Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture?...
Transcript of Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture?...
![Page 1: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and Potential Solutions
CIRPD Webinar (March 26, 2015)
Heinrich Beukes, Specialist: Safety Management Systems
EPCOR Utilities 1
![Page 2: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Agenda
• What is Safety Culture? • A Safety Culture Observed! • Characteristics of organizations with a healthy Safety Culture • Safety Culture’s impact on Safety Performance - A broader
perspective • Barriers and Challenges • Potential Solutions
2
![Page 3: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is Safety Culture?
• Multitude of definitions • No real consensus (Guldenmund, 2000)
3
![Page 4: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes,
perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to, the style and proficiency of an organization’s health and safety management.
(Health & Safety Executive, UK, 1993)
4
![Page 5: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What is Safety Culture?
• The values, attitudes, motivations and knowledge that affect the extent to which safety is emphasized over competing goals in decisions and behavior.
(Barnes, 2009)
5
![Page 6: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What is Safety Culture? For our discussion:
A healthy Safety Culture consists of shared beliefs, sound philosophy, healthy attitudes and practices.
6
![Page 7: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A Safety Culture Observed Cape Peninsula University
7
![Page 8: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A Safety Culture Observed Career started in 1989 – Transnet (Risk Professional)
8
![Page 9: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A Safety Culture Observed Electrification North vs South
9
![Page 10: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A Safety Culture Observed 2 Electrification Depots
Electrification North Electrification South
Maintenance on High Voltage Power lines and equipment
Maintenance on High Voltage Power lines and equipment
Employees 95 Employees 97 NOSA - Safety Management System rating: 3 Star
NOSA - Safety Management System rating: 3 Star
Risk index: 4.2 Risk index: 4.2 Loss Time Injury Rate: 3.5 (1986-1998)
Loss Time Injury Rate 15.2 (1986-1998)
10
![Page 11: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Big Question!
Why the difference in Safety Performance?
Observed the 2 depots
over a period of 12 years 11
![Page 12: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
North vs South Department Head
• Reaction to accidents - personally involved with investigations • Holding people accountable • Red in the face, slamming fist on the table; very passionate
12
![Page 13: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
North vs South Supervisors
• More knowledgeable about OHS regulatory requirements • More discussions about OHS (not only at the JHSC meetings,
but during regular work) • Gave workers autonomy (trusted their judgement) to deal
with hazards • Compassion shown when accidents happened • Open door
13
![Page 14: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
North vs South Workers
• More involved in risk assessment process • Keen to participate on JHSC (higher participation rates) • Higher usage of OHS suggestion box • Spoke about safety issues during lunch brakes, around water
cooler etc.
14
![Page 15: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
North vs South Risk Awareness
• Almost everybody understood and knew risk rating • 90% compliance in hazards awareness training • Knew consequences (exposure impact on health or safety, cost
complications etc.)
15
![Page 16: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
North vs South Compliance
• More regular observations and record keeping • Lower non-compliance ratings • On the spot coaching of non-compliance • Peer accountability
16
![Page 17: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
North vs South
Trust and Workplace Morale
• Managers willing to role up their sleeves • Supervisors seen as coaches/friends • Respect – 2 way apparent (not “us” and “them”)
17
![Page 18: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Answer to that Big Question:
A Healthy Safety Culture!
18
![Page 19: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Characteristics of organizations with a Healthy Safety Culture
• Management commitment, leadership, involvement • Strong communication channels (vertical and horizontal) • Promotion of near miss reporting • Hazard Awareness, good housekeeping • Mature stable workforce • Good personnel selection, job placement and promotional
procedures • Well trained and educated workforce • Extensive Orientation program (Cooper, 1998)
19
![Page 20: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Safety Culture’s impact on Safety Performance - A broader perspective
Noted as a major contributing factor in notable disasters • 1986 – Chernobyl • Continental Express Flight 2574
(Meshkati, 1997)
• Reduced job-site incidents after a cultural intervention program in the Netherlands’ concrete industry.
(Oh & Sol, 2008)
• Safety culture was associated with safety performance at the corporate level. This association was positive, showing that a more favourable safety culture was associated with improved safety performance.
(Smith & Wadsworth, 2009)
20
![Page 21: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Safety Culture’s impact on Safety Performance - A broader perspective, cont…
• Corporate safety culture has gradually become a primary safety performance indicator.
(Reiman & Pietikeinen, 2010)
• Recent study of major 15 major petrochemical accidents (between 1980-2010) noted that poor safety culture contributed to 12 of the 15 accidents.
(Fleming & Scott, 2012)
21
![Page 22: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
New Questions:
• If safety culture has such an impact on safety performance, why do we not see efforts to improve it more frequently?
• Why is it not more visible in organizational safety management systems/efforts?
• What are the barriers and challenges?
22
![Page 23: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Barriers and Challenges
23
![Page 24: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Barriers and Challenges
• Definition and Concept • Employers’ ignorance • Myriad of influencing/reciprocal factors
• Person (internal psychological factors) • Situation (organizational factors) • Behavior (safety behaviour)
(Cooper, 2002)
• No external drivers • Measurement - complex and difficult • Big Challenge - Believe that it can be changed?
24
![Page 25: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Barriers and Challenges
Definition and Concept
• No clear understanding • Difficult Concept – (Cooper, 2002)
25
![Page 26: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Barriers and Challenges
Employers’ Ignorance
• Don’t know what they don’t know! • Accidents simply a part of doing business….. WCB right? • Safety Performance – what? • Safety Culture is not even in the picture!
26
![Page 27: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Barriers and Challenges
Myriad of influencing/reciprocal factors • Person (internal psychological factors) – to name a few:
• Personal Commitment • Perceived Risk • Competencies • Safety Knowledge • Job satisfaction
27
(Cooper & Phillips, 1995)
![Page 28: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Barriers and Challenges
Myriad of influencing/reciprocal factors
• Situation (organizational factors) – to name a few: • Management commitment • Leadership • Policy & Procedures • Effective Communication • Adequate Resources • Emergency preparedness • Status of Safety Personnel
28
![Page 29: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Barriers and Challenges
Myriad of influencing/reciprocal factors
• Behavior (safety behaviour) – to name a few: • Work environment • Work patterns • Risk Assessments • Standard operating procedures • Involvement in decision making • Housekeeping
29
![Page 30: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Barriers and Challenges
Measurement
• Difficult, skills, time consuming • Measurement tools only recently been developed! • Absence of objective safety culture indicators (Fleming, 2006) • 3 Different kinds of measurement mechanism required
(Survey, Behaviour Sampling and Auditing) • Need to appropriately weigh all 3 factors (person, behaviour,
situation) • Expensive – 10’s or even 100’s thousands dollars! • Trust in measurement results?
30
![Page 31: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
No External Drivers
• Not really able to legislate…
• Not a specific requirement of most national/international SMS standards: • OHSAS 18001 • CSA Z1000 • Most COR programs • ISRS (DNV) • NOSA 5 Star System
![Page 32: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Barriers and Challenges
Big Challenge!!
• Believe that it can be changed? • Can and will probably take several years to change; appetite to
change? • Is it worth the effort? • Long term commitment?
32
![Page 33: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Potential Solutions
33
![Page 34: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Potential Solutions OHS Agency/Authorities/WCB Perspective • Establish an inter/national body for the Advancement of Workplace Safety
Culture. • Develop an inter/national standard similar to the “National Standard of
Canada for Psychological Health and Safety in the Workplace - Z1003” • Incorporate safety culture as a specific element in Safety Management
System audit standards (OHSAS 18000, COR….) • Further research to develop less expensive/intrusive measurement
techniques. 34
![Page 35: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Potential Solutions Employers’ Perspective A bit of reverse engineering… Learn from organizations with an existing healthy safety culture - focus on:
• Improve Leadership, Management Commitment • Increase Involvement levels throughout the organization (positive OHS
promotional strategies) • Improve OHS Communication • Encourage near miss reporting • Focus on Hazard Awareness
35
![Page 36: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Potential Solutions Employers’ Perspective, cont…
A bit of reverse engineering….
Learn from organizations with a healthy safety culture - focus on:
• Ensure good housekeeping • Stable workforce – good personnel selection, job placement and
promotional procedures • Top notch OHS training • Comprehensive OHS Orientation
36
![Page 37: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Potential Solutions Employers’ Perspective, cont…
Expand your OHS Management System
• Address Safety Culture specifically (element) • Have measurement criteria, targets & goals • Identify specific focused action plans, based on weaknesses • Part of audit/management review continuous improvement regime Take deliberate action
• Develop a long term strategy (next session)
37
![Page 38: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
References & Suggested Reading
• Andy P. Smith and J.K Emma Wadsworth – “Safety culture, advice and performance” report for the IOSH Research Committee, 2008.
• Dominique Cooper – “Safety Culture, A model for understanding and quantifying a difficult concept,” Professional Safety, 2002.
• Dominique Cooper – “Improving Safety Culture, A Practical Guide,” John Wiley and Sons ltd, 1998
• Fleming, M. & Scott, N - “Cultural disasters: Learning from yesterday to be safe tomorrow Oil and Gas Facilities,” 2012
• Hay, Douglas – “Safety Culture Assessment Tool, Workplace Press, New Zealand,” 2006
• Hewitt, Mike – “Relative Culture Strength – A Key to Sustainable World Class Safety Performance,” Du Pont, 2009
38
![Page 39: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
References & Suggested Reading
• Marc Fleming - Developing Safety Culture Measurement Tools and Techniques based on Site Audits rather than Questionnaires, St Mary’s University, 2006
• Meshkati, N - Human Performance, organizational factors and safety culture, 1992
• Oh, J.I.H & Sol, V.M - The Policy program improving occupational safety in the Netherlands: An innovative view on Occupational Safety. Safety Science, 2008.
• Reitman, T & Pietikeinen, E - Indicators of Safety Culture: Selection and utilization of leading safety performance indicators, VTT Technical Research Centers, Finland, 2010
• Ruoyu Jin & Qian Chen, Safety Culture - Effects of Environment, Behavior & Person, Professional Safety, 2013.
• Valerie Barnes - What is Safety Culture? Theory, Research, Challenges presentation United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2009.
39
![Page 40: Improving Safety Culture: Barriers, Challenges and ... · PDF fileWhat is Safety Culture? • The product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051305/5a799c087f8b9a197e8d42e6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Web references
• National Energy Board - Advancing Safety in the Oil and Gas Industry - Statement on Safety Culture: https://www.neb-one.gc.ca/sftnvrnmnt/sft/sftycltr/index-eng.html
• OSHA – Creating a Safety Culture: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/safetyhealth/mod4_factsheets_culture.html
• International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group - Safety Culture Resources: http://nuclearsafety.info/safety-culture/
• First International Safety Culture Symposium (2014): http://www.safetyculturesymposium.ca/
40