In the name of God Pore-Scale Modeling of Three-Phase Flow in Mixed-Wet Systems Mohammad Piri Martin...

In the name of God

Pore-Scale Modeling of Three-Phase Flow in Mixed-Wet Systems

Mohammad PiriMohammad Piri

Martin BluntMartin Blunt

Centre for Petroleum Studies

Department of Earth Science and Engineering

Imperial College, London

Outline

Why pore-scale modeling of three-phase flow?Why pore-scale modeling of three-phase flow?

Pore-scale configurations Pore-scale configurations

How we model displacement How we model displacement

Comparison with experimental data:Comparison with experimental data:

Two-phase water-wetTwo-phase water-wet

Three-phase water-wetThree-phase water-wet

Prediction of three-phase mixed-wet behaviorPrediction of three-phase mixed-wet behavior

Why three-phase flow?

Gas injectionGas injection

Depressurisation below the bubble pointDepressurisation below the bubble point

Solution gas driveSolution gas drive

Gravity drainageGravity drainage

Three-phase flow in the following situations:

Characterized by low oil saturations and huge uncertainty in relative permeability – experiments are difficult and empirical models are uncertain.

Network we use A realization of Berea sandstone (Statoil)A realization of Berea sandstone (Statoil)

UNSW, Australia

12,349 pores and 26,146 throats with square, circular or triangular cross-section.

The network has a disordered topology – can The network has a disordered topology – can be based on direct analysis of real pore spaces.be based on direct analysis of real pore spaces.

State-of the art physics: wettability State-of the art physics: wettability alteration, flow in corners and layers.alteration, flow in corners and layers.

Track saturation paths for any type of three-Track saturation paths for any type of three-phase displacement and predict relative phase displacement and predict relative permeability and capillary pressure.permeability and capillary pressure.

Potential use as a predictive tool or to Potential use as a predictive tool or to construct/validate empirical three-phase construct/validate empirical three-phase models.models.

Could be coupled to larger-scale simulation Could be coupled to larger-scale simulation directly.directly.

Our pore network model

Configuration E Configuration F Configuration G Configuration H

Configuration C Configuration DConfiguration A Configuration B

Two and three-phase configurations

GasWaterOil

Configuration J Configuration KConfiguration I Configuration L

Configuration NConfiguration M Configuration OConfiguration P

Two and three-phase configurations (Cont.)

GasWaterOil

Example displacement sequence

Configuration CConfiguration A Configuration B

Configuration EConfiguration G

Primary Drainage

Water Flooding

Gas Injection

Configuration I

Layer Collapsing

gw

go Gas Injection

GasWaterOil

How to simulate displacement

1. A displacement is a change from one configuration to another.

2. A capillary pressure for every possible displacement is calculated.

3. We assume quasi-static displacement.

4. We choose a displacement (what phase displaces what) and perform the displacement that occurs at the lowest invading phase pressure.5. Check for trapping.

6. Repeat the process, while tracking a specified saturation path.

Primary drainage prediction

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

W ate r Saturation

Rel

ativ

e P

erm

eabi

lity

Two-phase primary drainage – water-wetExperimental data from Oak – SPE 20183

ExperimentPrediction

Waterflood prediction

Two-phase waterflooding – water-wetOil/water contact angle from 30o – 80o

Data from Oak – SPE 20183

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

W ate r Saturation

Rel

ativ

e P

erm

eabi

lity

Three-Phase Saturation Paths

Three-phase steady state experiments – water-wetOil/water contact angle from 30o – 80o. Track saturations.Data from Oak – SPE 20183

SwSo

Sg

Three-phase oil relative permeabilities

Measured and predicted oil relative permeabilities for four experiments – gas into oil and water.

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Oil Saturation

Oil

Re

lati

ve

Pe

rme

ab

ility

Experiment 8 (Measurements)

Experiment 8 (Predictions)







Three-phase gas relative permeabilities

Measured and predicted gas relative permeabilities for four experiments – gas into oil and water.

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Gas Saturation

Gas

Rel

ativ

e P

erm

eab

ility









Three-phase water relative permeabilities

Measured and predicted water relative permeabilities for two experiments – gas into oil and water.

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Water Saturation

Wat

er R

elat

ive

Per

mea

bil

ity





Comparison of predictionsMeasured and predicted oil relative permeabilities compared to Stone 1 and saturation-weighted interpolation.

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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Measured oil relative permeability

Pre

dic

ted

oil

rela

tive

per

mea

bili

ty Network model

Stone 1(crosses) Saturation-weighted

interpolation (triangles)

Mixed-wet predictions - oil

Study the effect of wettability on three-phase relativepermeability. Gas injection into oil and water at fixedoil/water capillary pressure. Water-wet and ‘oil-wet.’

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Oil Saturation

Oil R

ela

tive P

erm

eab

ilit

y

Water-wet

Oil-wet

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

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0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Gas Saturation

Gas

Rel

ativ

e P

erm

eab

ility

Mixed-wet predictions - gas

Water-wet

Oil-wet

Oil-wet gas relative permeability is lower than the water-wet case, since it is no longer non-wetting to water.

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Water Saturation

Wate

r R

ela

tive P

erm

eab

ilit

y

Mixed-wet predictions – water

Water-wet

Oil-wet

Oil-wet water relative permeability is very low. Poorconnectivity of water after waterflooding.

Couple Couple ppore ore sscale cale nnetwork etwork mmodel to odel to a a 3D 3D ssimulator to imulator to ccapture apture displacement pathsdisplacement paths

Incorporation of multiple Incorporation of multiple displacementsdisplacements

Future Work

Conclusions

Developed a definitive three-phase Developed a definitive three-phase network modelnetwork model

Successfully predicts data from water-Successfully predicts data from water-wet and mixed-wet two-phase, and wet and mixed-wet two-phase, and water-wet three-phase experimentswater-wet three-phase experiments

Predicts mixed-wet three-phase Predicts mixed-wet three-phase properties – some surprisesproperties – some surprises

Where next? Extensive validation for a Where next? Extensive validation for a range of reservoir samplesrange of reservoir samples

In the name of God Pore-Scale Modeling of Three-Phase Flow in Mixed-Wet Systems Mohammad Piri Martin...

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