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Transcript of Improving Engine Performance and Efficiency by Minimisation of Knock Probability Project nº...
Improving Engine Performance and Efficiency by Minimisation of Knock Probability
Project nº ENK6-CT-2003-00643
Edgar C. FernandesIlídio GuerreiroNuno RoloLaboratory of Thermofluids, Combustion and Environmental SystemsInstituto Superior Técnico -Technical University of Lisbon, Portugalhttp://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt
MinKnock
WP2 : Advanced experimental analysis of auto ignitionTask 2.1 Fundamental Experiments
Stuttgart, 2nd of December of 2005
• Main Objective
• Experimental Setup• Combustion chamber• Techniques• Working conditions
• OutputResultsSoftware development(Matlab-interactive soft)Deliverables, ReportsAcademic formation
-MSc-Final year project-
GraduationTwo planned papers
Presentation Outline
Flow topology
nUnWSd
)(
)(
nS
UUnnK
d
KLSS ald
wall
Flame boundary
n
UW
Sd
burned
unburned ?
Flow topology characterization
WALL
Flame
WALL
Flame
Experimental Setup
TechniquesAcquisition area
Perturbation object
IgnitionTop wall
Acquisition area
Perturbation object
IgnitionTop wall
Perturbation object
IgnitionTop wall
Kodak CCD High speed camera-512 x 512Spectra Physics Ar-Ion Laser-5WTypical data: 1000fps ; 1/2000-1/5000sSpatial resolution for flame front displacement: 0.5mmSpatial resolution for velocity vectors: 21vectors/45mm=1vector/2mm
Lean & Rich flames
Premixed propane-air =0.7 ; 1.3
Symmetric flame
Non-Symmetric flame
Pla
ne w
all
Inclin
ed
wall
Forc
ed
/Natu
ral
dis
turb
an
ces
Cases Studied
Mixture preparation
x (mm)
y(m
m)
20 40 60 80
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
vort: -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 -0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02
Frame 001 04 Aug 2004 Frame 001 04 Aug 2004
x (mm)
y(m
m)
20 40 60 80
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Frame 001 04 Aug 2004 Frame 001 04 Aug 2004
x (mm)
y(m
m)
20 40 60 80
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Frame 001 04 Aug 2004 Frame 001 04 Aug 2004
x (mm)
y(m
m)
20 40 60 80
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Frame 001 04 Aug 2004 Frame 001 04 Aug 2004
0 14 19 t [s]
Clockwise vortex
Counter-Clockwise
vortex V U 0.05 m/sV U 0.05 m/s
“Low turbulence” field
V U 0.0050.005 m/s
30
Data post-processing
wall
n
UW
Sd
PIV
burned
unburned
FlameFront
wall
n
UW
Sd
PIV
burned
unburned
FlameFront
(PIV)
1 m/s
1mm
Software – Main
Selection of images
Framerate
Scale factor
Selection of region
Determination of flamefront and displacement velocities
Determination of flow velocities
Crossing results
Plotting
Export and closeSave continue to another
Software - MatPIVSelection of images (predefined in main)
Filtering procedures
Masking
Determination of scale factor (perdefined in main)
PIV conditions
Software – flamefront calculation
Images / preview of determined flamefrons
Filtering procedures
Reflex reduction
h/D
r/D
WallWall
-0.36
0.6
0.31
h/D
r/D
WallWall
-0.36
0.6
0.31
h/D
WallWall
0.36
0.6
0.31
h/D
r/D
WallWall
0.6
Plane-wall / Symmetric Flame “undisturbed flame”
Wallf = 0,7
Plane-wall / Symmetric Flame
A typical result for a disturbed rich A typical result for a disturbed rich flame
WallWall
0.6
WallWall
r/D0.36 0.31
h/D
r/D
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4r/D
h/D
Plane-wall / Symmetric FlameUnburned gas velocity, PIVUnburned gas velocity, PIV
r/D
h/D
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28
Frame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
14 ms
r/Dh
/D
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28
Frame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
24 ms
r/Dh
/D
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28
Frame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
24 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28
Frame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
34 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28
Frame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
34 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28
Frame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
44 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28
Frame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
44 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28
Frame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
54 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28
Frame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
54 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28
Frame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
64 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28
Frame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
64 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28
Frame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 11 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
Plane-wall / Symmetric Flame K, KK, Kcc, K, Kss and S and Sdd along a along a flame frontflame front
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
r/D
h/D
-16000
-14000
-12000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
k [
s-1
]
Flame front
K
24 ms
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
r/D
h/D
-16000
-14000
-12000
-10000
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
k [
s-1
]
Flame front
Ks
Kc
Plane-wall / Symmetric Flame K, Kc, Ks and Sd along a flame front
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
r/D
h/D
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
k [
s-1
]
Flame front
Sd
Plane-wall / Non-Symmetric Flame
A typical result for a lean flame with a “non-symmetric” perturbation
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
r/D
h/D
h/D
0.5
0
-0.19 0.310 r/D
WallWall
h/D
0.5
0
-0.19 0.310 r/D
WallWall
Plane-wall / Non-Symmetric Flame
Frame 001 20 Jan 2005 Jacto | JactoFrame 001 20 Jan 2005 Jacto | Jacto
Unburned gas velocity, PIVUnburned gas velocity, PIV
r/D
h/D
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.4 0.48 0.56
Frame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
8 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.4 0.48 0.56
Frame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
8 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.4 0.48 0.56
Frame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
18 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.4 0.48 0.56
Frame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
18 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.4 0.48 0.56
Frame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
26 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.4 0.48 0.56
Frame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
26 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.4 0.48 0.56
Frame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
36 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.4 0.48 0.56
Frame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
36 ms
r/D
h/D
-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
| V |: 0 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.32 0.4 0.48 0.56
Frame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | JactoFrame 001 13 Jul 2005 Jacto | Jacto | Jacto | Jacto
Plane-wall / Non-Symmetric Flame
Plane-wall / Non-Symmetric Flame
K, KK, Kcc, K, Kss and S and Sdd along a along a flame front
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3r/D
h/D
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
K [
s-1
]
Flame front
K
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3r/D
h/D
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
K [
s-1
]
Flame front
Ks
Kc
Plane-wall / Non-Symmetric Flame
Sd along a flame front
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3r/D
h/D
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Sd [
ms-1
]
Flame front
Sd
Flow topology-Plane wall
Stagnation points
wall
flame
U
wall
-modulus of k and Sd decreases as the flame approaches the wall- Kc >> Ks-Flame survives after passing the critical “quenching” distance of about 1mm-The propagation of a symmetric flame generates lower U velocity, close to the wall, when compared withasymmetric flame propagation
This SP moves upwards toward the wall,during flame propagation
wall wall
Inclined-wall / Non-Symmetric Flame
A typical result for a lean flame with a “non-symmetric” perturbation
Inclined-wall / Non-Symmetric Flame
Flame front detection and flame front displacement velocity (W)
Wal
l
Inclined-wall / Non-Symmetric Flame a) 0ms b) 10ms
c) 16ms d) 20ms
|V|wall
e) 29ms f) 32ms
Stagnation points
Stagnation points
Stagnation point
Flamefront
a) 0ms b) 10ms
c) 16ms d) 20ms
|V|wall
e) 29ms f) 32ms
Stagnation points
Stagnation points
Stagnation point
Flamefront
Inclined-wall / Non-Symmetric Flame
K, KK, Kcc, K, Kss and S and Sdd along a along a flame frontflame front
Sd v.s. K
KLCSS ald
-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000K(1/s)
0.01
0.1
1
10
Sd
(m/s
)
R ich flame
Sd = -9.007651558E-005 * k + 0.2872359482 R-squared = 0.606857
-20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000K(1/s)
0.01
0.1
1
10
Sd
(m/s
)
Lean Flame
Sd = -5.889812277E-005 * k + 0.3782254965R-squared = 0.525042
n
UW
Sd
Sd v.s. K
Lean (0.7)
Rich (1.4)
Data presentation
Flame speed variation
Lean (0.7)
Rich (1.4)
Stretch DistributionLean Rich
d) 20ms
Stagnation points
d) 20ms
Stagnation points
Flamefront orientation
Lean Rich
02 0lim mmd
wall nwall nflame
d wallwall wallwall
Resume
wall
flame
U
wall
This SP moves upwards toward the wall,during flame propagation
wall wall
wallwall wallwall
Ks
Kc
constSd