In Dig en as Nogales

7/27/2019 In Dig en as Nogales

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Borderlands of Modernity andAbandonment: Te Lines within

Ambos Nogales and the ohonoOodham Nation

Geraldo L. Cadava

Oly xty le wet tll teel e wll A Nle the U.S.-Mex e,ele ully thuh tee ee the h Oh eevt. Teee e e jet t l the e tetl uy, ut the ttetwee the ul t e e et. Nle, Az, Nle, S, tethee kw A Nle et le uty etty ete eet hte(the Sh w ambose th). A Nle h tuu e e,tet, he tht w le t the tetl le lw et, hu-e U.S. Mex veet et le eveyth tht ve the e.(See ve llutt vew th e e the -tweteth etuy). He

wet the ty, teel wll tu t h lk e we ee, vehle ee euh t ttle ele t thuh. Tee ee eh thel the h Oh, tl eu u ve y the e. Teel e ul, ely ulte, tvely le le. Tey lk thete-lke wll tht ylze the e ltzt; k t uee thteeet -e ee; ut t u tht eyU.S. Mex tte the te th t.1

T tle exl hw tw el le tethe evele eetly.It e the -eteeth etuy, wth the et the e te theU.S.-Mex W, ut ve qukly t the -tweteth etuy. Ate Wl W II,the U.S.-Mex e e e. Hue thu ele wth vetzeh, e, ette tee t el te. U.S. Mexl ee the e, ut they l eue -e l, ultul, e exhe tht te hu tetl elt he v

Gel L. Cv tt e hty t Nthwete Uvety. Te uth wul lke t thkeveye wh e ltee t ely eett th tle t the Uvety Suthe Cl, theUvety Az, the eztl Ittute the tl Hty the Ae, I Uvety.I tul, he wul lke t thk vul ee wh e e evel ve the tle, luKthlee Belew, Jh Cutle, Jh K, Bej Mley, Kev Mh, Kte Mu, B Mey, Jh Net-Phll, the ee theJAH.

Ree y tt Cv t [email protected].


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363Le wth A Nle the h Oh Nt

e ety. Tee evelet, hweve, t et A Nle

the h Oh t the e wy.

2

Te tut tetl tewy A Nle u the 1960 y-lze the e e ety, tt wth the tve et Oh l ele. By the lte 1960, U.S. Mex tte w e te yl the te tlt evelet, whle te vew e Ohl yyu wth Oh tety. Te eee ee teu the l, the ltey hl My Pt By uet tht the e tte-e ethet jet tetwe the wl hty tve.PtWl W II e ut ety etthe tte-eethet exe heeut h ele U.S. Mex hte tlt

evelet, e eult, tzeh e tl el; u-t tte jet ele; e t eve. Flly, u the ltetweteth etuy, eve thuh the ee thee el ee eet,eet the vee y ely w the ete e ze lty.3

Te tt etwee thee tw e e u the tw e ette x e vle y the ht Suel uett: tte v u ewee t wth the elty e tht tl veet vete , evel-e, thtly le et e, whle lev the tvely uttee.

It x tht eeet tt wth U.S. Mex he t thee: th t eue ee -e quet ety utthe e e ele tht t . Tee he eeteetlt A Nle the h Oh t t qutNle,

Az; Nle, S; Oh l Az; Oh l Sel etwee Mex eu ele, Al Mex, eu ele Az S.4

Fu the eet hte el wth A Nle the hOh t e ew eetve Nth Ae el e ly.

A el, el hty h ue Sh, Mex, ely Ae -el t the eteeth etuy, whe el elth wee tll e ete-e, t wee tll e e, l tezt w e u. Te ewwk tht ve t the tweteth etuy ue tht U.S. e hee y the1930 eult ew t ett, etlhet the e tl, ee-e xeh. Tee wk the le w t et the evel-et wth eet hee. But tey e the e we uht the e te Wl W II t ele et, e u t the eet.Eve wth t-tte lt y the ely tweteth etuy ele e, the ht Jeey Ael Stehe A hve ue,


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364 Setee 2011Te Jul Ae Hty

Ctey the Az-S el, ett the xty A Nle h Oh e e t the wet well the lute et the. Created by Nic Champagne.

5 O Nth Ae el thuh the lte eteeth ely tweteth etue, ee uett, Fugi-tive Landscapes; Ne Blkhwk, Violence over the Land: Indians and Empires in the Early American West (Ce,

tl veet tll tule t t uthty the e ethuh

t ly e eeet ut l the elyet e ut ety -et.5

C thee el l llute ttl hte Mex,eu ele, Nth Ae. Shl hve wtte hte tleu u tl the U.S.-Mex U.S.-C e. Tey lhve wtte ut eu u Mex tethe, e ethe t-tl hte the eWl W II e t-e hte the twe. A tw U.S., Mex, eu el ue ttl hvl eeh ele ht tht hte e u th e


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the e tw u e e t, hlle ttl ut

ut elt t, u, vul.

6

A A Nle Oh el ele the ew e-etve well. Tee e e ve tute ev ttetwee tul e eet, ut t, e, kh teuee the ty eeve eee. My eve, eve ht, hveeue tll ve etwee e Ute Stte tve Mex.

A Nle Oh el hllee tht uet y tlt thee et-wet x ety eee t evel -tweteth-etuy uet th Mex the Ute Stte e A Nle tve hOh t. But thee el wee e lte tll. Ol et-

e te the e ht Oh Az S; veely, e ve A Nle ete the e kwe e ly tewth the h Oh t. A uh, the e ee t t ly v- uty ut l ultle et e.7

S te the 1848 ety Gulue Hl, whh lly ee the U.S.-Mex- W, the 1854 Ge Puhe ut thuh the Mex tte S exe tl 30,000 que le l t the Ute Stte. U.S. Mex- uvey ke the ew tetl le etwee S Az, whhe t New Mex ety utl 1863. F y, the e ee -tuty t. W-e eht e, ttl teet, -e ttle he ee ute v etwee the Ute Stte Mex. S -e . Atle 11 the ety Gulue Hlle ut Ntve Ae lte the Ute Stte t evet the tMex, eve thuh U.S. lute whte Cwy e well. Te te ely ll e eeet, ut the hyl hte the eee uhe t the lte eteeth etuy, whe ltve le t the wth A Nle. Utl the, lly le wee the ly jet tht let

ye kw whee e uty ee the the e.8Te l vl th el e e utlzt ee-

tlt ey. Te U.S. Suthe P Rl the Suthe P Rl- Mex et Nle, lk the e wth the Mex te. Whe

6 F ll t ttl ly tve el eeh, ee R Gutez EllttYu, tlz Bel Hty, Western Historical Quarterly, 41 (S 2010), 48. O tleu u, ee Jeey Shulze, -Nt: I, Ie Cute, Be Relte the weteth Cetuy (Ph.D. ., Suthe Metht Uvety, 2008); Keeth De Me, A Nt Nt: Te h Oh the U.S.-Mex Be (Ph.D. ., Az Stte Uvety, 2005);

Bej H. Jh Aew R. Gyll, e., Bridging National Borders in North America: ransnationaland Comparative Histories(Duh, N.C., 2010). F ttl hlh Mex, Nth Ae, eu hte ee Wl W II, ee Kl Jy, Shadows at Dawn: A Borderlands Massacre and the Violence


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l ve, the U.S. Mex veet eete uthue t eulte

tetl exhe, whh tu le t the et lly ut lu- ut ke, e et, te exte. Be tw eee te, tl veet euveye the uy le, eek t lelyete the e ew uee we t t. I 1897 Peet WllMKley ete ul eevt t l xty eet we the U.S. e the e whee uee ul t ete. A they uht t ke the uy e ete elty, veet l ele wth uhue e-lk.9

Jut ket tl ehe the e wth A Nle, t l etethe h Oh l e. F the eveteeth etuy w, Sh, Mex-

, U.S. ltl ee ete lw tht tze vte l weh.Bu e u the lte Sh ll e Mex lelt uthe ely t -eteeth etuy exete the v ul l t -vte lt. Fllw the U.S.-Mex W, the Ute Stte the e. Ate tetlh Oh eevt t S Xve Gl Be 1874 1882, theU.S. veet e the 1887 Dwe At Geel Alltet Atwhh veul l etute the t vul le. Se Ohee he ll e, whle the uht -eevt wk leMex, e, , l. Mket-ete tl ul

veet t t hele k the Mex Revlut, whh, l wth WlW I, te Nle Oh e .10

Te e ltze U.S. le ue the tetl le the wke Ph Vll 1916 Cluu, New Mex, evluty vleethetee t, ete , the e. At the e te, Oh he Az le tht Mex le tle the ttle he, v theee t S whee they wee ult t eve. I ee t Oh e tet the Ute Stte etlhe the Sell Reevt 1916 ult thet e ee Oh l. Seuty e l ve e le u

Wl W II, ut the e -e ee. Fe eey v,U.S. Mex veet eque e eet t ete wth ll uth-te le eet the e. Reet A Nle e ele- , U.S. l lke eevt te. But the ulteuwth -e exhe l tee e eh .Te 1934 I Rezt At h te the h Oh t t ttut, etlh tl veet, ee tt el tl-t ee. Mewhle, Mex veet l ele t the Ute Stte

9 O the eet A Nle U.S. Mex l etwk, ee Del Lew, Iron Horse Imperial-


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l te wth tutul evelet tht wee t the tl

eee et wul eet -e ee t the tw e.

11

Ate Wl W II, ut t tewy A Nle ylze thee tt e te. Nt l te the w ee, ll l, u-ee, e te eue the tl veet t ul ew t ety ltte tetl exhe, the e lvelh e u-te. Te et let hhwy the e t Mex Cty h y A Nle we tht the te wul t e le t te the t-te t ee. A 1953 et y the Nle, Az, Che Cee

hteze -e t vey , ete tht llw let the t Mex Cty the tut wll ee le. Te et ee e-ve tttl t t ut tewy tut, whh e t ltte the e vehle ut the e. Betwee 1951 1952 ll e tvul wh e y t utle ee the e e te tvel t the te Mex the Ute Stteee y 3 ll ele, 9 ll t 12 ll. Betwee 1949 1952 the vlue ext tht ethuh A Nle t Mex ee $18 ll t $41 ll, thevlue t t the Ute Stte ee $25 ll t $42 ll. I 1952Mex vte eve e etl te y k Nle, S, ee-te ze. O Suy 1953, y tul e, the uth the he -ee et eve ue-t-ue t teth the e ee tMex. Bue w eth h t e e, t ly t lve the -le et ut l eue th wul e tuty lt.12

Sute ew tewy ee t hlet, elue lt wthequet ut, vte veet eeettve t the e t ee whee ew te ht e le. All ee tht ew tetl tewy wee eey ut hyet t etee the . Du the ely 1950, t ety Nle, Az, tt G Mley Aveue, tw the ty ue el t. Oe le

l, ute y ue we te tuk l t the te, w tetlh th tewy wet the wtw ue tt eelly tuk (ANle t th te, ut t ee). F the et, the U.S. veet let ve the G Aveue te we the e t Mley Aveue. Pl tk le ultt wth Mex uee, eee, veet eeettve.But t U.S. l, eue Mex w ule t the te t y wht the lute the elet wul e, the Ute Stte ve w t w.13

11 O Ph Vll , ee Feh Ktz, Te Lie and imes o Pancho Villa (St, 1998), 56077.Shulze, -Nt, 7981, 189; Me, Nt Nt, 68; Ctz Mt, P I

Gte At Illel Ale, Nt, Lqu, Wall Street Journal, Jue 9, 1986, . 1; Meek, Border Citizens,12838; Cv, Heat o Exchange, h. 1.

12 Nle, Az, Che Cee, Outle C Ple t Pt Nle, J. 30,


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A veet l e eet e thee l, the Saturday Evening

Postulhe le A Nle My 1952 tht e te ul thve wtte ette theelve. Buh e t t t uet hw uh thete h ee, the uth wte, A tw-t e tw whee Mex ue t kll eh the ht, Nle w the le whee Al Ltx lke ehe e. Jut th te the tle ee, Ce e theettve MC-Wlte At ve Peet Hy S. u vet. Te t extee tl qut t , t the heht Cl We e,llwe the ett t tulze tze uete uveve.But the tewy l, y ely uete tht ee w ele the e wul e tule. Gveet l A Nle tll

ete uveve tvteju ut, ttut, wte lk ket l ueut the tw ee te Wl W II, thee e le extt t -e e evelet. Reet A Nleuht the tewy w, the they wte. Plt ueehe t hve the tewy he y Juy 1954, t the ek tuk, tut, veetle-t e, ut veet ueue t u the jetutl 1963.14

A t ke u lt te, the e tewy wee exeute uh lele th ethe the Ute Stte Mex h e. Ite uetk -

le ex, the U.S. Mex veet ult ew e lexe. Tee ee the jet eh e the e ee etly. TeMex ee h tw le he tht eele the w . See ve,the he lke lke le hee th, tw the Ute Stte. Jut uth the uet t le eeet t thuhut the Ae.Nle, S, l t ew ut lty, ew telehe ul, vehuletelehe , ult-e l tt, ew et tetyhtl. Te U.S. ul, ewhle, w etul, et, utltw-ty, teel-e ul wth exte wll e lue tle. Te ulevel w utle eet et lte, whle the e hue e the It Ntulzt Seve, Pul Helth Seve, U.S. Cut. Mex et $12 ll t e jet; the Ute Stte et$1.9 ll. Ahtet he t e thee jet uthe uet the eethe tke y Mex the Ute Stte. Mex he M P, e theuty t et et htet. P y ul ul e eethuhut Mex Cty, lu evel t the Ntl Autu Uvety Mex. Oe ewe ee h Mex t yu htet. Mewhle, theU.S. veet he the u htet Ee Shle, whe lte tuee h e ll htl, hl, le, ut t the wk he


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the e. Te Nogales Heraldut t ly: the jet S w e elteth the e Az.15

Mex tut ew le wy t the hlle tht hee

wtw Nle, S, uet thuh th ltel tt the l-e the te tht Mex ttute t the e jet. Du the ely1960, the Mex veet ttete t ke the the e e tttve vetet, tu, ettleet y t e t etee k-we. Du the -tweteth etuy, Mex lee eze the e e the uty ee e eh wth. I 1960, U.S. tu-t et $520 ll thee e wth $150 ll Mex te. Al, l-e the Mex wee hhe th the t the uty, t eue the Nth t e ue t the ux U.S. ll. Te vee ul e

the Mex w $652 e e, 135 eet hhe th the $280 e ul

T hth, uth t Mex, tue the wete hl the tetltewy Nle, S, ee y M P tute 19631964. A le he t Mex ue e w the tewy, t the Mexele eet yl Mex tl the e the tewy t-e tw the Ute Stte l vle. Te le Lt Ae le jut uth the tewy. Courtesy Arizona Historical Society, ucson, Arizona.

15 Nle, S. Iveet P Well Ue Wy, Nogales International, July 19, 1963, . 1; H


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exet t ke elewhee. A eult, the Mex ult exle the

ee te Wl W II, e the uty tet w e. It ew ye th 83 eet u the 1950, e wth 34 eet the et Mex.Betwee 1940 1960, the ult Nle, S, tul, ely tle,w 14,000 t 38,000. P e the ew tewy eete thee evel-et, evk the Bzl htet O Neeye 1950 e Bl, thetl Bzl, the lyut whh l eele le. Avt-thee eette t ly the uee et htetue thuhut Lt Aeut l the ulty tehll vt el the -e veet ele the Ae.16

S e jet e t ly utl evelet ut extetl t-

ut well. Etlhe 1961 y Peet Al Lez Mte, the NtlBe P (P Nl Ftez, pronaf) ee the et Mex et t lk the e e tw e tehll evel-et wth Mex ety tel. Lez Mte lle pronaf t ty het ly, pronaf et At Beezthe e et thetlly we l y Peex e y Cu Juez, thuhuzt, ew hhwy eutul ul ul . . . Mex k -lete he the e t the te. Te jet Nle wul ke thety hwle, he tue, eh l tht pronaf wul vet the e

e t hw ww 1600 le l. Putt w t te, the Mexveet uete $300 ll pronaf jet l the the e.17

Mex extvt e eey hehtee the ee tht ety hve S let e ty. O Nvee 12, 1964, the y the tewy ee,Lez Mte vte Nle wth h et. He e t t the ew et tk thee-le e t the e, whee he uvele lque ke ee w thu. Ate Nle he vte e Hell tue uu- Nvj. Wth h whlw tu S e lete, he etue t Mex- Cty y htll. U le tht Lez Mte h tvele t S, Azewe ete, ll l ue lee vwe tht et wll e e t et Ae hee the . Ple vte Peet Ly B.

Jh, Set By Glwte, Set Cl Hye, the. Ne thevte ttee exet Az ve-elet S G. Te uty tte-e y Mex hhet l tte l Az uete ey hw U.S. Mex l vewe the jet. But the et wee tyl y U.S.-Mex lt eee; Mex l equetly jete -ly , ety, tte uee, welth the the eh.18

16 Se Cle Vle, e., Historia general de Sonora (Geel hty S) (5 vl., Hell,

1985), V; Stehe Nl, Mexico in the 1940s: Modernity, Politics, and Corruption (Wlt, 1999); RueSlz, Fee, Rve Dve U.S., Mex Cultue, Los Angeles imes, J. 7, 1962, . J1; A NleEy Mle, Nogales Herald, Fe. 19, 1964, . 4.


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Dete the uvle t eeve, the ew U.S. e ul l

e ety the Az e e. Ctut the Az tewye wth the 175th vey the U.S. Cut Seve, t etlhe 1789 y Ce e t lw y Gee Wht. O Juy 1, 1964,Peet Jh ele tht 1964 wul e Ute Stte Cut Ye. lktht tl et wth the ew ut ul Az, tte lele tht Nvee 1964 wul e U.S. Cut Mth Az. Te ve-y e letue y l uee, wh ee ut llet eey t ve eveue, eulte ee, evet u, thwt ule, tet U.S. ultue, uty, l. Tey tl the ty Az t llet ut, Gee Cht, wh e the he t the tety u the 1880.

Exl hw th h he e the, e eke te tht whe Cht et AzGee Cht, tht thee w ee etwee the tw ute.Seke 1964 ee h vl vtl eue t ve the ll uty ue e tutue t te t ety.19

A u the 1950, t le U.S. Mex et the jet etet ett t tvt the tut. I 1964the e yetht the U.S. Mex veet ee the Mex uet wke eetkw the e the U.S. Ce w et ew t tlty tA Nle lt eet wee e ee wth

eu the lty t ee -e ee th wth eu the etel. Beue Mex the Ute Stte ette l teet, the ejet l uete tht A Nle ee tl tetlly heele ezt e evelet.

Te ew tewy ele eve ete ee -e exhe t the1970. Cut llet ew exetlly eh ye te the ew te ee. I19641965, et Nle, Az, llete $9 ll, whh httee ll e the Az tt wee eve ete th the llete S De ElP. Lee the Wet Mex Veetle Dtut At, hequtee the ty, ee weul lyt ee yet the t ety. Te eultw the tut 1974 tuk et tt wet wtw, whhy the ty h le the ely 1950. eze the e te A Nle, Peet Lu Eheve Alvez Gel R. F et thee ltetht ye. Ate the eet, ee etwee Az S tueute, eve thuh ete ut e lty ele ul elet tetl ee lke the the -1960.20

Te e u the 1960 tht the e t Nle ul e hw ww t -

te Mex tte hly wth the e jete y h Oh e-l. Mex the Ute Stte he tlht e et e


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e, whle the. Whee etlt A Nle ee yl

the e U.S.-Mex e, the h Oh t ee elke y et, ete het th ute eu ult vetet eu ute. Nle Oh el evlve ey e, ut wth eet eult.

Eve the e Oh l h ut hue teel e ewveet et t tl the tetl le, t eve e the e ut the e A Nle. Lke tewy A Nle, the S Muel teeete l tute t. Oe ewe le tht evey weekee Oh wul w S Muel, whee Mex Oh l h-h ttll; ut veetle; t t ee ut e wth

te the Ute Stte. Al lke A Nle, lel te ete le lk ket llt , eelly lqu, whh w hte Az Oheevt. Te S Muel te l ete quy uthte eek t eeultul ltl ue. U.S. l te hw, tte ht tt,the e t S Muel w lwy e t Oh wh e wthut he.Du the 1950, thuh, U.S. uthte ttete t l Oh -eveet t l t ety. Whe Oh le, I A -e Gle E kwlee tht the ew ly tte wth the uu ele ye. Belev they wee Oh te Mex U.S. tze,

the e tzeh el t e t the the the t te ee y te t the, E le. Flly, tt wth the A Nlee, the S Muel te ve eu l the Ute Stte Mex. 21

Ate the Ge Puhe, eh uty etlhe eet te kwl-e l ttle, whh he Oh elth t l Az S the eteeth etuy w. Sly ut, the Ute Stte ete ee-vt whle Mex ete ejidos, ul l te y eetl eee.Be 1874, wth the et the S Xve Reevt uthwet u,the U.S. veet etlhe eeve tely t tet Oh the luht eu t llw the tety t t the u. TeUte Stte the etlhe the Gl Be Reevt 1882 the Sell Reev-t 1917. Neu ele tete t evey te the et eevt,ey the eult lk e t Oh l l tht Oh weelly ut t ultvte the. Stll, ve te the Ute Stte kwlee ttle e htt e te el, htt the I h, the teh-l te y whh U.S. veet l eze ty l ue.22

21 Mt, P I Gte At Illel Ale, Nt Lqu, 1; Chle Hlle, BeN Be t I e, Los Angeles imes, Jue 7, 1977, . A1, B1; Ale W. Je t Jh Clle, De. 21,

1956, Aute e l P e S (Nte the P S), y Al Fl, tyet,1957, . 4041 (It Duett Ut the Ieu Pele Nthwete Mex, Cl-lee S, Hell); Al Fl t Al C, Mh 6, 1957, ibid , 4144; Fl, Aute e


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Mex ejidos ee vulele t ehet ete e te y the

eet hel. Oh S l le lte htt the l,u tht Mtezu h ve t t the. But eue they wee ule t vethe ttle, the Mex veet te the ejidos dotacines, ewet,te restituciones, evee l tht the veet kwlee h eele t eu ele. Be u the Mex Revlut eh hh t u the eey Lz Ce (19341940), Mex ve utl l S tht hel vu lel ttue, lu ejidos. Te Mexveet t lly tuh etwee eu ele uh theOh xe-e etz et, wh ul l eeve ejido l. Ejidos,theee, ely eeete the elt ttl Oh hel

l t veety. I the etl vlley S, Yqu I eull e eeve jty ejido l. Whle the Oh the the t the tte eeve e ll ejido lltet e the e, ttle helelyexete Ce-e euue te e uthe hl.23

Eve thuh Mex veet l t exltly tulte l le the lue mestizaje indigenismotw tevluty ele elte,eetvely, t the veet the uty xe-e ult t the -t eu ele t te etythe et ejidos hve the

eet the ele. Te et le t the t y S Oht Mex tw, the Mexz the I hel, Peet Ceut t. Te Mex tte, tullyindigenistas, the telletul ltl elte whvte eu e t thuh lt the thuh lul, uhelthee ele l ultul el.Mestizaje indigenismo uely ee-ete eewe tet t eu e, tee teetethe eve eue they utee e ut Al uey the evlet Eue, the Ute Stte, elewhee. But the ute the el ethe l hehe tht tue t ext Mex, well the t tht -t h ttl Oh lhl.24

Beue the Ute Stte te eevt, Oh l Az ee teet veet tet tht S Oh l t. But etethe ult tht eevt lly utee, eevt t evetehet. Tuhut the tweteth etuy, Oh Az tule te tht thetee t t wy the l ue t wy they h t ve.

Whe the U.S. veet lltte vul el l ete eevt, tlet Ntve Ae the ht t lee ell the l they he. T vle wth veet teet tlt evelet eue y Ntve

23 Oh ele, Diagnstico de las localidades Ootham (D Oh tw), y Ittut


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Ae t lee t ute , h, l teet. O the Sell Reev-

t, Oh wh lve let t u Nle wee t lkely t ettewth ute. Tee Oh, t the ht E Meek, wee eellye eetve t the et vte ety he t the le -te vlle veet y eu. Te e t t ute e t thel ete t etwee Oh ute the Sell Reevt. Teee,twtht the etlhet eevt the Ute Stte, et t -e Oh the tete eue w exeee t Oh th e the e.25

Stll, eve e th eevt, ejidoswee l uue y te eu ele wh etetly thetee Oh l. Dete tevlu-

ty e tee t tet ul l, S Oh -tete ehet t the lte tweteth etuy. A tully vtve eule 1957, whe the et Mex Ntl Ieu Ittute (IttutNl Iet, ini), Al C, et h te, the thlt AlFl, t vette lt y Oh lv S Pz Vee El Bjejidos. Fl tvele Mex Cty t e Oh ettleet te the, wheehe llete ethh t tht le h t lue tht etz ehet hete l tut, whh, llwe t tue, wul ttute vejute.26

A t the Oh, the e wee ee the Zee-W ly,wh we uultve 70,000 hete l the S l the te-tl e. Je Zee w the th the ly. H w Rul Zee, ve eet the Vlley Ntl Bk Phex. H uhte w Fe Zee,wh h e U.S. tze e Ret W. Tey we the l tethe,evel the ee ly el et tht he -e eltetwee Al Mex. But Oh lt lkewe evele hw the -e e eu ute ul e vt the llt. Ptullytul, the Oh Fl th ee, w the t tht ee we Mex- l l the e. Te Oh le tht Hell Clzt C-, the ll h the tl ey ele u l, h lthe Zee-W ety ete kw tht ee ul t w l wthxty le the e.27

Whle e weh Mex l e Oh lt t theZee-W ewht ttve, Fl lee l ehet u htvel. Reeettve the 250 Oh C, 50 Qutv, 40 St eute hw the Clzt C Hell ve u Ohl t ell t t etz the eu ele. Ive ele the etythey uhe wth we ee, ke wth the w ttle tht ele t

Oh he, vete Oh wte ue, hte Oh l


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z. Flly, whe the Oh le, y ltee. I C,Oh ve J At At tl Fl tht, the vey y the te-vew, the Clzt C h ue the ue Oh e-te t le t que. I Qutv, the Oh tl h tht whe Muel

vl Ch e 1940 t ee the eet Mex, he e tk lely the ue Oh l. But te e eet, he th.28

Hv uee jute ee, y Oh le tht the Mex v-eet h e the. Se 1928, whe eetl eee etlhe thePz Vee ejido, Mex h ee e eeettve vu veeteeultul elt, t eee, lvetk vete, eu- exet, e elt vet eveyth eey t evel

Oh l ee t t ll lue. But eue the eel v-eet l tue l eye t v le Oh l y tte eeh h C l C l k l Whl

Te et the k th Ote 1939 hth the S he JeM Zee the S Oh Lu Lez e, Geet ehetwee P I & Sh ettle S le eh thee tw. Te the

Jeu M Zee (let) te eee Gve Lu Lez (ht) wh t 85 yeh vee S Pe ely 40 ye. Oe Zee et, ttke y

Ahe, w eue y P. T et vke l e ut the llee etwee Sh Oh ute t the Ahe eee, yet t

ve the lt le y evel Oh u the -tweteth etuytht Je M Zee the ee h ly ely ehe uthe l. I lht the lt, the tue eh etwee Zee Lezee y theArizona Daily Star, u ewe eelly ythet t the u-e l Az-S el eetee quetle.Arizona HistoricalSociety, courtesyAz Dly St.


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Oh tze. My Oh, t let, eleve th t e tue. A e Oh

eeettve ut t, the t the Clzt C ette tht theMex veet ly ee etz Mex te ette e- t Ae lt, wh eette the tt wth the ve the tte the ete ultul e eue. Te Ae ltRul Zee uttte Oh u. Du Fl vet wthh, Zee, the e eth tht he le ht t tl l, ee lt the et e he ute e, lu Peet Al Ruz Cte Seety Fe A Lu Pll Nev.29

Te Mex veet eu etz, hweve, t eleve thtthey h e the Oh, ut the tht the Oh h e the y

eu t ll le wth tevluty v e Mex tte. Fee the Zee-W ly, tht tle h ultully lly eet. A t Ret W , S Oh wee tle t vee, uh lzy, uke . . . theve. H ule Rul Zee l ee Oh le, u the evl l t e Mex Oh Reev-t. C Zee Az, the leet eu ele e-evt ut hve eee tul lut. Eve thuh Mex Ae lwee vt l t, they evethele tuhe theelve eu ele. Zee etlhe tt etwee hel S Oh

y t tht h k ee l t etz ttle he, t tht h u-e ute the l the Mex veet, whle Oh eev t.Eve Fl, whe wt evele h t e vte the Oh, eteee tht l y the utvty etz Oh . Ntly etz ue ete qutte ut veetle, he exle,ut ete vety well. Mex e ue e, e, ehe, -t, wteeluh whh e t wy t the Ute Stte thuh

A Nlewhle Oh e ew ly el. Fl l uue tteetye ut the Oh we ele, whh tute t le ee-t the uze ee ee-t u the th heetute.30

Det Oh lk utvty el e Fl u the elt etee the l, he, elve. Eve thuh et-lt A Nle Oh l th exeee ely het, Fl uetht Oh l wee eu t ute. My wh e t th e,he wte, ley hve e th ul htle evet. Meve,Oh he wee uety, e tll he, e, ethe. Fl te wth ue evey te he eutee e uteetuh ew he, Ae-e e, ewte luu t. S-

lly, ete the hyee e eet, he te the ehut, lethe jket, he. U.S. ete e l tteet ut Az


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Oh. A 1962 Los Angeles imes tle que, Te 20th Cetuy h ve,

lthuh 60 ye lte. Pk-u tuk ele the he w, NtveAe ue kve, k, u, lte, telehe utue. I ee, theetteet hhlhte the ue ue U.S. Mex lt jet.But they l eetute t tht eu ele th e the elve ute ety. Tt te le Fl t wve wkwly etwee ltht Oh S wee elly tle tht the tut w eete.H tt the ult thee e ette hw evlet e-t ety ue xze utvty, tey tue, eeettleet A Nleh ee. ee utve tze, yeleve, the Oh eee t tve tw the l. Te lue t le

the etyl the tte tht le t tet the.31F eu etz, th ylze S Oh et

Mex e th the e et t the Sell Reevt Az. Sethe e et, Oh h tvele k th t, ut ve te theveet ee ely uetl, S t Az. Utl the elytweteth etuy, tl eee w , y Oh wke e-lly th tte. Mt tte he, t ly eue S Ohuht e t eve ve the Sell Reevt ut l eue the ee h e evet. Te wth , h, ul-

tul ute the Ute Stte ew Oh th e the e tel ee l ut. S Az Oh e-ly u wk Az te we le t he, , e; et, l wke, tuk ve, tut wke. Tey e tk t the he vlle ly l, ly, elu the. Flee l evelet S, t h eute wth uzeOh wk etz. A eult Oh t, y 1960 AzOh ult ew t e th 10,000, S Oh ult wlet le th 1,000, u ee he t the let Oh ultywhee.32

the Mex veet, Oh et w t ee Mex- lty t ve t tze the e we the Ute Stteeltve t t w. Rul Zee tye Oh et e etethet, l tht, y wth the lee Sell, they le t ve thee etwee Mex the Ute Stte uthe t Mex. Zee l wul, ut t eve e the l uee Az Sell Reevt. Mex- ini et Al C ly lee Oh lt, t, eue U.S.Bueu I A (bia) et uht the t h ttet. S Oh

31 Ibid., 67, 1617, 25, 29; Chle Hlle, W Che Swee I Reevt, Los Angelesimes, Nv. 12, 1962, . 31; Fl t C, Mh 6, 1957, Aute e l P e S, y Fl,


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ehe ut t t Sell I Aey uetet Ale Je eue the bia h

hele the the t. Je we the lt t the e bia eJh Clle, wh we the ew t Mex e thlt veetl, Muel G. G the e C, wh tute Fl t vette.Te we le tht Oh lt tvele ee eh Mex l S t Az t New Yk t Mex Cty , lly, k t See le evee the utul etyl tut elt y S Oh the Mex veet.33

Te e eeee S Oh eve ve y the SellReevt uthe hehtee tht ee v. Fet thee evewee hl Oh hle, el ttet, eve le t k u l.

Beue thee w hl Oh hle S, u Az kethe u t the S Muel te tk the t eevt hl whee they leeElh. Te Mex veet te t let twe t etlh hl tht eve theOh ute 1945 1950ut thee et le eue tehee the t. Beue thee wee htl Oh S, y uhttetet Sell. S Oh, eve, eee et Az whvte the t tze hle, e e eee, y . Flly,eue thee w t e ey, S Oh te h l et t the w, S Muel, Se, elewhee Az.34

bia et eze tht U.S. uee tetlly ue Oh le-t the Mex veet, ut they ue tht elty t et thtle ete wth the Mex veet etz wh ve the l. TeP S e Mex tze e tze, Je wte, ut thtwll t he the ly veet they kw the [U.S.] P I Aey,the ly eut they eeve the e ve the y Ae hl, the ly -eu lue they ek Elh, the ly tt they hve wth theMex tze wth Mex wh e the. Te bia theee tue tve eve.35

Ae tehe hl S Oh Elh, Ae et evOh elu ee, Ae t vt eu hle -vte Mex l wh elt tet whe te wth the elty tet v t tze. Wheeve Mex l h the tuty, theyue h the uee the Az Oh the bia. Te eu-te ut the Oh veely uee the ve t ly Mex ety,teth, we t the tewy A Nle. But the vue tteet utlt U.S. uee le t e the t tht the u eeth the eet hley hte, the ul h wee t ly etwee S Oh theMex veet ut l etwee S Oh Oh Az.

Te e tel ee t et the t tht h w etweethe Oh Az S. Eh u e t ht eet eth


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e, the ht Cyth R h ee the u l u-ty. Beue the ultle tt ly uth th ut l wet et etwee eevt te Az, etwee ejidos te Mexy Oh lt the ttl lue ultul te. I eel, wheS Oh lee eu lue they lee Sh, whle A-z Oh lee Elh. S Oh lt the t kety, ttey, wev, ut Az Oh te the, t t ty the e

Ae tut wh ete ket Oh t. N e -e te, whle t the e te tult the Sell Aey tvt wk t elte the, Je exle, t ult u t e tet

T Mh 2011 hth Te Gtethe e Az Oh l e thetw S Muelette the ee the Oh e ewth the e A Nle. It l hw tht the te tvely uue uke y ett tl ueuh tet the ueewhh t t y tht ee exhe t u hee.Te te e e ue y e U.S. Be Ptl e, wh tOh etwee Az S, ly thuh vul et.Vehle e hve ee t the Oh le ly wth the t ule ye, el e wth Oh l e uh e t ewe, whh tll t t the vehle e ely vle th hth.My thk t Chukut Kuk Dtt Chw Ml Ky Hey ett e t

vt the e Oh l. Photo by Kathleen Belew.


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Oh ke Elh, le th 20 eet ul e wte, ly tw evey thee

Oh hle Az elle hl, ly e thee ttee eully.Az Suee Cut ly te Oh the ht t vte 1948, kthe e Az t lze tze t the -tweteth etuy. TeOh Az S wee ee the ( te), Je h te,ut y the -tweteth etuy the tetl uy h ette hetht e the uezle t eh the. De the equee theett, e hl wte: lwly, the tw e te t.36

F tw ee te Wl W II, the exeee ezt et

he el A Nle the h Oh t. I ANle, the Ute Stte Mex ult ew tetl tewy tht hyllyte ety the l. Mewhle, Oh el te eety e, llw U.S. Mex tte t juty the et.Peet eee etwee thee el ee y eve e -l tht lty ely hteze the e whle.

Iee Mex t he eet A Nle. PtWlW II t tetl ee ulte wth the 1965 etlhety the Mex veet the Be Iutlzt P (bip), whh l-tte the tut e thu

maquiladorasetwee ju Mt.

Tee te, we y ll t, exlte Mex l t utue l u the wl. Te bip ttute Mex et t ve wk tl etu the e , whh h ee 1964. But t leue the t hue thu wke Mex te tthe e e. By the 1980, maquiladorasute hl the e eete Nle, S. Te e ult h tle etwee 1940 1960. It tle etwee 1960 1980, yet etwee 1980 2000, eh 400,000htt. Oe the e e y t ve th t the Ute Stte,wth wthut e.37

I t wth e wtu Mex the Ute Stte the1970 1980, the ue Mex t the Ute Stte ketee t Mex eel, ele the tzeh tttu. I the e ye tht Mex etlhe the bip, the U.S. Ce e theIt Ntlty At 1965, whh eve lt ly eutv le t ee t Lt Ae A. A e tve, vlte u tlle the e, evel ewe etulte tee-tye Mex theve, u ule, ett j. F exteeeue, the U.S. Ce, te tee ye ete, e the It Re

36 R, Wandering Peoples, 175; Fl, Aute e l P e S, 33; Me, Nt


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Ctl At 1986, whh lue elye t, ee e ee-

et, ety v.

38

C-e tu ute, ext-t uee, maquiladoras, ll whh e the ety A Nle u the -tweteth etuy, -tue t eete et t. But ul vet ut the e ueely e eeet the th -e e exhe. Tehe tewy the S e the e tll t, ut t ee he. It ee ue y ew hhe e wll tute u the 1970 1990, y u t thee lz wt the tuty tete the Ute Stte, ethe y l ve the e wll tuel ue t.U.S. tut tll vte Nle t uy lhl, he ee, ex, tll

ve thuh the w ee y P. But ey, vew the tewy thuhthe le llzt, te t wth the he MDl te the w le.39

Mewhle, t Oh l ee . Dete ee jet, eelly e uh e e evelet, el-t, el-etet, l t, ety et l lely let ve the Oh e tut. Se ee eltvely eu h-e l lee; the ee tete t el we tutue ultulke lee Oh veet. But the vt jty lve vety.

My lve wthut eletty u wte, uee tue ehet uthe l, evetully let Mex. Te et Oh l let v-uu tht ee the wy t ule. Du the 1970, the hOh l Cul te the U.S. Be Ptl ete e t Oh lt le the veet ele u. Te Oh theelve tte ul et. Whle the ht Ret Peez h ue tht Oh u-l tvte ttute t ete t the tjety ue tty, the tl ul, ee ul etve evelet, lle thteeeet. Flly, ee ul le ut etwelve Oh e hek lk llel tvtet tl eevt l the t te.40

Te Oh exee -e lty ee t the ee eue t, ul, tte lue t lve thee le tte hw

38 O the ue Mex t , ee Cv, Heat o Exchange, h. 5. O theIt Ntlty At 1965, ee Me M. N, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making o ModernAmerica(Pet, 2005), 25464. F exle ewe etult etve teetye Mex, eeJe Sth, Buly! Be Vlte Fee, ucson Daily Citizen, Fe. 4, 1977; Cl kett, FelyBe w Ple, Yuma Daily Sun, Set. 29, 1976. See l Chte M, Tey Suht Wk Fu Hell: Te H Ce Az, Perspectives in Mexican American Studies, 6 (1997), 98. O the I-t Re Ctl At 1986, ee Chte Me Se, I Seh Ntl Pwe: Ch

Wk the Syte It Re, 19761986, Chicano Politics and Society in the Late wentiethCentury, e. Dv Mtej (Aut, 1998), 13153.

39 Glet R, Te Fle E W: F the Ute StteMex Be Bel C-


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y veet et tlle the l. Du the lte 1970, the h

Oh l Cul lle the U.S. Mex veet t eze l th e the e Oh ty; utee the ht t thee eely; tet the l eue; e u tl ellet t SOh, ettl the t he l-l w. Oe tully vtve e-lut uete tht S ee Mex Oh l t the Ute Stte, t ehel tut ll Oh, , ltetvely, etlh veet-eze eev-t wth S. Tee et ulte twety ye lte, 2000, wth the uu-eul e tht the Ute Stte t tzeh t ll Oh Az S.41

Dete exe lty, y S Oh ejete hel the -

lle the lv th the e. Du the 1990, Oh Qutv,S, exee eeet tet t the el Az Oh, utht Az Oh thuht ly the w e teet etee ythe Ute Stte. Te Sell Aey, they lue, etvely ete the e u ute tte u t the uthte u w Mex- veet. Sltt Mex ut, hweve, t uet eeweth the Mex tte. A u C exle, u the tweteth e-tuy the Mex veet eetely ee ht vlee e y theMex Revlut. Du the lte tweteth etuy, the Oh tulte e

lely th eve the lue Mex et t tet the. I th Mex theUte Stte, tzeh utee e t eve, the lk tzeh tlwy evet e. Nevethele, tzeh le t tet eu elet ehet the jute. Te Oh theee ely eheee eu e thuhut the Ae jute uty.42

Du the ely twety-t etuy, U.S. t-t tvt euty hwklle Az el the t eu the uthe e tw-thu-leexe. Az ee the le t uuete ety, the e-let u ezue eh ex, tte wth e e th thee te l

Az. I ee, th tve ety et e hty theeet tht ette hw the Ute Stte Mex wuht th tut. But Nle Oh el l e htl le hw tthk ut the U.S.-Mex e, ll Nth Ae el, e ly.

PtWl W II jet ety A Nle ette U.S. Mex he wht the e e ht ee. But the v lely exlue

41 Relut 42-79, My 14, 1979, le 2 4, x 237, h Oh l Cul Relut,Re the P Aey, Bueu I A; Relut 43-79, My 14, 1979, ibid.; Relut 44-79,My 14, 1979, ibid.; Relut 45-79, My 16, 1979, ibid. See l Gulue Ctll M Cw, e.,It Is Not Our Fault: Te Case or Amending Present Nationality Law to Make All Members o the ohono OodhamNation United States Citizens, Now and Forever (Sell, 2001), 10, 13, 44; Meek, Border Citizens, 22728; Ie l e l eu ue e l Puel Ie e l A e l te, Dtt e S


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Oh wh lve ly xty le wy. Du the lte tweteth etuy, the ehe-

el qulty the Nle e jet the tue vety Oh th e the e ette U.S. Mex vetet the ee whle, exet tl euty et tht hve eeve lvh u-. But eve thuh et ety et wee te tlely u the -tweteth etuy wth A Nle the h Oht, eetvely, the et wee t e t e the the thee e.Ite, the e ete thee the ele evey whh wy, ueet tll ve etwee the Ute Stte Mex e-tt the ee ee ty let exeee y el eet.Uet thee y wy utee we wll lve le tht hve

e Nth Ae el uh jute, vlee, equlty; ut the, h t ee e le ut v le the thultle le t e, utee tht we wll t.


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