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CAFEE Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions
In‐Use NTE PM Measurement Methodology using an In‐Line, Real‐Time Exhaust PM
Emissions Sensor
Marc C. Besch1, Arvind Thiruvengadam1, Hemanth Kappanna1, Alessandro Cozzolini1, Peter Bonsack1, Daniel K. Carder1,
Juha Tikkanen2, Mridul Gautam1
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringWest Virginia University
1Pegasor Ltd, Tampere, Finland
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
Content
• Particle Sensor Technology• NTE Measurement Methodology• Experimental Setup• Results and DiscussionEngine Dynamometer ResultsChassis Dynamometer Results(On‐Road Testing Results)
• Conclusions
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
• In‐use Emissions Compliance Measurements/Testing: Quantification of PM mass
emitted during Not‐to‐Exceed (NTE) events
Establishing mass reference for aerosol in real‐time
• Other Fields of Application On‐board Diagnostics
Applications PM Sensor for Development
and Implementation of DPF Regeneration Strategies
Combustion Research and Engine Base Calibration Applications
Introduction
650 850 1050 1250 1450 1650 1850 2050 22500
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
30%
Max. Torque
nlo
n15%
nhi
T30% Power
T50% Power
T70% Power
Engine Speed [rpm]
Eng
ine
Torq
ue [f
t-lb]
Engine lug‐curve form Mack MP7 – 355E (MY 2004)
PPS – Pegasor Particle Sensor
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
Sensor ‐ Description of Technology
Advantages:• Real‐time• Continuous operation• No PM sample collection• No external dilution of exhaust needed
Picture provided by Pegasor Oy
• Measurement based on escaping current principle
Operational Parameters:• Sampling rate up to 100 Hz • Sensor output can be calibrated to [mg/m3] or [#/m3]
Dilution Air in
Sample Inlet Turbulent mixing of
particles and ions
~2kV 5µA
Ionized Air out
High Voltage
Charged particles and excess ions
Only charged particles leave the
ion trapElectric field
removes all ions
Corona Needle
(Tungsten)
PPS Installation on Exhaust:
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
NTE In‐use Measurement Method
Calculation of PM mass [mg] during NTE event:
0
1N
TE E
vent
[-]
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time [sec]
PP
S S
igna
l [m
V]
ESC-Modes (Run 1)ESC-Modes (Run 2) NTEEnd
NTEStart
t
tdttPPS
TestEnd
TestStart
t
tdttPPS
TestEnd
TestStart
NTEEnd
NTEStart
t
t
t
tPPSRatio
dttPPS
dttPPSPM
CycleTotalMassPPSRatioNTEMass PMPMPM
CycleTotalMassPM
PMMass Total‐Cycle = TPM from gravimetric filter sample
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
Experimental SetupEngine Dynamometer: Chassis Dynamometer: On‐Road Testing:
• Full flow dilution tunnel (CVS‐SSV)• 11L Mack MP7 ‐ 355E (2004)• No aftertreatment system• EEPS (TSI, Model 3090)• CPC (TSI, Model 3025)• MSS (AVL, Model 483)• Intake Air Flow Measurement• Proportional Flow TPM Sampling
PPS
PPSPPS
TPMTPMTPM
• Full flow dilution tunnel (CVS‐SSV)• 6.6L Duramax ‐ GMC4500 (2004)• GVW ~ 12’000 pounds• Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)• Exhaust Flow Measurement• Horiba OBS and Sensors SEMTECH• Proportional Flow TPM Sampling
• 6.6L Duramax ‐ GMC4500 (2004)• GVW ~ 12’500 pounds• Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)• Exhaust Flow Measurement• Horiba OBS and Sensors SEMTECH• Constant Flow TPM Sampling
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
Setup ‐ Engine Test Cell/Chassis Dynamometer
CVS-SSV (40 CFR, Part 1065)
EjectorDilutor
Dry, 25°C Compressed
HEPA Filtered Air Supply
EEPSTM
(TSI, Model 3090)
CPC(TSI, Model 3025)
1st Stage Mini Dilution Tunnel To Outlet
HEPA filtered Dilution Air
To Outlet
ORInsulated Stainless Steel
Line
Heated, Dry, HEPA Filtered Air for
1st Stage Hot Dilution
2nd Stage Mini Dilution Tunnel
Exh
aust
Tra
nsfe
r Pip
e
From Engine
To Outlet
3nd StageDry, 25°C
Compressed HEPA Filtered
Air Supply
PPS
Gaseous EmissionHC, CO, CO2,
NOx, NO
AVLMSS 483
TPMFilter
Holder
Gravimetric PM
2.5μmCut-pointCyclone
Pressurized Air Supply
Chiller
Sec
onda
ry
Dilu
tion
Air
Heated Line
MFC
MFC
Exhaust Flow Measurement, Annubar®(Chassis Dynamometer)
Intake Air (LFE) & Fuel Flow Measurement (Engine Test Cell)
PPSC
PPSPPSExh DRCC
CVSExhCVS DR
CC 1
PMSecCVSFilter DR
CC
1
3082.1][0053.0 psiDRPPS
Exh
mixCVS m
mDR
sec VV
VDR
sf
sfPMSec
mixm
secV
sfV
ExhVfuelIntake mV &
1st Stage Hot, ~ 130C DR = 6
2nd Stage Cold, ~ 25C DR = 24
3rd Stage ** Cold, ~ 25C DR = 8
** Only for CPC
Dilution System for EEPS and CPC:
TPM
TVDLfLoss ,,, (Not applied to presented results)
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
From Engine
Dry, Compressed
HEPA Filtered Air Supply
PPSTPMFilter
Holder
Gravimetric PM
2.5μmCut-pointCyclone
Pressurized Air Supply
Porous Wall Dilutor
MFC
MFC
Heated Line
Secondary Dilution Air
Heated Tape and Insulation
Pdiff
Pabs
Annubar®
Flow Device
T4
T5
Setup ‐ On‐Road Testing
TPM
sfV
secVExhV
PPSC
PPSPPSExh DRCC PMSecCVSFilter DR
CC
1
TVDLfLoss ,,, (Not applied to presented results)
3082.1][0053.0 psiDRPPS
sec VV
VDR
sf
sfPMSec
y = 0.0053x + 1.3082R² = 0.9688
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.8
0 20 40 60 80
Dilu
tion
Rat
io [-
]
Pressure [psi]
Dilution RatioLinear (Dilution Ratio)
PPSDR
PPS
EFM
TPM
Porous Wall Dilutor
Heated Line
Cyclone
OBSSEMTECH
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
Results ‐ Engine Test Cell
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 16000
50
100
150
200
250
300
Time [sec]
PPS
Sign
al [m
V]
Raw PPS SignalFiltered PPS Signal
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 16000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
PPS
Con
cent
ratio
n [m
V/(U
nit F
low
)]
Time [sec]
CPPS
CExh
CCVS
CPMFilter
PPS Signal Filtering/Smoothing:• Savitzky‐Golay (Least‐Squares Smoothing Filters)
• For Steady‐State:• Frame Size ‐ 8.1 sec• Filter Order ‐ 3
• For Transient Cycle: • Frame Size ‐ 2.1 sec• Filter Order ‐ 5
Instrument Grounding at On‐Road
PPS Concentration as calculated at different locations in the measurement stream between PPS sample cell (blue line) and gravimetric filter face
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
Results ‐ Engine Test Cell (ESC)
340 680 1020 13740
100
200
300
400
500PMPPS vs. TPM at 1228 rpm
PM
PPS [m
g] a
nd T
PM
[mg]
340 680 1020 13740
100
200
300
400
500PMMSS vs. TPM at 1228 rpm
PM
MSS
[mg]
and
TP
M [m
g]
Torque [ft-lb]
309 618 927 12490
50
100
150
200
250
300PMPPS vs. TPM at 1504 rpm
309 618 927 12490
50
100
150
200
250
300PMMSS vs. TPM at 1504 rpm
Torque [ft-lb]
267 534 802 10790
200
400
600
800PMPPS vs. TPM at 1780 rpm
PMPPS
TPM
267 534 802 10790
200
400
600
800PMMSS vs. TPM at 1780 rpm
Torque [ft-lb]
PMMSS
TPM
• AVL MSS => Corrected for temperature influence and thermophoretic losses• TPM includes absorbed SOF => PPS and AVL do not measure this fraction => Possible correction based on HC
Possible influence of PPS sample extraction method at high gas velocity?
For all modes:TPM not “Background” corrected.
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 35000
1000
2000
3000
4000Engine Speed [rpm]
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 35000
200
400
600
Engine Torque [ft-lb]
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 35000
0.5
1NTE Zone [-]
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 35000
100
200
300
400
500
600PPS Signal [mV]
Time [sec]
Results ‐ Chassis Dynamometer
NTE Zones (t > 30sec)
From ECU
From ECU
From OBS
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
• Response of PPS to PM emissions during the transient test cycle (FTP) was similar to that of EEPS (R2 Value: 0.8969) and AVL MSS (R2 Value: 0.8479).
• Development of NTE In‐use Measurement Method using the PPS Signal to calculate PM during NTE events.
• Demonstration of this method based on engine dynamometer experiments => PPS‐Method captures general trends.– Possible influence of high exhaust flow rates on sample extraction efficiency
– Accounting for particle losses within transfer pipes– Influence of SOF on gravimetric filter weight
• Chassis Dynamometer and On‐Road analysis is ongoing.
Conclusion and Outlook
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
Thank You for Your Attention
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000
20
40
60
80
100
120
Time [sec]
PP
S M
ass
Con
c. M
odel
[mg/
m3]
MS
S M
ass
Con
c. [m
g/m
3]
PPS (Linear Prediction Model)AVL MSS-483
0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time [sec]
Nor
mai
lzed
PP
S S
igna
l and
MS
S M
ass
Con
cent
ratio
n
PPSAVL MSS-483
Results ‐ PPS vs. AVL MSS, Engine‐out
• Engine: Mack MP‐7 (MY 2004)• No aftertreatment, engine‐out measurement• FTP‐Cycle, Dynamometer
Linear Regression Coefficients:(Least Squares Method)
PPS [mg/m3] = 0.1787+ 0.0581*PPS [mV]R‐Square Value: 0.84790 500 1000 1500 2000
0
20
40
60
80
100
MS
S S
oot C
once
ntra
tion
[mg/
m3 ]
PPS Signal [mV]
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5x 10
6
Time [sec]
PP
S N
umbe
r Con
c. M
odel
[#/m
3]E
EP
S T
otal
Num
ber C
onc.
[#/c
m3]
PPS (Linear Prediction Model)EEPS (TSI, 3090)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time [sec]
Nor
mai
lzed
PP
S S
igna
l and
EE
PS
Tot
al N
umbe
r Con
c.
PPSEEPS (TSI, 3090)
Results ‐ PPS vs. EEPS, Engine‐out
• Engine: Mack MP‐7 (MY 2004)• No aftertreatment, engine‐out measurement• FTP‐Cycle, Engine Dynamometer
Linear Regression Coefficients:(Least Squares Method)
PPS [#/m3] = 2.244E4+ 1.777E3*PPS [mV]R‐Square Value: 0.8969
Forcing linear model through zero point:=> Coeff(1) = 0
0 500 1000 1500 20000
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5x 10
6
EE
PS
Tot
al N
umbe
r Con
c. [#
/cm3 ]
PPS Signal [mV]
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
Sensor – Operational Parameters, cont’
• Low temperature version max 250 °C• High temperature version max. 850 °C• High concentration version 10 µg/m3‐250 mg/m3
• High sensitivity version ~1µg/m3
• Sensor dimensions 20‐40 mm diameter, 100‐200 mm long – to be decided together with customers
• Electronics; 80x40x20 mm3
• Sensor output calibrated to mg/m3 or #‐particles/cm3
• Sensor is installed outside the tailpipe with only inlet and outlet in the tailpipe
• Environmental conditions up to 85 degrees C, IP 45
15th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated NanoparticlesJune 26‐29, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland
Sample Outlet
Sample Inlet
Dilution Air
Sensor Electronics
Sensor ‐ Description of Technology Cont’d
RS485 Connector
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 20 40 60 80
Flow
Rat
e [lp
m]
Pressure [psi]
Sample InletSample OutletDilution Air
y = 0.0053x + 1.3082R² = 0.9688
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.8
0 20 40 60 80
Dilu
tion
Rat
io [-
]
Pressure [psi]
Dilution RatioLinear (Dilution Ratio)
Index
Contents