai (Agriculture), Jagesar Das (Wage-earner)

Existing road condition is good

No overtopping/flood

prone/accident prone stretch.

People perceived that the proposed road improvement will benefit them enormously by reduction in travel time and providing direct connectivity to three district headquarters

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8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND GRIEVANCE ADDRESSAL MECHANISM

8.1. Environmental Management Plan

216. The project specific Environment Management plan has been formulated with an aim to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts/risks and propose enhancement measures. This includes: (i) mitigation of potentially adverse impacts; (ii) monitoring of impacts and mitigation measures during project implementation and operation; (iii) institutional capacity building and training; (iv) compliance to statutory requirements; and (v) integration of EMP with Project planning, design, construction and operation.

217. The environmental management plan highlighting potential impacts, mitigation measures, legislative requirements, time frame and institutional responsibility are given in Appendix 7.1.

8.1.1. Other Mitigation Plans

8.1.1.1 Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP):

218. Social impact assessment study has been undertaken for the subproject separately. Anticipated social risks and its mitigations have been addressed as based on the SIA. The correlated issues (other than specific social issues) have been dealt in the environmental assessment and mitigation plan has been proposed in EMP accordingly. Since there is insignificant indigenous population likely to be affected in the subproject area, IPP is not envisaged. This has to be confirmed based on the social assessment.

8.1.1.2 Resettlement Plan

219. Similarly, resettlement plan is being prepared to address issues related to involuntary resettlement. The interlinked concern which has direct bearing on environment has also been captured in environmental assessment and mitigation plan.

8.1.1.3 Emergency Response Plan

220. Assessment of nature, type and extent of project activities establishes that accidents on paved roads and consequent spillage can be the more frequent emergency. Other emergent situation includes breach in the embankment due to heavy flood, vehicular accidents and spillage. It is suggested to develop a communication and response system to minimize the response time. The subproject authorities shall be prepared to counteract against such emergency either by developing in-house capabilities or by associating with any competent agency.

8.2. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP)

221. The environmental monitoring programme is devised with the objectives to: (i) evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and the protection of the ambient environment as per prescribed standards, (ii) suggest improvements in the management plans, if required, (iii) verify the statutory compliance and community obligations, and (iv) use as tool to compare the monitored data against the baseline condition collected during the study period and assess the changes in environmental quality in the project area. This will be

57

used as performance indicators for the project. This shall not only help in assessing the change due to the project activities, but also the potential impacts due to project activities.

8.2.1. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule

222. Physical, biological and environmental management components identified as of particular significance have been suggested as indicators. A comprehensive monitoring plan for all performance indicators has been prepared for all stages of subproject and provided as Appendix 7.2. This includes parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits, cost and responsibility for implementation and supervision.

8.2.2. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program

223. Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for subproject management to ensure quality and timely implementation of the works. It is essential to prepare the reporting system such that flow of information from field to the BSRDCL headquarters and to the funding agency is at regular intervals. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environmental Management Plan are implemented in the project.

224. Before the civil works starts, the environmental engineer of supervision consultant shall devise format for reporting the status and progress of environmental monitoring. Format shall be designed keeping in mind the compliance conditions of environmental clearance and consent to establish also. The duly filled up reporting form shall be submitted by the contractor on monthly basis to supervision consultant except for setting up of temporary facilities which shall be submitted once before start of the road construction works. The report on pollution monitoring for air, noise, soil, and water shall be submitted quarterly as envisaged in the monitoring plan. The accident report is desirable only in case of its occurrence. The supervision consultant after verifying its compliance will send his report to CGM at HQ with a copy to PIU. The Manager (Technical) for Social and Environment will monitor the effectiveness of EMP implementation.

225. The quarterly reports of the management measures will form an integral part of Quarterly Progress Reports that may be submitted to the funding agency. Additional compliance reports to MoEF regional office and SPCB required as a part of environmental clearance process and consent to establish shall also be prepared and submitted based on these monitoring and reporting formats.

8.3. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement

226. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited (BSRDCL) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. This will act as Project Management Unit fully dedicated for the Bihar State Highways Project. The technical wing of BSRDCL is headed by Chief General Manager (CGM) supported by a technical advisor at Head Office. General Managers (Projects) will have overall responsibility for implementation of projects. For implementation of EMP/RP, an environment, social development and resettlement cell (ESDRC) has been set up in BSRDCL. The cell is headed by a Deputy General Manager (DGM) and will consist of two managers supported by secretarial staffs. DGM (Environment and Social) is

58

responsible for coordinating the environmental related work of the corporation and coordinate with ADB to monitor all environmental requirement of this project.

227. For subproject planning and implementation, Project Implementation Unit/s (PIUs) has been established. This is headed by Project Director (PD)/Deputy General Manager (Tech) at the subproject level. He is supported by Manager (Technical) (social and environment). PIU will supervise contractors engaged for execution of civil works under their jurisdiction. The manager Technical at PIU is responsible for managing environmental concerns of the project and implementing the EMP. The monitoring of EMP implementation in field will be carried out by the field officers of BSRDCL and supervision consultants (SC). Pollution Monitoring shall be conducted by contractor through approved monitoring agency after consent from DGM (Environment and Social) from HQ. Operation stage monitoring will be conducted by PMU through Pollution Control Board or any approved monitoring agency.

228. The EMP (mitigation plan) will be included in the construction contract and the contractor will be responsible for its implementation. BSRDCL will monitor the implementation of these mitigation measures by the contractors through environmental officer of its SC and Engineer in charge at site. These site engineers are responsible for the field level monitoring of projects.

229. The roles and duties of various agencies responsible for Monitoring have been outlined in Table 8.1. The flow diagram depicting the institutional arrangement for implementation EMP and EMoP has been given as Figure 8.1.

Table 8.1 : Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations

HQ BSRDCL Contractor PIU Supervision Consultant

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Figure 8.1 : Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation

8.3.2. Institutional Capacity Building

Obtain statutory clearances required during pre-construction stage

overall project coordination and management through PIU supported by SC

Interaction and Reporting to ADB

Effective implementation of EMP and Monitoring of EMP

Compilation of data relating to implementation of EMP.

Advising and suggesting corrective measures to adhere to time schedule for implementation of EMP.

Carry out verification/supervision exercises for implementation of EMP with respect to modification (if required) for enhancement measures.

Obtain permits required during construction stage

Joint Verification Exercise including, PMU CMU, SC for review of EMP

Interaction with ESDRC, PIU and SC

Contractor‟s Environment Officer will be primarily responsible for implementation EMP

Filling of Reporting Format and submitting to SC

Monitoring through approved agency.

Preparation of various plans for effective implementation of EMP as detailed out in EMP and submitting it for approval to SC

Identification of sites for labour camps, hot mix plant, batch mix plant, debris disposal etc

Joint verification to be carried out by HQ PIU, SC Contractor Environment Manager.

Overall Supervision of implementation of EMP

Environmental monitoring through approved laboratory.

Consent for opening of borrow areas, quarry areas, and labour camps and supervising its monitoring.

Keeping records of all consents obtained by contractor.

Compilation of data relating to implementation of EMP.

Filling of Summary Sheets and reporting to HQ.

Approval of plans prepared by contractor

Addressing grievances of local community and information dissemination through NGOs/CBOs.

Assist and advise the PIU in matters relating to environment and social matters.

Part of Joint Verification Exercise to be carried out by HQ, PIU and Contractor for review of EMP for modification in enhancement measures (if required)

Supervise implementation of EMP by contractor

Develop good practices construction guidelines to assist contractor in implementation of EMP

Conduct Consultations programs with the stakeholders on regular basis to get first hand information on the inconvenience caused to contractor‟s activities such as noise, debris disposal etc.

maintain environmental reporting system

Social and Environment Division

(DGM. Env and Social) Supported by Manager Env and Social Each

PIU DGM (Tech)

supported Project Manager for each contract Package

Contractor

HQ BSRDCL CGM (Technical Wing) Supported by technical Advisor

General Manager (Projects)

Field Level Officer - Manager (Tech) (Social and Environment)

Need Based Support from Approved Monitoring Agency and Independent Subject Experts and Institutions

Supervision Consultant

Asian Developmen

t Bank

60

230. Training and Awareness : To enhance the capacity of officials for effective implementation of proposed mitigation measures and monitoring the resultant effect, as well as create awareness amongst workers and public the trainings and awareness programmes is planned and is given as Table 8.2. The institutions/agencies like regional office of MoEF, SPCB/CPCB, Indian Institute of Technologies can be consulted for such trainings. Independent subject‟s experts/consultants (e.g., for the environmental awareness program, impact assessment specialist will be the resource person) can also be the resource persons to impart trainings. These experts/agencies shall be appointed based on specific need for the training.

Table 8.2 : Training and Awareness Programmes

S. No. Target group Subject(s) Method Time Frame

1 All staffs of BSRDCL including PIU project staff involved in implementation of the project and Select NGOs.

Environmental Overview: Environmental Regulations, subproject related provisions of various Acts/ Guidelines, EIA notification, process and methodology for IEE, EMPs and their use

Lectures cum interaction

Before beginning of the implementation of the subproject

2 Managers (Env) at PIU, Supervision Consultant‟s Environmental Specialists and Select NGOs

Implementation of EMPs: Basic features of an EMP, Planning, designing and execution of environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, monitoring and evaluation of environmental conditions – during construction and operation

Workshops and Seminars

Before the construction begins

3 Environmental officer, design team, Supervision Consultant Construction Contractors‟ staff

Environmentally Sound Construction Practices: Clean construction technology, alternatives materials and techniques for construction, Waste Management and minimization in construction, pollution control devices and methods for construction sites and equipment, Environmental clauses in contract documents and their implications, protection of flora and fauna Environmental monitoring during construction

Workshops and Site visits

Before the construction

4 PIU and Supervision Consultant, NGOs and community representatives

Monitoring Environmental Performance during Construction: Air, Water, Soil and Noise, tree survival Monitoring requirement and techniques, Evaluation and Review of results, Performance indicators and their applicability, possible corrective actions, reporting requirements and mechanisms

Lectures, Workshop and site visits

During initial phases of construction

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S. No. Target group Subject(s) Method Time Frame

5 -do- Long-term Environmental Issues in Project Management: Designing and implementing environmental surveys for ambient air, noise, biological and water quality surveys, data storage, retrieval and analysis, contract documents and environmental clauses, risk assessment and management, contingency planning and management and value addition

Workshops and seminars

During implementation of the Subproject

6 Public /contractors workers

Awareness programmes on environmental protection and measures being implemented by BSRDCL and their role in sustaining the measures taken including for noise pollution, air pollution, safety, soil conservation, and agricultural productivity enhancement

Workshops During construction and initial phase say 3 years of operation

7 BSRDCL Staff, Supervision Consultant, Engineering Staff of Contractor.

Restoration of sites viz borrow areas, construction Camps, Crushing units, HMP etc.

And Reporting Formats/procedure

Lecture/Presentations

before Contractor Demobilization

231. Procurement of Monitoring Equipment: A necessary budgetary provision for monitoring equipments has already been made under BSHIIP which can be utilized by the EA for effective implementation of EMoP for BSHIIP-AF and further projects.

232. Management System: It is proposed to develop standard environmental guidelines for impact assessment, management plan, and monitoring. It is recommended to develop an Environmental Management and Reporting Systems following international standards like ISO 14001.

8.4. Grievance Redressal Mechanism

233. The concern/grievances from local/affected people may come up related to inappropriate implementation of various components of EMP. These issues can be easily addressed through acknowledgement, evaluation and corrective action, and response approach. To resolve grievance from public or stakeholders concerning the project will be directed to the concerned PIU. Firstly, it will be assessed if the grievances are genuine or suggestion is acceptable. Accordingly, response will be given within 15-30 days by the concerned PIU in consultation with field officer. In case the PIU is unable to resolve the issue, the matter will be forwarded to the Social and Environmental Cell BSRDCL Headquarters. The corrective action will be started as per the response or action plan indicated to the stakeholder. The outcome shall also form part of quarterly report to ADB.

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9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

9.1. Conclusions

234. Environmental Assessment of the subproject ascertains that the project is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts and hence categorized as category B. Most of the impacts are localized and temporary in nature and can be mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts land acquisition. The project received immense support from local people with some concern and apprehension related to compensation for land and structures. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all-weather efficient connectivity to large populations (majority of them are rural and in flood-affected areas) and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other positive benefits.

235. The alignment does not pass through or located nearby any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forest or any other ecologically sensitive or protected areas. No archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. The land use pattern around the alignment is predominantly agricultural.

236. Some portion of project road gets inundated during breach in the embankment of rivers draining through the region mainly River Bagmati and River Kamla Balan and their tributaries. Water logging was reported near damaged CD structures, low lying areas and where ground is sloping towards road from both sides. It is recommended to adopt IRC guidelines to build roads in flood-affected areas.

237. An estimated 3,616 trees will be removed along the road to allow for road expansion. Compensatory afforestation will be done on of 1:3 basis in compliance to the Bihar Forest Department‟s requirements. As a strategy to minimize GHG emissions from increase in traffic due to road upgrading, BSRDC will cause the implementation of a 1:7 additional plantation on all trees removed whether these are public or privately owned on top of the 1:3 regulatory compensatory afforestation required by the Forest Department. BSRDC will consult with the Forest Department, among others, on the implementation of the compensatory plantation specifying location, species, tree layout, and appurtenances (e.g. irrigation and rest area). Priority will be given, but not limited, to areas along state highways with available land in establishing the plantations. Other areas may include degraded forestlands, eroded riverbanks, and community forest. Guided by the Tirhut6 Social Forest Model, the BSRDC will implement additional plantation with strong community participation and ensure at least 80% survival of trees after 3 years. The BSRDC will ensure the involvement of project affected women and vulnerable people in tree planting and maintenance activities. Annual reports pertaining to the accomplishment, survival, and community participation (e.g. number of women and vulnerable people) will form part of the annual environmental monitoring report to be submitted to the ADB. BSRDC will coordinate with the Bihar State Pollution Control Board and Transport Department in launching the road side vehicular emission monitoring program to assess the impacts on air quality and GHG emission from the expected increase in traffic. All contractors are encouraged to install solar panels to support all facility lighting demand of the campsites.

238. As part of climate proofing, BSRDC will ensure that: i) upgraded road surfaces will be constructed at least 1 meter higher than the high flood level with 50-year

6 MOEF (2005). Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guaranteed Program.

63

return period, ii) stratified and multi-storey road side plantation where timber wood and similar erosion resistant variety are planted on the ROW periphery to break flood flow velocity to protect road embankment, iii) construction of new and installation of larger cross-drainage, iv) construction of new side drains, and stone pitching and, iv) bio-engineering along strategic areas where breaches and inundation have previously occurred.

239. It is anticipated that short-term deterioration impacts on air quality due to increase in fugitive dust emissions and noise level from earthmoving, ground shaping, unpaved transport, and emissions from heavy equipment and other mobile sources. Water suppression to control dust, use of clean fuels, changing the location and timing of construction activities and equipment will minimize these impacts. Land use conversion particularly of residential areas and relocation of structures within the ROW will be implemented with following a meaningful consultation and acceptable compensation and relocation agreements. All borrow areas will comply with national laws and regulations. Impacts from the establishment and operation of the construction camps like generation and disposal of solid wastes, sewage, potable water requirements, health/hygiene, and safety is part of the contractor‟s responsibility highlighting the need for compliance with applicable laws. Waste and material use minimization will be promoted to decrease the volume of wastes that will be generated. Traffic safety to workers and pedestrian, particularly to children is considered through the preparation and strict implementation of a Traffic Control Plan to be prepared by the contractor prior to construction activities and in consultation with the affected communities.

240. The significant impact during construction is mainly associated with minor increase in dust-borne air pollution, increased noise level, nuisance due to movement and operation of vehicles, establishment of temporary facilities, hindrance in accessibility to common property resources, etc. During operation stage issues relates to road safety especially near schools and pedestrian and cattle.

241. The effective implementation of environmental management plan will facilitate in minimizing the environmental impact to acceptable level. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage. However, the executing agency with coordination with other departments shall make all efforts to encounter the impact due to recurring flood in the region and keep vigil on any adverse impact on environment due to construction of the subproject highway.

9.2. Recommendations

242. The following are some important initial recommendations designed to make the project environmentally sound and sustainable:

All requisite clearances/permits shall be timely obtained applicable for different stages of project;

Dedicated competent staffs shall be appointed for environment and safety by the contractors for efficient implementation of EMP/EMOP;

Since the project road is prone to flooding/overtopping, relevant IRC guidelines shall be followed to avoid impact associated with floods;

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Dismantled/excess material should be reused to the extent. Discarded materials that cannot be used in construction and fill should be disposed off in environmentally acceptable manner;

Prior consent shall be obtained by the Engineer-in-Charge before locating project offices, sheds and construction plants;

Camps, equipments, vehicles and machines shall be operated in compliance to EMP and consent conditions by SPCB. amps should be operated within a self-sufficient infrastructure and no trees should be cut for wood fuel;

Project implementation unit should ensure that pollution control equipment is installed on all equipment and operating properly by the contractors;

Borrow areas shall be located and operated as per IRC guidelines and as per EMP. Aggregates shall be obtained from existing licensed quarries. Transport, unloading, and storage of construction material shall be done as per EMP;

Contractors should be required to maintain construction sites, keep them clean and provide appropriate facilities for the storage of all waste until it is disposed suitably;

work forces should be provided with adequate water supply, septic tanks with soak pits, health care facilities and LPG to reduce their dependence on wood fuels;

Contractors should ensure that the safety of workers and other site users is not compromised during construction;

Nearby trees, vegetation and private property should be protected during bitumen spraying work;

Bitumen drums should be stored in designated locations and not scattered along the road;

At construction sites within 500 metres of settlements, noisy operations should be stopped between 22:00 to 06:00 hrs;

Cut and fill methods of construction should be employed to the extent possible, and using excavators;

Loss of trees should compensated by planting trees on available space in consultation with forest department;

In case of loss of land and structures, compensation should be paid in accordance with the government norms and affected people should be rehabilitated as per Resettlement Plan;

Periodic monitoring and reporting shall be done as envisaged in IEE;

Supervision consultant may update the EMP and monitoring program with intimation to ADB as per local site conditions; and

Recommendations of road safety study (being conducted under separate TA for BSHIIP-AF and resettlement plan shall be adopted by all parties involved in project implementation.

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APPENDIX 3.1 : Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

Country/Project Title: IND: Bihar State Highway Project II – Additional Financing. SH-88 Barunapul – Rashiyaari

Sector: SARD-SATC

Screening questions Yes No

Remarks

A. Project Siting Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?

Cultural heritage site X

No cultural heritage site in located within the road ROW.

Protected area

X No protected area is located within the road ROW

Wetland X No designated wetland in the project area however significant part of the project area is prone to flooding

Mangrove X No mangrove area is located in the project site

Estuarine X Not applicable

Buffer zone of protected area X

Special area for protecting biodiversity X No special biodiversity area is located within the ROW

B. Potential environmental impacts Will the project cause…

Encroachment on historical/cultural areas; disfiguration of landscape by road embankments, cuts, fills, and quarries?

X

The topography of project road is mainly plain. Minor impacts of landscape by road embankments, cuts and fills are anticipated. No encroachment of historical places. However, some temples / shrines / exist along the project road which may get impacted. Opening of New Quarries is not envisaged since area is underlain by thick alluvium. Quarry material will be sourced from existing quarries. Any new borrow areas will be suitably rehabilitated.

Encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or protected areas)?

X

There are no National Parks, Wild Life Sanctuaries or any other similar eco-sensitive areas in the project area.

Alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways crossed by roads, resulting in increased sediment in streams affected by increased soil erosion at construction site?

X

The proposed alignment is crossing 2 perennial waterways. 2-lane bridges are already constructed recently by Bihar Rajya Pul Nirman Limited (BRPNNL). All other minor drains/nallahs are mostly seasonal in nature. Bridge constructions on these streams/nallahs are recommended during non-monsoon season. Adequate measures have been suggested to avoid/reduce siltation in the water bodies/rivers being crossed or located nearby the sub-project road All drainage courses will be maintained to avoid alteration in surface water hydrology so that watercourses are not affected. The temporary soil stockpiles will be designed so that runoff will not induce sedimentation of waterways. .

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Remarks

Deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes from worker-based camps and chemicals used in construction?

X

Adequate sanitary facilities and drainage in the workers camps will help to avoid this possibility. As the construction activity in this project will not contain any harmful ingredients, no impact on surface water quality is anticipated.

Increased local air pollution due to rock crushing, cutting and filling works, and chemicals from asphalt processing?

X

Local air pollution level is likely to be increased for short duration during construction period. Appropriate distance from settlement area and wind direction may be taken into account to locate air polluting facility like stone crushing unit etc.

Noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil works?

X

No blasting will be required in the project. Noise level is expected to exceed standards along the active construction fronts and camp site rock crushing and hot mix plant operations. Along active construction fronts impact will be minimized through timing of activities and installation of barriers near sensitive sites. Inside the construction camps all workers deployed in high noise level areas will be required to wear protective gears

Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people

X No off-site (beyond ROW) dislocation will take place

Dislocation and compulsory resettlement of people living in right-of-way?

X Minor, since expansion is mostly within existing ROW and major resettlement areas where ROW is grossly inadequate will be by-passed. (Resettlement Plan is currently being finalized).

Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

X None. The proposed road will assure equal pay to women. Women, poor, and dislocated people will be given priority in establishing and maintaining additional plantation and road safety awareness program. No children/minors will be employed by the Project. There are no IPs in the sub-project area.

Other social concerns relating to inconveniences in living conditions in the project areas that may trigger cases of upper respiratory problems and stress?

X

Deterioration in ambient air quality will be localized and temporarily during construction activity. The project area is largely located in open areas. Plantation along the highway and improved road conditions will improve the air quality of the area.

Hazardous driving conditions where construction interferes with pre-existing roads?

X

To minimized the impact suitable traffic management plan will be designed and implement by the contractor

Poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in construction camps and work sites, and possible transmission of communicable diseases from workers to local populations?

X

Proper provisions for sanitation, health care and solid waste disposal facilities will be available in the contract documents to avoid such possibility. Workers will be made aware about communicable diseases

Creation of temporary breeding habitats for diseases such as those transmitted by mosquitoes and rodents?

X

No such condition is anticipated, All borrow pit areas will comply with national standards. Borrow areas, will be promoted for fish culture and will naturally control mosquitoes. Incidence of malaria will be monitored.

Accident risks associated with increased vehicular traffic, leading to accidental spills of toxic materials?

X Adequate safety measures will be adopted to avoid such conditions.

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Remarks

Increased noise and air pollution resulting from traffic volume?

X

Increase in noise and air pollution is expected during construction phase. Adequate mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize them. During operation phase, the main source of noise and air will be the main source. Improved road conditions, extensive plantation including multilayered plantation near sensitive locations will help reduce the noise and air impact. Moreover, the alignment mostly passes through open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission.

If measures suggested for noise sensitive receptors prove inadequate, solid noise barrier will be placed.

Increased risk of water pollution from oil, grease and fuel spills, and other materials from vehicles using the road?

X Controlled construction activities and proper drainage system will reduce this possibility.

Social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are hired?

X Most of the workers will be from local areas and hence such conflict is not anticipated.

Large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)?

X

Workers will be mostly from local villages. Worker from remote places will be provided with adequate facility. The ratio of local and outside workers will be such balanced that there is minimum burden on existing social infrastructures and services.

Risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction and operation?

X 3rd party supplier and transporters of bitumen and fuel will be required to demonstrate capability to contain accidental spills especially during transport. Within the construction camp, all loading and unloading of these materials will be supervised by the safety officer and only in designated areas.

Community safety risks due to both accidental and natural causes, especially where the structural elements or components of the project are accessible to members of the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning.

X The project will improve existing road. This will enhance resiliency of the villagers to climate change risk, particularly to flooding as higher and reinforced embankments and properly sized side/cross drains will be constructed on sections that has experience flooding.

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

Yes No REMARKS

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Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes (see Appendix I)

X Project area is located in high damage risk zone seismicity (Zone IV and V) All civil structures have been designed as per relevant IS Codes corresponding to seismic zones. Some portion of project road gets inundated during breach in the embankment of rivers draining through the region mainly River Bagmati and River Kamla Balan and their tributaries. Water logging was reported near damaged CD structures, low lying areas and where ground is sloping towards road from both sides. Though not so frequently, invasion of tropical cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal is encountered during retreating monsoon (September-November). High flood level data and ground acceleration parameters corresponding to the seismicity zone were incorporated in the engineering design.

Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (eg. increased erosion or landslides could increase maintenance costs, permafrost melting or increased soil moisture content could affect sub-grade).

X All provisions as per IRC codes have been made in the road design to avoid erosion and damage to subgrade.

Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of the Project area that are already vulnerable (eg. high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?

X Although now considered as one of the fastest growing state, Bihar has the lowest per capita income, 14th lowest gross domestic product, low literary rate, highest gross interstate migration, and weak health service.

Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by encouraging settlement in areas that will be more affected by floods in the future, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

X The project will improve existing road. This will enhance resiliency of the villagers to climate change risk, particularly to flooding as higher and reinforced embankments and properly sized side/cross drains will be constructed on sections that has experience flooding.

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APPENDIX 5.1 : Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management

1. SELECTION OF BORROW AREAS

Location of borrow areas shall be finalized as per IRC: 10-1961guidelines. The finalization of locations in case of borrows areas identified in private land shall depend upon the formal agreement between landowners and contractor. If, agreement is not reached between the contractor and landowners for the identified borrow areas sites, arrangement for locating the source of supply of material for embankment and subgrade as well as compliance to environment requirements in respect of excavation and borrow areas as stipulated from time to time by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, and local bodies, as applicable shall be the sole responsibility of the contractor.

The contractor in addition to the established practices, rules and regulation will also consider following criteria before finalizing the locations.

(1) The borrow areas should not be located in agriculture field unless unavoidable i.e. barren land is not available.

(2) The borrow pits preferably should not be located along the roads.

(3) The loss of productive and agriculture soil should be minimum.

(4) The loss of vegetation is almost nil or minimum.

(5) The Contractor will ensure that suitable earth is available.

2. CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILTY

The Contractor shall obtain representative samples from each of the identified borrow areas and have these tested at the site laboratory following a testing programme approved by the Engineer. It shall be ensured that the subgrade material when compacted to the density requirements shall yield the design CBR value of the subgrade. Contractor shall begin operations keeping in mind following;

(1) Haulage of material to embankments or other areas of fill shall proceed only when sufficient spreading and compaction plants is operating at the place of deposition.

(2) No excavated acceptable material other than surplus to requirements of the Contract shall be removed from the site. Contractor should be permitted to remove acceptable material from the site to suit his operational procedure, then shall make consequent deficit of material arising there from.

(3) Where the excavation reveals a combination of acceptable and unacceptable materials, the Contractor shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, carry out the excavation in such a manner that the acceptable materials are excavated separately for use in the permanent works without contamination by the unacceptable materials. The acceptable material shall be stockpiled separately.

(4) The Contractor shall ensure that he does not adversely affect the stability of excavation or fills by the methods of stockpiling materials, use of plants are siting of temporary buildings or structures.

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3. BORROWING FROM DIFFERENT LAND-FORMS

A. Borrow Areas located in Agricultural Lands

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile.

(ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2 m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal).

(iii) Borrowing of earth will be carried out up to a depth of 1.5 m from the existing ground level.

(iv) Borrowing of earth will not be done continuously through out the stretch.

(v) Ridges of not less than 8 m width will be left at intervals not exceeding 300 m.

(vi) Small drains will be cut through the ridges, if necessary, to facilitate drainage.

(vii) The slope of the edges will be maintained not steeper than 1:4 (vertical: Horizontal).

(viii) The depth of borrow pits will not be more than 30 cm after stripping the 15 cm topsoil aside.

B. Borrow Areas located in Elevated Lands


(ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal).

(iii) At location where private owners desire their fields to be levelled, the borrowing shall be done to a depth of not more than 1.5m or up to the level of surrounding fields.

C. Borrow Areas near River side



(iii) Borrow area near to any surface water body will be at least at a distance of 15 m from the toe of the bank or high flood level, whichever is maximum.

D. Borrow Areas near Settlements


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(iii) Borrow pit location will be located at least 0.75 km from villages and settlements. If unavoidable, the pit will not be dug for more than 30 cm and drains will be cut to facilitate drainage.

(iv) Borrow pits located in such location will be re-developed immediately after borrowing is completed. If spoils are dumped, that will be covered with a layers of stockpiled topsoil in accordance with compliance requirements with respect MOEF/PPCB guidelines.

E. Borrow Pits along the Road

Borrow pits along the road shall be discouraged, and if deemed necessary and permitted by the Engineer, the following precautions are recommended:

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile;

(ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2 m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal);

(iii) Ridges of not less than 8m width should be left at intervals not exceeding 300 m;

(iv) Small drains shall be cut through the ridges of facilitate drainage;

(v) The depth of the pits shall be so regulated that there bottom does not cut an imaginary line having a slope of 1 vertical to 4 horizontal projected from the edge of the final section of bank, the maximum depth of any case being limited to 1.5 m; and

(vi) No pit shall be dug within the offset width from the toe of the embankment required as per the consideration of stability with a minimum width of 10m.

4. REHABILITATION OF BORROW AREAS

The objective of the rehabilitation programme is to return the borrow pit sites to a safe and secure area, which the general public should be able to safely enter and enjoy. Securing borrow pits in a stable condition is fundamental requirement of the rehabilitation process. This could be achieved by filling the borrow pit floor to approximately the access road level. Re-development plan shall be prepared by the Contractor before the start of work inline with the owners will require and to the satisfaction of owner. The Borrow Areas shall be rehabilitated as per following;

Borrow pits shall be backfilled with rejected construction wastes and will be given a vegetative cover. If this is not possible, then excavation sloped will be smoothed and depression will be filled in such a way that it looks more or less like the original round surface.

Borrow areas might be used for aquaculture in case landowner wants such development. In that case, such borrow area will be photographed

viii

after their post use restoration and Environment Expert of Supervision Consultant will certify the post use redevelopment.

The Contractor will keep record of photographs of various stages i.e., before using materials from the location (pre-project), for the period borrowing activities (construction phase) and after rehabilitation (post development), to ascertain the pre and post borrowing status of the area.

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APPENDIX 7.1 : Environmental Management Plan (SH-88: Barunapul-Rasiyari)

Environmental Issue/ Component

Remedial Measure Reference to laws /guidelines

Approximate Location

Time Frame

Mitigation Cost

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation

Supervision

A. Design and Construction Stage

1. Alignment

Constricted Sections along the proposed alignment

Avoidance to heavily congested areas, sensitive locations

Compliance with highway alignments standards for curvature and grading

Inadequate land width/ROW.

Minimize tree cutting

Design requirement

Bypasses at

Km. 1.7- 6.3

Km 18.0-.21.650

Km.62.8-64.8

Km.70.0- 71.10

Km. 96.7-101.50

Km.112.83-119.75

And realignments

Km.13.650-14.6

Km.55.250-55.75

During the design stage

Project preparation cost

Design Consultant

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

2. Natural Hazards

Flooding/Water logging

Provision of adequate cross drainage structures.

Additional Balancing culverts in flood prone areas

Embankment height: 1m free board from HFL

Improve drainage to restrict the flooding due to poor drainage.

IRC:34 Recommendations for road construction in waterlogged area and IRC: 75 and MOSRTH guidelines for Design of High Embankments

Throughout the stretch especially near water crossings

Design Stage and Construction Stage

Project preparation Cost Included in Engineering cost

Design Consultant

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Protection of road embankment in Flood prone Areas

Embankment height to be raised sufficiently to avoid impact due to capillary action and other engineering solutions to protect embankment.

Adequate balancing culverts.

Retaining walls, Toe walls near water bodies for protection of embankment.

All through the stretch especially near flood prone areas

Design Stage and Construction Stage

Project preparation Cost Included in Engineering cost

Design Consultant

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

x




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

Turfing with sods along slope of embankment to prevent erosion of embankment material.

Floor aprons on upstream and downstream of culverts and minor bridges.

Earthquake All civil structures to be to be designed to sustain the Earthquake magnitude of seismic zone IV and V as per BIS codes.

BIS codes and design requirement

Throughout the project corridor


Included in Engineering Cost

Design Consultant and Contractor

PIU/BSRDCL/SC

3. Climate and Air Quality

Local Climatic conditions

Geometric adjustment to reduce tree cutting.

Compensatory Plantation (1:3)

Additional Plantation (1:7) on river banks, borrow areas and sensitive locations will also enhance the local climatic conditions

Kyoto Protocol, Environmental Protection Act, 1986; The Air

(Prevention and Control of

Pollution) Act, 1981

+ IRC and

MoSRTH Specifications for Road and Bridge

works Air

(P and CP) Act 1974 and Central Motor and Vehicle

Act 1988

Throughout project corridor, level crossings, haulage roads, earthwork, Construction sites, Loading areas, storage areas, Transport route,

Design and Construction stage During the Construction stage

part of regulatory clearances/permissions/NOC


PIU/BSRDCL/SC

Poor air quality due to compromise in design.

Road design and Pavement roughness as per IRC specifications.

Provision of paved shoulders.

congestion free movement of traffic with provision of junctions at major intersections and ROB

Plantation of pollutant absorbing trees.

Project preparation cost


PIU/BSRDCL/SC

Dust Generation due to construction activities and transport, storage and handling of construction materials

Transport, loading and unloading of loose and fine materials through covered vehicles.

Paved approach roads.

Storage areas to be located downwind of the habitation area.

Water spraying on earthworks, unpaved haulage roads and other dust prone areas.

Provision of PPEs to workers.

Included in project cost

Design consultant

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

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Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

Emission from vehicle, equipment and machinery.

Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment.

Batching, asphalt mixing plants and crushers at downwind (1km) direction from the nearest settlement.

Only crushers licensed by the PCB shall be used

DG sets with stacks of adequate height and use of low sulphur diesel as fuel.

ambient air quality monitoring

Asphalt mixing plants, crushers, DG sets locations

During the Construction stage

Included in project cost Included in monitoring cost

Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/SC

4. Noise

Noise from construction vehicle, equipment and machinery.

All equipment to be timely serviced and properly maintained.

Bottlenecks to be removed.

Construction equipment and machinery to be fitted with silencers and maintained properly.

Timing of noisy construction activities shall be done during night time and weekends when there are no activities by the sensitive receptor, concurrent noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible re-route traffic during construction to avoid the accumulation of noise beyond standards. Else provision of temporary noise barrier at sensitive locations or near sources

Time regulation near residential areas and other noise sensitive areas.

Initiation of multi layered plantation, to serve as mitigation option for operation phase

Honking restrictions near sensitive areas

PPEs to workers

Legal requirement Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 and amendments thereof

+ Clause No 501.8.6.

MoSRTH Specifications for Road and Bridge

works

Throughout project section especially at construction sites, residential areas and identified sensitive locations

During the Construction stage

Cost for Plantation already indicated above. Monitoring Cost as indicated In EMoP.

Contractor

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

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Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

Noise monitoring as per EMoP.

5. Land and Soil

Land use Change and Loss of productive/top soil

Agricultural land to be acquired for road construction hence, non-agricultural land to be used as borrows areas to the extent feasible.

Top soil to be preserved and laid over either on the embankment slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion.

Efforts shall be made to provide institutional support to farmers in terms of enhancing the productivity of their land, improving the cropping pattern and use of high productive seeds.

Project requirement

Through out the project section and borrow areas

During design and construction Stage

Included in engineering cost


Slope protection and Soil erosion due to construction activities, earthwork, and cut and fill etc.

Construction schedule for bridges during non-monsoon season.

Bio-turfing of embankments to protect slopes.

Slope protection by providing frames, dry stone pitching, masonry retaining walls, planting of grass and trees.

The side slopes of all cut and fill areas will be graded and covered with stone pitching, grass and shrub as per design specifications.

IRC: 56 -1974 recommended

practice for treatment of embankment

slopes for erosion control Clause No. 306

and 305.2.2 MoSRTH

Specifications for Road and Bridge

works Guidelines IX for

Soil erosion

Throughout the stretch especially at all bridges

Design and construction stage

Project preparation cost and construction cost

Design consultant and Contractor,

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Soil erosion at earth stockpiles

The earth stockpiles to be provided with gentle slopes to prevent soil erosion.

At earth stockpiles Design and construction stage

Project preparation cost and construction cost


Borrow areas Non-productive, barren lands, upland IRC Guidelines Borrow sites and During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDCL/

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Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

shall be used for borrowing earth with the necessary permissions/consents.

Depths of borrow pits to be regulated.

Topsoil to be stockpiled and protected for use at the rehabilitation stage.

Transportation of earth materials through covered vehicles.

IRC recommended practice for borrow pits (IRC 10: 1961).

Borrow areas not to be dug continuously.

To the extent borrow areas shall be sited away from habitated areas. Borrow areas shall be leveled with salvaged material or other filling materials which do not pose contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond especially in the areas where depth to water table is more in consultation with fishery department and landowner/community. Rehabilitation of the borrow areas as per Guidelines for redevelopment of Borrow Areas.

If dredging is required, prior permission shall be taken and dredged material shall be checked.

on borrow areas and for quarries (Environmental Protection Act and Rules, 1986; Water Act, Air Act) +

Clause No. 305.2.2 MoSRTH Specifications for Road and Bridge

works Guidelines V for Borrow Areas Management

quarries (if required) location.

Design and construction Stage

cost SC

Quarry Operations

Aggregates will be sourced from existing licensed quarries.

Copies of consent/ approval / rehabilitation plan for a new quarry or use of existing source will be submitted to EO, BSRDCL.

The contractor will develop a Quarry Redevelopment plan, as per the Mining Rules of the state and submit a copy of the approval to EA.

Clause No. 111.3 MoSRTH


works Guidelines VI for Quarry Areas Management

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Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

The quarry operations will be undertaken within the rules and regulations in force in the state.

Compaction of soil and impact on quarry haul roads due to movement of vehicles and equipments

Construction vehicles, machinery, and equipment to be stationed in the designated ROW to avoid compaction.

Approach roads/haulage roads shall be designed along the barren and hard soil area to reduce the compaction.

Transportation of quarry material to the dumping sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible to restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads.

Land taken for construction camp and other temporary facility shall be restored to its original conditions.

Design requirement

Parking areas, Haulage roads and construction yards.

Just before commencement of construction

Included in Engineering cost


Contamination of soil due to leakage/spillage of oil, bituminous and non bituminous debris generated from demolition and road construction

Construction vehicles and equipment will be maintained and refueled in such a fashion that oil/diesel spillage does not contaminate the soil.

Fuel storage and refueling sites to be kept away from drainage channels.

Unusable debris shall be dumped in ditches and low lying areas.

Waste oil and oil soaked cotton/ cloth shall be stored in containers labeled „Waste Oil‟ and „Hazardous‟ sold off to MoEF/SPCB authorized vendors

Non-bituminous wastes to be dumped in borrow pits with the concurrence of landowner and covered with a layer of topsoil conserved from opening the pit.

Bituminous wastes will be disposed off in an identified dumping site approved by the State Pollution Control Board

Soil quality monitoring

Design requirement

Fuelling station, construction sites, and construction camps and disposal location.

Just before commencement of construction

Monitoring Cost Included in EMoP

Contractor; PIU,BSRDCL/SC

xv




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

6. Water Resources

Construction water

Contractor will arrange adequate supply and storage of water for the whole construction period at his own costs and submit a list of source/s to EA.

The contractor will source the requirement of water preferentially from groundwater but with prior permission from the concerned authority.

The contractor will take all precaution to minimize the wastage of water in the construction process/ operation.

Water intensive activities not to be undertaken during summer period (April, May June)

Clause No. 1010 EP

Act 1986 MoSRTH


works

Throughout the Project section

During Construction stage


Contractor, Groundwater authority and irrigation department

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Alteration in surface water hydrology due to embankment

Existing drainage system to be maintained and further enhanced.

Provision of adequate size and number of cross drainage structures.

Sections of the corridor to be raised suitably along flood prone areas with the cross drainage structures and adequate side drains to be built.

Design requirement, Clause No 501.8.6. MoSRTH Specifications for Road and Bridge

Near all drainage channels, river crossings etc.




Siltation in water bodies due to construction activities/

earthwork

Bridge construction on non-perennial streams to be limited to the dry season.

Embankment slopes to be modified suitably to restrict the soil debris entering water bodies.

Provision of Silt fencing shall be made at water bodies.

Silt/sediment should be

Design requirement , Clause No 501.8.6. MoSRTH Specifications for Road and Bridge works (CP and CP) and worldwide best practices

Near all river water bodies, embankment slopes.




xvi




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re-vegetated.

Earthworks and stone works to be prevented from impeding natural flow of rivers, streams and water canals or existing drainage system.

Deterioration in Surface water quality due to leakage from vehicles and equipments.

No vehicles or equipment should be parked or refuelled near water-bodies, so as to avoid contamination from fuel and lubricants.

Oil and grease traps and fuelling platforms to be provided at re-fuelling locations.

All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection.

All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors

Construction camp to be sited away from water bodies.

Wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approve disposal site only.

Water quality shall be

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and amendments thereof.

Water bodies, refueling

stations, construction camps.

During Construction Stage

Engineering cost Monitoring cost as indicated in EMoP


xvii




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

monitored periodically.

7. Flora and Fauna

Vegetation loss due to site preparation and construction activities and

Plantation Strategy

Suitable modifications in design to minimize tree cutting.

Roadside trees to be removed with prior approval of DFO.

Compensatory plantation at 1:3 basis

Provision of LPG in construction camp as fuel source to avoid tree cutting.

Plantation of trees on both sides of the road. Integrate vegetation management (IVM) with the carriage way completely clear of vegetation. From the edge of the road to the boundary of ROW, vegetation structured with smaller plants near the line and larger trees further away to avoid costly clearing when the carriage way is expanded from 2L to 4L and provide habitats for a wide variety of plants and animals. Additional plantation (1:7) plantation near river banks to check erosion and reduce flooding

In the event of design changes during the construction stages additional assessments including the possibility to save trees shall be made by the EA.

Road side Plantation Strategy as per IRC specifications including manuring.

Control use of pesticides/manure

Forest Conservation Act 1980 + IRC SP: 21 and IRC SP:66

Throughout project corridor

During the design and Construction stage

Indicated above

BSRDCL through DFO

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Impact on fishing activity (production, spawning and breeding grounds)

Adequate waterways to be maintained

Siltation and water contamination shall be preventing to reduce turbidity.

Restricting construction activity during the breeding period.

Plantation in the riparian area of the

State Govt. Fisheries Department guidelines and Best practices

Near all water Bodies. During Construction Stage

Part of Engineering Work


xviii




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

rivers, to reduce erosion.

8. Construction Camps

Impact associated with location

All camps should maintain minimum distance from following:

# 500 m from habitation # 1000m from forest areas # 500 m from water bodies # 500 m from through traffic route

Design Requirement

All construction camps During Construction stage


Contractor andEO

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

worker‟s Health in construction camp

The location, layout and basic facility provision of each labor camp will be submitted PIU prior to their construction. The construction shall commence only after approval of PIU.

The contractor will maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities in functional and hygienic manner as approved by the EA.

Preventive medical care to be provided to workers.

Disposal of solid waste on regular basis at identified locations.

The Contractor will take all precautions to protect the workers from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations.

No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, barter to the workers of host community.

Provision of day crèche for children

Recreation and sporting facilities for the staff and workers.

Immunization to immigrant workers/local community against communicable and sexually transmitted diseases.

The Building and Other Construction workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1996 and Cess Act of 1996 and The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and amendments thereof

All construction camps During construction stage


Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL/SC

xix




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

8. Management of Construction Waste/Dismantled Debris

Selection of Dumping Sites

Unproductive/wastelands shall be selected for dumping sites.

Away from residential areas and water bodies

Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated.

Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats has to be obtained before finalizing the location.

Design Requirement and MoSRTH guidelines

At all Dumping Sites Construction Part of the contract


Reuse and disposal of construction and dismantled waste

The existing bitumen surface shall be utilized for paving of cross roads, access roads, and paving works in construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, and haulage routes.

All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping.

Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre-designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRT and H guidelines should be followed.

Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site.

Use of solar energy for lighting

Promote the use of solar energy to supply the construction camp‟s lighting needs

All construction camps Construction Part of construction cost

Contractors CSC

xx




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

8. Accessibility, Traffic Management, Accident and Safety Risks

Design requirement and Traffic Planning During Construction Stage

Provision of junctions at all major intersections.

Temporary traffic diversion shall be planned by the contractor and approved by the „Engineer‟.

The traffic control plans shall contain details of diversions; traffic safety arrangements during construction; safety measures for nighttime traffic and precautions for transportation of hazardous materials. Traffic control plans shall be prepared in line with requirements of IRC‟s SP 55 document‟.

The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic flow.

On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed.

The contractor shall inform local community of changes to traffic routes, and pedestrian access arrangements with assistance from “Engineer”.

Use of adequate signages to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures.

Design requirement and IRC SP:55

Throughout the project corridor especially at intersections.

During construction stage

Project preparation and construction cost


Pedestrians, animal and Vehicular movement,

All measures for the safety of traffic during construction viz. signs, markings, flags, lights and flagmen as proposed in the Traffic Control Plan/Drawings shall be taken.

Temporary access and diversion, with

Design requirement and

IRC: SP: 27 -1984 Report Containing

Near habitation on both sides level crossings, schools and hospitals, graveyards, construction sites, haulage roads,

Included in Engineering/ Construction cost.

Contractor in consultation with Forest department

and BSRDCL

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

xxi




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

proper drainage facilities.

Access facility to the schools located adjacent to the highway.

Provision of pedestrian walkways/cycle

paths fencing wherever cattle movement is expected. To avoid the need for cattle underpasses, some of the proposed culverts `near habitations may be widened to facilitate cattle movement.

Recommendations of IRC Regional Workshops on Highway Safety

IRC:SP: 32 -1988 Road Safety for Children (5-12 Years Old)

IRC:SP: 44 -1994 Highway Safety Code

IRC: SP: 55 -2001 Guidelines for Safety in Construction Zones

The Building and other Construction workers Act 1996 and Cess Act of 1996

Factories Act 1948

diversion sites.

Accident risk from construction activities

Contractors to adopt and maintain safe working practices.

Usage of fluorescent signage, in local language at the construction sites

Training to workers on safety procedures and precautions.

Mandatory appoint of safety officer.

All regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress shall be complied with.

Provision of PPEs to workers.

Provision of a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of dressing materials, ambulance, nursing staff, and doctor to be provided.

The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 14 years for any work and no woman will be employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form.

Construction sites Construction period


Obligation of Contractor

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

xxii




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

Electrical Hazard No material will be so stacked or placed as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public.

All necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public in construction zones.

All machines to be used in the construction will conform to the relevant Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free from patent defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly inspected and properly maintained as per IS provision and to the satisfaction of the „ Engineer‟.

The Building and

Other

Construction

workers

(Regulation of

Employment and

Conditions of

Service) Act

1996 and Cess

Act of 1996

Factories Act

1948

Construction Site and Storage Areas

Construction period


Obligation of Contractor

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

9. Common Property Resources and other Utilities

Avoidance of CPRs

Realignment near all CPRs wherever it is technically feasible.

Project requirement

Near all CPRs Design Phase

Project Preparation cost

Design Consultant

BSRDCL

Shifting of community properties

Geometric adjustment while finalizing the alignment to minimize the loss to any such facilities else relocation at safe place

Relocation of. wells, hand pumps at suitable locations.

Project requirement

Throughout the corridor

Before Construction

Cost of Loss of structures as per RandR Cost.

BSRDCL, NGO and RandR Unit

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

Utilities

All telephone and electrical poles/wires and underground cables should be shifted to avoid any such hazard

Project requirement


Before Construction

Included in engineering / RandR cost.

BSRDCL, NGO and RandR Unit

PIU,BSRDCL/SC

10. Enhancement Measures

Environmental enhancement along the corridor and project area

Enhancement/rehabilitation of borrow areas as fish pond

Additional plantation@1:7 on tirhut model to improve micro-climate of the region

Environmental Enhancement as part of project requirement

Borrow pits and additional plantation sites


Borrow areas enhancement is part of engineering Cost for additional plantation:19.4Million

NGO/expert agency to be hired by BSRDC

BSRDCL/Forest Dept

xxiii




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

11. Contractor Demobilization

Clean-up Operations, Restoration and Rehabilitation

Contractor will prepare site restoration plans, which will be approved by the „Engineer‟. The clean-up and restoration operations are to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization.

All construction zones including river-beds, culverts, roadside areas, camps, hot mix plant sites, crushers, batching plant sites and any other area used/affected by the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the entire satisfaction to the Environment officer .All the opened borrow areas will be rehabilitated .and „Engineer‟ will certify in this regard.

Project requirement

Throughout the Corridor

Immediately after Construction

---- Contractor PIU/BSRDCL

B. Operation Stage

1. Climate and Air quality

Air pollution due to due to vehicular movement

Roadside tree plantations shall be maintained.

Bottlenecks should be avoided for smooth flow of traffic. Provision of ROB at level crossings

Regular maintenance of the road will be done to ensure good surface condition

.Ambient air quality monitoring. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken.

Technological and behavioral changes

Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to

Environmental Protection Act, 1986; The Air

(Prevention and Control of

Pollution) Act, 1981

Throughout the Corridor

Through out operation period

Indicated In EMoP

BSRDCL

xxiv




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment.

2. Noise Environment

Noise due to movement of traffic

Effective traffic management and good riding conditions shall be maintained to reduce the noise level throughout the stretch and speed limitation and honking restrictions may be enforced near sensitive locations.

The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed.

Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road.

Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 and amendments thereof

Noise sensitive areas Through out operation period

Included in additional plantation cost.

BSRDCL

3. Land and Soil

Encroachment of prime agricultural land

Roadside Market places shall be developed at non-agricultural land in planned manner to restrict encroachment of ROW.

Explore the possibility of restricting new construction within 50 -100 m of the ROW.

Throughout the stretch especially near settlement areas/market areas

Operation Phase

---- BSRDCL in coordination with local planning/development

authority

Soil erosion at embankment during heavy rain fall.

Periodic checking to be carried to assess the effectiveness of the stabilization measures viz. turfing, stone pitching, river training structures etc.

Project requirement

At bridge locations and embankment slopes and other probable soil erosion areas.


Included in Operation/ Maintenance cost

BSRDCL

xxv




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

Soil erosion at borrow areas

Visual monitoring and inspection of soil erosion at borrow areas, quarries (if closed and rehabilitated), embankments and other places expected to be affected, will be carried out once in every three months as suggested in monitoring plan.

Project requirement

At bridge locations and embankment slopes and other probable soil erosion areas.


Included in Operation/ Maintenance cost

BSRDCL

4. Water Resources

Contamination of surface water quality due to leakage of oil

Collection tray to be installed under the canal bridge to prevent canal/water bodies water contamination.

Monitoring of surface water bodies

Near surface Water bodies

Indicated in EMoP

Siltation Regular visual checks shall be made to observe any incidence of blockade of drains. Regular checks shall be made for soil erosion and turfing conditions of river training structures for its effective maintenance. . .

Water logging due to blockade of streams

Regular checks shall be done along the alignment to ensure that flow of water is maintained through cross drains and other channels/streams.

Monitoring of water borne diseases due to stagnant water bodies


Protection of Embankment in Flood prone Areas

Immediate removal of deposited silt from drainage channels and out-let points. Rejuvenation of the drainage system by removing encroachments/ congestions. This shall be done in close coordination with concerned department.

Project requirement

Identified Flood prone areas

During whole operation stage

Operation and Maintenance Cost

BSRDCL

xxvi




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

Long-term strategy to be worked out with water resources, fisheries, agriculture, soil and other department.

5. Flora and Fauna

Vegetation Planted trees, shrubs, and grasses to be properly maintained.

The tree survivalist audit to be conducted at least once in a year to assess the effectiveness

Forest Conservation Act 1980

Throughout project section

During whole operation period

Indicated in Monitoring cost in EMoP

BSRDCL

6. Flooding/ inundation

Road inundation due to choking of drainage channels

BSRDCL will ensure that all drains (side drains, and all cross drainages) are periodically cleared especially before monsoon season to facilitate the quick passage of rainwater and avoid flooding.

Project operation Requirement

Throughout the stretch particularly near flood prone major crossings viz. Bridge No. 305

During whole operation period

Overall Operation cost

BSRDCL

7. Right-of-Way Maintenance

Accident Risk due to uncontrolled growth of vegetation

The construction site shall be kept completely clear of vegetation.

Regular maintenance of plantation

Invasive plant not to be planted near the road.

Controlled use of herbicide/pesticide

The designated ROW shall be maintained free of any encroachment.

Project requirement

Throughout the Project route

During whole operation period.

Included in operation/ Maintenance cost

BSRDCL

8. Accidents and Safety

Accident risks associated with traffic movement.

Traffic control measures, including speed limits, will be enforced strictly.

Further encroachment and squatting within the ROW will be prevented.

No school or hospital will be allowed to be established within 100m of the

IRC:SP:55 Throughout the Project route

During whole operation period.

Included in operation/ Maintenance cost

BSRDCL

xxvii




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

highway without permission from the planning authorities.

Monitor/ensure that all safety provisions included in design and construction phase are properly maintained

Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling. Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims.

Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles.

Coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate.

Transport of Dangerous Goods

Preparation of spill prevention and control and emergency preparedness and responsive plans based on an analysis of hazards, implementation of presentation and control measures.

Throughout the project stretch

Included in operation/ Maintenance cost.

BSRDCL

9. Monitoring Operation Performance

Monitoring Operation Performance

The BSRDCL will monitor the operational performance of the various mitigation/ enhancement measures carried out as a part of the project

The indicators selected for monitoring include the survival rate of trees; utility of enhancement provision, status of rehabilitation of borrow areas, Air quality, water quality, noise levels, soil quality, drainage pattern, etc.


Included in EMoP

BSRDCL

Note: It is assumed that Items related to good engineering practices like Dust Suppression, Management of construction Camp, and provision of silt-fencing, oil traps and fuelling platforms, temporary noise barriers etc. are part of engineering cost and deemed to be included in contractor quotes. Cost towards regulatory clearances has not been included here. BSRDCL is advised to consider this cost for administrative approvals from GOB.

xxviii




Time Frame

Mitigation Cost


Implementation

Supervision

Environmental Mitigation/enhancement Cost (Excluding items covered under Project Preparation/Engineering Cost/Operation/Maintenance/regulatory clearance) = Rs 8.8 Million

Total EMoP Cost: INR 0.77 million Grand Total for Environmental Safeguard for the Subproject-20.6 Million

29

APPENDIX 7.2 : Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators

Environment Indicators

Project Stage

Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency and Duration

Standards Approximate cost (Rs)

Implementation Supervision

Air Quality Construction stage

PM10, PM

2.5, SO2,

NOX, CO, HC

High volume sampler to be located 50 m from the plant in the downwind direction. Use method specified by CPCB for analysis

Hot mix plants, construction/ earthwork sites and as suggested by SC (Total 6 Locations)

24 hr continuous, 3/year for 3 years

Air quality standard by CPCB

6x7000x3x3 =Rs378,0 00

Contractor through approved monitoring agency

PIU /SC

Operation stage

High volume sampler to be located 50 m from the selected locations in the downwind direction. Use method specified by CPCB for analysis

Major Road Intersections and Residential area (6 Locations)

24 hr continuous, 3/year for 1 year

Air quality standard by CPCB

6X7000x3X1 =Rs 126,000

PIU through approved monitoring agency

PIU, BSRDCL

Water Quality

Construction stage

Groundwater: (IS: 10500:1991) and

Surface water for Class D and Class E (Propagation of Fishes) as Prescribed by CPCB

and for

vector borne

diseases

Grab sample

collected from

source and analyze

as per Standard

Methods for

Examination of

Water and

Wastewater

Groundwater at Construction

Camps/site and Surface water

at Down Stream of MAJOR

rivers and large pond located

close to the alignment being

used by local community.

3/year for 3 years

Water quality standard by CPCB

6x 5000x3X3 =Rs 270, 000


PIU /SC

Operation stage

Groundwater at 2 locations and

Surface water sample of major

rivers and Pond/ water bodies

developed due to Borrows

areas

3/year for 1 year

Water quality standard by CPCB

6X3x5000 =Rs 90, 000


PIU, BSRDCL

Siltation in Water Bodies

Construction Visual Checks for presence of

construction debris/waste and

blockade of drainage channels

All rivers/streams/drainage channels and major water bodies along the stretch

Once during rainy seasons of the construction period.

Guidelines from water resources department

Routine work of Engineering Team

Contractor PIU /SC

30


Project Stage




Operation Once during operation of 1st year

Guidelines from water resources department

Routine work of Engineering Team

PIU, with support of Water Resource Department

PIU, BSRDCL

Noise levels

Construction stage

Equivalent Noise levels on dB (A) scale for day and night

Free field at 1 m from the equipment whose noise levels are being determined.

Construction sites, major road intersections and representative samples for residential, commercial and sensitive locations along the alignment. (10 Locations)

24 hr continuous, 3*/year for 3 years

As per National Ambient Noise Standard specified in Environmental Protection Act, 1986 amended 2002

10x2000x3x3 =Rs.180,000


PIU/SC

Operation stage

Equivalent Noise levels using an integrated noise level meter kept at a distance of 15 m from edge of Pavement

Near residential, commercial and silence zone. (6 Locations)

3 / year for 1 year

10x2000x3X1 =Rs 60, 000


PIU, BSRDCL

Soil Quality

Construction Stage

NPK (ICAR standard ) and heavy metals for dredging sites

As specified by the site engineer BSRDCL / supervision consultant

agricultural land and HMP sites

Once during whole construction stage

CPCB standard and NPK as per ICAR standard

60,000 Contractor through approved monitoring agency

PIU/SC

Operation stage

Oil and grease

At oil spillage locations and other probable soil contamination location

Once for the first year of operation

CPCB standard

30,000 PIU through approved agency

PIU, BSRDCL

Soil Erosion

Construction Stage

Visual check for Soil erosion and siltation

Through the Project Corridor especially at River banks, bridge locations structures

After first rain Visual Checks

Part of routine action of engineering team

Contractor BSRDCL

Operation Stage

Once during operation of 1st year

Visual Checks


Engineering Team of BSRDCL

Drainage Congestion

Construction stage

Visual Checks Throughout the Project Corridor especially Probable drainage congestion areas as described in IEE

Once in a year before rainy season

None Specific


Contractor‟s Engineering Team

PIU/SC

31


Project Stage




Operation Stage

Once in a year before rainy season for 3 yrs

None Specific


BSRDCL Engineering Team

Borrow Areas

Construction Stage

Visual Checks

Identification of borrow areas as per IEE

Borrow areas to be operated Once in a month

IRC guidelines and Best Practices for Borrow area operation

Part of the Contract

Contractor with approval from PIU, BSRDCL

PIU/SC

Operation Stage

Visual Checks

Rehabilitation as recommended in IEE

Closed Borrow Areas Quarterly for 1 year

Borrow Area rehabilitation Plan

BSRDCL

Construction Sites and Labor Camp

Construction stage

Storage Area, Construction Sites for Hygiene, drainage Medical Facilities Etc.

Rapid audit as per reporting format

Construction Sites and Camp Quarterly during construction period

IRC guidelines and to the satisfaction of EO, BSRDCL

Part of the regular monitoring

Contractor with approval from PIU, BSRDCL

PIU/SC

Tree Plantation

Construction Stage

Surveillance monitoring of trees felling

Throughout the Project Section

During site clearance in construction phase

As suggested by Forest Dept.

Included in overall plantation Cost

PIU/Local Forest Departments

Operation stage

Audit for survival rate of trees plantation

Throughout the Project Section

Once in a year for years

The Engineer will be responsible for monitoring upto the Defect Liability Period in any particular stretch. After this period the PIU will be responsible for monitoring

Monitoring Costs: INR : 1194000.00 Say 12 lakhs= 1.2 Million

BSRDCL – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited, EO: Environmental Officer, SC-Supervision Consultant; IS - India Standard; NOx - Nitrogen Oxide; Pb - Plumbum, (lead); PIU - Project Implementation Unit; RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter; SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide; SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter, RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter

32

APPENDIX 7.3 Sample Site Environmental Compliance Inspection and Monitoring Form

Below is a sample compliance inspection form to be prepared monthly by the contractor and validated by the supervision consultant.

Project : Implementing Agency :

Subproject : Monitoring Agency :

Location : Enforcement Agency :

Date : Contractor(s) :

Reporting Period : Implementation Phase: Preconstruction / Construction / Operation

1. Contractor(s)

Contractor(s) Environmental Awareness

Yes / No

Actions Required

Contractor Response / Comment

Contractor(s) aware of mitigation requirements?

Contractor(s) have a copy of EMP?

33

2. Mitigation Compliance Inspection

Impact / Mitigation Measure

(From EMP)

Mitigations Implemented

(Yes, No)

Mitigations Effective?

(1 to 5)*

Impact Observed / Location

Action Required

Contractor Response / Comment

Endorsed by:

Implementing Agency

Monitoring

Agency

* Mitigation Effectiveness Rating Criteria (Indicative examples) 1. Very Good (all required mitigations implemented) 2. Good ( the majority of required mitigations implemented) 3. Fair (some mitigations implemented) 4. Poor (few mitigations implemented) 5. Very Poor (very few mitigations implemented)

3. Emission Discharge Monitoring (if relevant)

Parameter

Date / Location

Measured by

Monitoring Equipment

Result Standard %

Exceedence Action Required

Contractor Responses / Comments

Endorsed by:

Implementing Agency

Monitoring

Agency

34

4. Ambient Monitoring (if relevant)

Parameter

Date / Location

Measured by

Monitoring Equipment

Result Standard %

Exceedence Action Required

Contractor Responses / Comments

Endorsed by:

Implementing Agency

Monitoring Agency

5. Environmental Incidents During Reporting Period (if relevant)

Environmental Incidents (accidents, spills, complaint)

Date / Location

Reported by

Description / Location

Action Taken Further Action Required

Endorsed by:

Implementing Agency

Monitoring Agency

6. Summary of Actions Required and Follow-up (if relevant)

Action Required

Timeframe

(e.g. within one week) Responsible Parties

Follow-up

(to be completed if inspection/monitoring indicates actions are required)

Required Action Taken:

35

Effectiveness:

Further Action Required?:

Prepared by:

Date:

Inspection Completed by:_____________________________________ Date:_________________

Signature:

Notes:

Attachments:

(e.g. laboratory reports, photographs)

36

APPENDIX 7.4 Outline of Project Environmental Progress and Monitoring Report

1. As required by ADB for Category B projects, BSRDC will prepare annual monitoring reports describing the progress of EMP implementation and corrective actions taken. Ths format is linked with the inspection and monitoring reporting system provided in Annex ___.

1. Introduction 1.1. Report Purpose 1.2. Project Implementation Progress

2. Incorporation of Environmental Requirements into Project Contractual

Arrangements Manner by which EMP requirements are incorporated into contractual arrangements, such as with contractors or other parties.

3. Summary of Environmental Mitigations and Compensation Measures

Implemented Based on EMP; may include measures related to air quality, water quality, noise quality, pollution prevention, biodiversity and natural resources, health and safety, physical cultural resources, capacity building, and others.

4. Summary of Environmental Monitoring

4.1. Compliance Inspections (if relevant) 4.1.1. Summary of Inspection Activities 4.1.2. Mitigation Compliance7 4.1.3. Mitigation Effectiveness8

4.2. Emission Discharge (Source) Monitoring Program (if relevant) 4.2.1. Summary of Monitoring 4.2.2. Results 4.2.3. Assessment9

7 Overall compliance with mitigation implementation requirements could be described in qualitative terms or be

evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (all required mitigations implemented) 2. Good (the majority of required mitigations implemented) 3. Fair (some mitigations implemented) 4. Poor (few mitigations implemented) 5. Very Poor (very few or no mitigations implemented)

Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary. 8 Effectiveness of mitigation implementation could be described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a

ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good (mitigations are fully effective) 2. Good (mitigations are generally effective) 3. Fair (mitigations are partially effective) 4. Poor (mitigations are generally ineffective) 5. Very Poor (mitigations are completely ineffective)

Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary. 9 Discharge levels should be compared to the relevant discharge standards and/or performance indicators noted

in the EMP. Any exceedences should be highlighted for attention and follow-up. In addition, discharge levels could be compared to baseline conditions (if baseline data is available) and described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following:

1. Very Good (overall conditions are generally improved) 2. Good (conditions are maintained or slightly improved) 3. Fair (conditions are unchanged) 4. Poor (conditions are moderately degraded) 5. Very Poor (conditions are significantly degraded)

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4.3. Ambient Monitoring Program (if relevant)

4.3.1. Summary of Monitoring 4.3.2. Results 4.3.3. Assessment10

5. Key Environmental Issues

5.1.1. Key Issues Identified 5.1.2. Action Taken 5.1.3. Additional Action Required

6. Conclusion

6.1. Overall Progress of Implementation of Environmental Management Measures11

6.2. Problems Identified and Actions Recommended Appendices

1. Site Inspection / Monitoring Reports 2. Ambient Monitoring Results 3. Photographs 4. Others

Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

10

Ambient environmental conditions should be compared to the relevant ambient standards and/or performance

indicators noted in the EMP. Any exceedences should be highlighted for attention and follow-up. In addition, ambient environmental conditions could be compared to the baseline conditions (if baseline data is available) and described in qualitative terms or be evaluated based on a ranking system, such as the following:

1. Very Good (overall conditions are generally improved) 2. Good (conditions are maintained or slightly improved) 3. Fair (conditions are unchanged) 4. Poor (conditions are moderately degraded) 5. Very Poor (conditions are significantly degraded)

Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary. 11 Overall sector environmental management progress could be described in qualitative terms or be evaluated

based on a ranking system, such as the following: 1. Very Good 2. Good 3. Fair 4. Poor 5. Very Poor

Additional explanatory comments should be provided as necessary.

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APPENDIX 7.5 Guidelines For Services Of A Contractor/NGO For Tree Plantating - Terms Of Reference

1. Project Background:

The Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. (BSRDC) of Bihar has been entrusted to implement the development of various State Highways for augmenting their capacity adequately for safe and efficient movement of traffic. During upgradation/widening of these state highways some trees standing in proposed right of way have been removed. Now the BSRDC requires Contractors/NGOs services for carrying out plantation along the road, on community land, barren private land, bank of river/canal/stream or on any other land provided/suggested by BSRDC. BSRDC now invites the services of eligible Contractors/NGOs under quality based unit rate contracts. BSRDC is the Employer and the executing agency of the project. 2. Objective:

1. Community participation in plantation and upkeep with emphasis on involving

Project Affected Persons (PAPs), Below Poverty Line (BPL) families and

vulnerable section of society like SC/ST, widows, handicapped, old age persons

etc. living in the project corridor.

2. To combat Climate Change by planting large number of trees this will improve

the local climatic conditions in long term.

3. To increase Forest/Green Cover by additional Plantation (apart from

Compensatory Afforestation under Forest Conservation, Act 1980) as the Bihar

State has less percentage of Forest cover than the National Standard of 33%.

4. For Water / Soil Conservation.

5. To rehabilitate the degraded Forest Land( subject to availability from Forest

department)

6. As part of commitment of Bihar State Road Development Corporation towards

Environment protection/ enhancement

7. 3. Tasks of the Contractor/NGO:

The assignment shall be carried out under the following task heads

Identification of the plantation stretches along with BSRDC

Preparation of nurseries

Planting of sapling and

Plantation & maintenance scheme is for five years

8. 4. Guidelines for Plantation:

a) The plantation area should avoid the stretches within the settlement area and the Ecological Sensitive area

b) Adequate consultation with the village Panchayet / Local Forest Department should be made in identifying the stretches for plantation and species. The Contractor/NGO would require producing sufficient evidence of consultation to BSRDC. Plantation in the identified stretches shall be carried out only after prior approval of BSRDC.

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c) The stretches identified should be free from encumbrances and should not lead to litigation. No fresh land acquisition shall be made under the project for the purpose of plantation.

d) Identification of existing nursery or preparation of nurseries should be carried out within 2 months of award of the contract/mobilization to the site. Local Forest Department may be consulted for supply of saplings.

e) Indigenous species should be used as far as practicable, strictly avoiding any exotic species like Eucalyptus that can have for-reaching adverse effect on the ecology and water regime of the area.

f) Preparation of Plantation site including the pits should follow the specification laid down in IRC: SP:21-2009 for road side plantation and for other areas should follow the specification laid down by the horticulture / forest department/. Existing trees shall not be cleared for plantation.

g) Plantation scheme has to be formulated for five years. h) The contractor/NGO shall arrange at his own expense all tools, required for

maintenance of complete horticulture feature. No work should be suffered without tool etc.

i) Contractor /NGO will have to make his own arrangements for protecting the plants.

j) Maintenance of the planted saplings up to three years is also to be carried out by the Contractor/NGO. Maintenance works would include watering, wedding, replacing tree protection etc.

5. Location/ Site for Plantation The location/site for plantation shall be identified by Contractor/ NGOs, before the execution of project, in consultation with village Panchayet / Local Forest Department /BSRDC. Plantation in the identified stretches shall be carried out only after prior approval of BSRDC. Locations identified shall include but not limited to following 1. Large vacant areas of Block Level Offices/ Government residential premises can

be used for plantation.

2. On barren land of small or marginal farmers

3. Almost all the sub-project road is passing near to the establishments of Irrigation

Department, their vacant colonies/Offices land can be used for Plantation.

4. Along River/ Canal/ Stream which are near to the project road.

5. Along state highways or rural road adjacent to project road.

After approval of site by BSRDC, contractor/NGO shall prepare and submit to

BSRDC the detailed proposal for identified land which will include area of land,

ownership, khata/Khasra no., Panchayat /block/ district name, plantation scheme,

number/ species of trees proposed for plantation etc. including information about the

community/PAPs involved in plantation and maintenance.

6. Time frame for services

The Contractor/NGO will be contracted for a period of Five years form the date of commencement. The plantation along the road shall follow the construction schedule. 9. Maintenance

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The saplings of trees planted shall be watered and maintained by the Contractor/NGO till issue of final taking over certificate. Maintenance shall also include watering, weeding out of undesirable plants and replacement of dead plant, manuring and trimming of the hedges. 10. Measurement for Payment Planting of trees including maintenance shall be measured in numbers.

9 Rates The contract unit rate for planting of trees shall include the cost of all labour and material involved in all the operations described above including cost of saplings and maintenance as mentioned above, the cost of supplying and stacking the requisite quantity of manure and other incidentals.

10. Payment Schedule

Sl.

No. Payment Schedule

Percentage of the

Contract Value

11. 1. 12. Mobilization advance along with signing

of contract 5 %

13. 2. After preparation of nurseries and approval of

plantation stretches 10 %

3. After Plantation 20 %

4. At the end of first year maintenance 20 %

5. At the end of second year maintenance 15 %

6. At the end of third year maintenance 10 %

7. At the end of fourth year maintenance 10%

8. At the end of fifth year maintenance 10%

After plantation percentage payment shall be made on the basis of actual trees survived. For example suppose “A” no. of trees survived after first year and rate of one tree plantation is “B” rupees then payable amount at the end of first year shall be “20% of A xB

11. Team for the assignment

The Contractor/NGO is free to recommend a team commensurate with the requirement of the project.

12. Reporting Format for Plantation to be made by Contractor /NGO a) Name of the village / stretch:

Date of Consultation with local communities / Forest Department / BSRDC;

Suggestions made-by the local communities / Forest Department / BSRDC;

Objections made by the local communities;

Stretches identified for plantation;

Species to be planted.

14. b) Declaration

I hereby declare that the identified stretches for plantation will not affect any private or community asset resulting to litigation.

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Representative of Contractor/NGO.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF WORK 1.0 General PLANT MATERIAL & PLANTING SPECIFICATIONS 1.1 WORK INCLUDES:

15. i) The contractor/NGO shall provide all labor, materials, tools and equipment‟s

necessary to complete and maintain the work as specified herein. ii) The contractor/NGO shall be liable for any damages to property caused by

planting and transplanting operations and all areas and disturbed construction shall be restored to their original condition to the satisfaction of the client.

iii) Work shall be performed and supervised at all times by qualified personnel. 1.2 PLANT MATERIAL INSPECTION

i) Furnish plant materials inspected by Horticulturist/Engineer in charge at the nursery and tagged after approval for delivery

ii) Inspection at growing site does not preclude right of rejection at the site of plantation.

TOP SOIL INSPECTION:

i) After contract award, furnish source of top soil to BSRDC for purpose of soil inspection.

ii) Take representative soil samples from area under consideration. iii) Test soil samples for pH, alkalinity, total soluble salts, porosity, sodium content

and organic matter. 1.3 DELIVERY STORAGE AND HANDLING OF PLANT MATERIAL

A. DELIVERY :

16. i) Do not deliver more plant materials than can be planted in one day ii) Deliver plants with legible identification labels. iii) Protect during delivery to prevent damage to root ball or desiccation of leaves. iv) Notify Horticulturist/Engineer in charge of delivery schedule in advance, so that

plant material may be inspected upon for approval at job site. v) Remove unacceptable plant material immediately from job site.

B. STORAGE i) Store plants in shade and protect from weather. ii) Maintain and protect surplus plant material suitably.

C. HANDLING: i) All earth balls shall be firm and intact and contained in Hessian. Do not drop

balled and bur lapped stock at any time.

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ii) All balled and Hessian covered plants and container grown plants shall at all times be handled by the ball or by the container and not by the plant stem.

1.4 PLANT MATERIALS:

i) All plants to be sized as shown on schedules or as specified herein. ii) All plants shall be healthy, free from pests and diseases and be representative of

their normal species or variety. All plants shall be well shaped, have vigorous root system and free from disease, wind burn, injuries, abrasion or disfigurement.

iii) All plants shall be true to name and one plant of each bundle or lot shall be tagged with the name and size of the plants. In all cases, botanical names shall take precedence over common names,

iv) All plants shall be nursery grown unless otherwise stated; they shall have been grown under the same climatic conditions as the location of this project.

1.5 TOP SOIL (GOOD EARTH) :

Top soil or good earth shall be friable soil of loamy texture, typical of cultivated top soils of the locality containing at least 3% of organic decayed matter. It shall be taken from a well-drained arable site. It shall be free from subsoil, kankar, mooram, shingle, stones, brick or other objectionable matter. It shall have pH value ranging between 6 to 7.5.If the soil tests indicate pH value not as per the above specification namely between „6.5 to 7.5‟, following measures need to be taken.

17. If pH exceeds 7.5, aluminium sulphate or equivalent fertilizer should be added at the rate of 1 kg per cubic metre to lower the pH by one full point.

18. If pH is below 6.5, add ground limestone or equivalent fertilizer at the rate of 1 kg per cubic metre to raise pH by one full point.

1.6 FERTILIZER :

Chemical type : Commercial fertilizer uniform in composition, dry and free flowing shall be delivered in original unopened containers and shall be mixed as specified by the manufacturer.

Organic type :- Composts from cow dung, municipal solid wastes and distillery waste may be used. It shall be free from extraneous matter, harmful bacteria, insects or chemicals. 1.7 PLANTING SOIL MIX : Planting soil mix (Mixing of good Earth and Manure). The stacked earth shall, before mixing, be broken down to particles of sizes not exceeding 6 mm in any direction, good earth shall be thoroughly mixed with manure in the 2:1 proportions. 1.8 INSPECTION Prior to all planting work, carefully inspect the installed work and verify that all earth work is complete to the point where planting may properly commence. 1.9 PREPARATION : i. Stake out locations for plants and outlines of planting beds on ground.

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ii. Do not begin excavation until stake out of plant location and plant locations and plant beds are acceptable to Horticulturist/ Engineer-In-charge. 1.10 EXCAVATION FOR PLANTING : Digging of Pits i. The bottom of the pit shall be forked to loosen the soil. In case the soil is clay, a layer of broken bricks and stones shall be sprayed on the bottom of the hole and this layer shall be covered with dried leaves or straw. ii. In case the site is infested whit white ants, the sides of the pits shall be brushed with a mixture of B.H.C. (10% concentration) or Chlorpyriphose 20 EC. 1.11 PLANTING : i. Planting shall be performed in accordance with recognized best horticulture practice. ii Tree sapling shall be positioned in the location and numbers shown on plan and placed to achieve even spacing and proper matching of shapes related in a random fashion at approximately equal centers to obtain a natural dense cover. The pits for trees shall be 60 cm in diameter and 60 cm deep at exact positions as marked on the drawing. iii. Plants shall be set plumb and at such a level or elevation that after settlement they will bear same relation to level of surrounding ground as they bore to ground from which they were dug. All plants shall be planted on and in soil mix. All ropes, stones etc. shall be removed from the pit before back filling. Soil for back filling shall be loose and friable. iv. Earth balled and hessian covered plants or container plants shall be handled so that the ball will not be loosened. All plastic and other imperishable containers should be removed before planting. v. Plants with exposed roots shall be placed in the proper position in the center of pit after the soil in the bottom of the pit has been firmed. Roots shall be arranged in their natural position and loose friable, topsoil worked in among them, firms at intervals and thoroughly settled with water. Care shall be taken to avoid bruising or breaking the roots when tamping the soil; all large and fleshy roots which are bruised or broken shall be pruned with a clean cut before planting. 1.12 FINISHING SURFACE AFTER BACK FILLING :- i. The contractor/NGO shall cultivate and rake over finished plant areas and shall leave them in an orderly condition. A shallow basin, larger than the diameter of a planting pit as directed by the horticulturist should be prepared. On steep slopes the soil on the lower side of the plant shall be graded in such a manner that it will catch and hold water, as directed by the horticulturist. ii. No deduction shall be made for the value of topsoil displaced by balls. This displaced top soil shall be used in its entirety to build the above described watering basins on level ground or slight slopes and shall be used for grading around trees on steep slopes. iii. All work done in preparing shallow basin, or grading of tree pits on steep slopes, and re-grading and re-seeding of the tree saucers shall be deemed and included in the unit price per tree. iv. STAKING : All staking shall be done immediately after planting. Plant shall stand plumb after staking. Drive stake perpendicularly, 60 cm- 90 cm as require to resist forces of the wind in to ground at edge of root ball. Single stake shall be located on the windward side of the tree. For balled root should be used to probe through the root system, to make a pilot hole, in to which the stake can be driven with minimum disturbance. iv PRUNING : Broken or badly bruised branches shall be removed with a clean cut. Each plant shall be pruned to preserve its natural character and in a manner appropriate to its particular requirements. The amount of pruning shall be limited to the minimum

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necessary. All pruning shall be done with sharp tools. Pruning cuts shall be painted with recommended paints. v WATERING : During and after planting, the plants shall be watered in to eliminate air voids around the roots and watered regularly as required for planting to become established. 1.13 PLANTATION PATTERN:

1. Where only one row can be planted preference will be given to fruit bearing trees. The between two plants/trees shall be kept 6 meter.

2. Where two rows can be planted there first row will be of small to medium sized ornamental trees and second row will be of fruit bearing trees.

3. If land is available for three rows planation than first row will be of evergreen

ornamental trees, second row of fruit bearing trees and last row will be of timber trees having long life. 19.

4. In urban and semi urban areas, if land is not available for multiple rows and only one row is possible, ornamental species should be planted instead of shade/fruit bearing species.

Distance Between Plant and Rows:

i) Ornamental plants except last row

Distance from embankment toe= 1 m

Spacing between plants=3m

Spacing between rows=3m

Size of the pits=60x60x60 cms

In waterlogged areas mounds should be prepared. Height of mound will very depending on water level Height of the plant may vary from 1.5m to 2m

ii) Fruit bearing plants( 2nd row):

Distance from the preceding row=3m

Spacing between plant to plant=6m

Size of pit=60x60x60 cms

Height of the plants=2m.

iii) Shade/Timber plants( Last row):

Distance from the preceding row=3m

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Spacing between plant to plant=12m

Size of pit=60x60x60 cms

Height of the plants=2m.

1.14 TIMING FOR PLANTATION Generally Monsoon season is the best season for plantation throughout the state therefore plantation shall be carried out from 1st July to 15th August. However, this period may vary depending on arrival of monsoon. In North Bihar or other places where there is waterlogging due to excessive rains or flooding plantation work shall be done in spring season ( Basant season). 1.15 PENALTY FOR NONCOMPLIANCE If the agency fails to arrange the sufficient quantities of material/ manure /pesticides/manpower/equipment (in good working condition) required to maintain the work in good condition within 4 days of its notification, then Owner / Employer reserve the right to get it arranged at their risk and cost and will charge extra 20% on the actual expenditure incurred in house or outsource (material, manpower, machinery In exceptional cases, BSRDC may consider to extend the time limit mentioned above. The decision of BSRDC shall be final and binding on the contractor/NGO in respect of extension of time for rectification of defects. 1.14 DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS IN BOQ

20. S.No.

21. DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS 22. Unit Qty. 23. (Numbers)

24. Rate

25. Amount (Rs.)

26. 27. Supplying and Planting of saplings of specified species including cost of saplings, preparation of surface, digging of pits. 60 cm wide and 60 cm deep, refilling the excavated earth mixed with farmyard manure, casualty replacement including maintenance for five years.

28. 29. 30.

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