IMUNOKIMIA
-
Upload
nur-jazilah -
Category
Documents
-
view
43 -
download
0
Transcript of IMUNOKIMIA
SISTEM PERTAHANAN TUBUH
ALAMI DIDAPAT
Bersifat fisik
Bersifat larutan
1. Kulit2. Silia3. Selaput
lendir
Seluler Spesifik Non Spesifik
Humoral
Sel B:Antibodi
Seluler
Sel-T
1. Fagosit2. Sel NK
1. Biokimia a. As.
Lambung b. Lisozim c. Laktoferin
2. humorala. Komplemenb. C-Reaktif Protein
(CRF)
Antigens – substances that the body regards as foreign
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Viruses
• Parasites
• Allergens
• Toxins
E.Coli Bacteria
Antigens:
• Have unique, consistent surface patterns
• Patterns cause body to recognize antigens as enemies (musuh)
• Contain surface features called antigenic determinants (binding sites; epitop)
First line of defence: physical barrier
Second line of defence :innate/non-specific immune system
Third line of defence: learned/adaptive immune system
Immune system
First line of defence
Skin & mucous membranes Enzymes Natural microbial flora Complement protein
Second line of defence :innate/non-specific immune system
Phagocytes Natural killer cells (NK cells) Granulocytes Macrophages
Third line of defence :learned/adaptive immune system
Antibodies Lymphocytes T- cells cellular immune defense B-cells humoral immune defense
Lymphatic Lymphatic SystemSystem
• Primary immune system component (Disease Defense System)
• Functions:
• To control flow of lymph fluid
• To produce lymph system components
• To filter lymph fluid and blood
Lymphatic System Lymphatic System StructuresStructures
1. Lymph Fluid
• Interstitial fluid (fluid between cells)
• Clear, colorless tissue fluid
• Helps “feed” cells with nutrients
• Moves hormones around body
• Removes & transports waste from cells
2. Lymph Vessels (capillaries)
• Thin-walled tubes separate from blood vessels
• Contain valves to prevent “backflow”
• Move lymph fluid into lymph nodes for filtering
Lymphatic System Lymphatic System StructuresStructures
3. Lymph Nodes
• Filter lymph fluid
• Remove bacteria and viruses
• Store white blood cells
Lymphatic System Lymphatic System StructuresStructures
4. Tonsils
• Masses of lymph tissue
• Contain lymph nodes and lymph vessels
• Protect nose and upper throat
Lymphatic System Lymphatic System StructuresStructures
5. Spleen
• Lymphatic tissue located in the cranial thoracic region
• Produces white blood cells
• Filters blood
• Stores red blood cells
Lymphatic System Lymphatic System StructuresStructures
6. Thymus
• Lymph gland located medially in the cranioventral area of the thoracic cavity
• Most active in young animals
• Place where some white blood cells produced in bone marrow reproduce and mature
Lymphatic System Lymphatic System StructuresStructures
7. Bone Marrow
• Located in the epiphysis of long bones
• Produces white blood cells
Lymphatic System Lymphatic System StructuresStructures
1. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
• Lymphocytes
• Attack specific antigens
• Formed in lymph structures & bone marrow
• Monocytes
• Very large
• Formed in bone marrow
• Mature in thymus
Lymphatic System Lymphatic System ComponentsComponents
2. Macrophages
• Phagocyte (eats cells)
• Develop from monocytes
• Eats invading cells
• Eats disabled antigens
Lymphatic System Lymphatic System ComponentsComponents
3. T-Cells
• A type of lymphocyte
• Produced in bone marrow
• Mature in thymus
• Coordinate immune system defenses
• Kill antigens directly on contact
Lymphatic System Lymphatic System ComponentsComponents
4. B-Cells
• Also called plasma cells
• A type of lymphocyte
• Produced in bone marrow
• Do not kill antigens directly
• Produce and release antibodies
Lymphatic System Lymphatic System ComponentsComponents
5. Antibodies
• Called Immunoglobulins (Ig)
• Produced by B-Cells
• Composed of proteins
• Attack and kill specific antigens
• “Lock and Key” method of attack
Lymphatic System Lymphatic System ComponentsComponents
Struktur Imunoglobulin
Rantai berat/panjang (Heavy Chains) & ringan/pendek (Light Chains)
Semua rantai disatukan oleh ikatan disulfida Dalam rantai (Intra-
chain) Antar Rantai (Inter-
chain)CH1
VL
CL
VH
CH2 CH3
Wilayah Engsel (Hinge Region)
karbohidrat
Ikatan disulfida
Struktur Imunoglobulin
Wilayah Variabel & Konstant VL & CL
VH & CH
Wilayah Engsel (Hinge Region) CH1
VL
CL
VH
CH2 CH3
Wilayah Engsel (Hinge Region)
karbohidrat
Ikatan disulfida
Struktur Immunoglobulin Domain penting
VL & CL
VH & CH1 - CH3 (kadang ada CH4)
Oligosakarida
CH1
VL
CL
VH
CH2 CH3
Wilayah Engsel (Hinge Region)
Karbohidrat
Ikatan Disulfida
Fragmen Imunoglobulin: Hubungan Struktur – Fungsi
Tempat Ikatan dengan antigen (Ag Binding;
Fab)
Berikatan dengan Reseptor Fc
Fab Ag binding
Fc Fungsi Efektor
F(ab’)2
Fragmen Imunoglobulin:
Pepsin
Fc Peptides
F(ab’)2
IgG - Gamma () heavy chains IgM - Mu () heavy chains IgA - Alpha () heavy chains IgD - Delta () heavy chains IgE - Epsilon () heavy chains
Klas Immunoglobulin
Struktur Monomer (7S)
IgG
IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 IgG3
StrukturStrukturSifat-sifat◦ Ig serum utama◦ Ig utama dalam cairan extravaskuler◦ Transfer Plasenta◦ Fiksasi komplemen◦ Berikatan dengan Reseptor Fc receptors
Fagosit - opsonisasi Sel K - ADCC
IgG
Struktur Pentamer (19S) domain ekstra
(CH4) Rantai J
IgM
CH4
J Chain
Struktur Sifat-sifat
Ig serum ketiga terbanyak
Ig pertama yang dibuat oleh fetus dan sel B Ig permukaan sel B
Fiksasi komplemen
IgM
Bgn Ekor
Struktur Serum - monomer Sekresi (sIgA)
Dimer (11S) Rantai J Komponen
sekrotori
IgA
Rantai J
Komponen Sekretori
Struktur Sifat-sifat
Ig no. 2 terbanyak dalam serum Ig sekretori utama (Kekebalan lokal
dan mukosa) Airmata, Air liur, sekresi lambung
dan paru-paru
IgA
Struktur Monomer Domain ekstra
(CH4)
IgE
CH4
Struktur Sifat-sifat
Paling rendah dalam serum Berikatan dengan basofil dan sel
mast Bertanggung jawab dalam alergi Infestasi Parasit (Cacing)
Berikatan dengan Reseptor Fc Eusinofil
IgE
Bahan yg dapat merangsang respon imun Dibedakan menjadi:
- imunogen:bahan yg dpt menimbulkan respon imun- hapten: molekul yg dpt bereaksi dg antibodi tetapi tdk dapat merangsang pembentukan antibodi
Epitop: bagian antigen yg dpt menginduksi pembentukan antibodi
Epitop dapat diikat secara spesifik oleh bagian dr antibodi atau reseptor pd limfosit
ANTIGEN
Type epitop of ANTIGEN
Unideterminant univalen
Unideterminant multivalen
Multideterminant univalen
Multideterminant multivalen
Menurut Sifat kimiawinya Polisakarida Lipid Asam nukleat protein
PEMBAGIAN ANTIGENPEMBAGIAN ANTIGEN
Antibodies – disease-fighting proteins produced by the body in
response to a specific antigen
• Have binding sites that match antigenic determinants on antigens
• Binding sites are chemical, not physical
The Antigen/Antibody The Antigen/Antibody ResponseResponse
“The Lock and Key“The Antigen/Antibody The Antigen/Antibody
ResponseResponse• Antibody binding sites match antigen
surfaces like a key fits into a lock
• Most antigen binding sites are keyed to a matching antibody in a healthy immune system.
“Search and Destroy”
The Antigen/Antibody The Antigen/Antibody ResponseResponse
• Antigens have many binding sites on their surfaces.
• Antibody molecules locate antigens and bind to the surfaces, sometimes in chains.
• Antibodies disable (kill) antigens
• Antibodies block antigens from attaching to body cells
• Antibodies “call” macrophages to come and consume disabled antigens
The Antigen/Antibody The Antigen/Antibody ResponseResponse
“Shackled” Prisoners = membelenggu narapidana
How does it work?The Antigen/Antibody The Antigen/Antibody
ResponseResponse
• Antigens invade body
• Patrolling macrophages locate, recognize antigens as enemies, and ingest them.
• Macrophages “read” antigens and encode T-cells with antigen binding site instructions.
• Macrophages “dispatch” T-cells with antigen codes.
How does it work?The Antigen/Antibody The Antigen/Antibody
ResponseResponse• T-cells pass antigen binding instructions
to B-cells (plasma cells)
• Plasma cells produce and release antibodies that match antigen binding sites
How does it work?The Antigen/Antibody The Antigen/Antibody
ResponseResponse
• Macrophages find disabled antigens and consume them.
• Some T-cells “remember” antigens for faster response the next time an attack occurs.
Search & DestroySearch & Destroy
The Army WithinThe Army Within
1. Good general health
2. Good nutrition
3. Vaccines (specific antigens)
4. Antitoxins (antibodies)
5. Immune system boosters
• Stimulate lymphocyte production
• Improve lymphocyte response time
How can we help it fight it’s battles?
Phagocytosis
Neutrophile to go out from blood vessel to site of infection: diaphedesis
Specific oligosaccharide (of neutrophil)bind with lectin (of endothelial cells)
opsonization of Bacteria in plasma by opsonin particle, to phagocyte
Beautiful Macrophage in action
Neutrophil phagocyte of streptococcus
Fagositosis: letupan oksisidatif(Oxidative Burst)
Rangkaian gambar mikroskopis neutrofil yang bergerak menuju dan memakan jamur (bulatan oval). Penambahan indikator warna nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) menunjukkan bahwa sel leukosit tersebut mampu membunuh jamur dengan menggunakan kemampuan oksidatifnya yang mematikan (H202, NO,
dlsb.)
Respiratory burstRespiratory burst
H2O2 + 1O22O2
- + 2H+
Superoxide dismutase
H2 O2 + Cl-
myeloperoxidaseOCl- + H2O
H2O + O22 H2 O2
catalase
OCL- + H2O1O2 + Cl- + H2O
Sel Pembunuh Alami (Natural Killer Cells/NK)
Setidaknya ada dua sel pembunuh:—sel T sitotoksik (Tc/T8/Tcd8+) dan NK.
Dalam aksinya Tc perlu mengenal antigen khas dan NK tidak memerlukannya. Keduanya mempunyai granula penuh bahan kimia mematikan
Fagosit dan Granulosit•Leukosit besar yang dapat ‘menelan’ dan
mencerna bahan asing•Monosit dalam darah dan makrofag di
jaringan, neutrofil dalam darah dan dapat pindah ke jaringan
bila diperlukan •Makrofag adalah sel serba-guna:
sebagai pemakan, sintesis berbagai bahan kimia yang kuat, dan berperan penting dalam mengaktivkan sel T
•Neutrofil tidak hanya fagosit tapi juga granulosit: punya granula penuh bahan kimia potensial yang berperan dalam penghancuran mikroba dan reaksi radang
•Granulosit yang lain adalah eosinofil dan basofil
•Sel Mast adalah sel bergranula dalam jaringan