In everyday life, we attempt to achieve as much speed as possible.
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Transcript of In everyday life, we attempt to achieve as much speed as possible.
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In everyday life, we attempt to achieve as much speed as possible.
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Elevator/ LiftStairs V.S
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Washing MachineHand Wash V.S
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BlenderKnife V.S
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Things that speed things up
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A
Chemical Reactions
C
X
DB
Y Z
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So what are those that speed up the reaction
called?
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Catalyst
Definition:A catalyst is a substance which can alter or speed up a chemical reaction, without itself being chemically changed at the end of the reaction.
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Decomposition of Potassium chlorate (VII)
white crystalline substance
Potassium chloride
Oxygen
DecompositionThe breakdown of a complex substance into simpler substances
decompose into
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Decomposition of Potassium Chlorate (VII)
2 KCIO3 2 KCI 3 O2
heated to morePotassium chlorate (VII)
Potassium chloride
Oxygenthan 400 ºC
2 KCIO3 2 KCI 3 O2
Manganese (IV) oxidePotassium chlorate (VII)
Potassium chloride
Oxygen
Gentle heating
CATALYST
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With manganese (IV) oxide
Without manganese (IV) oxide
Without manganese (IV) oxide
With manganese (IV) oxide
Temperature
Rate of oxygen production
Manganese (IV) oxide is a catalyst
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Catalysts
Inorganic CatalystsInorganic CatalystsE.g. manganese (IV) oxideE.g. manganese (IV) oxide
Organic / BiologicalOrganic / BiologicalCatalysts Catalysts
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So what are organic/ biological catalysts?
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Enzymes
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I. Introduction to
Enzyme …
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What are Enzymes
• Made of Protein
• Biological catalysts
• Made in the cytoplasm under instruction from genes which are located on the chromosomes in the nucleus.
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What are Enzymes
Definition: Enzymes are biological catalysts made of
protein which speed up the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being changed at the end of the reactions.
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So what chemical reactions do the enzymes catalyse?
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A C
X
B
Y Z
Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse• Build up substances (Anabolic Reaction)
• Break down substances (Catabolic Reaction)
Enzyme
Enzyme
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A DB
Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse• Reversible Reactions
CEnzyme
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A CB
Build up Substances (Anabolic Reactions)
Definition:
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones.
Enzyme
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A CB
Build up Substances (Anabolic Reactions)
Examples
Building glycogen from glucose.
Polypeptides ProteinAmino Acids
Building Protein from Amino Acids
Glucose Glycogen
Enzyme
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X Y Z
Breakdown of Substances (Catabolic Reactions)
Definition:
Breaking down of large, complex molecules into simpler ones.
Enzyme
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X Y Z
Breakdown of Substances(Catabolic Reactions)
ExamplesBreakdown of Glucose during Respiration
Breakdown of poisonous substances to harmless substances (Detoxification)
Hydrogen peroxide Water + Oxygen(poisonous substance) (non-poisonous substances)Catalase
Enzyme
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Condensation Hydrolysis
Two simple molecules
Two simple moleculesOne complex molecule
One complex molecule
H20
H20
Recall
synthetase hydrolase
Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse
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A DB
Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse• Reversible Reactions
Definition:
Reactions that proceed in the forward or backward reaction.
CEnzyme
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A DB
Chemical Reactions Enzyme Catalyse• Reversible Reactions
CEnzyme
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With so much chemical reactions and enzymes around the world, how
do we differentiate them?
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Enzymes can be classified according to chemical reactions they catalyse:Example:
Hydrolysis – hydrolaseSynthesis – synthetase
Carbohydrases, proteases and lipases are digestive enzymes.
Carbohydrases, proteases and lipases are classified as hydrolases.
Digestion is an example of hydrolysis.
For instance
Classification of Enzymes
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Now, how do we name the Enzymes?
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ENZYME
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• Enzymes are named after the substrate on which they act and with a suffix “-ase”.
Naming of Enzymes
• At first, they were named after scientists that discover them.
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• Specific names for each type of nutrient
Naming of Enzymes
• Substrates based on the Type of Nutrient(Carbohydrate, Proteins, Fats)
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Carbohydratease
I. Name that Enzyme !!!
Substrate Name+ -ase
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Specific Carbohydrate (names ending with “ose”)
Will have their ending of “ose” being replaced with “ase”.
Naming of Enzymes
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I. Name that Enzyme !!!
Maltosease Substrate Name +
-ase
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I. Name that Enzyme !!!
Cellulosease
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I. Name that Enzyme !!!
StarchaseAmylase
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I. Name that Enzyme !!!
Proteinase Substrate Name +
-ase
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Specific Protein
Names will have “in” as endings.
Naming of Enzymes
Pepsin Renin
Proteins to polypeptides
Polypeptides to amino acids
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I. Name that Enzyme !!!
Lipidase Substrate Name+-ase
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EnzymeSEnzymeS
Activity:What substrate/ type of nutrient does the enzyme
target?
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Maltase
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Renin
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Amylase
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Lipase
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Erepsin
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Hydrolase
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Synthetase
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What we learn today.• Definition of Catalysts
• Example of a Catalytic Reaction
• Types of Catalysts
• Definition of Enzymes
• Reactions Catalysed by Enzymes
• Naming of Enzymes