Incredible immune system keynote
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The Incredible Immune System
Or....
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Why you're
not dead.
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Who are these guys...
and why are they trying to
hurt (not kill) us?
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PATHOGENS
∙Bacteria
∙Protists
∙Fungi
∙Parasites
∙Viruses
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Bacteria
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Warmth
Moisture
Nutrition
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Protists
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Warmth
Moisture
Nutrition
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Fungi
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Warmth
Moisture
Nutrition
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Parasitic worms
and arthropods
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Tapeworm
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Ascaris
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Filarial worm
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Warmth
Moisture
Nutrition
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Viruses
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SPREAD OF PATHOGENS
∙food and water borne
∙air-borne...droplet infection (sneeze/cough)
∙contact infection
∙wound infection
∙arthropod carriers (insects and relatives)
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HISTORICALLY INCREASED BY:
Global trade
Better transportation
Urbanization
Factory work
Public schools
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GREATLY REDUCED BY:
Shoes
Pasteurization
Window screens
Air conditioning
Clean water!!!
Better hygiene, nutrition
Non-contaminated food
Antitoxins & vaccines
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SELF VS. NON-SELF
∙organisms are biochemically unique
∙There are proteins on surface of every
cell...harmless to self; provoke a reaction within
another body
∙different in each individual
∙antigen = substance capable of stimulating a
response
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FACTORS AFFECTING IMMUNITY
∙age
∙genetics
∙hormonal effects
∙physiological state
∙portal of entry
∙virulence of antigen
∙stress
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∙NON-SPECIFIC (first line)
∙skin
∙respiratory system
∙ears
∙eyes
∙mouth
∙stomach
∙urogenital tract
∙Interferons
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second line of defense
∙local inflammatory response
∙mast cells release histamines
∙cause pain, heat, redness, swelling
∙cause constriction of some smooth muscles
(bronchioles)
∙blood vessels dilate...increase flow to area
∙cause permeability of capillaries to increase
∙serotonin
∙its action resembles histamine, but it causes
vasoconstriction of larger blood vessels
∙cytokines can also be produced if a virus is present
∙cytokines inhibit production of viruses
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∙general inflammatory response
(fever)
∙macrophages release interleukine
∙reset body’s thermostat in
hypothalamus
∙may be a way to slow down until
immune system can catch up
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∙phagocytosis
∙increased blood flow brings large
numbers of neutrophils and monocytes
∙NK (natural killer) cells
∙kill virally infected cells
∙may attack tumor and other
cancerous cells
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3rd Line of Defense: SPECIFIC - Takes several days to
activate
∙cells of this system must be able to distinguish between
self and non-self
∙proteins on cell surface membranes act as recognition
devices, called antigens
∙immune system is tolerant to the body’s own antigens
and does not attract them
∙There are two types of responses: cell mediated and
antibody mediated
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Cell-Mediated Immunity (T-cells)
∙Macrophages engulf pathogens and bring them to lymphocytes
∙their information is “presented” to helper T-cells
∙Helper T-cells
∙Killer T-cells
∙Memory cells
∙Suppressor cells
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Helper T-cells
∙make other lymphocytes competent
∙can stimulate B-cells to become plasma cells to make
antibodies
∙stimulate the production of other T and B cells
∙produce lymphokines which stimulate macrophages to
engulf more invading cells
∙can produce interleukines
∙enhance inflammation
∙stimulate killer T-cells
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Killer T-cells
∙combine with antigens
∙attack cancer cells
∙cannot attack viruses directly, but can destroy cells
containing viruses
∙Once a virus enters a cell, it is safe from
antibodies.
∙Only T-cells destroying the cell can destroy the
virus
∙Cells containing viruses have viral antigens on
their surface...they can be recognized
∙release lymphokines
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Memory cells
∙live for years in the lymphatic system
∙Memory T & B cells circulate in the lymph, ready to react with
their antigen
∙Antigens entering the body are carried by macrophages to a
lymphatic organ (spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes) where there is
a high conc. of T cells
∙Sometimes, swelling in nodes indicates an infection
∙At a second exposure, the response proceeds more rapidly
∙Pathogens are usually destroyed before they can cause any
symptoms
∙prevent you from getting the same disease twice
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∙Suppressor cells
∙reproduce slowly (1 week)
∙inhibit other cells
∙help prevent immune system
from
over-reacting to a stimulus
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∙Antibody-mediated immunity. (B-
lymphocytes)
∙After a macrophage has ingested a
pathogen, helper T-cells are activated as
before
∙The helper T-cells trigger specific B-
cells to proliferate and differentiate into
plasma cells
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∙B-cells
∙divide through mitosis and differentiate into
plasma cells
∙Plasma cells produce antibodies
∙Plasma cells do not leave the lymph nodes
∙The antibodies they produce travel to the
infected area
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∙an antibody is a globular protein that reacts to a
specific antigen
∙antibodies work to destroy antigens several
ways
∙agglutination
∙some produce antitoxins
∙lysis
∙some coat the pathogen
∙some stimulate phagocytosis
∙some stimulate the compliment system
∙Some B-cells produce memory cells
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∙AIDS = deficiency of t-lymphocytes
∙HIV attacks helper T-cells
∙results in abnormally high ratio of
suppressor T-cells to helper T-cells
∙suppressors inhibit secretions of killer
T-cells
∙and inhibit development of B-cells into
plasma cells
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Types of Immunities
∙Active: antibody-antigen or T-cells react to antigen
∙natural: natural exposure to pathogen
∙artificial
∙exposure to dead or weakened pathogen (oral,
injection)
∙Passive: person is given antibodies
∙natural: person is given antibodies across
placenta/colostrum from mother
∙artificial: injection of antibodies produced in another
animal
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Hypersensitivity
∙allergies: mild antigens induce a response which
non-allergic people don’t respond to
∙When exposed to allergen, Helper T-cells
stimulate B-cells to produce an antibody called
IgE (reagin)
∙IgE attaches to IgE receptors on mast cells
(large connective tissue cells) and basophils
∙Upon second exposure to allergen, it attaches to
IgE and causes mast cells to release large
amounts of histamines, causing inflammation,
edema, large amount of mucus secretion, etc.
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Graft or transplant rejection
∙t-cell suppressors, like cyclosporin, are
used to reduce rejection of transplanted
organs
∙immunologically privileged sites
∙Sites where foreign tissue will not be
rejected
∙cornea, uterus