In the BeginningThe Primordial Earth was UninhabitableThe Primordial Earth was Uninhabitable

Primitive Anaerobic Life Evolved,and Photosynthesis was Inventedand Photosynthesis was Invented

Cyanobacteria Became the Masters of the Earthand Altered it’s Biogeochemistry byand Altered it s Biogeochemistry by

Splitting Water to Generate Oxygen

… And then the Eukaryotes Evolved, FollowingI i f B t i l C ll i t Oth C llInvasion of Bacterial Cells into Other Cells

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Primary Photosynthetic Endosymbionts GeneratedS d E d bi t b S b t I iSecondary Endosymbionts by Subsequent Invasions

The Fossil Record

a ri

ftin

g

150

Diatomsri

ftin

g

Pang

ea

Haptophytes

Pann

otia

100

Dinoflagellates500

“species” (x 103)

Acritarchs

species (x 10 )

50“genera”

cysts of dinoflagellateAncestors?

Prasinophyte cystsPrasinophyte cysts

Sea level

+200m

0

P l i T J K CIntermittent anoxic deep ocean Deep ocean oxic

Calcite seas Aragonite seas Calcite seas-100m

400500 300 200 100 0 Mya

Paleozoic Tr J K CenoWiebe Kooistra,

SZN

Secondary Photosynthetic Endosymbionts Further Alteredthe Earth by Sequestering CO2 via the Biological Pumpthe Earth by Sequestering CO2 via the Biological Pump

Dover , UK

Global PrimaryP d ti itProductivity

http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/earth/environ/carbon/carbon.htm

Microscopic Ocean Life is Essential for Life on pEarth

Sequesters CO2 and generates O2

Affects ocean chemistryy

Affects global biogeochemical cycles

Aff li d hAffects climate and weather

Is at the base of oceanic foodwebs

Affects distribution of human pathogens

On average, each millilitre of sea water contains :

1 – 10 million prokaryotes (Bacteria & Archaea)p y ( )

10 – 100 million viruses10 100 million viruses

1 000 – 100 000 eukaryotes (protists)1,000 – 100,000 eukaryotes (protists)

Single celled organisms represent 98% of oceanic biomass !Single celled organisms represent 98% of oceanic biomass !

H d M i E t W kHow do Marine Ecosystems Work and How will they be Affected by an How w th y ff ct y

Climate Change ?

Flow Cytometry Reveals a New Class of Photosynthetic Bacteria

104

104

103 P icoe u caryote s

103 P icoe u caryote s

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ll)

Flagellates

hthyl

le»

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le»

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phyl

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100 101 102 103 104

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100 101 102 103 104

100 Proch lorococcusRe

d F

Synechococcus« Taille »

10 10 10 10 10SSC-Height

« Taille »

10 10 10 10 10SSC-Height

Side Scatter (≈ Cell size)

Prochlorococcus

Prochlorococcus is the Most Abundant Photosynthetic Microbe on the Planet

Dominant Functional Types:green – Prochlorococcusbl h ll llblue – other small cellsred – diatomsyellow – other large cells

Pennie Chisholm & Mick Follows, MIT

EnvironmentalEnvironmentalDNA LibraryDNA LibraryConstructionConstructionConstruction Construction

and and ScreeningScreening

The “SAR86” 130 kb Genome FragmentThe SAR86 130 kb Genome Fragment

Ed DeLong, MIT

Proteorhodopsin Proteorhodopsin –– A New Family of RhodopsinsA New Family of Rhodopsins

Ed DeLong, MIT

The 2003-2004 Sargasso Sea Study

MODIS-Aqua satellite image of ocean chlorophyll

during samplingg p g

Rusch et al. submitted PLoS BiologyCraig Venter et al.

Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing f hof the Sargasso Sea

Craig Venter et al.

New Proteorhodopsin Variants Identified byVariants Identified by Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing of the Sargasso Seaof the Sargasso Sea

Craig Venter et al.

What Will Happen to our Oceans ?

Increased temperaturencr as t mp ratur

Melting of polar ice

l d lAltered circulation

Altered heat distribution

Altered mixing

S l l is sSealevel rises

Increased acidification

How do Marine Ecosystems Work and How will they be Affected byand How will they be Affected by

Climate Change ?

Long-term time series at specific sites

Punctual assessments on a planetary scalePunctual assessments on a planetary scale

HOT and BATS BHOT

BERMI

-H

MUDA

WAIIA -

BHAW BA

TSS

Established 1988 Slide courtesy Dave Karl

The Oceans are AcidifyingSea surface pCO2 and pH at Station ALOHA

380 Sea pCO2 based on DIC & TAlk

pCO2

340

360

380Wet air pCO2 based on MLO data

li

it)C

O2(

t)

300

320 pCO2

H(t

tl

8 12

8.14pHpH

8.10

8.12

8.06

8.08

pH based on DIC & TAlkpH based on direct measurement

89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05

Bermuda Atlantic Time Series, http://www.seafriends.org

Hawaii Ocean Time series, Dave Karl, UHawaii

Lowered pH Could Affect Calcified Organisms

Coralline algae(h // h l )(http://tidechase.blogspot.com)

Radiolarians(http://www.astrographics.com)

Corals

Pteropods(http://noaa.gov)

Coccolithophores(http://users.uoa.gr)

(http://www.aboututila.com)

Biological SensorsBiological Sensors

Biological SensorsBiological Sensors

Biological SensorsBiological Sensors

How do Marine Ecosystems Work and How will they be Affected byand How will they be Affected by

Climate Change ?

Long-term time series at specific sites

Punctual assessments on a planetary scalePunctual assessments on a planetary scale

( i lli f178 Total Samples (Open ocean, estuaries, upwelling, reefs, warm seep, mangrove, fresh water, biofilms, and sediments)

www sorcerer2expedition orgwww.sorcerer2expedition.orgDiscovery Chanel Movie Cracking the Ocean Code

The International ScientificThe International Scientific Consortium

+ 12 disciplines represented+ 50 laboratoires & institutes+ 100 scientists directly involved+ 100 scientists directly involved

Eric KarsentiCo-director of Tara Oceans

Etienne BourgoisCo-director of Tara Oceans

Director of research at EMBL & CNRS Managing director agnès B.

Ecosystem Sampling and Analysis

Organism IdentificationOrganism Identification

High Throughput GenomicsHigh-Throughput Genomics

PPt

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PtC19PtC66PtC50

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PtC18PtC56PtC43PtC33

PtC8

PtC53

PtC52

PtC11

PtC42PtC41PtC5

PtC44

PtC20

PtC72

PtC10PtC30

PtC38

PtC15

PtC49PtC7C

21C

73C

25

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PtC62 1731

M T

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Evelk

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Endovir1 -1

SIRE-1

Opie-2Tpv2-6

Copia

RIRE1Sto-4

Ta1-3Panzee

Tnt1-94Tto1

Ty1Ty4

Tca2

GOS 205GOS 313

Fragilariopsis EST

TpC16TpC24

TpC25TpC18

PtC59PtC60

PtC39PtC35PtC31PtC67PtC13PtCP

Animalia

Plantae

Fungi

Diatom

Protista

III

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PtC44

PtC20

PtC72

PtC10PtC30

PtC38

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21C

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Endovir1 -1

SIRE-1

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Copia

RIRE1Sto-4

Ta1-3Panzee

Tnt1-94Tto1

Ty1Ty4

Tca2

GOS 205GOS 313

Fragilariopsis EST

TpC16TpC24

TpC25TpC18

PtC59PtC60

PtC39PtC35PtC31PtC67PtC13PtCP

Animalia

Plantae

Fungi

Diatom

Protista

III

IIIIV

V

VI

cent

iden

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iden

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tC51

PtC32

PtC45

PtC17

PtC34

Cer13Cer7Cer8Cer9

Pao

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Kamikaze

PatDIRS-1

Rire2

Cinful

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TpC1

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Tma1 -1

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PtC32

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PtC17

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Perc

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50 50Pelagibacter ubique (SAR11) genome sequence

Assessing the Functional Biodiversity of Pl kt d i th T O s E ditiPlankton during the Tara-Oceans Expedition

nkEcosystems

BioB

anB

Tara-OceansUndertake a comprehensive study of global planktonic biodiversity

Relate biodiversity to the physics and biogeochemistry of the oceansg y

Combine cutting-edge methods in molecular cell biology, microscopy and oceanographygy py g p y

Improve models of the consequences of climate change

Raise worldwide public awareness about the critical roleof microscopic ocean life for the global wellbeing of the planet

http://oceans.taraexpeditions.org