IMPROVING CANCER ARE THROUGH CLINICAL TRIALS
Transcript of IMPROVING CANCER ARE THROUGH CLINICAL TRIALS
IMPROVING CANCER CARE
THROUGH CLINICAL TRIALSJessica Rhee, MD
Medical Director, Clinical Trials Office
Overview
• Definitions/terms
• Clinical trials basics
• Importance of clinical trials
• Role of UH Cancer Center
• Dispelling myths
• High impact trials
Definition by NIH: Clinical Trial
Research study that prospectively assigns human subjects to interventions to evaluate the effects of those interventions on health-related biomedical or behavioral outcomes
Definition: Intervention
Manipulation of subject or subject’s environment for purpose of modifying one or more health-related biomedical or behavioral processes and/or endpoints
Intervention: Examples
• Drugs/compounds
• Devices (prosthesis)
• Procedures (surgical techniques)
• Health delivery systems (telemedicine)
• Strategies to change health-related behavior (diet, cognitive therapy, exercise)
• Other strategies: treatment, prevention, diagnosis
Key Stakeholders for Clinical Trials
• Patients → families, caretakers, support system
• Community healthcare providers
• Hospitals/healthcare systems
• Insurers
• Government agencies
• Academic Cancer Centers
Types of Cancer Clinical Trials
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Screening
• Supportive Care
• Correlative (laboratory science)
• Healthcare Delivery
• Diagnostic
• Quality of Life
Treatment Trials
• Safe dose of new treatment?
• How should new treatment be given?
• Does new treatment prolong life?
• Improve quality of life?
• New treatment’s side effects?
• Prevent cancer from spreading or returning?
Funding of Clinical Trials
• National Institutes of Health (NIH) – largest federal funder of clinical trials in U.S. ($3 billion/yr)
• Department of Defense
• Department of Veterans Affairs
• Private industry: – Pharmaceutical/biotech companies
– Medical institutions
– Private foundations
Phases of Cancer Clinical Trials
(15-30) (<100) (100 tothousands)
* *
* FDA-approval
How Do Cancer Clinical Trials Work?
• Participants assigned to specific study group
• Level of medical attention and care same regardless of study group assigned
Study population
Standard Treatment
+Placebo
Standard Treatment
+Investigational
drug
Assess responseAssess response
Compare responses
Use of Placebos
• Product designed to look like the investigational agent being tested, but is not active
• Rarely used in cancer treatment clinical trials:
– no standard treatment
– comparing standard treatment plus a placebo vs. standard treatment plus new treatment
• Helps prevent bias in research
• Participants always told if study uses placebo
• Process of assigning participants to different study groups by chance alone → prevent bias
• Some phase 2 trials
• All phase 3 trials
Who Can Participate?• Guidelines for participation
• Inclusion criteria → factors that allow volunteers to participate
• Exclusion criteria → factors that disallow volunteers from participating
• Examples: age, gender, type/stage of disease, prior treatments, other medical conditions
• Reason for criteria• Identify appropriate participants
• Promote participants' safety
• Ensure researchers learn the information they need
Patient Safety
• Federal laws ensure safety and ethics
• Protected by:
– Informed consent process
– Review and approval by scientific experts and institutional review board (IRB)
– Ongoing monitoring of trial
Rights of Participants
• Told purpose of clinical trial
• Told all potential risks, side effects, discomforts
• Told any benefits reasonably expected
• Told what will happen; whether any interventions are different from standard medical care
• Told all options available
Rights of Participants• Allowed to ask questions any time
• Allowed ample time, without pressure, to make decision to participate
• Can refuse to participate, for any reason, before and after the trial has started
• Receive signed copy of informed consent form
• Told of any treatments available if complications occur during the trial
Good Clinical Practice (GCP)
• Principle put in place to help assure the safety, integrity, and quality of clinical trials
• Constitutes international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting clinical trials
• 1/1/17 →GCP training required of all NIH-funded clinical investigators and clinical trial staff
Informed Consent
• Process to help volunteers decide whether or not to participate in a clinical trial
• Every volunteer has the right to know and understand what will happen during the clinical trial
Research Team
• Principal investigator
• Research nurse
• Clinical research associate
• Data specialist
• Treating physician and nurse
Clinical Trial Participation Costs
• Routine care costs: charges for treatment even if not enrolled on clinical trial
– doctor visits
– hospital stays
– laboratory/imaging tests
– standard treatments
Clinical Trial Participation Costs
• Research costs: related to taking part in clinical trial
– investigational drug
– extra doctor visits
– tests performed solely for research purposes
Clinical Trial Participation Costs
• 2014: ACA requires all health insurers to pay for routine care for people participating in approved, federally funded clinical studies for cancer and other life-threatening diseases (excludes Medicaid)
Importance of Clinical Trials
• Research brings hope for cures →key to making progress against cancer
• Today’s treatments were clinical trials 5-10 years ago
• Today’s clinical trials may be standard treatments in 5-10 years
Benefits of Clinical Trials• Access to new and novel treatments
and approaches
• Contribute to cancer research
• Highest quality of care
– Increased oversight
– Standardized, scientifically reviewed treatments
– Mandatory quality assurance
Cancer Clinical Trials Statistics
• Children → 70-75% of kids with cancer enroll onto clinical trial
• Adults → ~3% of adults with cancer enroll onto clinical trial for treatment
• Reasons:
– Lack of knowledge/education
– Concerns about effectiveness
– Concerns about cost
Clinical Trials Lack Ethnic Diversity
• 80-95% clinical trials participants Caucasian
• Under-representation of racial/ethnic minorities
• Reduces generalizability of research findings
Hawaiʻi population
NCCN Guidelines• National Comprehensive Cancer Network
• Recommendations/algorithms: prevention, diagnosis, management of cancer
”Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.”
UH Cancer Center
• 70 NCI-Designated Cancer Centers• Forefront of NCI-supported efforts• Scientific leadership, resources,
depth/breadth research• Significant impact → improve
cancer care and quality of life• Infrastructure, coordination,
scientific/quality oversight• Disease-focused specialists
HI
UHCC Public Education Campaign
Dispelling Myths
Myth: only for advanced cancer when no other
treatments available
Fact: all stages of cancer, prevention, diagnosis
Myth: Participants treated like guinea pigs
Fact: • Many measures to protect participants
• Scientific oversight (IRB, FDA)
• Strict guidelines ensure ethical treatment
• Patient Rights: informed consent, right to withdraw anytime
• Participant surveys: respectful treatment; care exceeded expectations; participate again; recommend to others
Myth: Clinical trials are dangerous because they use new medicines and practices
Fact: • Clinical trials designed for research so some level of
risk
• Investigational drugs go thru rigorous testing and scientific evidence for safety/efficacy in humans
• Participants monitored closely for adverse effects
Myth: Participation provides no benefit to me
Fact: Access to latest treatments/procedures;
outcomes at least as good, if not better, than standard care
• Myth: I can’t drop out of study without
jeopardizing quality of my treatment
• Fact: May quit anytime for any reason; same high
quality care and monitoring continues
• Myth: If there is a clinical trial that might help
me, my doctor will tell me about it
• Fact: – Doctor may not know about all available clinical trials that
might benefit you
– Clinical trials may not be priority for doctor
– Doctor might have bias against clinical trials
High-impact national trials available locally through UH Cancer Center
June 3, 2018DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1804710
Herceptin story
Take Home Message
• Best treatment option for cancer patients is a clinical trial
• Clinical trial participants receive highest level of care
• Most adult cancer patients do not enroll due to multitude of barriers at all levels – most can be overcome
• Clinical trials benefit participants, society, science
There is no CURE without U
Questions?