In Their Country's Service- Women Soldiers of the Polish 2nd Corps
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Transcript of In Their Country's Service- Women Soldiers of the Polish 2nd Corps
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" .IN THEIR COUNTRY 'S SERVICE"
WOMEN - SOLD IERS OF THE 2nd POLISH CORPS
1941 - 1946
LAY OUT AND TEXT:
LOLA ROMANSKA AND ANDRZEJ ROMANSKI
MONTAGE:
WINCEl\TY SZUROWSKI
PHO'l'OGRAl'HS:.r. BEEGEK, \\I. BOKUTA,A.CHRUSCIEL,J.FUKS, S. GLIWA, BR. TIABERSKI W. TIRYNlE\\"1CZ.
K ITRYNKlE'\"ICZ. B. KOWALIK, K]WSZYNSKI, ST. LIPlNSKI, K. MAGIERA, F. MALINIAK, J. l\llCHALSKl,
o LSZANSKI, W. OSTROWSKI, A. PADUCII, 1. ROMANOWSKI, LOLA ROMANSKA, A.ROlVlAi\SK[
.P. SAWICKi, T. SZUNI.ANSKI, \\I. SZUROWSKI, CZ. ZEMBAL, J. ZIELICKI AND REPRODUCTIONS
PRODCCTION: PHOTOGRAPJ-TIC SECTlON HQ POLISH PUBLiC REf-A nONS
GRAPHICAC WORK; 1. CHADZyt~SJ(A
TRANSLATOR; RCERTON SYJ(ES
l'UBLISHED BY THE IIEADQUARTEHS
UF THE POLISH WOM.EN'S AUXILIARY CORPS
2nd POLISH CORPS.
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, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~\\ ~::S3
An historical event of major importance was the
pari played: by women in the second world war. The
impetus of national necessity pressed 'whole social groups
into the service of the state. Conscription f'or women
was introduced in most countries, but before this was
the case, tens of thousands of women had enlisted in tho
armies of the warrrng nations. In many cases the 1icw
ideas and status gained as a result of this will remain
it pcrrnaucnt part 01 the framework of women's sphere
in the wortd.Owing to the special conditions of the combat iu-Po-
land, all service by women, whether with the Under-
ground 01' in the Armed Forces had: to be on a voluntary
basis, The Women's Voluntary Corps, which was crea-
ted both ill Poland and abroad, produced the need for
special regulutions aud organisation, often against the.stroug ouuositiou of those who disagreed with women's
right to serve. It may now be said that the Polish wo-
men played 1 : 1 predominant part in the struggle against
opression, a fact which is f'ul.lv realised by the whole
nation.
'I'h is book is not only a history in photographs of
th e lire of the Polish Women's Auxiliary Corps, - the
P. S. K., - but is also intended, in some measure, to give
an idea of how the various organisaticns came into
being.
During the years or the war Polish woiuen, ill
common with 'women of most of the Allied Nations, )'c-
v(,<lled num v hitherto unsuspected traits of character.
80 little was previously known of the moral endurance
uud ph vaioa] resistance of women, while evoi; lcss wassuspected of their aptitude for work, thcirself disci-
pline and reliance, 01' even or their courage. While these
characteristics had been observed in exceptional cases,
aiuonast those women distinguished in history as lea-
(!PI'S of opinion, in this war such leaders were to he
found in thoir thousands amongst Polish women, Co-
lonel Mrs. Wqslouchowa, Chief Commander of the PSK.,
stated « The woineu 01' the PSK. always keep a stif']'
Upper Iip in difficult circumstances, are most consistent
and reliable, and unconcerned about their personal well
being. In every situation they fiud the one way au t
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-ousiatent 'with their patriotic outlook » .
When he created the PSK" after long negotiations
with the Soviet Government, General Anders was actu a-
ted by t11'0 motives. Pil'st to save the greatest number
0[' women from pr-isons and detention camps in Russia.
Second to obtain the greatest number of auxiliary
workers, as their 1110VC1Jlellt [rom the camps was ham-
pored bv the N,KW,D, - Thc Russian, Secret Police,
'I'hc creation 0 r the 'Women's A l'my proceeded step b~-
step with tho orca Lon of' its male counterpart. 'I'ho wo-
men, who were on the same footing as the men, took
up their work in hosp itals, canteens, cookhouses, luu n-
dries and OniON;, nnd at the same tiuiestudicd in tho
evenings 1'01' the passing o l mi litarv teclnrical tests.
T'his convalescence after the hardships ai' camp ami
prison lire ill Russia, was the best manner or getting
back to uo rmul. G rudua llv the strain on the faces gave
wav, if 110t to smiles, at least to riiore peaceful reco llcc-
LOllS, III their l'ir81 u ui l'orrns, they shyly l'1:lOedphoto-
gl'nphcrs, but it was not until thev igot to the sunuv
land or Uzbekistan, that their first smiles rcallv ap-
]J('ared m; the)' danced around. their camp fires, and I'elt
honest pride in their marching,
The main llrobll'm to be T ac erl was that of. coning
with the thousands O T Polish wanderers arri viug from
the far off parts of' Russia to which they had been exi-
led, quantities of children, half starved debilitated by
diseuse and decimated by epidemics, had to be cared
1'01'and eventually taken with the Army when it moved
into Iran. The members of the PSK; had to undertake
ail this extra, work, teach in schools and kindergartens,
do welfare 1I'01'k, nurse the sick, and right the epide-
m ir -s whic-h always follow armies in Russia.
On, arriving in .Irrui there was a leeling or liberty
ami (,HSl' , Once work there had been orgunised it was
decided [0 tryout woiuen as lorry and car drivers, an
experiiucut which had worked succesful ly 'with the
Brit ish ill the f'irst \\'OJ'ld War, in orrlcr to I'r('e us muuv
men us possi lble Io r purely military duties,
A group of P8K., left Lran and went to Palostiu«
for training in si gnals and connuunica tions. 1101'e also
were startod elementary and secondary training schools,
ou the lines or those previously crgauised ill Russia Ior
young girls, IIare, Wi1.11the sunshine and greener.\', the
vouuger gcncrution found again the joy or life.
13y then the Polish Forces in tho Middle East had
been centered on Traq, where in spite, of the difficult cli-
niatic conditions, ycnng women worked untiringlv in
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IIlHipi(als, canteens and offices, 'The chief battle was with
""I IIIria, against which the unceasing efforts of doctors
IIlid uurses were called for. Eventually, their ]ll'elimi-
11 ;1 r)' training completed, the Polish Forces left the de-
H{'rLand moved to Palestine. Here long conveys of 101'-
ri(,s driven by PSK., carried troops and stores across
the sandv track ham Baghdad.
In the process or .changing stations, companies o r
P8K. 'were attached to Polish Divisional formations,
wh iIe at the same time arrangements were made for the
Iield canteens to be staffed by them. By the time the
Iirst tactical exc reises were held in Palestine, all these
services had 'been well enough 'trained to show their' use.
F'rum Palestine the Polish Forces were moved to Egypt,
this was to be their last stop before taking l)art ill the
Buropean opel'ations.
Then came the splendid drive through Italy, ill all
or which the Polish Forces played their part. What the
2nd Polish Corps did at Monte Cassino, Ancona and
Bologna is known to all and constit'l1.tes a glotious rc-
conl. During this period the P~K. run hosuitals, can-
teens, eonnllunications and transport, and in every field
or wo rk showed themselves to he Jlosseded or a. high sense
( ) r eon rage and elevation to duty. 'I'he ir labours were an
import ant contribution to the advance: munitions
hrought up on time, fooLl Llelivered to the front line,
messages brought through, and the general w ork of
nu rsmg the sick, and wounded; all these played their
part.
\\'l1('n the war finished it was the hope of the rSK.
that 1hov could return to a Iree Poland, but this has
not been the case. Ko," they are going to yet an othercount rv. England" where it is felt that they will receive
a (~o['d.i;tlwoleome and where the wide uXllel';ence they
have gained during the war years will be of use to them.
We continue to live, striving fol' a better wor-ld,
where there is peace and liberty alter long years of f'ear
and ter-ror.
HERMINIA KAGlJElWW A
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; -"1'
O n the seventeenth September 1939, Soviet Troops en-
tered Poland, at that tim.e engaged in a desperate strug-
gle with the German Armies. On the basis of the Rib-
bentrop - Molotov agreem.ent, nearly half of Poland
was submitted to Soviet domination, with the result that
in two years, 1.692.000 Poles, reqordless of sex or ag'2
were deported far into the wilds of Russia. Among them
were 381.000 women and 379.500 children under fifteen
years of age. Through the arctic wastes, the Siberian
tundras and the Western Asiatic steppes, through prisons
and detention camps, amid hurailction, hunger and mi-
sery, these Polish women carried on bravely.
On the 22nd June 1941, war broke out between Ger-
many and Russia.
Early in September of that year, on the basis of an
agreement between the Polish and Russian Governments,
the steady stream of Poles released from detention camps
and prisons, started their treks, in many cases over a
thousand miles, to the Polish Army Recruiting Centres,
set up in Russia by General Anders. Not only men, but
also women and children thus joined the army. In this
manner, on .the Volga Steppes, between Kuibishev and
Chkalov, was born the Polish 2nd Corps.
After the evacuation of Russia, in March and August
1942, about 114.000 Polish soldiers and civilians went to
Iran leaving behind them
415.800 registered graves,
434.300 lost and dispersed persons and
681.400 persons to whom the Soviet authorities did
not give permits to leave
The untiring, strenuous march to Poland - through
the mountains of Persia and the deserts of the Middle
East, through the Mediterranean Sea, through the bottle
fields of Italy, Monte Cassino, Ancona, and Bologna -
still continues.
In this march the PSK. - Polish Women's Auxiliary
Service - has its- own story.
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Polish Independence Day (November l lth) in 1941 was celebrated in, Buzuluk by a Mass, at which General Anders was present
At 'the time of the visit to the Polish Forces in Russia of the Polish Cornman-
der-in-Chief General Sikorski. the first uniforms were just being issued .
•
.. ", . .
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Buzuluk was the first HQ ofthe Po-
J.:.r,hroops in Russia and for the
orqcm.sntion of the PSK. under
Mrs. W. Piechowska. There also
were started the can-
teen and medical
branches.
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Polish camp in Jangi-Jul
View at Guzar
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Under .the strange
sun, across the
vast steppes wan-
dered Polish chil-
dren, hungry and
ill...
They had to be fed
and clothed, and
to have healed
their starved bod-
ies and 'horror-
stricken souls
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History repeats itself. To the graves of the Polish insurgents who fell in Russia after the
Polish Insurrectione in 1831 and l863 were added hundreds of thousands of others.
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Iraq
In the desert, in the valley of the Biblical Tigris and Euphrates, cities of white tents
sprcllng up suddenly. Organised life started immediately and hitherto unheard foreign
languages were encountered.
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Quizil-Ribat - Warsaw
2950 km,
Chief Commander Mrs. Wyslouchowa at work
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A wide special educational curriculum
was organised for the training of the PSK.
General Scsnkowski, the Polish Com-
mander-in-Chief. among the pupils.
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The Tomb of Our Lady in Jerusalem
PSK. followinq the Itinerary of the
Holy Cross .through old Ierusulem.
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The places, the names and the scenery
change but the tents are always the same.
The lime-tree at the entrance of the camp
in Rechoboth - the well known place
for hitch-hiking.
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I'd',~~~J1,q
~~,L.e fiJ',hi
V~IJ•
#aI~,~I~ Jl-- ~~,
~~~ 9./~//r? "~~
#2l~ 'e e,~J'i1 -" ~ /
"'~~?~~ -
'~" ·/·gk,
•
"~~ - -
« On the second anniversary of the creation of
PSK. (Polish Women's Auxiliary Service) I send
to crll ranks my hecrrtiest thanks for their hard
and self denying labours, so full of productive
effort for the Army and for Poland.
General W. Anders, September 1943»
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tI
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May 1944 at'Monte Cassino
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Field Marshal Alexander and General
Anders studying maps before the of-
fensive against the Monte Cassino Mo-
nastery which was taken by the 2nd
,'Polish Corps on the morning of 18th May.
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•.ao."'Q.
~
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The sick-rooms in the Field and General Hospitals
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Sisters taking temperatures - giving medicine - changing dressings
- wcrshinq ..a!}s!i!&e,~?~l1~.~,:' ,'i~~~>~~,fly ill ,- ,smiling and saying a;cheerful w:1tfJ3'~~1l:g~9d' spirits.
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Transport Service
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conditions PSK. dri-
vers kept steadily at
the wheel.
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Scenes from camp-life
For the first time the PSK. 316th
Transport Company slept under
a roof at Arezzo.
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Apart from carrying men and supplies PSK. drivers had to take
care of their vehicles repairing small defects and often loading
and u.nloading them.
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~ i ' i3 6 · 5 0I)~"'i')I(0 If.I)
/ ' H (} .. -,; "( "~~ .: 111\i ll>/I\\" , H I . I '
h!ll! I \ v:
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I I: \ \ •...ll I: I/I\\ I ,I
P51~
The 316th and 317th PSK. Transport
Coys, during the Italian campaign,
did the fol lowing:
joumeys undertaken: 43.339
petrol used:
miles driven
gallons 342.370
3,600.608
material delivered:
a) ammunition
b)' food
c) petrol-oil
d) transport material
e) building material
tons' 6.626
» ) 27.283
» 41.306
» 77.352
» 30.936-
Total tons 183.503
- 1 - N G 8 0 T H A M L I B R A R Y
I A I I 1 1 5 T U U I V E R S l T Y
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While soldiers of the 2nd Polish Corps were fighting on the Italian
front, PSK. drivers were delivering supplies as far as the second line
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' ,.r>
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:,,1
The American. Congresswoman Mrs.
Clare Booth Luce visits a detachment.
; Dolls oHered by her as mascots
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Special canteen vans offered by the
War Relief Services helped a lot in
.their work.
«0. K.» from General Mac Clark
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Behind the Senio river on the Bologna road, women soldiers ccm-
teen workers supplied meals within range of enemy artillery.
General Szyszko-Bohusz and General Rudnicki entering the town
Bologna was captured by the 2nd Polish Corps on April 21st 1945
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PSK. IN OFFICES
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The monotonous and burdensome
work of clerks. typists and inter-preters was, nevertheiess an im-
portant factor in the common
effort.
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After the defeat of the ene-
my, together with the vic-
tors of Monte Cassino. An-
cona and Bologna, came
the PSK. to receive their
well earne.d awards.
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General Szyszkc-Bohusz decorating the PSR.
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During the whole war the
2nd Polish Corps constantly
remembered those, who
Iouqhtin Poland.
After the Warsaw insurrec-
tion many women-soldiers
of the Polish Home Under-
ground Army (A. K.) man-
aged to join the PSK.
Cruel brandings made in Ger-
man concentration camps.
After six years of underground resistunce. «new»
members of the PSK. training in the 2nd Polish
Corps.
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. PSK. studying maps
MATERA
the PSK. trcrininq centre
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«Eyeii Right.»
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Many PSK. from dif-
ferent units came to
Porto S. Giorgio to
finish their. seconda-
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ry school education.
A 'frien'idly chat
Final exams for School Leaving Certificates
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I • I •.
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On the sunny shores
of the Adriatic.
The PSK. in picturesque students' hats In
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Among the Italian universities where
Polish boys and girls are pursuing
their studies, that of Bologna is espe-
ciallydear to Poles, because Nicolas
Kopernik studied there.
Visiting Rome
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Scenes from Polish ci-
vilian camps in Italy:
Maternity Hospital inTrani.
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.. . « we also belong to the 2nd Polish Corps! »
In Macerata profes-
sional dressmaking
courses were orqrm-
Ise d.
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At the end of the war PSK's
work and life went on normally,
in Transport, Signal and Canteen
Companies as well as in Hospit-
als and Offices.
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The hospital work was chiefly
the care of convalescents. '
'.
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PSK. attending a Polish Red Cros, course
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The PSK. Transport Coys celebrating
their Unit holiday (third anniversary).
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[
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General Lee visiting
the 2nd Polish Corps.
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Ll' General Morg~, accompanied by General- Anders Com-
mander of the 2nd Polish Corps, visiting 316th Transport Coy.
Chief Commander Lady Kathleen Rollo, ATS, Liaison
Officer of the 26 BLU and Colonel Mrs. Wys!ouc::howa.
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PSK. get acquainted
art in dll its richness
Cultural centres of the
PSK. - libraries and
reading rooms.
Periodicals and books
emanating from the
PSK. of the 2nd Polish
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Corps.
Photographic laboratory ~Ochotniczka »
·On. Monte Cassino two
years after the battle.
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Afarewell wreath of flowers
... « Our service and our duty ar not yet finised. We shall leave Italy for Britain and, perhaps later
pass through still unknown land until we reach our homeland, Poland, for which we have fought»
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