Incarcerated Parents Incarcerated Parents and Their Elementary and Their Elementary School Aged Children School Aged Children

J. Mark Eddy, Ph.D.J. Mark Eddy, Ph.D.Oregon Social Learning CenterOregon Social Learning Center

Eugene, OREugene, OR

Inmate AgeInmate Age

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Under18

18-24 25-30 31-45 46-60 61 andover

Knowledge BaseKnowledge Base

Case studies, clinical reports, advocacy Case studies, clinical reports, advocacy articlesarticles

A few surveys of inmatesA few surveys of inmates A few studies of childrenA few studies of children Longitudinal studies on antisocial behaviorLongitudinal studies on antisocial behavior No longitudinal reports on parent No longitudinal reports on parent

incarceration to child incarcerationincarceration to child incarceration

Developmental ContextDevelopmental Context

Tremendous variationTremendous variation Interaction: none to extensiveInteraction: none to extensive Environment: stable to chaoticEnvironment: stable to chaotic

Most attention: Accumulation of riskMost attention: Accumulation of risk PovertyPoverty Exposure to substance abuseExposure to substance abuse Exposure to domestic violenceExposure to domestic violence Abuse, neglectAbuse, neglect Instability in living situationInstability in living situation Instability in caregiversInstability in caregivers

Immediate ImpactsImmediate Impacts

AnxietyAnxiety DepressionDepression Feelings of anger, shame, guiltFeelings of anger, shame, guilt Aggression, acting outAggression, acting out PTSD symptomsPTSD symptoms

Enduring ImpactsEnduring Impacts

DelinquencyDelinquency Psychiatric disordersPsychiatric disorders

PTSDPTSD Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Academic failureAcademic failure

Life Long Impacts:Life Long Impacts:Top 5 Predictors of Violent Top 5 Predictors of Violent

or Serious Delinquencyor Serious DelinquencyAge 6 to 11 YearsAge 6 to 11 Years

Child offensesChild offenses Child substance useChild substance use Child gender (male)Child gender (male) Family socioeconomic statusFamily socioeconomic status Parent antisocial behaviorParent antisocial behavior

From Lipsey & Derzon (1998) synthesis.From Lipsey & Derzon (1998) synthesis.

Strength of RelationshipStrength of Relationship

The children of the most antisocial parents are 3 The children of the most antisocial parents are 3 to 6 times more likely to exhibit violent or serious to 6 times more likely to exhibit violent or serious delinquency during late adolescence than the delinquency during late adolescence than the children of the least antisocial parents.children of the least antisocial parents.

There is no evidence for the oft repeated There is no evidence for the oft repeated statement that children of incarcerated parents statement that children of incarcerated parents are 6 times more likely than their peers to be are 6 times more likely than their peers to be incarcerated as adults.incarcerated as adults.

SummarySummary

Some children adjust well, and may need Some children adjust well, and may need little, if any, intervention.little, if any, intervention.

Others may benefit from some additional Others may benefit from some additional support and/or therapeutic intervention.support and/or therapeutic intervention.

Others may need intensive work around Others may need intensive work around issues of separation, psychological issues of separation, psychological problems related to trauma, abuse, and problems related to trauma, abuse, and neglect.neglect.

The Oregon Parent Child Study

Funded by the National Institute of Mental Health

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements 3,000 families3,000 families FundingFunding

State of Oregon LegislatureState of Oregon Legislature Oregon Department of CorrectionsOregon Department of Corrections McConnell Clark FoundationMcConnell Clark Foundation National Institute of Mental HealthNational Institute of Mental Health

PartnersPartners Oregon Department of Corrections Director’s OfficeOregon Department of Corrections Director’s Office CCCF, OSCI, SCI, CRCI, OSP, and OWCCCCCF, OSCI, SCI, CRCI, OSP, and OWCC Non-profit Pathfinders of OregonNon-profit Pathfinders of Oregon Non-profit Children’s Justice AllianceNon-profit Children’s Justice Alliance

TeamTeam

J. Mark Eddy, Ph.D., clinical psychologistJ. Mark Eddy, Ph.D., clinical psychologist Charles Martinez, Ph.D., clinical psychologistCharles Martinez, Ph.D., clinical psychologist Rex Newton, Ph.D., prison psychologistRex Newton, Ph.D., prison psychologist Leslie Leve, Ph.D., developmental psychologistLeslie Leve, Ph.D., developmental psychologist Tracy Schiffmann, M.S., instructional designerTracy Schiffmann, M.S., instructional designer Kevin Moore, Ph.D., educational psychologistKevin Moore, Ph.D., educational psychologist John B. Reid, Ph.D., clinical psychologistJohn B. Reid, Ph.D., clinical psychologist Dana Foney, Ph.D., developmental psychologistDana Foney, Ph.D., developmental psychologist Danita Herrera, project coordinatorDanita Herrera, project coordinator

Parenting Inside Out (PIO)Parenting Inside Out (PIO)

Created through a researcher-practitioner Created through a researcher-practitioner collaborationcollaboration

Version of evidence-based OSLC Parent Version of evidence-based OSLC Parent Management TrainingManagement Training

Groups of 10 to 15 parents Groups of 10 to 15 parents 3 hours three times per week for 12 weeks3 hours three times per week for 12 weeks Delivered by system-embedded non-profitDelivered by system-embedded non-profit Lay coaches, trained and supervisedLay coaches, trained and supervised Intervention paid for by the Oregon DOCIntervention paid for by the Oregon DOC

PIO ContentPIO Content

CommunicationCommunication Child developmentChild development EncouragementEncouragement Monitoring and supervisionMonitoring and supervision Problem solvingProblem solving DisciplineDiscipline Family legacyFamily legacy Couple relationshipsCouple relationships Transition homeTransition home

PIO ProcessPIO Process

Basic structure for each lessonBasic structure for each lesson Brief lectures, videosBrief lectures, videos Small and large group exercisesSmall and large group exercises Role playsRole plays Homework and portfolio creationHomework and portfolio creation Individual meetingsIndividual meetings Materials sent home to caregiversMaterials sent home to caregivers Optional intensive caregiving exercisesOptional intensive caregiving exercises Graduation ceremonyGraduation ceremony

Design Design

WhiteWhite MinorityMinority

PIOPIO ControlControl PIOPIO ControlControl

MenMen 5050 5050 5050 5050

WomenWomen 5050 5050 5050 5050

Eligible Incarcerated ParentsEligible Incarcerated Parents

At least one eligible childAt least one eligible child Ability to participate in Oregon DOC Ability to participate in Oregon DOC

education and training programseducation and training programs Approximately six months until releaseApproximately six months until release Have contact information for caregiverHave contact information for caregiver

Eligible ChildrenEligible Children

Middle childhood ageMiddle childhood age Biological, adopted, or stepBiological, adopted, or step Incarcerated parent has legal right to Incarcerated parent has legal right to

contactcontact Incarcerated parent served in some Incarcerated parent served in some

parenting role priorparenting role prior Incarcerated parent expects to be involved Incarcerated parent expects to be involved

in some parenting role after releasein some parenting role after release

Oregon DemographicsOregon Demographics

GeneralGeneral

PopulationPopulation

Prison Prison PopulationPopulation

3,641,0563,641,056 12,875 (0.3%)12,875 (0.3%)

MaleMale 50%50% 93%93%

Race/ethnicityRace/ethnicity

WhiteWhite 82%82% 77%77%

African Am.African Am. 22 99

LatinoLatino 10 10 1010

Native Am.Native Am. 11 22

Asian Am.Asian Am. 44 11

Parent DemographicsParent Demographics

MenMen WomenWomen

NN 4545 5555

AgeAge 32 (6)32 (6) 31 (6)31 (6)

Race/ethnicityRace/ethnicity

WhiteWhite 64%64% 60%60%

African Am.African Am. 1313 99

Latino Latino 00 1111

Native Am. Native Am. 99 77

MultiMulti 1313 99

ConvictionConvictionMenMen WomenWomen

Person CrimesPerson Crimes 80%80% 29%29%

TypesTypes (41)(41) (71)(71)

AssaultAssault 26%26% 13%13%

ID TheftID Theft 00 1818

Theft ITheft I 00 1313

Del/Man SubDel/Man Sub 99 1111

Del Sub SchDel Sub Sch 22 77

Un Use VehUn Use Veh 44 99

SentenceSentence 3.2 (2.6)3.2 (2.6) 1.5 (1.2) 1.5 (1.2)

Delinquency HistoryDelinquency History

MenMen WomenWomenEver arrested as a youthEver arrested as a youth 62%62% 42%42%

Age first arrested as youthAge first arrested as youth 13.5 (2.2)13.5 (2.2) 13.8 (1.8)13.8 (1.8)

Number of times arrested as youthNumber of times arrested as youth 4.6 (8.8)4.6 (8.8) 2.2 (6.7)2.2 (6.7)

Ever in lock-up as a youthEver in lock-up as a youth 51%51% 24%24%

Avg. months in lock-up as youthAvg. months in lock-up as youth 7.2 (17.4)7.2 (17.4) 1.5 (5.0)1.5 (5.0)

Criminal HistoryCriminal History

MenMen WomenWomenAge first arrested as adultAge first arrested as adult 19.5 (3.5)19.5 (3.5) 24.4 (5.9)24.4 (5.9)

Number of times arrested as adultNumber of times arrested as adult 13.4 (13.5)13.4 (13.5) 8.4 (10.3)8.4 (10.3)

Number of times in jail as adultNumber of times in jail as adult 10.8 (10.5)10.8 (10.5) 6.7 (9.6)6.7 (9.6)

Number of times in custody of Oregon Number of times in custody of Oregon DOCDOC

1.1 (0.3)1.1 (0.3) 1.8 (1.2)1.8 (1.2)

Mental Health and Substance Mental Health and Substance AbuseAbuse

MenMen WomenWomen

Ever experienced MH Ever experienced MH problemproblem

22%22% 29%29%

Ever dx with MH, behavioral Ever dx with MH, behavioral and/or learning problemand/or learning problem

4747 4242

Ever experienced substance Ever experienced substance abuse or addictionabuse or addiction

8787 8989

EducationEducation

MenMen WomenWomen

88thth grade or less grade or less 4%4% 5%5%

Some HSSome HS 3131 3333

GEDGED 1313 3131

HS diplomaHS diploma 77 44

Any college degreeAny college degree 00 22

Employment and IncomeEmployment and Income

MenMen WomenWomen

At least one jobAt least one job 80%80% 58%58%

Hours per weekHours per week 4949 4040

Monthly incomeMonthly income $3,147$3,147

(3,354)(3,354)

$1,506$1,506

(1,151)(1,151)

Government aidGovernment aid 73%73% 86%86%

ChildrenChildren

MenMen WomenWomen

Total childrenTotal children 3.2 (2.2)3.2 (2.2) 2.8 (1.8)2.8 (1.8)

Bio childrenBio children 2.2 (1.5)2.2 (1.5) 2.6 (1.6)2.6 (1.6)

Avg. age of all childrenAvg. age of all children 8.1 (3.8)8.1 (3.8) 8.1 (3.3)8.1 (3.3)

Target child (TC) ageTarget child (TC) age 7.3 (2.2)7.3 (2.2) 8.2 (2.4)8.2 (2.4)

Inmate-TC RelationInmate-TC Relation

MenMen WomenWomen

BioBio 82%82% 95%95%

StepStep 1616 55

AdoptedAdopted 22 00

TC-Inmate Contact PriorTC-Inmate Contact Prior

MenMen WomenWomen

Lived with full timeLived with full time 36%36% 41%41%

Lived with part timeLived with part time 77 1313

Visited several times/wkVisited several times/wk 2727 1515

Visited once/wk or lessVisited once/wk or less 99 1818

Phone and/or mail Phone and/or mail 44 66

SparseSparse 1818 77

Caregiver RelationCaregiver Relation

ChildrenChildren

of Menof Men

Children Children

of Womenof Women

Bio parentBio parent 67%67% 31%31%

GrandparentGrandparent 1717 4646

Aunt or uncleAunt or uncle 55 66

Foster parentFoster parent 77 44

TC-Caregiver Contact PriorTC-Caregiver Contact Prior

Children Children of Menof Men

Children Children of Womenof Women

Lived with full timeLived with full time 77%77% 57%57%

Lived with part timeLived with part time 00 1111

Visited several times/wkVisited several times/wk 77 2424

Visited once/wk or lessVisited once/wk or less 55 44

Phone and/or mail Phone and/or mail 00 00

NoneNone 1111 44

Conception, Pregnancy, BirthConception, Pregnancy, BirthChildren Children

of Menof Men

ChildrenChildren

of Womenof WomenOne or both parents under 18 One or both parents under 18 at conceptionat conception

27%27% 35%35%

Mother substance use during Mother substance use during pregnancypregnancy

Tobacco Tobacco 46%46% 69%69%

AlcoholAlcohol 3030 3636

Other drugsOther drugs 3434 4848

Premature birthPremature birth 14%14% 14%14%

Early LifeEarly LifeChildren Children

of Menof Men

Children Children

of Womenof WomenParent had contact during first Parent had contact during first yearyear

78%78% 98%98%

First five years, “often” or “very First five years, “often” or “very often” had:often” had:

Temper tantrumsTemper tantrums 18%18% 15% 15%

DisobedientDisobedient 0 0 1111

Phys. FightsPhys. Fights 1515 1313

Child age when parent first Child age when parent first incarceratedincarcerated

2.3 (2.4)2.3 (2.4) 4.8 (3.0)4.8 (3.0)

Child present when arrestedChild present when arrested 16%16% 16%16%

TC-Incarcerated Parent TC-Incarcerated Parent Contact DuringContact During

ChildrenChildren

of Menof Men

ChildrenChildren

of Womenof Women

One Month Prior to One Month Prior to StudyStudy

Visits in prisonVisits in prison 1.2 (2.0)1.2 (2.0) 0.8 (1.2)0.8 (1.2)

Phone callsPhone calls 4.2 (7.7)4.2 (7.7) 3.6 (4.9)3.6 (4.9)

Parent received lettersParent received letters 0.8 (1.0)0.8 (1.0) 1.0 (1.6)1.0 (1.6)

Parent sent lettersParent sent letters 2.5 (2.5)2.5 (2.5) 4.8 (6.2)4.8 (6.2)

System ContactSystem Contact

Children Children

of Menof Men

ChildrenChildren

of Womenof WomenSeen MH professionalSeen MH professional 27%27% 46%46%

Been dx with MH, Been dx with MH, behavioral and/or learning behavioral and/or learning problemproblem

2424 1313

Seen welfare caseworkerSeen welfare caseworker 3333 4747

Been in foster careBeen in foster care 2222 3838

State has guardianshipState has guardianship 99 2020

In foster careIn foster care 99 77

Arrested by policeArrested by police 22 22

SchoolSchool

Children Children

of Menof Men

ChildrenChildren

of Womenof Women

Parent ReportParent Report

Child has been inChild has been in

trouble at schooltrouble at school

31%31% 18%18%

Child ReportChild Report

Sometimes gets in Sometimes gets in

trouble at schooltrouble at school

67%67% 63%63%

Substance Use ExposureSubstance Use Exposure

ChildrenChildren

of Menof Men

ChildrenChildren

of Womenof WomenSeen substance abuse in home Seen substance abuse in home (parent report)(parent report)

33%33% 49%49%

Seen children using and has used Seen children using and has used (child report)(child report)

TobaccoTobacco 22% 15%22% 15% 37% 0%37% 0%

AlcoholAlcohol 18 3018 30 26 2126 21

MarijuanaMarijuana 7 77 7 21 021 0

Violence ExposureViolence Exposure

Children Children

of Menof Men

Children Children

of Womenof WomenParent ReportParent Report

Child seen violence in homeChild seen violence in home 36%36% 24%24%

Parent ever hit by romantic partnerParent ever hit by romantic partner 6767 7575

Child seen violence in neighborhoodChild seen violence in neighborhood 1111 1111

Child ReportChild Report

Seen kids with lethal weaponsSeen kids with lethal weapons 41%41% 26%26%

Social SupportSocial Support

ChildrenChildren

of Menof Men

ChildrenChildren

of Womenof WomenFeels unliked by other kidsFeels unliked by other kids 41%41% 47%47%

Always has someone who understands Always has someone who understands his/her problemshis/her problems

3333 3737

Always has someone to count onAlways has someone to count on 3737 2626

Always has someone to do fun things Always has someone to do fun things with him/herwith him/her

2626 2626

Always has someone to show him/her Always has someone to show him/her lovelove

3737 4747

Always has someone who hugs him/herAlways has someone who hugs him/her 4141 4242

Family HistoryFamily HistoryTime in Jail/PrisonTime in Jail/Prison

ChildrenChildren

of Menof Men

Children Children

of Womenof Women

One GenerationOne Generation 27%27% 37%37%

Two GenerationsTwo Generations 7171 5858

Three GenerationsThree Generations 22 99

Family HistoryFamily HistorySubstance AbuseSubstance Abuse

ChildrenChildren

of Menof Men

Children Children

of Womenof Women

NoneNone 4%4% 2%2%

One GenerationOne Generation 1111 2626

Two GenerationsTwo Generations 6060 4646

Three GenerationsThree Generations 2424 2727