In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and...

22
In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - Selected Lessons Learned Kenneth A. LaBel Co- Manager, NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program Group Leader, Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG) NASA/GSFC [email protected] 301-286-9936 http://nepp.nasa.gov

Transcript of In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and...

Page 1: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -

Selected Lessons Learned

Kenneth A LaBelCo- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)NASAGSFC

kenlabelnasagov301-286-9936

httpneppnasagov

httpsntrsnasagovsearchjspR=20090004168 2018-05-08T235216+0000Z

2In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Outline of Presentation

bull Investigative Approachbull An Optocouplerrsquos Talebull On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesbull Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikesbull The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Linkbull Considerations

Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiationbut at some time afterward during operation

Could this have been observed in-flight

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

3In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Anomaly Resolution ndash Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

bull Determine orbital location and time of eventndash Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic

Anomaly (SAA)bull Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devicesbull Review identified device in specific circuit application

ndash Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth

bull Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new datandash Compare applications between in-circuit and ground datandash Perform ground testing if needed

bull Determine risk probabilitiesndash SEE rates etcndash Failure potential

bull Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible

4In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

bull Optocouplersndash Used extensively for the isolation of signals between

systems or boxesndash Translate electrical signals to optical then back to

electricalbull What radiation-induced failure modes may exist

ndash Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput

ndash Single particle eventsbull Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as

energetic particle detectors

Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes 13The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

5In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

bull Hubble Space Telescope (HST)ndash Flying for over 18 yearsndash Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)

bull HST has had several servicing missions (SM) ndash New instrumentsndash System upgrades and maintenance

bull On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed

ndash Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments

ndash HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA

Presenter
Presentation Notes
NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

6In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomalies

bull All events occurred in the SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidatendash Review of circuit application

bull SETs simulated showing possible causendash SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No data existed accelerator test performed

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

(ns)

Am

plitu

de (V

)

0

1x10-7

2x10-7

3x10-7

0 20 40 60 80 100Angle of Incidence (degrees)

Dev

ice

Cro

ss s

ectio

n (c

m2 )

Typical Measured TransientDuring Proton Irradiation

63 MeV Proton-InducedTransients on Suspect Device

Versus Angular Incidence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate13Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

7In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysisbull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action -

continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)

bull Optocouplers are not just electricalbull Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and

related workndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

bull In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(ndash FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

bull Operational change installed via software updatendash No instrument operation during SAAndash Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss

incurred

8In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

bull Solid State Recorders (SSRs)ndash A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraftndash Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages

bull SRAM (early 1990rsquos) bull DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later) bull Flash (being considered)

bull DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash TID

bull Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellipndash SEE

bull Destructive SEL stuck bitsbull Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006Feature size is 90nm

9In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

bull On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacityndash HST passes through the SAA several times daily

bull Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

bull HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observedndash Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)ndash Block was not corrected by a re-write

ndash Project in panic

HST SSR utilizesIrvine Sensors DRAM Modules

Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

Presenter
Presentation Notes
These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

10In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomaly

bull SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Memory controller was rad-hardbull DRAM was not

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate

etc)ndash Review or gather radiation test data

bull Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

bull HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETsndash Proton events would be expectedndash New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

bull With 1440 devices being used for this SSR applicationndash Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9

months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight1313With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

11In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Final Analysis

bull Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)ndash New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher

proton fluence levelsbull 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST

expected levelsndash 2 different event signatures noted

raquo block (columnrow) errorsraquo weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

bull Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)ndash Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as

observedbull Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

ndash Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomalybull Circuitry not included to provide resetbull Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

ndash Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encodedraquo Probability of RS failure is low

ndash No action taken at that time

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)131313It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to13the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)13the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and13the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)1313From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

12In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

bull Linear devices such as analog comparators arendash Used extensively in instruments power data collection and

morendash Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Long-term degradation is focused on

bull Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

ndash Single eventsbull Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

-4

-2

0

2

4

12 10-5 14 10-5 16 10-5 18 10-5 2 10-5 22 10-5 24 10-5 26 10-5 28 10-5

Out

put V

olta

ge (

V)

Time (s)

LM139 Vcc

=+-5 δVi=800mV LET=187 MeV-cm2mg

Sample SETs induced by heavy ionsin a PMLM139 comparator

13In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

bull Launched June 30 2001ndash Had phasing orbits prior

to insertion in final orbitbull Reached its final orbital

position on L2 end of September 2001

bull An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
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Page 2: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

2In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Outline of Presentation

bull Investigative Approachbull An Optocouplerrsquos Talebull On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesbull Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikesbull The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Linkbull Considerations

Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiationbut at some time afterward during operation

Could this have been observed in-flight

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

3In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Anomaly Resolution ndash Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

bull Determine orbital location and time of eventndash Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic

Anomaly (SAA)bull Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devicesbull Review identified device in specific circuit application

ndash Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth

bull Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new datandash Compare applications between in-circuit and ground datandash Perform ground testing if needed

bull Determine risk probabilitiesndash SEE rates etcndash Failure potential

bull Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible

4In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

bull Optocouplersndash Used extensively for the isolation of signals between

systems or boxesndash Translate electrical signals to optical then back to

electricalbull What radiation-induced failure modes may exist

ndash Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput

ndash Single particle eventsbull Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as

energetic particle detectors

Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes 13The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

5In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

bull Hubble Space Telescope (HST)ndash Flying for over 18 yearsndash Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)

bull HST has had several servicing missions (SM) ndash New instrumentsndash System upgrades and maintenance

bull On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed

ndash Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments

ndash HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA

Presenter
Presentation Notes
NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

6In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomalies

bull All events occurred in the SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidatendash Review of circuit application

bull SETs simulated showing possible causendash SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No data existed accelerator test performed

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

(ns)

Am

plitu

de (V

)

0

1x10-7

2x10-7

3x10-7

0 20 40 60 80 100Angle of Incidence (degrees)

Dev

ice

Cro

ss s

ectio

n (c

m2 )

Typical Measured TransientDuring Proton Irradiation

63 MeV Proton-InducedTransients on Suspect Device

Versus Angular Incidence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate13Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

7In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysisbull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action -

continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)

bull Optocouplers are not just electricalbull Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and

related workndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

bull In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(ndash FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

bull Operational change installed via software updatendash No instrument operation during SAAndash Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss

incurred

8In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

bull Solid State Recorders (SSRs)ndash A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraftndash Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages

bull SRAM (early 1990rsquos) bull DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later) bull Flash (being considered)

bull DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash TID

bull Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellipndash SEE

bull Destructive SEL stuck bitsbull Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006Feature size is 90nm

9In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

bull On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacityndash HST passes through the SAA several times daily

bull Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

bull HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observedndash Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)ndash Block was not corrected by a re-write

ndash Project in panic

HST SSR utilizesIrvine Sensors DRAM Modules

Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

Presenter
Presentation Notes
These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

10In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomaly

bull SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Memory controller was rad-hardbull DRAM was not

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate

etc)ndash Review or gather radiation test data

bull Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

bull HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETsndash Proton events would be expectedndash New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

bull With 1440 devices being used for this SSR applicationndash Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9

months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight1313With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

11In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Final Analysis

bull Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)ndash New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher

proton fluence levelsbull 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST

expected levelsndash 2 different event signatures noted

raquo block (columnrow) errorsraquo weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

bull Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)ndash Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as

observedbull Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

ndash Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomalybull Circuitry not included to provide resetbull Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

ndash Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encodedraquo Probability of RS failure is low

ndash No action taken at that time

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)131313It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to13the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)13the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and13the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)1313From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

12In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

bull Linear devices such as analog comparators arendash Used extensively in instruments power data collection and

morendash Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Long-term degradation is focused on

bull Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

ndash Single eventsbull Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

-4

-2

0

2

4

12 10-5 14 10-5 16 10-5 18 10-5 2 10-5 22 10-5 24 10-5 26 10-5 28 10-5

Out

put V

olta

ge (

V)

Time (s)

LM139 Vcc

=+-5 δVi=800mV LET=187 MeV-cm2mg

Sample SETs induced by heavy ionsin a PMLM139 comparator

13In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

bull Launched June 30 2001ndash Had phasing orbits prior

to insertion in final orbitbull Reached its final orbital

position on L2 end of September 2001

bull An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
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Page 3: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

3In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Anomaly Resolution ndash Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

bull Determine orbital location and time of eventndash Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic

Anomaly (SAA)bull Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devicesbull Review identified device in specific circuit application

ndash Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth

bull Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new datandash Compare applications between in-circuit and ground datandash Perform ground testing if needed

bull Determine risk probabilitiesndash SEE rates etcndash Failure potential

bull Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible

4In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

bull Optocouplersndash Used extensively for the isolation of signals between

systems or boxesndash Translate electrical signals to optical then back to

electricalbull What radiation-induced failure modes may exist

ndash Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput

ndash Single particle eventsbull Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as

energetic particle detectors

Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes 13The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

5In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

bull Hubble Space Telescope (HST)ndash Flying for over 18 yearsndash Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)

bull HST has had several servicing missions (SM) ndash New instrumentsndash System upgrades and maintenance

bull On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed

ndash Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments

ndash HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA

Presenter
Presentation Notes
NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

6In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomalies

bull All events occurred in the SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidatendash Review of circuit application

bull SETs simulated showing possible causendash SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No data existed accelerator test performed

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

(ns)

Am

plitu

de (V

)

0

1x10-7

2x10-7

3x10-7

0 20 40 60 80 100Angle of Incidence (degrees)

Dev

ice

Cro

ss s

ectio

n (c

m2 )

Typical Measured TransientDuring Proton Irradiation

63 MeV Proton-InducedTransients on Suspect Device

Versus Angular Incidence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate13Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

7In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysisbull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action -

continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)

bull Optocouplers are not just electricalbull Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and

related workndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

bull In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(ndash FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

bull Operational change installed via software updatendash No instrument operation during SAAndash Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss

incurred

8In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

bull Solid State Recorders (SSRs)ndash A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraftndash Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages

bull SRAM (early 1990rsquos) bull DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later) bull Flash (being considered)

bull DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash TID

bull Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellipndash SEE

bull Destructive SEL stuck bitsbull Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006Feature size is 90nm

9In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

bull On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacityndash HST passes through the SAA several times daily

bull Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

bull HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observedndash Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)ndash Block was not corrected by a re-write

ndash Project in panic

HST SSR utilizesIrvine Sensors DRAM Modules

Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

Presenter
Presentation Notes
These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

10In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomaly

bull SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Memory controller was rad-hardbull DRAM was not

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate

etc)ndash Review or gather radiation test data

bull Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

bull HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETsndash Proton events would be expectedndash New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

bull With 1440 devices being used for this SSR applicationndash Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9

months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight1313With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

11In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Final Analysis

bull Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)ndash New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher

proton fluence levelsbull 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST

expected levelsndash 2 different event signatures noted

raquo block (columnrow) errorsraquo weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

bull Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)ndash Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as

observedbull Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

ndash Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomalybull Circuitry not included to provide resetbull Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

ndash Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encodedraquo Probability of RS failure is low

ndash No action taken at that time

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)131313It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to13the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)13the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and13the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)1313From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

12In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

bull Linear devices such as analog comparators arendash Used extensively in instruments power data collection and

morendash Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Long-term degradation is focused on

bull Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

ndash Single eventsbull Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

-4

-2

0

2

4

12 10-5 14 10-5 16 10-5 18 10-5 2 10-5 22 10-5 24 10-5 26 10-5 28 10-5

Out

put V

olta

ge (

V)

Time (s)

LM139 Vcc

=+-5 δVi=800mV LET=187 MeV-cm2mg

Sample SETs induced by heavy ionsin a PMLM139 comparator

13In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

bull Launched June 30 2001ndash Had phasing orbits prior

to insertion in final orbitbull Reached its final orbital

position on L2 end of September 2001

bull An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
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                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
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                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 4: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

4In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

bull Optocouplersndash Used extensively for the isolation of signals between

systems or boxesndash Translate electrical signals to optical then back to

electricalbull What radiation-induced failure modes may exist

ndash Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput

ndash Single particle eventsbull Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as

energetic particle detectors

Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes 13The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

5In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

bull Hubble Space Telescope (HST)ndash Flying for over 18 yearsndash Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)

bull HST has had several servicing missions (SM) ndash New instrumentsndash System upgrades and maintenance

bull On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed

ndash Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments

ndash HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA

Presenter
Presentation Notes
NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

6In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomalies

bull All events occurred in the SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidatendash Review of circuit application

bull SETs simulated showing possible causendash SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No data existed accelerator test performed

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

(ns)

Am

plitu

de (V

)

0

1x10-7

2x10-7

3x10-7

0 20 40 60 80 100Angle of Incidence (degrees)

Dev

ice

Cro

ss s

ectio

n (c

m2 )

Typical Measured TransientDuring Proton Irradiation

63 MeV Proton-InducedTransients on Suspect Device

Versus Angular Incidence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate13Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

7In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysisbull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action -

continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)

bull Optocouplers are not just electricalbull Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and

related workndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

bull In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(ndash FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

bull Operational change installed via software updatendash No instrument operation during SAAndash Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss

incurred

8In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

bull Solid State Recorders (SSRs)ndash A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraftndash Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages

bull SRAM (early 1990rsquos) bull DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later) bull Flash (being considered)

bull DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash TID

bull Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellipndash SEE

bull Destructive SEL stuck bitsbull Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006Feature size is 90nm

9In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

bull On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacityndash HST passes through the SAA several times daily

bull Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

bull HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observedndash Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)ndash Block was not corrected by a re-write

ndash Project in panic

HST SSR utilizesIrvine Sensors DRAM Modules

Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

Presenter
Presentation Notes
These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

10In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomaly

bull SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Memory controller was rad-hardbull DRAM was not

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate

etc)ndash Review or gather radiation test data

bull Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

bull HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETsndash Proton events would be expectedndash New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

bull With 1440 devices being used for this SSR applicationndash Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9

months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight1313With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

11In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Final Analysis

bull Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)ndash New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher

proton fluence levelsbull 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST

expected levelsndash 2 different event signatures noted

raquo block (columnrow) errorsraquo weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

bull Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)ndash Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as

observedbull Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

ndash Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomalybull Circuitry not included to provide resetbull Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

ndash Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encodedraquo Probability of RS failure is low

ndash No action taken at that time

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)131313It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to13the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)13the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and13the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)1313From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

12In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

bull Linear devices such as analog comparators arendash Used extensively in instruments power data collection and

morendash Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Long-term degradation is focused on

bull Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

ndash Single eventsbull Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

-4

-2

0

2

4

12 10-5 14 10-5 16 10-5 18 10-5 2 10-5 22 10-5 24 10-5 26 10-5 28 10-5

Out

put V

olta

ge (

V)

Time (s)

LM139 Vcc

=+-5 δVi=800mV LET=187 MeV-cm2mg

Sample SETs induced by heavy ionsin a PMLM139 comparator

13In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

bull Launched June 30 2001ndash Had phasing orbits prior

to insertion in final orbitbull Reached its final orbital

position on L2 end of September 2001

bull An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
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                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
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                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 5: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

5In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

bull Hubble Space Telescope (HST)ndash Flying for over 18 yearsndash Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)

bull HST has had several servicing missions (SM) ndash New instrumentsndash System upgrades and maintenance

bull On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed

ndash Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments

ndash HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA

Presenter
Presentation Notes
NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

6In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomalies

bull All events occurred in the SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidatendash Review of circuit application

bull SETs simulated showing possible causendash SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No data existed accelerator test performed

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

(ns)

Am

plitu

de (V

)

0

1x10-7

2x10-7

3x10-7

0 20 40 60 80 100Angle of Incidence (degrees)

Dev

ice

Cro

ss s

ectio

n (c

m2 )

Typical Measured TransientDuring Proton Irradiation

63 MeV Proton-InducedTransients on Suspect Device

Versus Angular Incidence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate13Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

7In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysisbull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action -

continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)

bull Optocouplers are not just electricalbull Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and

related workndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

bull In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(ndash FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

bull Operational change installed via software updatendash No instrument operation during SAAndash Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss

incurred

8In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

bull Solid State Recorders (SSRs)ndash A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraftndash Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages

bull SRAM (early 1990rsquos) bull DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later) bull Flash (being considered)

bull DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash TID

bull Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellipndash SEE

bull Destructive SEL stuck bitsbull Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006Feature size is 90nm

9In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

bull On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacityndash HST passes through the SAA several times daily

bull Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

bull HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observedndash Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)ndash Block was not corrected by a re-write

ndash Project in panic

HST SSR utilizesIrvine Sensors DRAM Modules

Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

Presenter
Presentation Notes
These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

10In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomaly

bull SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Memory controller was rad-hardbull DRAM was not

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate

etc)ndash Review or gather radiation test data

bull Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

bull HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETsndash Proton events would be expectedndash New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

bull With 1440 devices being used for this SSR applicationndash Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9

months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight1313With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

11In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Final Analysis

bull Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)ndash New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher

proton fluence levelsbull 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST

expected levelsndash 2 different event signatures noted

raquo block (columnrow) errorsraquo weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

bull Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)ndash Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as

observedbull Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

ndash Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomalybull Circuitry not included to provide resetbull Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

ndash Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encodedraquo Probability of RS failure is low

ndash No action taken at that time

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)131313It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to13the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)13the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and13the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)1313From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

12In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

bull Linear devices such as analog comparators arendash Used extensively in instruments power data collection and

morendash Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Long-term degradation is focused on

bull Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

ndash Single eventsbull Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

-4

-2

0

2

4

12 10-5 14 10-5 16 10-5 18 10-5 2 10-5 22 10-5 24 10-5 26 10-5 28 10-5

Out

put V

olta

ge (

V)

Time (s)

LM139 Vcc

=+-5 δVi=800mV LET=187 MeV-cm2mg

Sample SETs induced by heavy ionsin a PMLM139 comparator

13In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

bull Launched June 30 2001ndash Had phasing orbits prior

to insertion in final orbitbull Reached its final orbital

position on L2 end of September 2001

bull An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 6: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

6In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomalies

bull All events occurred in the SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidatendash Review of circuit application

bull SETs simulated showing possible causendash SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No data existed accelerator test performed

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

(ns)

Am

plitu

de (V

)

0

1x10-7

2x10-7

3x10-7

0 20 40 60 80 100Angle of Incidence (degrees)

Dev

ice

Cro

ss s

ectio

n (c

m2 )

Typical Measured TransientDuring Proton Irradiation

63 MeV Proton-InducedTransients on Suspect Device

Versus Angular Incidence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate13Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

7In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysisbull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action -

continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)

bull Optocouplers are not just electricalbull Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and

related workndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

bull In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(ndash FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

bull Operational change installed via software updatendash No instrument operation during SAAndash Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss

incurred

8In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

bull Solid State Recorders (SSRs)ndash A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraftndash Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages

bull SRAM (early 1990rsquos) bull DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later) bull Flash (being considered)

bull DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash TID

bull Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellipndash SEE

bull Destructive SEL stuck bitsbull Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006Feature size is 90nm

9In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

bull On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacityndash HST passes through the SAA several times daily

bull Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

bull HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observedndash Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)ndash Block was not corrected by a re-write

ndash Project in panic

HST SSR utilizesIrvine Sensors DRAM Modules

Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

Presenter
Presentation Notes
These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

10In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomaly

bull SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Memory controller was rad-hardbull DRAM was not

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate

etc)ndash Review or gather radiation test data

bull Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

bull HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETsndash Proton events would be expectedndash New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

bull With 1440 devices being used for this SSR applicationndash Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9

months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight1313With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

11In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Final Analysis

bull Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)ndash New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher

proton fluence levelsbull 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST

expected levelsndash 2 different event signatures noted

raquo block (columnrow) errorsraquo weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

bull Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)ndash Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as

observedbull Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

ndash Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomalybull Circuitry not included to provide resetbull Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

ndash Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encodedraquo Probability of RS failure is low

ndash No action taken at that time

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)131313It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to13the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)13the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and13the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)1313From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

12In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

bull Linear devices such as analog comparators arendash Used extensively in instruments power data collection and

morendash Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Long-term degradation is focused on

bull Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

ndash Single eventsbull Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

-4

-2

0

2

4

12 10-5 14 10-5 16 10-5 18 10-5 2 10-5 22 10-5 24 10-5 26 10-5 28 10-5

Out

put V

olta

ge (

V)

Time (s)

LM139 Vcc

=+-5 δVi=800mV LET=187 MeV-cm2mg

Sample SETs induced by heavy ionsin a PMLM139 comparator

13In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

bull Launched June 30 2001ndash Had phasing orbits prior

to insertion in final orbitbull Reached its final orbital

position on L2 end of September 2001

bull An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
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                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 7: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

7In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysisbull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action -

continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)

bull Optocouplers are not just electricalbull Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and

related workndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

bull In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(ndash FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

bull Operational change installed via software updatendash No instrument operation during SAAndash Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss

incurred

8In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

bull Solid State Recorders (SSRs)ndash A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraftndash Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages

bull SRAM (early 1990rsquos) bull DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later) bull Flash (being considered)

bull DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash TID

bull Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellipndash SEE

bull Destructive SEL stuck bitsbull Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006Feature size is 90nm

9In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

bull On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacityndash HST passes through the SAA several times daily

bull Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

bull HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observedndash Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)ndash Block was not corrected by a re-write

ndash Project in panic

HST SSR utilizesIrvine Sensors DRAM Modules

Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

Presenter
Presentation Notes
These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

10In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomaly

bull SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Memory controller was rad-hardbull DRAM was not

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate

etc)ndash Review or gather radiation test data

bull Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

bull HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETsndash Proton events would be expectedndash New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

bull With 1440 devices being used for this SSR applicationndash Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9

months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight1313With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

11In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Final Analysis

bull Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)ndash New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher

proton fluence levelsbull 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST

expected levelsndash 2 different event signatures noted

raquo block (columnrow) errorsraquo weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

bull Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)ndash Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as

observedbull Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

ndash Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomalybull Circuitry not included to provide resetbull Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

ndash Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encodedraquo Probability of RS failure is low

ndash No action taken at that time

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)131313It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to13the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)13the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and13the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)1313From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

12In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

bull Linear devices such as analog comparators arendash Used extensively in instruments power data collection and

morendash Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Long-term degradation is focused on

bull Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

ndash Single eventsbull Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

-4

-2

0

2

4

12 10-5 14 10-5 16 10-5 18 10-5 2 10-5 22 10-5 24 10-5 26 10-5 28 10-5

Out

put V

olta

ge (

V)

Time (s)

LM139 Vcc

=+-5 δVi=800mV LET=187 MeV-cm2mg

Sample SETs induced by heavy ionsin a PMLM139 comparator

13In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

bull Launched June 30 2001ndash Had phasing orbits prior

to insertion in final orbitbull Reached its final orbital

position on L2 end of September 2001

bull An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
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                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 8: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

8In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

bull Solid State Recorders (SSRs)ndash A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraftndash Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages

bull SRAM (early 1990rsquos) bull DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later) bull Flash (being considered)

bull DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash TID

bull Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellipndash SEE

bull Destructive SEL stuck bitsbull Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006Feature size is 90nm

9In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

bull On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacityndash HST passes through the SAA several times daily

bull Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

bull HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observedndash Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)ndash Block was not corrected by a re-write

ndash Project in panic

HST SSR utilizesIrvine Sensors DRAM Modules

Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

Presenter
Presentation Notes
These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

10In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomaly

bull SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Memory controller was rad-hardbull DRAM was not

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate

etc)ndash Review or gather radiation test data

bull Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

bull HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETsndash Proton events would be expectedndash New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

bull With 1440 devices being used for this SSR applicationndash Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9

months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight1313With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

11In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Final Analysis

bull Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)ndash New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher

proton fluence levelsbull 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST

expected levelsndash 2 different event signatures noted

raquo block (columnrow) errorsraquo weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

bull Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)ndash Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as

observedbull Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

ndash Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomalybull Circuitry not included to provide resetbull Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

ndash Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encodedraquo Probability of RS failure is low

ndash No action taken at that time

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)131313It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to13the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)13the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and13the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)1313From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

12In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

bull Linear devices such as analog comparators arendash Used extensively in instruments power data collection and

morendash Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Long-term degradation is focused on

bull Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

ndash Single eventsbull Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

-4

-2

0

2

4

12 10-5 14 10-5 16 10-5 18 10-5 2 10-5 22 10-5 24 10-5 26 10-5 28 10-5

Out

put V

olta

ge (

V)

Time (s)

LM139 Vcc

=+-5 δVi=800mV LET=187 MeV-cm2mg

Sample SETs induced by heavy ionsin a PMLM139 comparator

13In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

bull Launched June 30 2001ndash Had phasing orbits prior

to insertion in final orbitbull Reached its final orbital

position on L2 end of September 2001

bull An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 9: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

9In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

bull On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacityndash HST passes through the SAA several times daily

bull Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

bull HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observedndash Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)ndash Block was not corrected by a re-write

ndash Project in panic

HST SSR utilizesIrvine Sensors DRAM Modules

Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

Presenter
Presentation Notes
These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

10In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomaly

bull SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Memory controller was rad-hardbull DRAM was not

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate

etc)ndash Review or gather radiation test data

bull Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

bull HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETsndash Proton events would be expectedndash New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

bull With 1440 devices being used for this SSR applicationndash Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9

months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight1313With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

11In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Final Analysis

bull Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)ndash New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher

proton fluence levelsbull 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST

expected levelsndash 2 different event signatures noted

raquo block (columnrow) errorsraquo weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

bull Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)ndash Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as

observedbull Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

ndash Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomalybull Circuitry not included to provide resetbull Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

ndash Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encodedraquo Probability of RS failure is low

ndash No action taken at that time

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)131313It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to13the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)13the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and13the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)1313From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

12In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

bull Linear devices such as analog comparators arendash Used extensively in instruments power data collection and

morendash Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Long-term degradation is focused on

bull Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

ndash Single eventsbull Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

-4

-2

0

2

4

12 10-5 14 10-5 16 10-5 18 10-5 2 10-5 22 10-5 24 10-5 26 10-5 28 10-5

Out

put V

olta

ge (

V)

Time (s)

LM139 Vcc

=+-5 δVi=800mV LET=187 MeV-cm2mg

Sample SETs induced by heavy ionsin a PMLM139 comparator

13In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

bull Launched June 30 2001ndash Had phasing orbits prior

to insertion in final orbitbull Reached its final orbital

position on L2 end of September 2001

bull An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

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                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
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                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 10: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

10In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of environment during anomaly

bull SAAndash Review of parts list

bull Memory controller was rad-hardbull DRAM was not

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate

etc)ndash Review or gather radiation test data

bull Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

bull HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETsndash Proton events would be expectedndash New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

bull With 1440 devices being used for this SSR applicationndash Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9

months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why was this missed before flight1313With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

11In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Final Analysis

bull Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)ndash New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher

proton fluence levelsbull 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST

expected levelsndash 2 different event signatures noted

raquo block (columnrow) errorsraquo weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

bull Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)ndash Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as

observedbull Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

ndash Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomalybull Circuitry not included to provide resetbull Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

ndash Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encodedraquo Probability of RS failure is low

ndash No action taken at that time

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)131313It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to13the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)13the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and13the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)1313From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

12In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

bull Linear devices such as analog comparators arendash Used extensively in instruments power data collection and

morendash Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Long-term degradation is focused on

bull Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

ndash Single eventsbull Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

-4

-2

0

2

4

12 10-5 14 10-5 16 10-5 18 10-5 2 10-5 22 10-5 24 10-5 26 10-5 28 10-5

Out

put V

olta

ge (

V)

Time (s)

LM139 Vcc

=+-5 δVi=800mV LET=187 MeV-cm2mg

Sample SETs induced by heavy ionsin a PMLM139 comparator

13In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

bull Launched June 30 2001ndash Had phasing orbits prior

to insertion in final orbitbull Reached its final orbital

position on L2 end of September 2001

bull An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 11: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

11In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash Final Analysis

bull Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)ndash New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher

proton fluence levelsbull 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST

expected levelsndash 2 different event signatures noted

raquo block (columnrow) errorsraquo weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

bull Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)ndash Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as

observedbull Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk

ndash Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomalybull Circuitry not included to provide resetbull Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

ndash Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encodedraquo Probability of RS failure is low

ndash No action taken at that time

Presenter
Presentation Notes
In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)131313It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to13the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)13the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and13the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)1313From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

12In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

bull Linear devices such as analog comparators arendash Used extensively in instruments power data collection and

morendash Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Long-term degradation is focused on

bull Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

ndash Single eventsbull Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

-4

-2

0

2

4

12 10-5 14 10-5 16 10-5 18 10-5 2 10-5 22 10-5 24 10-5 26 10-5 28 10-5

Out

put V

olta

ge (

V)

Time (s)

LM139 Vcc

=+-5 δVi=800mV LET=187 MeV-cm2mg

Sample SETs induced by heavy ionsin a PMLM139 comparator

13In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

bull Launched June 30 2001ndash Had phasing orbits prior

to insertion in final orbitbull Reached its final orbital

position on L2 end of September 2001

bull An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 12: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

12In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

bull Linear devices such as analog comparators arendash Used extensively in instruments power data collection and

morendash Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Long-term degradation is focused on

bull Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

ndash Single eventsbull Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

-4

-2

0

2

4

12 10-5 14 10-5 16 10-5 18 10-5 2 10-5 22 10-5 24 10-5 26 10-5 28 10-5

Out

put V

olta

ge (

V)

Time (s)

LM139 Vcc

=+-5 δVi=800mV LET=187 MeV-cm2mg

Sample SETs induced by heavy ionsin a PMLM139 comparator

13In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

bull Launched June 30 2001ndash Had phasing orbits prior

to insertion in final orbitbull Reached its final orbital

position on L2 end of September 2001

bull An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 13: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

13In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

bull Launched June 30 2001ndash Had phasing orbits prior

to insertion in final orbitbull Reached its final orbital

position on L2 end of September 2001

bull An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001

Presenter
Presentation Notes
MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 14: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

14In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and actionndash Review of

environment during anomaly

bull Solar eventndash Significant heavy

ion componentndash Review of parts list

bull Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem 10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

01 1 10

CREME96 Worst Day Model14 July 005 Nov 01

Background pre-SPE

15 April 0125 Sept 01

Inte

gral

Flu

ence

(c

m2 -s

)

LET (MeV-cm2mg)

Data from NOAASECSWO

after Dyer 2002

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

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                                      e

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                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

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                                      7

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                                      1

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                                      1

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                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

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                                      5

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                                      100

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                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 15: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

15In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Resolving the Anomaly (2)

ndash Review of circuit applicationbull Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the causebull Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

ndash Review or gather radiation test databull No documented proton sensitivitybull Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the

application using existing data plus new data gathered

R=36k

LM139

LM139

LM139

R=51k

R=10k

R=15k

R=1k

R=100k

10 mF

Vref25V

Vref25V

Vref25V

+5V

+5V

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14

AC14AC14

EEP_RESET

HW_RESET

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

FitPM139 dVi=200mVLM139 dVi=400 mVLM139 dVi=300 mVLM139 dVi=200 mVC

ross

sec

tion

(cm

2 com

para

tor)

LET (MeV-cm 2mg)

Heavy ion data

Presenter
Presentation Notes
SO how was this missed to begin with13Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs13Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)1313Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

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                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 16: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

16In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash Final Analysis

bull What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continuedndash Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)

bull Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transportbull Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

ndash Determine actions to mitigate or reduce riskbull Event rates deemed acceptable by projectbull No action taken

Sensitive volumethickness

(μm)

GCR SET rateCREME96 solar maximum

(event comparator-day)

Solar EventCREME96 worst day

(event comparator-day)

10 18E-3 51E-1

15 17E-3 30E-1

20 16E-3 18E-1

30 15E-3 65E-2

40 13E-3 44E-2

60 99E-4 34E-2

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
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                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
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                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 17: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

17In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

bull FOLsndash MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz)

used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems

ndash Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical

bull What radiation-induced failure modes may existndash Similar to optocouplersndash SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors

bull Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

bull Errors are temporal via photodiodendash Transients may affect more than one

clock cyclebull High-speed electrical circuits also

sensitivebull Major impact is on data bit error rate

(BER)

Representative FOL architecture

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 18: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

18In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

bull Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodesndash Sensitive to direct ionization from protons

bull Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applicationsndash Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects

notedbull This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be

implemented (message retries)ndash Used successfully in NASA misions

bull BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50bull For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

100E-11

100E-10

100E-09

100E-08

100E-07

100E-06

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

Link atten in dB

Erro

r Cro

ss s

ectio

n in

cm2

Errors observed

No errors observed Ground data illustratingthe effect of optical power budget

on radiation performance

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

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                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 19: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

19In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

bull Hardening methodologies exploredndash Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed

improved SEU tolerance bull Reduced volume of photodiode

ndash Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help

ndash Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773bull Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

ndash Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

FPGAELECTRICAL8051-BASED

DATACOLLECTIONS

POWERSUPPLIES

IN-LINEATTENUATORS

OPTICAL

OUT 2OUT 1

MPTB DR1773 Test Board

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      ampA
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                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 20: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

20In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

bull MPTB launched in 1997ndash 6 years of in-flight

performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)

bull Transceivers were operated in two modesndash ED mode used a

physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal

ndash DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)

bull Which do you think would work better

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 21: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

21In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

bull Did the hardening effort pay offED and DE bit error rates by Year

YearED BER DE BER

1997 1738E-12 NA

1998 4224E-14 3787E-11

1999 3855E-14 5303E-11

2000 0 8501E-11

2001 8168E-15 NA

2002 0 NA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

157

170

183 52 73 86 114

142

189

218

260

303

331 8 34 61 74 133

146

159

172

185

198

259

272

285

Julian Day of Year

Num

ber

of U

pset

s

UpsetsUpset Average = 103667

1998 1999 2000

MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

Physical contact Air Gap

Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events1313Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 22: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

22In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

Considerationsbull Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account

ndash Environmentndash Selected partsndash Designndash Existing radiation test data andor new datandash Impact (ie risk probability)ndash Actions (mitigative or otherwise)

bull Notesndash Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs

bull BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

ndash Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events

bull Solar heavy ions must be taken into accountndash System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs

to be taken into accountbull Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL

example)ndash Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be

considered as wellbull Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

  • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -Selected Lessons Learned
  • Outline of Presentation
  • Anomaly Resolution ndashRoot Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft
  • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background
  • On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndashNASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashResolving the Anomaly
  • On the Matter of Small ProbabilitiesndashFinal Analysis
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashMicrowave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashResolving the Anomaly (2)
  • Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndashFinal Analysis
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance
  • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight
  • Considerations
    • In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions -
      Selected Lessons Learned

      Kenneth A LaBel

      Co- Manager NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program

      Group Leader Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG)

      NASAGSFC

      kenlabelnasagov

      301-286-9936

      httpneppnasagov

      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

      Outline of Presentation

      • Investigative Approach
      • An Optocouplerrsquos Tale
      • On the Matter of Small Probabilities
      • Whatrsquos with the Noise Spikes
      • The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link
      • Considerations
        • Latent damage sites device did not fail during ground irradiation

          but at some time afterward during operation

          Could this have been observed in-flight

          Takeaway message look beyond the obvious at times

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          Anomaly Resolution ndash
          Root Cause Investigation for Radiation Engineers

          • Determine orbital location and time of event
          • Look for the obvious such as solar events or South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
          • Review electronic parts list for potential sensitive devices
          • Review identified device in specific circuit application
          • Factors such as duty cycle operating speed voltage levels and so forth
          • Obtain existing SEE dose and damage data or gather new data
          • Compare applications between in-circuit and ground data
          • Perform ground testing if needed
          • Determine risk probabilities
          • SEE rates etc
          • Failure potential
          • Recommend mitigative action(s) if possible
            • In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              An Optocouplerrsquos Tale - Background

              • Optocouplers
              • Used extensively for the isolation of signals between systems or boxes
              • Translate electrical signals to optical then back to electrical
              • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
              • Long-term degradation such as current transfer ratio (CTR) ndash outputinput
              • Single particle events
                • Photodiodes for example have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                  Typical Block Diagram of an Optocoupler

                  Typically these photodiode devices are shaped as thin cylinders with a depletion depth dependent on the optimized optical wavelength response In the case of indirect bandgap material such as Si large depleted volumes are required to attain adequate light absorption As a result these devices have an increased susceptibility to proton transients as compared to smaller diodes

                  The charge gathered by for example a proton strike on the photodiode is amplified and propagated to the output circuitry of the optocoupler If the transient is of sufficient pulsewidth and voltage amplitude an external effect may be observed For lesser photodiode events the follow-on circuitry filters out the transient such that no observable output effect is noted Factors that affect the circuitrsquos transient filtering performance include bandwidth slew rate circuit gain and power supply voltage

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                  NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft

                  • Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
                  • Flying for over 18 years
                  • Tremendous scientific discoveries (as well as gorgeous images)
                  • HST has had several servicing missions (SM)
                  • New instruments
                  • System upgrades and maintenance
                  • On the SM2 launched Feb 14th 1997 two new instruments were installed
                  • Multiple anomalies were observed during the on-orbit engineering calibration for these instruments
                  • HSTrsquos main radiation concern is SAA
                    • NASA recently announced itrsquos NEXT SM

                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                      An Optocouplerrsquos Tale ndash
                      Resolving the Anomaly

                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                      • Review of environment during anomalies
                        • All events occurred in the SAA

                          • Review of parts list
                            • Optocoupler highlighted as most likely candidate

                              • Review of circuit application
                                • SETs simulated showing possible cause

                                  SET could trigger a high-voltage portion of the instrument and cause failure

                                  • Review or gather radiation test data
                                    • No data existed accelerator test performed

                                      Typical Measured Transient

                                      During Proton Irradiation

                                      63 MeV Proton-Induced

                                      Transients on Suspect Device

                                      Versus Angular Incidence

                                      A

                                      n

                                      g

                                      l

                                      e

                                      o

                                      f

                                      I

                                      n

                                      c

                                      i

                                      d

                                      e

                                      n

                                      c

                                      e

                                      (

                                      d

                                      e

                                      g

                                      r

                                      e

                                      e

                                      s

                                      )

                                      0

                                      1

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      2

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      3

                                      x

                                      1

                                      0

                                      -

                                      7

                                      0

                                      2

                                      0

                                      4

                                      0

                                      6

                                      0

                                      8

                                      0

                                      1

                                      0

                                      0

                                      Device Cross section (cm2)

                                      Why was this missed before flight Traditionally optocoupler operational frequencies were low (lt100 khz) and particle-induced transients were not passed on to follow-on circuitry Newer higher-speed devices allowed these transients to propagate

                                      Results from the ground testing enabled better test methodologies (proton angles and energy requirements) and approaches for mitigation

                                      image1wmf

                                      0

                                      1

                                      2

                                      3

                                      4

                                      5

                                      6

                                      0

                                      100

                                      200

                                      300

                                      400

                                      500

                                      600

                                      (ns)

                                      Amplitude (V)

                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                      The Optocoupler ndash Final Analysis

                                      • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                      • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                        • Optocouplers are not just electrical

                                          Considerations for tools beyond CREME96 began with this and related work

                                          • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                            • In-flight hardware is not easily modified o(

                                              FPGAs improve this ability (but not here)

                                              Operational change installed via software update

                                              No instrument operation during SAA

                                              Critical science was NOT impacted but some science data loss incurred

                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilities - Background

                                              • Solid State Recorders (SSRs)
                                              • A means for storing science data on-board a spacecraft
                                              • Use high-density memory ICs for densitypower advantages
                                                • SRAM (early 1990rsquos)

                                                  DRAM (mid-1990rsquos and later)

                                                  Flash (being considered)

                                                  • DRAMs What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                  • TID
                                                    • Traditional leakage increases cell failures etchellip

                                                      • SEE
                                                        • Destructive SEL stuck bits

                                                          Upset bitmultiple bits block errors mode errors SEFI

                                                          1 Gb SDRAM circa 2006

                                                          Feature size is 90nm

                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                          On the Matter of Small Probabilities ndash
                                                          NASArsquos Most Famous Science Spacecraft (yet again)

                                                          • On the SM2 Feb 14th 1997 a new SSR was installed to increase data storage capacity
                                                          • HST passes through the SAA several times daily
                                                            • Bit upsets tracked fairly well with predicted rate based on ground data (3 samples one proton energy)

                                                              HOWEVER two more complex anomalies were observed

                                                              Each had ~ 100 bits in error (block)

                                                              Block was not corrected by a re-write

                                                              Project in panic

                                                              HST SSR utilizes

                                                              Irvine Sensors DRAM Modules

                                                              Comprised of 16 Mb IBM Luna DRAMs

                                                              These same DRAMs have been flown on the famous MPTB experiment

                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                              Resolving the Anomaly

                                                              • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                              • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                • SAA

                                                                  • Review of parts list
                                                                    • Memory controller was rad-hard

                                                                      DRAM was not

                                                                      • Review of circuit application
                                                                        • Circuit application was the same as in ground testing (refresh rate etc)

                                                                          • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                            • Proton data no observed block errors (sample size = 3 w 1x environment fluences)

                                                                              HOWEVER heavy ion data exhibited these type of events at low LETs

                                                                              Proton events would be expected

                                                                              New test data required for statistics on 1440 device usage

                                                                              With 1440 devices being used for this SSR application

                                                                              Expected event cross-section of ~a few E-13 cm2 based on 2 events in 9 months versus (predicted) in-flight proton fluence

                                                                              Why was this missed before flight

                                                                              With such a low LETth one would expect proton-induced SEEs as well However proton SEE testing of 3 die provided a mixed result no block SEFIs were observed This implies a low sensitivity for block SEFI occurrence (ie limiting cross-section) The question is further expanded how good is the test fidelity with a sample size of 3 (even with overtest conditions) when designing for a SSR using 1440 devices The HST program noted that no events were observed with protons and deemed it a non-issue for their mission The project chose to proceed with the uncertainty associated with the concept of a limiting cross-section

                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                              On the Matter of Small Probabilitiesndash
                                                                              Final Analysis

                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data (contrsquod)
                                                                              • New test undertaken with protons with 100 die and to higher proton fluence levels
                                                                                • 9 events observed with proton fluences ~100x over expected HST expected levels

                                                                                  2 different event signatures noted

                                                                                  block (columnrow) errors

                                                                                  weak columns (suspect data ndash sometimes good sometimes bad)

                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates)
                                                                                  • Predicted error rate of 22yr is the same order of magnitude as observed
                                                                                  • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                  • Reset of mode register or power cycle clear the anomaly
                                                                                    • Circuitry not included to provide reset

                                                                                      Power cycle determined to be feasible when needed

                                                                                      Data is Reed-Solomon (RS) Encoded

                                                                                      Probability of RS failure is low

                                                                                      No action taken at that time

                                                                                      In order to perform a better prediction of in-flight anomaly occurrence a further proton irradiation was performed utilizing a new test plan aimed at simulating a 1440 die SSR in the HST orbit The expected proton fluence for Egt25MeV for the HST orbit is ~3E9 p+cm2year behind 100 mills of Al shielding With 2 events occurring in ~9 months wersquod expect a cross-section on the order of a few E-13 cm2die (this number actually depends on the percent of the SSR memory in use)

                                                                                      It should be noted that the error bars for the in-flight prediction are rather large (factor of 2 or more) This is due to

                                                                                      the small number of anomalies observed during ground testing (9 in 100 die)

                                                                                      the actual proton environment at the die level (probably gt100 mills effective Al shielding) and

                                                                                      the actual percent of SSR memory in use (an error could occur in an unused portion and it would not be discovered until that block of memory is accessed)

                                                                                      From an applications perspective there are two particular items of note here the need for fault-tolerant system design for anomalies such as that observed by the HST SRR and the importance of performing statistically significant ground tests to simulate space usage where large numbers of die are used

                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                      Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike - Background

                                                                                      • Linear devices such as analog comparators are
                                                                                      • Used extensively in instruments power data collection and more
                                                                                      • Compares the voltage levels between two analog signals
                                                                                      • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                      • Long-term degradation is focused on
                                                                                        • Enhanced low dose rate sensitivity (ELDRS) and displacement damage (in bipolars)

                                                                                          • Single events
                                                                                            • Single event transients (SETs) are the prime concern

                                                                                              Sample SETs induced by heavy ions

                                                                                              in a PMLM139 comparator

                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                              Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                              Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP)

                                                                                              • Launched June 30 2001
                                                                                              • Had phasing orbits prior to insertion in final orbit
                                                                                              • Reached its final orbital position on L2 end of September 2001
                                                                                              • An anomaly occurred causing a reset of the spacecraft processor on November 5 2001
                                                                                                • MAP measures the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation

                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                  Resolving the Anomaly

                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action
                                                                                                  • Review of environment during anomaly
                                                                                                    • Solar event

                                                                                                      Significant heavy ion component

                                                                                                      • Review of parts list
                                                                                                        • Analog comparator (PMLM139) identified as likely problem

                                                                                                          Data from NOAASECSWO

                                                                                                          after Dyer 2002

                                                                                                          Circuit review had taken place during design phase and SETs were reviewed no issues

                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                          Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                          Resolving the Anomaly (2)

                                                                                                          • Review of circuit application
                                                                                                            • Confirmed that LMPM139 could be the cause

                                                                                                              Application had changed since initial parts review pre-launch

                                                                                                              • Review or gather radiation test data
                                                                                                                • No documented proton sensitivity

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion sensitivity documented as a function of the application using existing data plus new data gathered

                                                                                                                  Heavy ion data

                                                                                                                  R=36k

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  LM139

                                                                                                                  R=51k

                                                                                                                  R=10k

                                                                                                                  R=15k

                                                                                                                  R=1k

                                                                                                                  R=100k

                                                                                                                  10 mF

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  Vref

                                                                                                                  25V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  +5V

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  AC14

                                                                                                                  EEP_RESET

                                                                                                                  HW_RESET

                                                                                                                  SO how was this missed to begin with

                                                                                                                  Designer KNEW about SETs and original design had a larger voltage differential (1V) which is much less sensitive for SETs

                                                                                                                  Requirements changed AFTER review was performed on design and a smaller voltage differential was used equaling enhanced sensitivity to SETs (200 mV)

                                                                                                                  Of import is that solar heavy ions were the cause and not protons

                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                  Whatrsquos With the Noise Spike ndash
                                                                                                                  Final Analysis

                                                                                                                  • What steps were needed to determine ROOT CAUSE and action - continued
                                                                                                                  • Determine risk probability (ie upset rates with heavy ions)
                                                                                                                    • Additional shielding analysis performed for particle transport

                                                                                                                      Assumption of sensitive volume thicknesses

                                                                                                                      • Determine actions to mitigate or reduce risk
                                                                                                                        • Event rates deemed acceptable by project

                                                                                                                          No action taken

                                                                                                                          Sensitive volume

                                                                                                                          thickness

                                                                                                                          (

                                                                                                                          m

                                                                                                                          m)

                                                                                                                          GCR SET rate

                                                                                                                          CREME96 solar maximum

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          Solar Event

                                                                                                                          CREME96 worst day

                                                                                                                          (event

                                                                                                                          comparator-day)

                                                                                                                          10

                                                                                                                          18E-3

                                                                                                                          51E-1

                                                                                                                          15

                                                                                                                          17E-3

                                                                                                                          30E-1

                                                                                                                          20

                                                                                                                          16E-3

                                                                                                                          18E-1

                                                                                                                          30

                                                                                                                          15E-3

                                                                                                                          65E-2

                                                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                          13E-3

                                                                                                                          44E-2

                                                                                                                          60

                                                                                                                          99E-4

                                                                                                                          34E-2

                                                                                                                          Sometimes we get lucky anomaly rates are low enough not impact mission performance However this is not always the case

                                                                                                                          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) - Background

                                                                                                                          • FOLs
                                                                                                                          • MIL-STD-1773 implementation (1 MHz) used since the early 1990rsquos in many NASA systems
                                                                                                                          • Transmits electrical data and command signals tofrom optical
                                                                                                                          • What radiation-induced failure modes may exist
                                                                                                                          • Similar to optocouplers
                                                                                                                          • SEUs imply single or multi-bit errors
                                                                                                                            • Photodiodes have a history of being used as energetic particle detectors

                                                                                                                              Errors are temporal via photodiode

                                                                                                                              Transients may affect more than one clock cycle

                                                                                                                              High-speed electrical circuits also sensitive

                                                                                                                              Major impact is on data bit error rate (BER)

                                                                                                                              Representative FOL architecture

                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Background (contrsquod)

                                                                                                                              • Original MIL-STD-1773 transceivers used Si photodiodes
                                                                                                                              • Sensitive to direct ionization from protons
                                                                                                                                • Implies high bit error rate (BER) for space applications

                                                                                                                                  • Angle of incidence optical power budget and proton energy effects noted
                                                                                                                                  • This forced the usage of protocol fault-tolerant features to be implemented (message retries)
                                                                                                                                  • Used successfully in NASA misions
                                                                                                                                    • BUT reduced effective bus bandwidth by ~50

                                                                                                                                      For higher data rate systems this hardening solution may not be applicable

                                                                                                                                      Ground data illustrating

                                                                                                                                      the effect of optical power budget

                                                                                                                                      on radiation performance

                                                                                                                                      Chart2

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000128
                                                                                                                                      0000000106
                                                                                                                                      000000008
                                                                                                                                      0000000098
                                                                                                                                      0000000058
                                                                                                                                      0000000044
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001
                                                                                                                                      00000000001

                                                                                                                                      Raw Data

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - angle63MeV

                                                                                                                                      ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

                                                                                                                                      -27 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      -23 dB Atten
                                                                                                                                      Angle
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section in cm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet6

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet7

                                                                                                                                      Errors observed
                                                                                                                                      No errors observed
                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB
                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0
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                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                      Sheet8

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet9

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet10

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet11

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet12

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet13

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet14

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet15

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      Sheet16

                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP
                                                                                                                                      ampA
                                                                                                                                      Page ampP

                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                      The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

                                                                                                                                      • Hardening methodologies explored
                                                                                                                                      • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
                                                                                                                                        • Reduced volume of photodiode

                                                                                                                                          • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
                                                                                                                                          • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
                                                                                                                                            • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

                                                                                                                                              Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

                                                                                                                                              MPTB DR1773 Test Board

                                                                                                                                              FPGA

                                                                                                                                              ELECTRICAL

                                                                                                                                              8051-BASED

                                                                                                                                              DATA

                                                                                                                                              COLLECTIONS

                                                                                                                                              POWER

                                                                                                                                              SUPPLIES

                                                                                                                                              IN-LINE

                                                                                                                                              ATTENUATORS

                                                                                                                                              OPTICAL

                                                                                                                                              OUT 2

                                                                                                                                              OUT 1

                                                                                                                                              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

                                                                                                                                              • MPTB launched in 1997
                                                                                                                                              • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
                                                                                                                                              • Transceivers were operated in two modes
                                                                                                                                              • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
                                                                                                                                              • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
                                                                                                                                                • Which do you think would work better

                                                                                                                                                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                  The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

                                                                                                                                                  • Did the hardening effort pay off
                                                                                                                                                    • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                                                                                                                                                      MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                                                                                                                                                      Physical contact

                                                                                                                                                      Air Gap

                                                                                                                                                      Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                                                                                                                                                      Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                                                                                                                                                      Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                                                                                                                                                      In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                                                                                                                                                      Considerations

                                                                                                                                                      • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                                                                                                                                                      • Environment
                                                                                                                                                      • Selected parts
                                                                                                                                                      • Design
                                                                                                                                                      • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                                                                                                                                                      • Impact (ie risk probability)
                                                                                                                                                      • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                                                                                                                                                      • Notes
                                                                                                                                                      • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                                                                                                                                                        • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                                                                                                                                                          • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                                                                                                                                                            • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                                                                                                                                                              • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                                                                                                                                                                • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                                                                                                                                                                  • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                                                                                                                                                    • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      6

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      500

                                                                                                                                                                      600

                                                                                                                                                                      (ns)

                                                                                                                                                                      Amplitude (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      50

                                                                                                                                                                      100

                                                                                                                                                                      150

                                                                                                                                                                      200

                                                                                                                                                                      250

                                                                                                                                                                      300

                                                                                                                                                                      350

                                                                                                                                                                      400

                                                                                                                                                                      157170183

                                                                                                                                                                      527386

                                                                                                                                                                      114142189218260303331

                                                                                                                                                                      8

                                                                                                                                                                      346174

                                                                                                                                                                      133146159172185198259272285

                                                                                                                                                                      Julian Day of Year

                                                                                                                                                                      Number of Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upsets

                                                                                                                                                                      Upset Average = 103667

                                                                                                                                                                      199819992000

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-11

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-10

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-09

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-08

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-07

                                                                                                                                                                      100E-06

                                                                                                                                                                      -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                                                                                                                                                      Link atten in dB

                                                                                                                                                                      Error Cross section incm2

                                                                                                                                                                      Errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      No errors observed

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      4

                                                                                                                                                                      12 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      14 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      16 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      18 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      2 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      22 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      24 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      26 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      28 10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      Output Voltage (V)

                                                                                                                                                                      Time (s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 V

                                                                                                                                                                      cc

                                                                                                                                                                      =+-5

                                                                                                                                                                      d

                                                                                                                                                                      V

                                                                                                                                                                      i

                                                                                                                                                                      =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      3

                                                                                                                                                                      01

                                                                                                                                                                      1

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                                                                                                                                                      14 July 00

                                                                                                                                                                      5 Nov 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Background pre-SPE

                                                                                                                                                                      15 April 01

                                                                                                                                                                      25 Sept 01

                                                                                                                                                                      Integral Fluence (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      -s)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -7

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -6

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -4

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      -3

                                                                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                                                      5

                                                                                                                                                                      10

                                                                                                                                                                      15

                                                                                                                                                                      20

                                                                                                                                                                      25

                                                                                                                                                                      30

                                                                                                                                                                      35

                                                                                                                                                                      40

                                                                                                                                                                      Fit

                                                                                                                                                                      PM139 dVi=200mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                                                                                                                                                      Cross section (cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      comparator)

                                                                                                                                                                      LET (MeV-cm

                                                                                                                                                                      2

                                                                                                                                                                      mg)

                                                                                                                                                                      UNKNOWN-0unknown

                                                                                                                                                      Year ED BER DE BER
                                                                                                                                                      1997 1738E-12 NA
                                                                                                                                                      1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                                                                                                                                                      1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2000 0 8501E-11
                                                                                                                                                      2001 8168E-15 NA
                                                                                                                                                      2002 0 NA
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      0 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
                                                                                                                                      Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
                                                                                                                                      1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
                                                                                                                                      4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
                                                                                                                                      5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
                                                                                                                                      6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
                                                                                                                                      7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
                                                                                                                                      9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
                                                                                                                                      10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
                                                                                                                                      11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
                                                                                                                                      12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
                                                                                                                                      13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
                                                                                                                                      14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
                                                                                                                                      15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
                                                                                                                                      16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
                                                                                                                                      23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
                                                                                                                                      26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
                                                                                                                                      28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
                                                                                                                                      29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
                                                                                                                                      31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
                                                                                                                                      32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
                                                                                                                                      34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
                                                                                                                                      35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
                                                                                                                                      36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
                                                                                                                                      38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
                                                                                                                                      39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
                                                                                                                                      40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
                                                                                                                                      41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
                                                                                                                                      43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
                                                                                                                                      44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
                                                                                                                                      45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
                                                                                                                                      46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
                                                                                                                                      47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
                                                                                                                                      48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
                                                                                                                                      49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
                                                                                                                                      50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -27 -27
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -23 -23
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -17 -17
                                                                                                                                      -85 -85
Page 23: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Chart2

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
0000000128
0000000128
0000000106
000000008
0000000098
0000000058
0000000044
00000000001
00000000001
00000000001
00000000001
00000000001
00000000001

Raw Data

ampA
Page ampP

filtered rcv - angle63MeV

ampA
Page ampP

filtered rcv - angle63MeV

ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
-27 dB Atten
-23 dB Atten
Angle
Error Cross section in cm2
Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

-27 dB Atten
-23 dB Atten
Angle
Error Cross section in cm2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet6

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet6

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet7

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet8

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet9

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet10

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet11

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet12

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet13

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
-27 -27
-27 -27
-27 -27
-27 -27
-27 -27
-23 -23
-23 -23
-17 -17
-17 -17
-17 -17
-17 -17
-17 -17
-85 -85
Page 24: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Raw Data

ampA
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filtered rcv - angle63MeV

ampA
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filtered rcv - angle63MeV

ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
-27 dB Atten
-23 dB Atten
Angle
Error Cross section in cm2
Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

-27 dB Atten
-23 dB Atten
Angle
Error Cross section in cm2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet6

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Sheet6

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet7

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet8

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Sheet9

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Sheet10

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Sheet11

ampA
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Sheet12

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In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note
1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0
2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0
3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0
4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049
5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294
6 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 180E+07 00000000556
7 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015
9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333
10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571
11 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 114E+07 100E+09 880E+01 5 000000001 170E+07 00000002941
12 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 6 0000000012 170E+07 00000003529
13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551
14 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 101E+07 100E+09 990E+01 4 0000000008 170E+07 00000002353
15 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 109E+07 100E+09 910E+01 1 0000000002 170E+07 00000000588
16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0
18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0
21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0
22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0
23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0
24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375
28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448
29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0
30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06
31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667
36 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 000E+00 600E+06 0
37 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 90 187E+07 100E+10 537E+02 1 00000000002 890E+07 00000000112
38 M 2 200E+07 -27 T 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 528E+02 0 0 880E+07 0
39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053
40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602
43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0
44 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 54 0000000108 930E+06 00000058065 BAD
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778
47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778
48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222
49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574
50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818
Page 25: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

filtered rcv - angle63MeV

ampA
Page ampP

filtered rcv - angle63MeV

ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
-27 dB Atten
-23 dB Atten
Angle
Error Cross section in cm2
Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

-27 dB Atten
-23 dB Atten
Angle
Error Cross section in cm2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet6

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet6

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet7

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet8

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet9

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet10

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet11

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet12

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet13

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Angle ERR Xsect
4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 90 0000000128
5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 90 0000000128
13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 90 0000000106
39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 90 000000008
40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 90 0000000098
30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 675 000000004
31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 675 0000000054
9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 45 000000004
10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 45 0000000038
27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 45 0000000054
28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 45 0000000062
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 90 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 90 0000000044
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 90 0000000016
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 675 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 675 0000000024
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 45 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 45 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 45 0000000014
1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 90 0
3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 90 0
16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 90 0
29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 45 0
17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 90 0
22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 90 0
23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 90 0
24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 45 0
20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 90 0
18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 90 0
Page 26: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

filtered rcv - angle63MeV

ampCPrepared by Kenneth A LaBel ampD
-27 dB Atten
-23 dB Atten
Angle
Error Cross section in cm2
Boeing AS1773 Receiver Error cross section by Beam incidence angle
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

-27 dB Atten
-23 dB Atten
Angle
Error Cross section in cm2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet6

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet6

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet7

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet8

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet9

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet10

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet11

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet12

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet13

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Page 27: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

filtered rcv - atten 63 MeV

-27 dB Atten
-23 dB Atten
Angle
Error Cross section in cm2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet6

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet6

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet7

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet8

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet9

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet10

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet11

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet12

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet13

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Page 28: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Sheet6

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet6

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet7

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet8

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet9

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet10

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet11

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet12

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet13

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note Atten ERR Xsect
4 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 820E+06 00000078049 -27 0000000128
5 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 64 0000000128 850E+06 00000075294 -27 0000000128
13 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 53 0000000106 890E+06 00000059551 -27 0000000106
39 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 40 000000008 380E+08 00000001053 -27 000000008
40 M 2 200E+07 -27 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 49 0000000098 360E+06 00000136111 -27 0000000098
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 -23 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 -23 0000000044
1 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+06 100E+08 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 140E-10
2 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+06 419E+08 377E+02 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
3 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 0 -17 100E-10
16 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -17 100E-10
43 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 63 90 190E+07 100E+09 530E+01 0 0 930E+06 0 -17 100E-10
17 M 1 200E+07 -85 R 63 90 110E+07 100E+09 910E+01 0 0 190E+07 0 -85 100E-10
30 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 120E+07 780E+06 -27 000000004
31 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 675 185E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 120E+07 000000225 -27 0000000054
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 -23 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 -23 0000000024
9 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 104E+07 100E+09 970E+01 20 000000004 150E+07 00000013333 -27 000000004
10 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 115E+07 100E+09 870E+01 19 0000000038 140E+07 00000013571 -27 0000000038
27 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 27 0000000054 720E+06 000000375 -27 0000000054
28 M 1 200E+07 -27 R 63 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 31 0000000062 580E+06 00000053448 -27 0000000062
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 -23 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 -23 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 -23 0000000014
29 M 1 200E+07 -17 R 63 45 184E+07 100E+09 550E+01 0 0 120E+07 0 -17 0
22 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 720E+05 0 -25 0
23 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 885E+02 0 0 640E+06 0 -25 0
20 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 112E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -23 0
21 M 1 100E+06 -23 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 730E+05 0 -23 0
18 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 900E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
19 M 1 100E+06 -17 R 63 90 111E+07 100E+09 890E+01 0 0 700E+05 0 -17 0
24 M 1 100E+06 -25 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+10 530E+02 0 0 390E+06 0 -25 0
Page 29: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Sheet6

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
Boeing AS1773 Receiver - Error cross section vs Attenuation - 90deg incidence
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet7

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet8

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet9

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet10

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet11

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet12

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet13

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Page 30: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Sheet7

Errors observed
No errors observed
Link atten in dB
Error Cross section incm2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Sheet8

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet9

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet10

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet11

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet12

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet13

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Page 31: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Sheet8

ampA
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Sheet9

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet10

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet11

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet12

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet13

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Run Test Set DUT Data rate Atten Mode E in MeV Angle Flux Fluence Time in sec Word Errors ERR Xsect WORDS WER Note E in MeV Atten Angle ERR Xsect
50 M 2 200E+07 -17 R 382 90 191E+08 129E+11 675E+02 9 00000000001 110E+08 00000000818 382 -17 90 00000000001
47 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 20 000000004 720E+06 00000027778 382 -23 90 000000004
48 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 90 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 18 0000000036 810E+06 00000022222 382 -23 90 0000000036
49 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 382 45 188E+07 100E+09 530E+01 9 0000000018 940E+06 00000009574 382 -23 45 0000000018
8 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 113E+07 100E+10 886E+02 21 00000000042 140E+08 000000015 63 -23 90 00000000042
34 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 184E+07 100E+09 540E+01 29 0000000058 600E+06 00000048333 63 -23 90 0000000058
35 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 183E+07 100E+09 550E+01 22 0000000044 600E+06 00000036667 63 -23 90 0000000044
41 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
42 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 90 187E+07 100E+09 530E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 90 0000000016
32 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
33 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 7 0000000014 930E+06 00000007527 63 -23 675 0000000014
45 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 675 187E+07 100E+09 540E+01 12 0000000024 860E+06 00000013953 63 -23 675 0000000024
25 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 182E+07 100E+09 550E+01 11 0000000022 160E+07 00000006875 63 -23 45 0000000022
26 M 1 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 186E+07 100E+09 540E+01 8 0000000016 930E+06 00000008602 63 -23 45 0000000016
46 M 2 200E+07 -23 R 63 45 189E+07 100E+09 530E+01 7 0000000014 900E+06 00000007778 63 -23 45 0000000014
Page 32: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Sheet9

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet10

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet11

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet12

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet13

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
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In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Page 33: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Sheet10

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet11

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet12

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet13

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Page 34: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Sheet11

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet12

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet13

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Page 35: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Sheet12

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet13

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Page 36: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Sheet13

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Page 37: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Sheet14

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Page 38: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Sheet15

ampA
Page ampP

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Page 39: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational

Sheet16

ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Page 40: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational
ampA
Page ampP
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA
Page 41: In-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA ... · PDF fileIn-Flight Anomalies and Radiation Performance of NASA Missions - ... Fl 12/2/2008 2. Outline of ... Operational
ampA
Page ampP

In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL)- Making a Better Mousetrap

  • Hardening methodologies explored
  • Change of optical wavelength from 850 nm to 1300 nm light showed improved SEU tolerance
    • Reduced volume of photodiode

      • Receiver noise filtering techniques and optical power budgets also help
      • Higher data rate development (20 MHz) ndash AS1773
        • Flown as an experiment on Microelectronics and Photonics Testbed (MPTB)

          Boeing DR1773 Transceivers

          MPTB DR1773 Test Board

          FPGA

          ELECTRICAL

          8051-BASED

          DATA

          COLLECTIONS

          POWER

          SUPPLIES

          IN-LINE

          ATTENUATORS

          OPTICAL

          OUT 2

          OUT 1

          In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

          The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash MPTB Performance

          • MPTB launched in 1997
          • 6 years of in-flight performance in a highly elliptical orbit (HEO)
          • Transceivers were operated in two modes
          • ED mode used a physical contact (PC) polished fiber optic terminal
          • DE mode used a flat polished connector (air gap)
            • Which do you think would work better

              In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

              The Meaning of an Upset in a Fiber Optic Link (FOL) ndash In-Flight

              • Did the hardening effort pay off
                • ED and DE bit error rates by Year

                  MPTB Transceiver DE Mode 1998-2000 Orbits 0036-3111

                  Physical contact

                  Air Gap

                  Few errors were noted on the ldquogoodrdquo PC

                  Note the effect of orbital precession (ie in and out of the proton belts) on error rates as well as spikes from solar events

                  Note also that it is important to understand the whole system (ie items like optical power budget) on the related effect on radiation sensitivity

                  In-Flight Electronics and Radiation ndash Presented by Kenneth A LaBel SERESSA West Palm Beach Fl 1222008

                  Considerations

                  • Methodical process for anomaly review takes into account
                  • Environment
                  • Selected parts
                  • Design
                  • Existing radiation test data andor new data
                  • Impact (ie risk probability)
                  • Actions (mitigative or otherwise)
                  • Notes
                  • Design and parts list reviews are good for flight programs
                    • BUT any changes later in design process need to be reviewed as well

                      • Protons arenrsquot always the cause of anomalies during solar events
                        • Solar heavy ions must be taken into account

                          • System design and not just device radiation tolerance needs to be taken into account
                            • Mechanical issues for example can be related (as in the FOL example)

                              • Spacecraft charging effects not discussed but should be considered as well
                                • Can charging in plastic packages be the next SEU

                                  0

                                  1

                                  2

                                  3

                                  4

                                  5

                                  6

                                  0

                                  100

                                  200

                                  300

                                  400

                                  500

                                  600

                                  (ns)

                                  Amplitude (V)

                                  0

                                  50

                                  100

                                  150

                                  200

                                  250

                                  300

                                  350

                                  400

                                  157170183

                                  527386

                                  114142189218260303331

                                  8

                                  346174

                                  133146159172185198259272285

                                  Julian Day of Year

                                  Number of Upsets

                                  Upsets

                                  Upset Average = 103667

                                  199819992000

                                  100E-11

                                  100E-10

                                  100E-09

                                  100E-08

                                  100E-07

                                  100E-06

                                  -30-25-20-15-10-50

                                  Link atten in dB

                                  Error Cross section incm2

                                  Errors observed

                                  No errors observed

                                  -4

                                  -2

                                  0

                                  2

                                  4

                                  12 10

                                  -5

                                  14 10

                                  -5

                                  16 10

                                  -5

                                  18 10

                                  -5

                                  2 10

                                  -5

                                  22 10

                                  -5

                                  24 10

                                  -5

                                  26 10

                                  -5

                                  28 10

                                  -5

                                  Output Voltage (V)

                                  Time (s)

                                  LM139 V

                                  cc

                                  =+-5

                                  d

                                  V

                                  i

                                  =800mV LET=187 MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  10

                                  -2

                                  10

                                  -1

                                  10

                                  0

                                  10

                                  1

                                  10

                                  2

                                  10

                                  3

                                  01

                                  1

                                  10

                                  CREME96 Worst Day Model

                                  14 July 00

                                  5 Nov 01

                                  Background pre-SPE

                                  15 April 01

                                  25 Sept 01

                                  Integral Fluence (cm

                                  2

                                  -s)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  10

                                  -7

                                  10

                                  -6

                                  10

                                  -5

                                  10

                                  -4

                                  10

                                  -3

                                  0

                                  5

                                  10

                                  15

                                  20

                                  25

                                  30

                                  35

                                  40

                                  Fit

                                  PM139 dVi=200mV

                                  LM139 dVi=400 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=300 mV

                                  LM139 dVi=200 mV

                                  Cross section (cm

                                  2

                                  comparator)

                                  LET (MeV-cm

                                  2

                                  mg)

                                  UNKNOWN-0unknown

                  Year ED BER DE BER
                  1997 1738E-12 NA
                  1998 4224E-14 3787E-11
                  1999 3855E-14 5303E-11
                  2000 0 8501E-11
                  2001 8168E-15 NA
                  2002 0 NA