THE INCAS: RISE AND FALLAdapted From: http://www.slideshare.net/jmarazas/wh-chapter-7-incas?qid=edf49841-f82e-4add-8d43-c02de211154e&v=qf1&b=&from_search=6#

EARLY PEOPLES OF PERU

Western South America includes a wide variety of climates and terrains:

Narrow coastal plain that turns into a dry, lifeless desert with occasional river valleys

Snow-capped Andes Mountains High plateau Jungles inland

MAP OF PERU

EARLY PEOPLES OF PERU

Native American peoples developed many different styles of life across South America

Hunters/gatherers, farmers, fishermen Farmers used irrigation methods to grow

corn, beans, squash, and cotton Potatoes were also grown and included over

700 different varieties Domestication of the llama and alpaca

CHAVIN PEOPLE

Earliest culture in Peru Around 850 BC, built a huge temple complex

in the Andes Stone carvings and pottery show that the

Chavin people worshiped a ferocious-looking god, part jaguar and part human with grinning catlike features

MAP OF THE CHAVIN PEOPLE

CHAVIN STONE HEADS

MOHICA PEOPLE

Between 100-700 AD, the Mohica people forged an empire along the arid north coast of Peru

The Mohicas were skilled farmers who developed new methods of terracing, irrigation, and fertilization of the soil

Their leaders built roads and organized networks of relay runners to carry messages---ideas the Incas would later use

MOHICA PEOPLE

Remains of Mohica cities and temples dot the land

To build one temple, workers had to produce 130 MILLION sun-dried adobe bricks

The people perfected skills in textile production, goldwork, and woodcarving

They produced remarkable pots decorated with realistic scenes of daily life

NAZCA PEOPLE

In southern Peru, the Nazca people etched glyphs in the desert

Glyph---pictograph or other symbol carved into a surface

Nazca glyphs include straight lines that run for miles, as well as giant figures of birds, whales, and other creatures

NAZCA GLYPHS

NAZCA GLYPH

NAZCA GLYPH

SECRETS OF THE NAZCA LINES

Watch the video and answer the following questions:

1. Who were the Nazca people?2. How were the lines created?3. What were the lines for?4. Why are there links between the lines and

extra-terrestrials?

THE INCAN EMPIRE

Pachacuti, a skilled warrior and leader, was the founder of the Incan empire

In 1438, he proclaimed himself Sapa Inca (emperor) and set out on a policy of conquest

He and later his son were able to extend Incan rule from Ecuador in the north to Chile in the South

He made Cuzco the capital of the Incan empire

PACHACUTI

PACHACUTI STATUE IN CUZCO

CUZCO, PERU

CUZCO, PERU

INCAN EMPIRE MAPS

INCAN GOVERNMENT

The Sapa Inca exercised absolute power over the empire

Claiming that he was divine, he was also the chief religious leader

His symbol was gold aka “sweat of the sun” He lived in splendor, eating from golden

plates and dressing in richly embroidered clothes

In fact, the Sapa Inca never wore the same clothes twice!!!

His queen, the Coya, carried out important religious duties and sometimes governed when the Sapa Inca was absent

INCAN GOVERNMENT

From Cuzco, the Incas ran an efficient government with a chain of command reaching into every village

Nobles ruled the provinces along with local chieftains whom the Incas had conquered

Below them, officials carried out the day-to-day business of collecting taxes and enforcing laws

Specially trained officials kept records on a quipu, a collection of knotted, colored strings

Modern scholars think that the quipus noted dates and events as well as statistics on population and crops

QUIPUS

Time to make your own Quipus!

INCAN ROADS AND RUNNERS

To unite their empire, the Incas imposed their own language, Quechua, and religion on the people

They also created one of the greatest road systems of history

It wound more than 12,000 miles through mountains and deserts

Hundreds of bridges spanned rivers and deep gorges

Steps were cut into steep slopes and tunnels dug though hillsides

INCAN ROAD MAP

INCAN ROAD

INCAN BRIDGE

INCAN ROAD STEPS

INCAN BRIDGES

Incan bridges spanned over large valleys and rivers

They used grass to create ropes How could grass be used to support multiple

people? Would you risk your life by crossing a gorge

on a grass bridge? Time to investigate with an experiment!!!

INCAN ROADS AND RUNNERS

The roads allowed armies and news to move rapidly throughout the empire

At regular stations, runners waited to carry messages

Relays of runners could carry news of a revolt swiftly from a distant province to the capital

The Incas kept soldiers at outposts throughout the empire to quickly crush any rebellions

Ordinary people, though, were restricted from using the roads at all

CUZCO

All roads led through Cuzco In the heart of the city stood the great

Temple of the Sun, its interior walls lined with gold

Like Incan palaces and forts, the temple was made of enormous stone blocks, each polished and carved to fit exactly in place

The engineering was so precise that, although no mortar was used to hold the stones together, Incan buildings have survived severe earthquakes

Unfortunately, the Spanish demolished the temple and built the Church of Santo Domingo over it

CHURCH OF SANTO DOMINGO

DAILY LIFE

The Incas strictly regulated the lives of millions of people within their empire

People lived in close-knit communities, called ayllus

Leaders of each ayllu carried out government orders, assigning jobs to each family and organizing the community to work the land

Government officials arranged marriages to ensure that men and women were settled at a certain age

FARMING Farmers expanded the step terraces built by earlier

peoples On steep hillsides, they carved out strips of land to be

held in place by stone walls These terraces kept rains from washing away the soil

and made farming possible in places where flat land was scarce

Farmers had to spend part of each year working land for the emperor and the temples as well as for their own communities

All the land belonged to the Inca, but cultivation and crops were allotted to specific groups of people

The government took possession of each harvest, dividing it up among the people and storing part of it in case of famine

INCAN STEP FARMING

METALWORKING

The Incas were the best metalworkers of the Americas

They learned to work and alloy (blend) copper, tin, bronze, silver, and gold

While they employed copper and bronze for useful objects, they used precious metals for statues of gods and goddesses, eating utensils for the aristocracy, and decorations

INCAN METALWORK

MEDICAL ADVANCES

The Incas developed some important medical practices, including surgery on the human skull

In such operations, they first cleaned the operating area and then made the patient unconscious with a drug---procedures much closer to the use of modern antiseptics and anesthesia than anything practiced in Europe at the time

RELIGION

The Incas were polytheistic, worshipping many gods linked to the forces of nature

People offered food, clothing, and drink to the guardian spirits of the home and village

Religion was tied to the routines of life Each month had its own festival, from the

great ripening and the dance of the young maize to the festival of the water

Festivals were celebrated with ceremonies, sports, and games

A powerful class of priests served the gods, celebrating their special festivals and tending to their needs

RELIGION

Chief among the gods was Inti, the sun god His special attendants, the “Chosen Women,”

were selected from each region of the empire During years of training, they studied the

mysteries of the religion, learned to prepare ritual food and drink, and made the elaborate wool garments worn by the Sapa Inca and Coya

At the end of their training, most of the Chosen Women continued to serve the sun god; others joined the Inca’s court or married nobles

CHILD SACRIFICES

In order to try and avoid famine, volcanoes and earthquakes, the Incas sacrificed children and captured warriors

The children were raised to be ‘perfect’ and used especially for the purpose of sacrifice

Many mummified children have been found in the mountains of the Andes

MUMMIFIED CHILDREN

MACHU PICCHU

Machu Picchu lies some 7,000 feet above sea level high in the Andes

The sturdy walls have withstood centuries of earthquakes

Incan workers cut and fitted the stones together without using mortar

Abandoned for some 300 years, the ruins of Machu Picchu were rediscovered in 1911

MACHU PICCHU MAP

MACHU PICCHU

MACHU PICCHU

MACHU PICCHU

MACHU PICCHU

MACHU PICCHU

MICHAEL PALIN VISITS MACHU MICHU

Watch the Monty Python member visit the ancient site

END OF THE EMPIRE

At its height, the Incan civilization was a center of learning and political power

Then, in 1525, the emperor Huayna Capac died suddenly of an unknown plague that swept across the land

He did not name a successor and soon civil war broke out between two of his sons

The fighting weakened the empire at a crucial time because soon the Spanish conquistadors would bring down the empire

FRANCISCO PIZARRO

PIZARRO’S ROUTE OF CONQUER

THE GREAT INCA REBELLION

What the video and explain how the Spanish Conquistadors conquered Peru