In search towards suitable biodiversity indicators€¦ · In search towards . suitable...
Transcript of In search towards suitable biodiversity indicators€¦ · In search towards . suitable...
In search towards suitable biodiversity indicators
original species of ecosystem
Speciesabundance
Range inintact ecosystem
a b c d e f x y zg h
original species of ecosystem
Speciesabundance
Range inintact ecosystem
a b c d e f x y zg h
original species of ecosystem
Speciesabundance
Range inintact ecosystem
a b c d e f x y zg h
original species of ecosystem
Speciesabundance
Range inintact ecosystem
a b c d e f x y zg h
original species of ecosystem
Speciesabundance
Range inintact ecosystem
a b c d e f x y zg h
original species of ecosystem
Speciesabundance
Range inintact ecosystem
a b c d e f x y zg h
original species of ecosystem
Speciesabundance
Range inintact ecosystem
a b c d e f x y zg h
original species of ecosystem
Speciesabundance
Range inintact ecosystem
a b c d e f x y zg h
original species of ecosystem
Speciesabundance
Range inintact ecosystem
a b c d e f x y zg h
original species of ecosystem
Speciesabundance
Range inintact ecosystem
a b c d e f x y zg h
original species of ecosystem
Speciesabundance
Range inintact ecosystem
a b c d e f x y zg h
original species of ecosystem
Speciesabundance
Range inintact ecosystem
a b c d e f x y zg h
A schematic picture of biodiversity
loss
Time
MSA
Red List
100%
0%
50%
MSA
Pristine
Lightly used
Secundary
Plantation
Degraded
A landscape view
Ecosystem extent
species abundanceecosystem quality
ThreatenedRed List Index
Speciesabundance
Speciesabundance
Speciesabundance
Natural range in intact ecoystem
0%
100%
MSA
MSA
MSA
Natural range in intact ecoystem
RLI
Habitat loss
Mean species abundance relative to baseline STIundisturbed disturbed highly disturbed
2. Three
complementary
state indicators
Ecosystem extent (major ecosystem types)
Agriculture area Forest area
Marine area
Built uparea
Heath &tundraarea
Polararea
Grasslandarea
Inland waterarea
Barearea country’s
surface
Indicators may be presented in many ways
A few examples
“Fishing down the foodweb (Pauly)”
We also
log, plough, burn, convert, burn, pollute
and hunt
down ecosystems
Example:Change in abundance ofselected set of species
Example:Change in abundance ofselected set of species
Quality per major ecosystem type Netherlands
Norway, South Africa, Kenya, Belgium, Living Planet Index,
Change 1900 -> 2000 Netherlands
Agriculture (HNV -> intensive)
Forestry (light use -> plantation)
Fisheries (capture -> aquaculture)
Built-up areaInfrastructureInvasivesPollution
• N dep• [N+P]
Climate changeFragmentationFragmentation riversFireHuntingWater use
Ecosystem extent
Species abundance
Threatened
Breed variety
State indicatorsThreats
Modelling extent & MSA by cause-effect relationships-> If no monitoring is available
Modelling MSA South East Asia 1970-> If no monitoring is available
Modelling MSA South East Asia 2000-> If no monitoring is available
Modelling MSA South East Asia 2030-> If no monitoring is available
Desperate for verification with real data
Ben ten BrinkSEBI CT 30-11-2010
60
Linking biodiversity loss with economic sectors
Change in natural ecosystem extent
1.
Universally applicable 2.
Easy to understand
3.
Fair comparison within & between countries4.
Gradually implementable
(cheap -> exp)
5.
Linkable with economic sectors6.
Coherent with CBD and global assessments
7.
Establishing baselines 8.
Monitoring requires expertise & budget (methods available)
4. Pros
& cons
2. Why it happens?
cityroad
Water basin National Park
timberplantation
cropsgolfShrimp
farm
Energy cropcattle
Soil protection
Food
Climate regulation
Energy
Freshwater
1natural
Soil protection
Food
Climate regulation
Energy
Freshwater
1natural
Soil protection
Food
Climate regulation
Energy
Freshwater
1natural
Soil protection
Food
Climate regulation
Energy
Freshwater
1natural
Energy
Soil protection
Food
Climate regulation 2 extensive
Energy
Soil protection
Food
Climate regulation 2 extensive
Freshwater
Energy
Soil protection
Food
Climate regulation 2 extensive
Energy
Soil protection
Food
Climate regulation 2 extensive
Freshwater
regulation
Energy
Soil protection
Food
-
Freshwater 3 intensive
Climate regulation
Energy
Soil protection
Food
-
Freshwater 3 intensive
regulation
Energy
Soil protection
Food
-
Freshwater 3 intensive
Climate regulation
Energy
Soil protection
Food
-
Freshwater 3 intensive
‘We parcelate
the world’Swap services for
goodsFight for the photons
Natural ecosystem
40‐80 kg/ha 400‐800 kg/ha 4000‐8000 kg/haFood:
3. Why is it important?
food, fiber, fuelwood, freshwaterC-seq, soil
formation, flood
control
fish, meat, pollination
Soil
fertility, C-seq, water purification, nutrient
recycling
5
4
3
2
1
-1-2-3-4
Trophic level beauty, recreation, educationcultural
identity
agri-
disease
regulation
Goods & services
original
food, fiber, fuelwood, freshwaterC-seq, soil
formation, flood
control
fish, meat, pollination
Soil
fertility, water purification, nutrient
recycling
beauty, recreation, educationcultural
identity
agri-
disease
regulation
deterioratedIntensive use
food, fiber, fuelwood
fish, meat
Soil
fertility, water purification, nutrient
recycling
Decreasing biodiversity in natural ecosystems ( MSA)
Decreasing biodiversity in agri-ecosystems (MSA)
Settlement
Protected area
Decreasing biodiversity in natural ecosystems ( MSA)
Decreasing biodiversity in agri-ecosystems (MSA)
Settlement
Protected area
Decreasing biodiversity in natural ecosystems ( MSA)
Decreasing biodiversity in agri-ecosystems (MSA)
Settlement
Protected area
Decreasing biodiversity in natural ecosystems ( MSA)
Decreasing biodiversity in agri-ecosystems (MSA)
Settlement
Protected area
time
Original Currentecosystem
Hunting &gathering
Extensiveagriculture
Intensiveagriculture
First strike:Large animals lost
First strike:Large animals lost
Second strike:Habitat loss
Second strike:Habitat loss
Third strike:intensificationThird strike:
intensificationCounter move:Protected areasCounter move:Protected areas
Productivity
of goods
Local
species richness
Naturalness
valueTrTransforming landscapes over millennia
Klein Goldwijk et al., 2008
Human population in Antropocene
3000 BC
cropGrazing & cropland
land use in the past
0 AD
cropGrazing & cropland
1000 AD
cropGrazing & cropland
1700 AD
cropGrazing & cropland
1800 AD
cropGrazing & cropland
1950 AD
cropGrazing & cropland
2000 AD
cropGrazing & cropland
Ben ten BrinkSEBI CT 30-11-2010
Baseline: 10% loss MSA 2000 -
2050
Similar to loss 1.5 entire USA
Species-richecosystems
Loss = 1.5 x USATarget not met
Zooming in on Europe: loss not halted
Zooming
in on
the Netherlands
Agriculture
Wood
Climate
Infrastructure
High biodiversity footprint
Biodiversity impact Dutch consumptionca. 3.5 x terrestrial area Netherlands