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![Page 1: Increasing dairy farm profit by maximising forage utilization Edith Charbonneau, Ph.D, agr. Collaborators: M.C. Coulombe M.C. Coulombe R. Roy R. Roy D.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e495503460f94b3be4e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Increasing dairy farm profit by maximising forage utilization
Edith Charbonneau, Ph.D,
agr.
Collaborators: M.C. Coulombe R. Roy D. Pellerin
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Content
Having high quality forage in quantity– Adjusted yield for quality– Cost per adjusted ton
Forage utilisation– Milk from forage– Its impact– How to increase Milk from forage
Assess forage management and utilization
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Importance of forage management Forage management is a key factor to increase dairy
farm’s net income
• Up to around 50 000$ higher net income for farms having more efficient forage management₋ High yield₋ Good quality₋ Low cost of production₋ High Milk from forage
(Roy et al., 2008)
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$/T
DM
Good forage utilisation decreases the need for concentrate feeds
Price in concentrate feeds varies greatly in time
Importance of forage management
1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 20170
50100150200250300350
CornBarley
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Adjusted yield for quality Value of forages estimated from corn grain and
soybean meal prices and compositions
Low con
cent
rate
pric
es
High
conc
entra
te p
rices
0
100
200
300
MatureMid-matureImmature
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Low con
cent
rate
pric
es
High
conc
entra
te p
rices
0
100
200
300
MatureMid-matureImmature
Forage value increases up to
50$/T;
it’s an increase of 2
0%
Adjusted yield for quality Value of forages estimated from corn grain and
soybean meal prices and compositions
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Cost of forage productionCost of forage production
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• Adjusted yield– Correct the yield for the nutrient content (quality)
• Adjusted cost of production– Cost of forage production /Adjusted yield
Adjusted yieldeq DM/ha
Yield Quality T DM/ha
(Coulombe, 2012)
Adjusted cost of production
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• Quality Calculation– Relative quality _ based on energy (RQE)
RQE = TDN (%DM) / 1.24
– Relative quality _ based on protein (RQP)Digestible protein (%DM) / 0.32
– Global quality index(RQE+RQP) / 2
• Coefficients are calculated using a reference forage:– Weighted mean from average chemical analysis of a mid-
mature silage (2/3) and a mid-mature hay (1/3)(Coulombe, 2012)
Adjusted cost of production
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Quality-adjusted cost of production- relationship with the cost of production -
Average Cost Prod.25% higher
Cost Prod.25% Lower
Adj. cost of production, $/T 202 259b 165a -94Variable cost, $/ha 494 530b 447a -83Fertilizer and other improvements, $/ha
96 96 89 -8
Machinery cost, $/ha 666 754b 588a -166Labor cost, $/ha 211 224b 188a -36
Results from 381 herds in AgritelWeb (2009-11)
Results for the adjusted forage cost of production from dairy farms
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Quality-adjusted cost of production- relationship with the cost of production -
Average Cost Prod.25% higher
Cost Prod.25% Lower
Yield, T/ha 5.9 5.1a 6.5b -1.4Adjusted yield, eqT/ha 6.1 5.1a 7.1b -2.0NEL, Mcal/kg DM 1.34 1.35 1.34 -
Crude protein, % 16.3 15.8b 16.9a +1.1Area, ha 74.6 69.3b 81.7a +12.4
Results from 381 herds in AgritelWeb (2009-11)
Results for the adjusted forage cost of production from dairy farms
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Forage utilisation
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Forage utilisation
Milk from forage• Concept was developed in the 70’s by Agri-
Gestion Laval at Université Laval
• Milk from forage (MF) is an estimation of the milk produced from forage by subtracting milk production theoretically allowed by concentrate from the total amount of milk.
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MFaverage= (MFenergy + MFprotein) /2
MFenergy= ECM – [Conc NEL (Mcal) - NELfor growth (Mcal)] 0.75 (Mcal/kg milk)
MFprotein= PCM – [Conc CP (kg) – CP for growth (kg)] 0.088 (kg CP/kg of milk)
Milk from forage
(Charbonneau, 2002)
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Objectives for Milk from forage (kg/cow)
Average cow weight (kg)
AcceptableLevel
Target
> 650 2650 3200
550 to 650 2550 3100
< 550 2450 3000
Milk from forage
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Average MF25% lower
MF25% higher
Milk from forage, kg/cow 2266 919b 3 629a +2700
Margin/cow (std), $/cow 3516 3268a 3763b +495
Feeding cost, $/hL 34.51 35.83a 33.04b -2,79
Milk sold, hL 5439 6166a 4996b -1170
Number of cows 73.3 80.8a 67.2b -13.6
Results from 381 herds from AgritelWeb (2009-11)
Milk from forage – Economic interest
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Average MF25% lower
MF25% higher
Milk per cow, kg/y 8373 8028a 8580b +552
Milk fat, % 4.05 4.06 4.05 -0.01
Milk protein, % 3.35 3.37a 3.34b -0.03
Calving interval, d 424 430a 422b -8
Replacement rate, % 31.1 32.4a 30.3b -2.1
Results from 381 herds from AgritelWeb (2009-11)
Milk from forage – Animal performance
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Average MF25% lower
MF25% higher
Feed efficiency 1.12 1.06b 1.20a +0.14
Forage intake, T/cow 5.45 5.21b 5.46a +0.25
Forage crude protein, % 16.3 16.4 16.3 -0.1
Forage NEL, Mcal/kg 1.34 1.33b 1.35a +0.02
TMR, % 48 57b 28a -29
Results from 381 herds from AgritelWeb (2009-11)
Milk from forage – Animal performance
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Farms with high Milk from forage have:
• Better margin/cow (lower feeding cost and more milk per cow)
• Forage of better quality
• Higher forage intake
• Higher feed efficiency
Milk from forage – Summary
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Farms with high Milk from forage and low adjusted cost of production • Similar animal performance with even
better economic outcomes • Lower milk cost of production 10.40 $/hL • Higher income of 20 132 $/ full time
equivalent
Milk from forage with inexpensive forage
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Farms with high Milk from forage and low adjusted cost of production • Similar animal performances with even
better economic outcomes • Lower milk cost of production 10.40 $/hL • Higher income of 20 132 $/ full time
equivalent
Milk from forage with inexpensive forage
Difference of around 55 000$ between th
e
farms in
our study
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Would decreasing concentrates increase Milk from forage?
When high quality forages are fed, it can be an option…
• An experiment was conducted to test the concept
Would decreasing concentrates increase Milk from forage?
When high quality forages are fed, it can be an option…
• An experiment was conducted to test the concept
(Pellerin et al., 2000)
Milk from forage – Research
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Cows receiving low concentrates diet
• Ate 1000 kg concentrates per lactation
• their forage intake by 24%
Targeted difference of 2000 kg per lactation between groups
could not be m et
• No significant differences in milk production
• No difference in milk composition
• Increase in milk urea for cows with low concentrates
Cows receiving low concentrates diet• Ate 1000 kg concentrates per lactation
• their forage intake by 24%
Targeted difference of 2000 kg per lactation between groups could not be met• No significant differences in milk production
• No difference in milk composition
• Increase in milk urea for cows with low concentrates
Concentrate amount
Production performance maybe more related to type of concentrate than the amount
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• Physical and chemical characteristics of diet associated to Milk from forage production– 90 farms (22 with corn silage)– Chemical analysis (ADF, NDF, CP,…)– Particle size of forages– Processing of concentrate feeds
Feed characteristics
(St-Pierre et al., 2002)
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25
R2 = 0.003
R2 = 0.356
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Days in milk
Milk
(kg
/d)
Relationship between Milk from forage and DIMMilkMilk from forage
Feed characteristics
(St-Pierre et al., 2002)
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• Silage-based diet (no corn silage)– Grinding of concentrate increases Milk
from forage, mostly in early and mid- lactation
– Small forage particle size decreases Milk from forage in early lactation but increases it in late lactation
– Forage quality increases Milk from forage for every cow
Feed characteristics
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• Corn silage-based diet– Increasing RDP from concentrates increases
Milk from forage
– No effect from concentrate grinding, forage particle size or forage quality on Milk from forage
Feed characteristics
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Effect of carbohydrate degradability on Milk from forage when alfalfa silage is used
Effect of carbohydrate degradability on Milk from forage when alfalfa silage is used
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Crackedcorn
Ground corn
Starch Dried wheyPermeat
Mil
k fr
om f
orag
e (k
g/d)
MFenergy; P=0.73
MFprotein; P<0.01
MFaverage; P=0.09
b
b
aa
b
a a
b
Concentrate type
(Charbonneau et al., 2006)
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Conclusions
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It is worth working on forage cost of production and their utilization • Difference of 55 000$ between the top and
the bottom groups To decrease cost of production
• Machinery cost• Yield
Think in terms of yield adjusted for quality
It is worth working on forage cost of production and their utilization • Difference of 55 000$ between the top and
the bottom groups To decrease cost of production
• Machinery cost• Yield
Think in terms of yield adjusted for quality
Conclusions
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To increase Milk from forage•Good quality forages
But its not enough, you have to use them…• Increase forage intake •Adequate amount of concentrates for each cow
•Adequate choice of concentrates for the forages in the ration (type, processing,…)
To increase Milk from forage
•Good quality forages But its not enough, you have to use them…
• Increase forage intake •Adequate amount of concentrates for each
cow•Adequate choice of concentrates for the
forages in the ration (type, processing,…)
Conclusions
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An evaluation tool was developed to assess forage management and utilization on dairy farms
Helps to point out the strength and the weakness in forage management and utilization
Already available in Quebec Will soon be available in English for all Canadian
provinces
An evaluation tool was developed to assess forage management and utilization on dairy farms
Helps to point out the strength and the weakness in forage management and utilization
Already available in Quebec Will soon be available in English for all Canadian
provinces
Conclusions
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