In-situ capping of contaminated sedimentsTBT sediment contamination in three harbors (Karlskrona,...
16
In-situ capping of contaminated sediments Contaminated sediments in Sweden: A preliminary review SGI Publication 30-2E Linköping 2016 Joseph Jersak, Gunnel Göransson, Yvonne Ohlsson, Lennart Larsson, Peter Flyhammar, Per Lindh
Transcript of In-situ capping of contaminated sedimentsTBT sediment contamination in three harbors (Karlskrona,...
In-situ capping of contaminated sediments
Contaminated sediments in Sweden: A preliminary review
SGI Publication 30-2E Linköping 2016
Joseph Jersak, Gunnel Göransson, Yvonne Ohlsson, Lennart Larsson, Peter Flyhammar, Per Lindh
SGI Publication 30-2E
Cite as:
Jersak, J, Göransson, G, Ohlsson, Y, Larsson, L, Flyhammar, P & Lindh, P 2016. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Contaminated sediments in Sweden: A preliminary review. SGI Publication 30-2E, Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SGI, Linköping.
Diary number:1.1-1506-0400
Project number: 15573
Order information: Swedish Geotechnical Institute Information Service SE-581 93 Linköping, Sweden Phone: +46 13-20 18 04 E-mail: [email protected] Download this publication as a PDF-document at www.swedgeo.se Pictures on the cover: AquaBlok, Ltd. (left), B. Beylich, NIVA (middle), BioBlok Solutions AS (right).
In-situ capping of contaminated sediments
Contaminated sediments in Sweden: A preliminary review
Joseph Jersak
Gunnel Göransson
Yvonne Ohlsson
Lennart Larsson
Peter Flyhammar
Per Lindh
SGI Publication 30-2E Linköping 2016
SGI Publication 30-2E
4 (15)
SGI Publication 30-2E
5 (15)
Table of contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 7
2. Results of preliminary review ..................................................................... 7
3. Summary ...................................................................................................... 7
SGI Publication 30-2E
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The entire SGI Publication 30 set includes the following independent parts:
SGI Publication 30-1, Huvuddokument. In-situ övertäckning av förorenade sediment. Metodöver-
sikt. (In Swedish)
SGI Publication 30-1E, Main text. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Method overview.
SGI Publication 30-2E. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Contaminated sediments in
Sweden: A preliminary review.
SGI Publication 30-3E. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Established ex-situ and in-situ
sediment remediation technologies: A general overview.
SGI Publication 30-4E. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Remedial sediment capping
projects, worldwide: A preliminary overview.
SGI Publication 30-5E. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Capping Sweden’s contaminat-
ed fiberbank sediments: A unique challenge.
SGI Publication 30-6E. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. An extensive, up-to-date collec-
tion of relevant technical and other international references.
SGI Publication 30-7. In-situ övertäckning av förorenade sediment. Övergripande sammanfattning.
(In Swedish)
SGI Publication 30-7E. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Overall summary.
Fact sheet. In-situ capping of contaminated sediments. Method overview.
SGI Publication 30-2E
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1. Introduction
There appears to be no readily available and up-to-date, single document that inventories contami-
nated sediment sites in Sweden. What is available are summaries of contaminated areas each coun-
ty publishes and updates at least periodically (regional programs). Also available are documents
related to: regional or national environmental monitoring programs; methods for conducting risk
assessments, including risk classification of sites; and a mapping of fiberbank deposits and fiber-
rich sediments in selected counties.
Conducting a detailed review of the above (and additional) documentation to create a complete list
of contaminated sediment sites in Sweden was beyond the scope of this capping overview project.
Nevertheless, conducting a preliminary review of readily available information was necessary to
place focus of the capping overview project into more of a national context.
To underscore: This is only a preliminary review of contaminated sediment sites in Sweden. There
is considerable merit, for a number of reasons, in conducting a follow-up review of such sites that
is more expansive, detailed, up-to-date and which incorporates input from multiple informed par-
ties and perspectives.
2. Results of preliminary review
Results of the preliminary review conducted to obtain a general understanding of the occurrence of
contaminated sediments in Swedish waters are summarized in Table 1.
3. Summary
Results of the preliminary review conducted to obtain a general understanding of the occurrence of
contaminated sediments in Swedish waters are summarized in Table 1. Note, the table intends to
illustrate there are a significant number of contaminated sediment sites or areas identified through-
out Sweden. It is not intended to provide a complete listing of such sites.
Contaminated sediments of some type are identified to occur at specific sites or in certain
areas within at 19 of Sweden’s 21 counties.
Sediment contamination occurs in a wide variety of inland and coastal aquatic environ-
ments, including in lakes, ponds, rivers, creeks, harbors, and bays.
Different types of contaminated sediments occur in Sweden: mineral-based (minerogenic)
sediments and cellulose-based (fiberbank) sediments. Fiberbank sediments comprise either
more-or-less pure fiberbank deposits or fiber-rich sediments, which are a mix of fiberbank
and minerogenic sediment materials.
Contamination in minerogenic sediments comes from a wide variety of mainly historical
point-source releases from past industrial and other operations. The point sources can be
decades to centuries old and include shipyards, wood impregnation, glass and battery man-
ufacture, leather tanning, and gas and metal works. Contaminant inputs to surface waters
SGI Publication 30-2E
8 (15)
continue in a number of areas, but they are mainly non-point-source releases, e.g. com-
bined sewer overflows.
Contamination inherently contained in fiberbank deposits – including the sediments them-
selves – come exclusively from past discharges from pulp and papermill operations. Con-
tamination in fiber-rich sediments may come from multiple sources.
Different types of dissolved-phase sediment contamination occurs across the country, in-
cluding metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Hg, Cr, As, etc.), organics (dioxins, PCBs, PAHs, chlo-
rinated solvents, hydrocarbons, PCDD/PCDF, etc.), and organometallics (including tribu-
tyltin [TBT] and methylated Hg). New or “emerging” contaminants, which could include
PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) and PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), have also been not-
ed in at least one county (Stockholm).
A broad range of organic, metallic, and/or organometallic contaminants can occur in
minerogenic sediments, given the broad range of possible contaminant sources. In contrast,
fiberbank deposits, and likely many fiber-rich sediments, are usually contaminated by a
smaller list of contaminants (DDTs, PCBs, PAHs, dioxins, and Hg [including methylated
Hg]).
Although apparently less common, sediments at some sites are also or instead contaminat-
ed by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), including oil (in Halland, Södermanland, Väs-
tra Götaland, and Östergötland) or creosote (in Jönköping and Örebro).
Contaminated minerogenic sediments occur more-or-less throughout the entire country. Fi-
berbank sediments occur mainly (but not only) in Norrland, where forest-industry activities
have historically been most concentrated. Contaminated fiberbank sediments occur in at
least 10 counties, and may also occur in a number of other counties as well (where pa-
permill operations have occurred).
Sediment risk assessments and risk classifications are referenced for some contaminated
sites or areas (in Dalarna, Jämtland, Jönköping, Uppsala, Västernorrland, and Örebro).
Sites at which risks have been classified (in Dalarna, Uppsala, and Örebro) occur at either
high (Class 2) or very high (Class 1) levels.
Ongoing site- and/or area-specific investigations to further characterize the nature and ex-
tent of sediment contamination are referenced for some counties (in Jämtland, Västernorr-
land, and Västra Götaland).
Implementation of regional and/or national programs for monitoring concentrations of var-
ious metallic and organic contaminants in sediments over time is referenced for some
counties (in Kalmar, Norrbotten, Skåne, Stockholm, Västerbotten, and Västra Götaland).
Implementation of programs and related projects for mapping the occurrence of fiberbank
deposits and fiber-rich sediments is referenced in some counties, mainly those in Norrland.
It is obvious (even from this preliminary review) many more contaminated sediment sites and/or
areas have been identified in some counties than in others. Why is that? Do some counties simply
have more sediment contamination than others? Have investigations been more thorough in some
counties than in others? Is addressing contaminated sediments a higher priority for some counties
than for others? Do some counties have more funding available to address contaminated sediments
than others?
SGI Publication 30-2E
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In closing, based on results of this preliminary review, it is reasonable to conclude:
National, regional, and/or local authorities recognize some type of sediment remediation is
needed today – if not already being implemented or planned – at a number of sites at which
unacceptable sediment-related risks have been documented.
Sediment remediation will be needed in the near future at an additional number of sites,
once sediment risk assessments and classifications have been completed and unacceptable
sediment-related risks are documented.
Additional sites may require sediment remediation in the future, once the nature and occur-
rence of contamination has been investigated, risk assessments and classifications have
been completed, and unacceptable sediment-related risks have been documented.
Note: For all references cited herein, please see SGI Publication 30-6E.
S
GI
Pu
blic
atio
n 3
0-2
E
10
(1
5)
Ta
ble
1
Sum
ma
ry o
f a
pre
limin
ary
re
vie
w o
f co
nta
min
ate
d s
ed
ime
nt site
s a
nd
are
as in S
we
de
n.
Co
un
ty
Refe
ren
ces
Oc
cu
rren
ce
of
co
nta
min
ate
d s
ed
ime
nts
in
Sw
ed
ish
su
rfac
e w
ate
rs (
se
lec
ted
hig
hli
gh
ts)
Ble
kin
ge
Lä
nssty
rels
en
B
lekin
ge
20
14
.
- G
en
era
l re
fere
nce
s to
:
P
rog
ram
fo
r m
onito
rin
g e
nvir
on
me
nta
l co
nta
min
an
ts, in
clu
din
g in s
ed
ime
nts
(L
än
ssty
rels
en
, B
lekin
ge
, no
da
te).
H
g-c
on
tam
ina
ted
dis
ch
arg
es fro
m p
ap
erm
ill (
pap
pe
rsb
ruk)
facto
rie
s.
- S
pe
cific
re
fere
nce
s t
o:
T
BT
se
dim
en
t co
nta
min
atio
n in
th
ree h
arb
ors
(K
arlskro
na
, R
on
ne
by, a
nd
Sö
lve
sbo
rg).
Als
o e
xp
ecte
d in
oth
er
ha
rbo
rs.
A
co
ppe
r w
ork
s s
ite
, w
he
re s
ed
imen
ts in
asso
cia
ted
su
rface
-wa
ter
bo
dy a
re c
on
tam
ina
ted
by C
u.
A
sa
wm
ill s
ite
(B
acka
ryd
så
gve
rke
t), w
he
re s
ed
ime
nts
in a
sso
cia
ted
su
rfa
ce
-wa
ter
bo
dy (
typ
e[s
] u
ncle
ar)
.
A
no
the
r sa
wm
ill s
ite
(Jo
ha
nn
ish
us s
åg
), w
he
re s
ed
ime
nts
in a
sso
cia
ted s
urf
ace
-wa
ter
bo
dy c
on
tam
ina
ted
by d
ioxin
s.
Dala
rna
Lä
nssty
rels
en
D
ala
rna
, 2
01
1.
- G
en
era
l re
fere
nce
s to
:
S
urf
ace
sed
ime
nts
in
18
of
77
la
kes a
nd
po
nds s
ho
w “
gre
at”
to
“ve
ry g
rea
t” im
pa
cts
fro
m m
ain
ly m
eta
ls (
inclu
din
g C
u,
Cr,
Hg
, Z
n,
and
As)
an
d/o
r so
me
org
an
ics (
inclu
din
g h
exa
ch
loro
cyclo
he
xa
ne
, som
e P
CB
s,
and
som
e P
AH
s).
S
ed
ime
nt
risk a
ssessm
ents
con
du
cte
d f
or
se
ve
n o
f th
e 1
8 lake
s/p
ond
s.
All
se
ve
n fa
ll u
nde
r e
ithe
r risk-c
lass 1
or
2.
No
te: A
c-
co
rdin
g to
Na
turv
ård
sve
rke
t’s M
IFO
ris
k c
lassific
atio
n s
yste
m (
e.g
. N
atu
rvå
rdsve
rke
t, 2
009
b),
ris
k-c
lass 1
rep
rese
nts
a “
ve
ry
hig
h r
isk”
wh
ere
as r
isk-c
lass 4
re
pre
se
nts
“lit
tle
ris
k”
to h
um
an
he
alth
an
d/o
r th
e e
nvir
on
men
t.
Go
tla
nd
L
än
ssty
rels
en
, G
otla
nd
, 2
012
.
Gä
vle
bo
rg
Lä
nssty
rels
en
G
ävle
bo
rg,
20
14
, 2
016
.
- G
en
era
l re
fere
nce
s to
:
S
ed
ime
nt co
nta
min
atio
n b
y m
eta
ls (
Hg
, P
b,
Cd,
Zn
, an
d C
u)
in c
oasta
l w
ate
rs,
pa
rtic
ula
rly in
Gä
vle
fjä
rde
n.
P
rese
nce
(a
nd
syste
ma
tic in
ven
tory
) o
f fib
erb
an
k a
nd
fib
er-
rich
sed
ime
nts
(n
ort
h o
f D
alä
lve
n),
de
rive
d f
rom
fo
rme
r pu
lp/p
ap
er
mill
activitie
s,
wh
ich
are
con
tam
inate
d b
y H
g,
dio
xin
s,
an
d/o
r o
rga
no
chlo
rin
es.
P
rese
nce
of
hig
h le
ve
ls o
f d
ioxin
in B
altic
he
rrin
g a
lon
g t
he c
oa
st lin
e,
an
d t
ha
t co
nta
min
ate
d a
reas c
an
co
ntr
ibute
to t
his
pro
b-
lem
. -
Sp
ecific
re
fere
nce
s t
o:
O
ng
oin
g f
ibe
rban
k p
roje
ct
(i.e
. su
rve
yin
g fib
erb
ank d
ep
osit a
nd
fib
er-
rich
se
dim
en
t a
rea
s)
as w
ell
as d
redg
ing
in G
ävle
Harb
or.
F
or
refe
ren
ce
, se
e:
htt
p:/
/pu
re.ltu
.se
/po
rta
l/sv/s
tud
entt
hesis
/sta
bili
se
rin
g-o
ch
-solid
ifie
rin
g-a
v-m
ud
de
rma
sso
r-i-
ga
vle
-h
am
n(4
fc3
10
55
-496
1-4
a2
1-b
ed
a-1
c4
f749
a38
1d
).h
tml.
R
em
edia
tio
n p
roje
ct
in H
åsta
ho
lmen
(risk c
lassific
atio
n, p
rio
rity
1,
rem
ed
iation
of d
ioxin
-co
nta
min
ate
d s
ed
ime
nt p
lan
ne
d).
U
se
of n
ew
me
thod
olo
gy f
or
risk c
lassific
atio
n o
f fib
er-
rich
sed
imen
ts,
as d
eve
lop
ed b
y V
äste
rno
rrla
nd
’s C
ou
nty
Bo
ard
. F
or
refe
rence
, see
: L
än
ssty
rels
en
ww
w.la
nssty
rels
en
.se
/Vaste
rno
rrla
nd
/Sv/p
ublik
ation
er/
20
16
/Pa
ge
s/m
eto
dik
-fo
r-riskkla
ssn
ing
-av-
fib
erh
altig
a-s
ed
imen
t.asp
x.
S
GI
Pu
blic
atio
n 3
0-2
E
11
(1
5)
Hall
an
d
Lä
nssty
rels
en
H
alla
nd
, 20
14
.
- G
en
era
l re
fere
nce
s to
:
M
ultip
le p
ap
erm
ill (
pa
pp
ers
bru
k)
facto
rie
s o
pe
rating
, p
ast o
r p
resen
t.
S
ed
ime
nt co
nta
min
atio
n in
sm
all-b
oa
t ha
rbo
rs.
Con
tam
inan
t ty
pe
(s)
un
cle
ar.
-
Sp
ecific
re
fere
nce
s t
o:
A
sh
ipya
rd s
ite
(in
Ätr
an
), w
here
sed
ime
nts
in a
ssocia
ted
su
rfa
ce
-wa
ter
bo
dy a
re c
on
tam
ina
ted
by T
BT
, C
u,
Cr,
Pb
, an
d P
CB
s.
A
pu
lp/p
ape
r m
ill s
ite
(O
ska
rstr
öm
s s
ulfitfa
brik),
wh
ere
se
dim
en
ts in
asso
cia
ted
su
rfa
ce
-wa
ter
bo
dy a
re c
on
tam
ina
ted b
y m
ain
-ly
oil
an
d H
g.
A
n in
du
str
ial site
(In
du
str
i Z
ink),
wh
ere
se
dim
en
ts in
asso
cia
ted
su
rfa
ce
-wa
ter
bo
dy c
on
tam
ina
ted
by m
eta
ls a
nd
/or
chlo
rina
ted
so
lve
nts
an
d/o
r chlo
rin
ate
d a
liph
atics.
A
no
the
r p
rodu
ctio
n s
ite
(R
yd
öb
ruk S
ulfit),
wh
ere
se
dim
en
ts in
associa
ted
su
rface
-wa
ter
bod
y a
re c
on
tam
ina
ted b
y v
ari
ous
me
tals
an
d/o
r o
rga
nic
s.
Jä
mtl
an
d
Lä
nssty
rels
en
, Jä
mtla
nd
201
3.
- G
en
era
l re
fere
nce
to
in
ve
nto
ry a
nd
in
vestiga
tion
s o
f fib
erb
an
k s
ed
ime
nts
(a
sso
cia
ted
with
old
mill
s),
wh
ich
are
lik
ely
co
nta
min
ate
d
by v
ari
ou
s o
rga
nic
po
lluta
nts
an
d m
eta
ls (
inclu
din
g H
g).
-
Sp
ecific
re
fere
nce
s t
o:
A
pu
lp-m
ill s
ite
(Jä
rpe
ns m
assa
fab
rik),
wh
ere
se
dim
en
ts in
associa
ted
riv
er
an
d lake
are
con
tam
ina
ted
by m
eta
ls.
A
ch
arc
oal-
pro
du
ctio
n s
ite
(T
järf
ab
rik G
rötin
ge
n),
wh
ere
sed
ime
nts
in
associa
ted
su
rfa
ce
-wa
ter
bod
y a
re c
on
tam
ina
ted
by
PA
Hs,
alip
hatics, a
nd
aro
ma
tics,
as w
ell
as s
om
e m
eta
ls.
Ris
k a
ssessm
en
ts a
lso
re
fere
nced
.
A
pro
ductio
n s
ite
(U
lrik
sfo
rs s
ulfitfa
brik),
wh
ere
se
dim
en
ts in
asso
cia
ted lake
are
co
nta
min
ate
d b
y H
g.
Jö
nk
öp
ing
L
än
ssty
rels
en
Jö
nkö
pin
g,
20
11
.
- S
pe
cific
re
fere
nce
s t
o:
A
wo
od
-im
pre
gn
atio
n s
ite
(in
Gri
msto
rp),
wh
ere
se
dim
ents
in
associa
ted
la
ke (
Lill
esjö
n),
are
con
tam
inate
d b
y A
s.
Ris
k a
s-
se
ssm
en
ts a
lso
re
fere
nced
.
A
pa
pe
r-m
ill s
ite
, w
he
re f
ibe
r se
dim
en
ts in a
ssocia
ted
la
ke
(M
un
ksjö
n)
are
co
nta
min
ate
d b
y H
g,
oth
er
me
tals
, h
yd
roca
rbo
ns,
an
d o
rga
nic
su
bsta
nces s
uch a
s P
CB
s a
nd
dio
xin
. P
ossib
le/lik
ely
im
pa
cts
fro
m d
isch
arg
es fro
m m
unic
ipa
l w
ate
r-tr
ea
tme
nt
pla
nt a
lso
refe
rence
d.
Ris
k a
sse
ssm
en
ts a
lso
re
fere
nced
.
A
no
the
r w
oo
d-im
pre
gn
ation
site
(B
an
ve
rke
ts Im
pre
gne
rin
gsan
läg
gn
ing
), w
he
re s
ed
ime
nts
in
associa
ted
su
rface
-wa
ter
bod
y
are
co
nta
min
ate
d b
y A
s a
nd
cre
osote
.
Kalm
ar
Lä
nssty
rels
en
K
alm
ar,
201
4;
20
15
.
- G
en
era
l re
fere
nce
to
ch
ara
cte
rizin
g c
on
tam
ina
nt
sta
tus in la
ke
se
dim
en
ts,
inclu
din
g im
ple
me
ntin
g N
atu
rvå
rdve
rke
t’s m
on
ito
rin
g
pro
gra
m f
or
spe
cific
ally
do
cum
en
ting
occu
rre
nce
of m
eta
l con
tam
ina
tio
n.
- S
pe
cific
re
fere
nce
s t
o:
O
ska
rsh
am
n’s
ha
rbo
r ba
sin
, w
he
re s
ed
imen
ts a
re c
on
tam
inate
d b
y d
ioxin
s a
nd v
ari
ous m
eta
ls.
F
ou
r gla
ss-f
acto
ry s
ites,
or
gla
sfa
brik (
Als
terb
ro,
Åfo
rs,
Gu
llaskru
v,
an
d M
åle
rås),
wh
ere
sed
imen
ts in
asso
cia
ted
su
rface
-wa
ter
bo
die
s a
re c
on
tam
ina
ted
by A
s,
Pb
, a
nd
/or
Cd
.
T
wo
ba
tte
ry-f
acto
ry s
ite
s (
Batte
rifa
brike
n,
in H
ultsfr
ed
; E
må
ns),
wh
ere
sed
ime
nts
in
associa
ted
su
rface
-wa
ter
bo
die
s a
re c
on
-ta
min
ate
d b
y P
b a
nd
Cd
. E
mån
s s
ite
als
o p
revio
usly
con
tain
ed
a fo
rme
r p
ape
r pla
nt
(sed
ime
nts
in
associa
ted
su
rfa
ce
-wa
ter
bo
dy a
re c
on
tam
ina
ted
by P
CB
s).
T
wo
site
s (
Ne
dsjö
n a
nd
Nö
töfjä
rde
n),
wh
ere
fib
er-
rich
se
dim
en
ts in
asso
cia
ted
su
rfa
ce
-wa
ter
bo
die
s a
re c
onta
min
ate
d b
y H
g.
A
site (
Va
pen
bäckså
n),
wh
ere
se
dim
ents
in
asso
cia
ted
su
rface
-wa
ter
bo
dy c
on
tam
ina
ted
by P
b a
nd
As.
A
site (
Hu
ling
en
), w
he
re s
ed
ime
nts
in
asso
cia
ted
su
rfa
ce
-wa
ter
bo
dy c
on
tam
ina
ted
by H
g a
nd
Pb
.
A
site (
Skep
psb
rofjä
rden
), w
he
re s
ed
ime
nts
in
associa
ted
su
rfa
ce
-wa
ter
bo
dy c
on
tam
ina
ted
by T
BT
.
Kro
no
be
rg
Lä
nssty
rels
en
S
GI
Pu
blic
atio
n 3
0-2
E
12
(1
5)
Kro
no
be
rg,
20
12
.
No
rrb
ott
en
L
än
ssty
rels
en
N
orr
bo
tten
, 2
01
4a;
201
4b
.
- G
en
era
l re
fere
nce
s to
:
O
ccu
rren
ce
of co
nta
min
ate
d s
ed
ime
nts
alo
ng
coa
st, inclu
din
g t
he
in
flu
ence
lo
ng
-te
rm lan
d u
plif
t (d
ue
to
po
st-
gla
cia
l re
bou
nd
) co
uld
ha
ve
on
: (1
) in
cre
ased
co
nta
min
an
t dis
pe
rsio
n d
ue
to
in
cre
ase
d c
oa
sta
l e
rosio
n, a
nd
(2
) sig
nific
an
t re
du
ction
s in
pH
(d
ue
to o
xid
atio
n o
f p
yri
te-b
ea
ring
cla
y s
oils
), w
hic
h m
ay, in
turn
, aff
ect m
ob
ility
of
so
me
me
tals
.
C
ha
racte
rizin
g m
eta
l-co
nta
min
atio
n s
tatu
s in
ma
rin
e s
edim
ents
(co
mplim
en
t to
na
tion
al m
onito
ring
pro
gra
m).
T
he
ne
ed
fo
r stu
dy o
f T
BT
in
ha
rbo
r a
rea
s.
R
esu
lts f
rom
pre
vio
us s
urv
eys o
f sm
all
co
asta
l rive
rs,
wh
ich
in
dic
ate
d s
ed
ime
nt co
nta
min
atio
n b
y m
eta
ls.
- S
pe
cific
re
fere
nce
s t
o:
A
pu
lp/p
ape
r m
ill s
ite
(K
arlshä
ll),
wh
ere
fib
erb
ank a
nd
fib
er-
rich
se
dim
ents
in
asso
cia
ted w
ate
r b
od
y (
ba
y)
are
co
nta
min
ate
d b
y
Hg.
A
site (
Sjö
n A
la L
om
bo
lo)
wh
ere
am
mu
nitio
n w
as d
um
ped
in a
lake
an
d s
ed
imen
ts a
re c
on
tam
ina
ted b
y H
g.
Sk
ån
e
Lä
nssty
rels
en
S
kå
ne
, 2
01
3;
20
14
.
- G
en
era
l re
fere
nce
s to
:
M
ultip
le p
ap
erm
ill (
pa
pp
ers
bru
k)
facto
rie
s o
pe
rating
, p
ast o
r p
resen
t.
M
on
ito
rin
g p
rog
ram
focuse
d o
n,
am
on
g o
the
r th
ing
s,
org
an
ic a
nd
oth
er
co
nta
min
an
ts in
sed
imen
ts.
Sto
ck
ho
lm
Lä
nssty
rels
en
S
tockh
olm
, 2
01
4a;
201
4b
; 2
01
4c;
20
15
.
- G
en
era
l re
fere
nce
s to
:
C
on
tam
ina
tio
n o
f se
dim
en
ts in s
urf
ace
-wa
ter
bo
die
s in
ma
ny s
ub
urb
an
are
as.
M
eta
ls-c
on
tam
ina
ted
se
dim
ents
in
urb
an
-are
a lakes.
S
ed
ime
nts
co
nta
min
ate
d b
y m
eta
ls (
e.g
. P
b,
Cd,
Cu,
Hg,
and Z
n)
and
org
an
ics in
Sto
ckh
olm
vic
inity a
nd
in t
he
arc
hip
ela
go
. H
igh
le
ve
ls o
f H
g in
fis
h in
Centr
al S
tockh
olm
lin
ke
d to
Hg
con
tam
ina
tio
n in
se
dim
en
t.
S
ed
ime
nts
in L
ake
Mä
lare
n c
on
tam
ina
ted
by m
eta
ls a
nd
oth
er
en
vir
onm
en
tal to
xin
s.
C
on
tam
ina
ted
se
dim
en
ts in
ma
ny o
the
r la
ke
s o
ccu
rrin
g a
dja
ce
nt to
bu
ildin
gs,
roa
ds,
an
d ind
ustr
ial a
reas.
M
on
ito
rin
g t
o d
ocu
me
nt/
tra
ck m
eta
l a
nd
PA
H c
on
tam
ina
tion
of
su
rfa
ce
se
dim
en
ts in
the
arc
hip
ela
go a
nd L
ake
Mä
lare
n.
P
rese
nce
of
se
dim
ent
con
tam
ina
tion
by n
ew
or
“em
erg
ing
” co
nta
min
an
ts,
wh
ich
co
uld
in
clu
de
PF
OS
(p
erf
luo
roo
cta
ne s
ul-
fon
ate
) a
nd
PF
OA
(p
erf
luo
roocta
no
ic a
cid
).
- S
pe
cific
re
fere
nce
s t
o:
T
wo
pa
pe
rmill
(p
ap
pe
rsb
ruk)
site
s (
on
La
ke
s T
uri
ng
en
an
d T
olla
re)
at
wh
ich
Hg
-co
nta
min
ate
d s
ed
ime
nts
, in
clu
din
g fib
erb
an
k
se
dim
ents
, h
ave
be
en
ca
pp
ed
.
A
su
rface
-wa
ter
bo
dy (
Bru
nnsvik
en
), w
he
re s
edim
en
ts a
re c
on
tam
inate
d b
y P
CB
s a
nd
PA
Hs.
S
urf
ace
-wa
ter
bo
die
s (
Sö
de
rtälje
ka
nal; S
nä
ckvik
en
), w
he
re s
ed
ime
nts
are
co
nta
min
ate
d b
y H
g.
S
urf
ace
-wa
ter
bo
die
s (
Oxu
nd
asjö
n;
Rose
rsbe
rgsvik
en
), w
he
re s
ed
ime
nts
are
con
tam
inate
d b
y P
CB
s a
nd d
ioxin
s.
Sö
de
rma
nla
nd
L
än
ssty
rels
en
S
öd
erm
an
lan
d,
20
14
.
- G
en
era
l re
fere
nce
s to
mu
ltip
le p
ape
rmill
(p
ap
pe
rsb
ruk)
facto
rie
s o
pe
ratin
g,
pa
st o
r p
resent.
-
Sp
ecific
re
fere
nce
s t
o:
A
ga
s-w
ork
s s
ite
(S
lott
svakte
n g
asve
rk),
wh
ere
sp
rea
d o
f con
tam
ina
nts
, in
clu
din
g P
AH
s a
nd
cya
nid
e,
to a
ssocia
ted
riv
er
(Nykö
pin
gså
n)
possib
le.
A
me
tal-
wo
rks s
ite
(T
un
ave
rken
, V
alh
alla
), w
he
re s
om
e s
pre
ad
of m
eta
ls t
o a
sso
cia
ted
sm
all
cre
ek.
A
la
nd
fill
site
(K
un
gsh
age
ns d
ep
on
i),
wh
ere
sed
ime
nts
in
an a
sso
cia
ted r
ive
r (S
tad
sfjä
rden
) a
re c
on
tam
ina
ted
by P
AH
s.
A
oil-
pro
ductio
n s
ite
(B
ränsle
de
på
BP
), w
he
re s
pre
ad
ing
of oil-b
ase
d c
on
tam
inan
ts t
o a
ssocia
ted
riv
er
(Nyköp
ing
sån
) p
ossib
le.
S
GI
Pu
blic
atio
n 3
0-2
E
13
(1
5)
A
site (
Ålö
fjä
rde
n),
wh
ere
se
dim
en
ts c
on
tam
ina
ted
by P
b,
Cd
, P
AH
s,
an
d P
CB
s,
and
the
re is h
igh r
isk f
or
con
tam
ina
nt spre
ad
-in
g b
y b
oa
t tr
aff
ic.
A
site (
Vå
rdka
se
n 5
, B
åts
lipe
ri),
wh
ere
se
dim
en
ts c
on
tam
inate
d b
y P
AH
s, a
nd
th
e e
xte
nt
of sp
read
ing
is u
nkn
ow
n.
Up
ps
ala
L
än
ssty
rels
en
U
pp
sala
, no
d
ate
; 2
01
5.
Sp
ecific
re
fere
nce
s to
:
A
min
ing
are
a (
Da
nn
em
ora
gru
vo
mrå
de
), w
he
re s
ed
ime
nts
in
th
e a
sso
cia
ted
su
rface
-wa
ter
bo
dy a
re c
onta
min
ate
d b
y m
eta
ls,
inclu
din
g A
s.
A
n in
du
str
ial site
(S
ku
tskä
rs b
ruk),
wh
ere
se
dim
ents
– inclu
din
g f
ibe
r se
dim
ents
– in a
ssocia
ted
su
rface
-wa
ter
bo
dy a
re c
on
-ta
min
ate
d b
y H
g,
dio
xin
s,
Pb
, C
u,
an
d Z
n.
A
n in
du
str
ial a
rea
(Ö
ste
rbyve
rke
ns ind
ustiom
råde
), w
he
re s
ed
imen
ts in
asso
cia
ted
su
rface
-wa
ter
bo
die
s,
inclu
din
g a
lake
(F
ilmsjö
n)
are
co
nta
min
ate
d b
y v
ari
ou
s m
eta
ls.
A
n in
du
str
ial site
(T
ärn
sjö
Ån
gg
arv
eri
), w
he
re s
ed
ime
nts
in
associa
ted
la
ke
(T
ärn
sjö
n)
are
co
nta
min
ate
d b
y C
r. R
esu
lt o
f ri
sk
asse
ssm
en
ts p
lace
site
in r
isk-c
lass 1
.
Vä
rmla
nd
L
än
ssty
rels
en
V
ärm
lan
d,
20
11
. G
en
era
l re
fere
nces to
mu
ltip
le p
ap
er
indu
str
ies (
pap
pe
rsin
dustr
i) o
pe
ratin
g,
past
or
pre
se
nt.
Vä
ste
rbo
tten
L
än
ssty
rels
en
V
äste
rbo
tten
, 2
01
0; 2
015
. G
en
era
l re
fere
nce t
o U
me
å U
niv
ers
ity’s
mo
nito
ring
pro
gra
m fo
r m
ea
su
rin
g d
ioxin
co
nta
min
atio
n in
ba
y s
ed
ime
nts
.
Vä
ste
rno
rrla
nd
L
än
ssty
rels
en
V
äste
rno
rrla
nd
, 2
01
4.
Ge
ne
ral re
fere
nces to
:
In
ve
stig
atio
ns in
Su
ndsva
ll B
ay,
wh
ere
co
nta
min
ation
of sed
ime
nts
by v
ari
ou
s p
ollu
tants
(P
AH
s,
Hg
, an
d o
rga
no
chlo
rin
e c
om
-p
ou
nds)
is k
no
wn
or
su
spe
cte
d.
O
ccu
rren
ce
of
fib
er-
rich s
ed
ime
nts
(in
su
rface
-wa
ter
bo
die
s)
ou
tsid
e o
f S
va
nö
an
d H
alls
tanä
s,
as in
ve
stig
ate
d b
y S
GU
.
S
GU
’s f
ibe
rba
nk m
ap
pin
g p
roje
ct,
to
pro
vid
e in
form
atio
n o
n o
ccu
rre
nce
an
d c
on
tam
ina
tio
n s
tatu
s o
f fib
erb
an
ks a
lon
g t
he
co
ast.
De
ve
lop
me
nt o
f m
eth
odo
log
y f
or
risk c
lassific
atio
n o
f fib
erb
anks a
nd f
ibe
r-rich
se
dim
en
ts a
lso
re
fere
nce
d.
Vä
stm
an
lan
d
Lä
nssty
rels
en
V
ästm
an
lan
d,
20
14
. -
Ge
ne
ral re
fere
nce
to
se
dim
en
t stu
die
s in
Ha
llsta
ham
ma
rs b
ruk d
elo
mrå
de
; no
sp
ecific
s o
n c
on
tam
inan
t ty
pe
(s).
Vä
str
a G
öta
l-a
nd
Lä
nssty
rels
en
V
ästr
a G
öta
l-a
nd
, 20
13
.
- G
en
era
l re
fere
nce
s to
:
M
on
ito
rin
g p
rog
ram
fo
r a
fo
rme
r in
du
str
ial a
rea
, w
he
re p
ast
dis
ch
arg
es/r
ele
ases r
esulte
d in
con
tam
inatio
n o
f se
dim
en
ts in
an
a
sso
cia
ted lake
(La
xsjö
n)
by m
ultip
le p
ollu
tan
ts (
dio
xin
s,
PC
P,
oil,
Hg
and
oth
er
me
tals
, ph
tha
late
s a
nd
mo
re).
O
ng
oin
g s
pre
ad
of
TB
T (
as w
ell
as C
u a
nd
Zn
) to
th
e m
arin
e e
nvir
onm
en
t.
M
ap
pin
g o
f T
BT
co
nta
min
ation in
se
dim
ents
in
sm
all-b
oa
t ha
rbo
rs in
diffe
ren
t a
reas (
Vä
ne
rn,
Mjö
rn,
Gö
ta R
ive
r, a
nd
the
we
st
co
ast)
in
dic
ate
s c
on
tin
ued
hig
h c
on
cen
tra
tio
ns.
M
ultip
le p
ap
er
ind
ustr
ies a
nd
mill
s (
pa
ppe
rsin
dustr
ier,
pa
ppe
rsb
ruk)
op
era
tin
g, p
ast
or
pre
se
nt.
- S
pe
cific
re
fere
nce
s t
o:
M
ap
pin
g o
f dio
xin
-co
nta
min
ate
d s
ed
ime
nts
in V
än
ern
, lin
ke
d m
ain
ly t
o p
ap
er-
mill
in
dustr
ies.
Ele
va
ted
dio
xin
le
ve
ls in
fis
h a
lso
re
fere
nce
d.
M
ultip
le c
on
tam
ina
nts
in s
ed
ime
nts
in
La
xsjö
n, a
ppa
ren
tly r
ela
ted
to
– a
mo
ng
oth
er
possib
le/lik
ely
sou
rces –
op
era
tion
s a
t
S
GI
Pu
blic
atio
n 3
0-2
E
14
(1
5)
local p
ap
er
mill
s (
pa
pp
ers
industr
ier)
.
A
gla
ss-p
rod
uction
site
(A
rda
gh
Gla
ss L
imm
are
d A
B),
wh
ere
co
nta
min
atio
n o
f se
dim
en
ts b
y v
ari
ou
s m
eta
ls (
Pb
, A
s,
an
d C
d)
in
an
associa
ted
su
rfa
ce
-wa
ter
bo
dy in
ve
stig
ate
d.
A
n in
du
str
ial site
(G
öta
Fä
rgeri M
ossg
rop
en
), w
he
re s
ed
ime
nts
in a
n a
sso
cia
ted
pon
d a
re c
on
tam
inate
d b
y o
il, m
eta
ls,
and
n
on
ylp
he
no
l.
In
ve
stig
atio
n o
f sed
ime
nt con
tam
ina
tion
in
su
rfa
ce
-wa
ter
bod
ies a
ssocia
ted
with
tw
o f
ore
st-
ind
ustr
y s
ite
s (
Mu
nksjö
Pa
pe
r a
nd
R
exce
ll T
issu
e).
Öre
bro
L
än
ssty
rels
en
Ö
reb
ro,
201
3.
- G
en
era
l re
fere
nce
to
at
lea
st o
ne
pa
pe
rmill
(p
ap
pe
rsb
ruk)
facto
ry o
pera
tin
g in
the
past.
-
Sp
ecific
re
fere
nce
s t
o:
W
ood
-im
pre
gn
atio
n s
ite
s (
Åsbro
), w
he
re s
ed
ime
nts
in a
ssocia
ted
la
ke
(T
isa
ren
) a
re c
on
tam
ina
ted
by c
reo
so
te.
A
sa
wm
ill s
ite
(S
ilve
rhö
jde
ns s
aw
mill
), w
he
re s
ed
ime
nts
in
asso
cia
ted
lake
(H
örk
en
) a
re c
onta
min
ate
d b
y P
CP
, d
ioxin
s,
and
ch
loro
phe
no
ls.
A
sh
ooting
-ra
nge
site
(B
ofo
rs),
wh
ere
se
dim
en
ts in
asso
cia
ted
lake
(Lå
ngssjö
n)
are
co
nta
min
ate
d b
y m
eta
ls, m
ain
ly H
g a
nd
P
b (
bu
t a
lso
As;
Cu a
nd
Ni)
. R
isk a
sse
ssm
en
t re
sults in
dic
ate
site is r
isk-c
lass 1
.
A
n in
du
str
ial site
(S
ikfo
rs b
ruk),
wh
ere
se
dim
en
ts in
asso
cia
ted
su
rfa
ce
-wa
ter
bo
dy c
on
tam
ina
ted
. C
onta
min
an
t ty
pe
(s)
no
t id
en
tified
. R
isk a
sse
ssm
en
t re
su
lts in
dic
ate
site
is r
isk-c
lass 2
.
Ös
terg
ötl
an
d
Lä
nssty
rels
en
Ö
ste
rgö
tla
nd
, 2
01
4.
- G
en
era
l re
fere
nce
s to
the
occu
rre
nce
of
mu
ltip
le p
ap
erm
ills (
pa
ppe
rsb
ruk),
bo
th p
ast
an
d p
resen
t.
- S
pe
cific
re
fere
nce
s t
o:
A
pa
pe
rmill
site
(K
isa
sjö
n),
nea
rby t
o w
hic
h o
ccu
rs f
ibe
rba
nk s
edim
en
ts c
on
tam
inate
d b
y H
g.
A
le
ath
er-
tan
nin
g s
ite
(L
und
berg
s L
äd
er)
, w
he
re s
edim
en
ts in
associa
ted
su
rface
-wa
ter
bod
y (
Va
ldem
ars
vik
en
) a
re c
onta
mi-
na
ted
by C
r.
A
sa
wm
ill s
ite
(Y
dre
fors
trä
förä
dlin
g),
wh
ere
se
dim
en
ts in
asso
cia
ted
la
ke
(B
rosjö
n)
are
con
tam
ina
ted b
y d
ioxin
s.
A
no
the
r sa
wm
ill s
ite
(B
esto
rp s
åg
ve
rk),
wh
ere
sed
ime
nts
in
asso
cia
ted lake
(S
tora
Rä
ng
en
) a
re c
on
tam
ina
ted
by d
ioxin
s.
A
site (
Gusum
så
n)
impa
cte
d b
y d
isch
arg
e o
f un
trea
ted
in
du
str
ial w
aste
wa
ter,
wh
ere
se
dim
en
ts in
asso
cia
ted
riv
er
(Gusum
sån
) a
re c
on
tam
ina
ted b
y P
CB
s,
Cu
, Z
n, a
nd
Pb
).
A
gla
ss-f
acto
ry s
ite (
Re
ijmyre
gla
sb
ruk),
wh
ere
sed
ime
nts
in
asso
cia
ted lake
(H
un
n)
are
con
tam
ina
ted
by A
s.
A
n in
du
str
ial a
rea
(S
ku
tbo
sjö
n),
wh
ere
se
dim
en
ts c
on
tam
inate
d b
y m
eta
ls (
Cu
, C
r, H
g,
Ni, a
nd
Zn
) a
s w
ell
as P
AH
s,
PC
Bs,
an
d h
ea
vy a
liph
atic h
yd
roca
rbo
ns.
A
n in
du
str
ial m
ill s
ite (
Qva
rnsha
mm
ars
Je
rnb
ruk [
De G
ee
rsfo
rs])
, w
he
re s
ed
ime
nts
in
asso
cia
ted r
ive
r (G
od
eg
ård
så
n)
are
co
nta
min
ate
d b
y m
eta
ls (
Cr,
Cu
, P
b,
Zn
, an
d C
d)
an
d o
il. C
on
tam
ina
tio
n a
lso
de
tecte
d in
cra
yfish
.
A
wo
od
-in
dustr
y s
ite
(P
er
Blo
mq
uis
t A
B),
wh
ere
se
dim
en
ts in
associa
ted
riv
er
(Lill
ån
) a
re c
on
tam
inate
d b
y d
ioxin
s.
SGI Publication 30-2E
15 (15)
Swedish Geotechnical Institute
SE-581 93 Linköping, Sweden
Phone: +46 13-20 18 00
E-mail: [email protected]
www.swedgeo.se
