Increasing smallholder pig farmers' adaptive capacity: Low-cost … · 2017. 12. 17. · Increasing...
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Increasing smallholder pig farmers' adaptive capacity: Low-cost balanced diets
for East African pigs using livestock and plant co-products
Natalie Carter1,2, Catherine Dewey1, Delia Grace2,
Ben Lukuyu2 and Cornelis F.M. de Lange1
1University of Guelph 2International Livestock Research Institute
Tropentag 2015, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2015
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Central Region, Uganda
Western Province, Kenya
Photo: N.Carter
Central Region
Uganda
www.geology.com
explorersworldtravel.us;
Western Province,
Kenya
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Photo ILRI,
Photo ILRI
Pork consumption increased ten-fold in past 30 years
Pig population increased from 200,000 to 3.2 million (UBOS 2011)
Photo N.Carter
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, Dewey et al. 2011
• > 30% of East Africans are under-nourished (faostat.org)
• Pork production = income and animal source protein
Photo doomsteaddiner.org, Photo N.Carter
Photo N.Carter
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Photo: N.Carter
Average daily gain is low
(130 + 2 grams/day)
Carter, N. A., Dewey, C., Mutua, F., de Lange, C., & Grace, D. Tropical
Animal Health and Production. 2013;45 (7), 1533-1538.
Photo: C. Dewey
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Rationale • Pigs growing slowly
lack feed and balanced diets
expensive commercial feed
seasonal feed shortages and surpluses
inadequate storage of surplus
people and pigs compete for same food (Mutua et al. 2011;
Mutua et al. 2012; Kagira et al. 2010)
• Below-potential earnings
• Better growth = more income (Levy et al. 2014)
• Low-cost balanced diets – seasonal, local, co-products, free (Levy et al. 2014)
• Randomized control study
Levy, M., Dewey, C., Weersink, A., Mutua, F., Carter, N., Poljak, Zvonimir. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2014;46 (5), 797-808.
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Home-grown fresh feedstuffs
Jackfruit
Ripe avocado Sweet potato
Pumpkin
Banana Photo: C. Dewey
Photo: N. Carter
Photo: C. Dewey
Photo: N. Carter
Photo: C. Dewey
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Purchased feedstuffs
Photo: C. Dewey
Sun-dried fish
Maize bran Cottonseed meal Iodized table salt
Photo: hartstvillieoilmill.com Photo: tbf.tradeindia.com swfhealthandwellness.com
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Agricultural co-products
Sweet potato vine Cassava peel
Papaya leaf Banana leaf
Photos: N. Carter
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Forage-based diet
Forage-based diet
Photo: N. Carter
Ingredients in forage-based diet: sweet potato vine,
cottonseed meal, maize bran, banana leaf, sun-
dried fish, iodized table salt, ripe avocado, jackfruit, mineral and vitamin premix
Photo: N. Carter
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Silage-based diet
Silage-based diet
Sweet potato tubers
Sweet potato vines Photos: N. Carter
Photo: N. Carter
Photo: N. Carter
Photo: N. Carter
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Making silage – compacting layers of sweet potato vines and tubers to remove air to enable fermentation
Photo: N. Carter
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Commercial diet - control
Photo: E. Smith
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Growth study
Masaka, Uganda
• 3 diets
• Diet randomly assigned
to pen –10 pens per diet
• Pigs randomly assigned to
pen
• Each pen - 3 pigs of same
sex and breed (n=90)
• Local and crossbreed
• Crossbreed = local
crossed with Landrace
and/or Large White
and/or Camborough
Photo: E. Smith
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Growth study-
Masaka, Uganda
Local breed pigs fed silage-
based diet
• Weighed every 21 days
• 65 to 230 days of age
• Mean starting
bodyweight did not
differ between diets
• Commercial 6.8 + 2.12 kg
• Forage-based 7.0 + 3.2 kg
• Silage-based 6.7 + 1.9 kg
t-test (p>0.5)
Photo: N.Carter
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Average daily gain (g/day)
newly–weaned vs. finisher 65 to 107 days of age 199 to 230 days of age
Variable Coefficient P value Coefficient P value
Interceptc 224 - 503 -
Commercial diet
(referent)
- - - -
Silage-based versus
commercial diet
-243 <0.001 - NS
Weight at start of
weigh period (kg)
10 0.008 4 0.004
Local breed versus
crossbreed
- - -95 0.002
Adjusted r2 0.8177 0.8433
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Average daily gain (g/day)
newly-weaned pigs Diet and
(bodyweight (BW) range
(kg))
Mean BW (kg)
65 days old
Mean BW (kg) 86 days
old
Mean ADG
65 - 86 days old
Mean BW (kg)
107 days old
Mean ADG
86 - 107 days old
Mean BW (kg)
127 days old
Mean ADG 107 - 127
days old
Mean BW (kg)
140 days old
Mean ADG
127 - 140 days old
Commercial
lightest 1/3 (4 to 5.2)
4.6 7.9 154 15.0 342 22.8 371 26.3 268
Silage-based lightest 1/3
(3.2 to 5.9)
4.7 4.5 -8 5.1 30 7.4 107 9.2 142
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Farmer training and
feedback workshops
Photo: N. Carter
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Farmer training and
feedback workshops
Photo: N. Carter Photo: N. Carter
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Conclusions • Suitable feedstuffs available
• Seasonal shortages and human/pig competition
• Silage-diet heavier (9.2 kg) pigs can achieve good growth
Photo: C. Dewey
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Conclusions
• Enable pigs to have better
growth than is currently
happening
• Enable farmers to feed pigs
even during seasonal
shortages, weather shocks
• Improve well-being of pigs
• Improve resilience and well-
being smallholder farm families
Photo: N. Carter Photo: ILRI
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Acknowledgements
Dr. Cate Dewey
Dr. Kees de Lange
Dr. Sally Humphries
Dr. Delia Grace Dr. Ben Lukuyu
Karen Richardson
Dr. Florence Mutua
Dr. Eliza Smith
Dr. Hector Martinez Julia (Culian) Zhu
Village elders, farmers, research assistants
Governments of Kenya and Uganda
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Questions
Photo: C.Dewey