Improving*beanproduc1onindrought prone ...

Celestina Jochua, Magalhaes Miguel, Soares Xerinda - IIAM

Juan Carlos Rosas - ZamoranoJill Findeis, Jonathan Lynch - Penn State

Improving bean produc1on in drought-‐prone, low fer1lity soils of Africa and

La1n America-‐ An integrated approach

Lynch and Jones, CIAT report

bad genotypes

Root architecture and P efficiency

more adventitious roots

shallower basal roots

longer, denser hairs

more taproot laterals

topsoil

subsoilmore dispersed laterals

aerenchyma

basal root whorls

good genotypes

Shallow vs deep root architecture in two bean genotypes grown in the field in Honduras

bean genotypes vary greatly for root hair length

Miguel et al., 2004

research of Magalhaes Miguel

shorthair lengthgrowth angle

short longdeepshallowdeeplong

shallow

225

300

150

0

75

perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in p

lant

bi

omas

s un

der l

ow P

phene synergism for P acquisition3 RILs per phenotype, field study in low P soil in Mozambique

baseline




shallow

225

300

150

0

75

perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in p

lant

bi

omas

s un

der l

ow P

57.7


baseline




shallow

225

300

150

0

75

perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in p

lant

bi

omas

s un

der l

ow P

57.789.3


baseline




shallow

225

300

150

0

75

perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in p

lant

bi

omas

s un

der l

ow P

57.789.3

additive=147


baseline

actual=298.9***




shallow

225

300

150

0

75

perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in p

lant

bi

omas

s un

der l

ow P

57.789.3

additive=147


baseline

Whorl 1

Whorl 2Whorl 3

Basal roots arise from distinct whorls

Genotype A: 3 whorls

Genotype B: 1 whorl

More basal roots = more soil volume explored

2 whorls, up to 8 basal roots 3 whorls, up to 12 basal roots

Number of basal roots determined by number of whorls (about 4 roots/whorl)

0

5

10

15

20

1 2 3 4

wild cultivated

number of whorls

num

ber o

f bas

al ro

ots

!

Low P soilSussundenga, Mozambique


more whorls = 60% greater growth at low P

Low P soilSussundenga, Mozambique


Two QTL explain 42-50% of phenotypic variation in BRWN

more whorls = 60% greater growth at low P

does BRWN improve growth under drought?

research of Katy Barlow

does BRWN improve growth under drought?

research of Katy Barlow

0"

4"

8"

12"

16"

20"

24"

1" 2" 3"

Shoo

t%Dry%W

eight%(g)%

Basal%Root%Whorl%Number%

Drought" Control"

a a a

bb

cc

More whorls =>70 % greater growth under drought

drought workshopCIAT 2006

high throughput phenotyping of root

architecture in the field

2 min/genotype

10,000 lines/yrbean, maize, sorghum,

cowpea, groundnut, potato

Shovelomics

Breeding progress- Mozambique


• Developed and validated a rapid method for root phenotyping in the field– stable across sites and years


• Developed and validated a rapid method for root phenotyping in the field– stable across sites and years

• Identified sources of P efficiency and drought in Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools– 10x yield variation under P stress– mesos 50% better than Andeans under low P– contrasting, possibly complementarity root

traits

Sources of tolerance for low P•Andean accessions

• Many BRWN and BR (53%: >2.5 BRWN and >8 BRN): 29/55

• Shallow BRGA (≤ 30) – 25% (14/55)

•Mesoamerican accessions

• 50% greater yield under low P

•Many adventitious roots (35%) – 35/100 > 25 roots

•Long and dense root hairs (18% accessions from Meso): 31/165 (≥ 0.6mm)

Sources of tolerance to drought

•Mesoamerican

•Steeper and deeper basal roots (19% of 100: >60o)

•Andean

•Long and branched primary roots (56%: >16cm (31/55)

n 350 F5 lines with long and short root hairs developed



n Identified sources with good root traits for low P and drought stress adaptability




n Low P: Cal 143, Sug 131, 13 lines from Lichinga, AFR 298, Carioca, Kakhi, Doutor, Catarina, D. Calima, PVA 773, Cal 96, 10 Bilfa lines (33)





n Drought: Tio canela, BAT 477, SEQ 1003, VAX 1, Ser 16, 12 Bilfa lines (17)





n Drought: Tio canela, BAT 477, SEQ 1003, VAX 1, Ser 16, 12 Bilfa lines (17)

n Currently we are increasing seed for yield evaluation on-station and on-farm


Capacity Building • Development of lab at Sussendenga

• Degree and short term training of IIAM staff

• support for Sussundenga lab• establishment of field facili1es for drought, low P studies

representa1ve of stressful African soils

Breeding Progress -‐ Central America

• Improved bean lines with enhanced levels of tolerance to drought and low P released and disseminated for Central America.

• Inbred backcross (IB) popula1ons from small red improved cul1vars developed and tested in Honduras (IB lines with different root traits iden1fied for mul1line trials).

Development and Release of Improved Bean Cul1vars and

Breeding Lines during FY11 & FY12 Releases of tolerant cul.vars (collabora.on with CIAT, DGPC/UPR Project and CA/C-‐ Bean Research Network):

• Five small red cul.vars tolerant to drought/low soil fer.lity , resistant to BGMYV and BCMV, released in Nicaragua (2010), El Salvador and Honduras (2012).

• Two small red drought tolerant, BGYMV and BCMV resistant cul.vars, with >10% higher iron content, released in Nicaragua (2010), El Salvador (2011) and Honduras (2012).

• Four small black drought/low fer.lity tolerant, BGMYV and BCMV resistant cul.vars released in Hai. (2009-‐11) and Guatemala (2010).

Development and Release of Improved Bean Cul1vars and

Breeding Lines during FY11 & FY12 Dissemina.on of improved lines:• More than 50 drought, low fer1lity and/or heat tolerant trials

(ERSEQ, ERSEBAF, PASEBAF, ERSAT) distributed for tes1ng to Bean Research Network CA/C collaborators (2007-‐11) .

• 50 small red and black lines sent to Julie G. Lauren (Cornell U) for tes1ng in Kenya (2008).

• Drought/low fer1lity tolerant IBC and RBF small red and black lines sent for tes1ng in Angola (2008).

• 50 small red, black and white lines sent to IIAM, Mozambique (2010).

• IB lines (Amadeus 77 background) tested in Honduras and PSU (2011).

Capacity Building • Purchase of equipment (Winrhizo) to conduct root traits

studies at Zamorano.

• Soil cylinder and pot systems established for bean root phenotyping studies under drought/low P stress at EAP.

• Research plots to study tolerance to drought and low P at EAP/Zamorano (3 PSU graduate and 6 senior EAP students have conducted their field research at this site).

Henry et al 2010

P runoff reduced 50-70%

Henry et al 2010

new bean lines have less soil erosion

P-efficient beans reduce soil runoff in Northern Mozambique by 33%

new bean lines have less soil erosion

P-efficient beans increase BNF in Northern Mozambique by 2-4x

P-‐efficient P-‐inefficient

N2 fi

xa/o

n, kg ha

-‐1

a

b

c cc

d

lime + inoculum

lime

inoculum

new bean lines have greater BNFnew bean lines have less soil erosion


new bean lines perform well in maize intercrops



P efficient beans did not reduce maize yields at low P



P efficient beans did not reduce maize yields at low P

checking if new bean lines utilize RP better

do new bean lines benefit people?

Socio-economics findings

Background: Baseline research

n Total 8 research sites: 2 per region in Angonia, Gurue, Lichinga, Sussundenga n Total of 4 baseline survey instruments. n Focus on: trait preferences decision-making (technology uptake) seed access – different channels economic and social networks seed sharing behaviors

Baseline research

Observations from baseline: nAccess historically limited at sites: more than 70% of households report never having received improved seed. nAsked about perception of availability of good bean seed: only 6% on average of women report no problem. Higher among men (but signif. diffs. across sites) nAdult male/female preferences differ for some -- but not all attributes. Males more likely to focus on: complementary input requirements return from spatially differentiated markets Females more likely to focus on: bean traits preferred for household consumption specific varieties marketable directly by them (sell to door-to-door traders, etc.)

Agricultural sharing networks – regional differences observed (intra-region differences less pronounced)

The challenge of translational research

genome

which genes?regulation?

interactions?


agronome

productivity?resource use?

species interactionssustainability?

equity?

genome


interactions?


agronome

productivity?resource use?

species interactionssustainability?

equity?

phenome

which traits?costs & benefits?

tradeoffs?integrated phenotypes

genome


interactions?


Summary

Summary

• Several root traits identified associated with substantial variation in yield under drought and low P

Summary


• Methods developed for rapid root phenotyping

Summary



• Huge phenotypic variation for root traits identified in bean germplasm, with gene pools having contrasting and possibly complementary benefits

Summary




• Breeding programs in Central America (Juan Carlos Rosas) and Mozambique (Celestina Jochua) are integrating root phenotyping into their selection regimes

Summary





• Bean lines with root traits enhancing P acquisition have several agroecological benefits, including reduced erosion, greater BNF, and benign intercropping effects that should preserve and enhance soil fertility over time

Summary






• Socioeconomic analysis confirms need for improved lines as well as constraints to dissemination

Summary






• Socioeconomic analysis confirms need for improved lines as well as constraints to dissemination

• Poised for serious progress

Improving*beanproduc1onindrought prone ...

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