Improving stop and search?
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www.npia.police.uk
Improving the conduct of stop and search
Dr Paul Quinton, NPIAProf Betsy Stanko, Metropolitan PoliceCmdr Tony Eastaugh, Metropolitan Police
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www.npia.police.uk
Improving stop and search?
Legitimacy
Effectiveness
Fairness Lawfulness
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Stop and search levels
Source: Bradford 2012
1.3m S&S encounters
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Stop and search arrest rates
Source: Bradford 2012
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www.npia.police.uk
Improving effectiveness?
• Limited & inconclusive evidence
• Arrest rate from PACE searches = 9%
S&S numbers = arrest rate
• At force level, there is no association between S&S rates & crime rates
• Focused policing activity in crime hot spots can reduce crime
• Would better targeted S&S be more effective? Would it affect fairness?
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Improving lawfulness?
• Code A focuses on how to conduct a S&S, not when
• Reasonable suspicion is elastic & difficult to define
• The same standard is required for an arrest
• But observational research suggests some searches are based on weak grounds
• Possible reasons? – Officer discretion & low visibility to supervisors– The law not reflecting the realities of policing– Decision-making based on practical rules-of-thumb – The specificity of suspect descriptions & intelligence briefings– Traditional class room based training– Few consequences
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Improving fairness?
• Qualitative research suggests the public’s support for S&S is conditional on:– how S&S is used & targeted by the police– the attitudes & behaviour of the officers involved– the reasons for S&S being valid, genuine & credible
• Negative experiences were more common than positive experiences & more easily remembered
• Key issues for the public: – Experience of officers being patronising, arrogant, aggressive &
intimidating– Not being given a reason for an encounter– Feeling unfairly targeted
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www.npia.police.uk
Why is fairness important?
• Experiences of policing shape public motivations to cooperate with police & not break the law
• Fair decision-making & respectful treatment can enhance police legitimacy, which helps to:
– build a sense of shared values – make people feel valued by & part of society – create a sense of obligation & responsibility
• Unfair treatment sends out a clear message…
Our rules do not apply to you – you’re not a valued member of society!
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www.npia.police.uk
Legitimacy
Why is fairness important?
Risk of sanction
Moral alignment with police
Compliance &
cooperation
Trust in police effectiveness
Trust in policefairness
Personal morality
Obligation to obey
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www.npia.police.uk
Legitimacy
Why is fairness important?
Risk of sanction
Moral alignment with police
Compliance &
cooperation
Trust in police effectiveness
Trust in policefairness
Personal morality
Obligation to obey
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www.npia.police.uk
Legitimacy
Why is fairness important?
Risk of sanction
Moral alignment with police
Compliance &
cooperation
Trust in police effectiveness
Trust in policefairness
Personal morality
Obligation to obey
![Page 12: Improving stop and search?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56814894550346895db5ab79/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
www.npia.police.uk
Legitimacy
Why is fairness important?
Risk of sanction
Moral alignment with police
Compliance &
cooperation
Trust in police effectiveness
Trust in policefairness
Personal morality
Obligation to obey
![Page 13: Improving stop and search?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56814894550346895db5ab79/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
www.npia.police.uk
Legitimacy
Why is fairness important?
Risk of sanction
Moral alignment with police
Compliance &
cooperation
Trust in police effectiveness
Trust in policefairness
Personal morality
Obligation to obey
![Page 14: Improving stop and search?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56814894550346895db5ab79/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
www.npia.police.uk
Legitimacy
Why is fairness important?
Risk of sanction
Moral alignment with police
Compliance &
cooperation
Trust in police effectiveness
Trust in policefairness
Personal morality
Obligation to obey
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www.npia.police.uk
Legitimacy
National survey results
Risk of sanction
Moral alignment with police
Compliance &
cooperation
Trust in police effectiveness
Trust in policefairness
Personal morality
Obligation to obey
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www.npia.police.uk
The impact of S&S on trust
Types of contact Quality of contact Effect on trust in police fairness
Police-initiated Positive Neutral
Negative Negative
Public-initiated Positive Slightly positive
Negative Negative
• The effect of police contact on trust is asymmetrical
• Bad contact is very bad
• Good contact is only a little bit good (at best)
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www.npia.police.uk
The bottom line
• By making fair decisions, explaining them & being respectful, the police can encourage people to be more socially responsible
• This is not just about being nice!
• Fair encounters may not be enough – legacy issues & the volume of police contact
• There are significant risks of being unfair
• ‘Trust arrives on foot & leave on horseback’
• What goes around, comes around – fairness at work
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What might help?
• There are significant gaps in the evidence base
• Robust studies are needed to find out ‘what works’
• A newly formed NPIA / MPS collaboration to test an intervention aimed at improving the conduct of S&S
– Scripted encounters? Queensland random breath test experiment
– Practice based & reflective learning? Chicago quality interaction training experiment GMP / NPIA victim contact training experiment
– More active supervision?
– Better targeting towards crime hot spots?