Important websites - City University of New York
Transcript of Important websites - City University of New York
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Important websites:Course website: Notes, written and reading assignments, etc.
zdaugherty.ccnysites.cuny.edu/teaching/m201f18/My Math Lab (MML): Online assignments.
www.pearson.com/mylab(See main course website for instructions.)
Upcoming deadlines:Due Sunday 9/2
∗ From MML: Orientation AssignmentDue Tuesday 9/4
∗ From MML: Section 1.1, Section 1.2∗ From course website: Homework 0 email
Due Thursday 9/6∗ From MML: Section 1.3, Section 1.5∗ From course website: summaries
First quiz: In class, Tuesday 9/4.
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Trigonometric functions, step one: similar triangles
θa
b
c
θC
B
A
Two similar triangles have the same setof angles, and have the properties that
A
B=a
b,
B
C=b
c, and
A
C=a
c.
Define
cos(θ) =b
cand sin(θ) =
a
c.
Then let
tan(θ) =sin(θ)
cos(θ)=a
b, csc(θ) =
1
sin(θ)=c
a,
sec(θ) =1
cos(θ)=c
b, cot(θ) =
1
tan(θ)=b
a.
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Trigonometric functions, step one: similar triangles
θa
b
c
θC
B
A
Two similar triangles have the same setof angles, and have the properties that
A
B=a
b,
B
C=b
c, and
A
C=a
c.
Define
cos(θ) =b
cand sin(θ) =
a
c.
Then let
tan(θ) =sin(θ)
cos(θ)=a
b, csc(θ) =
1
sin(θ)=c
a,
sec(θ) =1
cos(θ)=c
b, cot(θ) =
1
tan(θ)=b
a.
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Trigonometric functions, step one: similar triangles
θa
b
c
θC
B
A
Two similar triangles have the same setof angles, and have the properties that
A
B=a
b,
B
C=b
c, and
A
C=a
c.
Define
cos(θ) =b
cand sin(θ) =
a
c.
Then let
tan(θ) =sin(θ)
cos(θ)=a
b, csc(θ) =
1
sin(θ)=c
a,
sec(θ) =1
cos(θ)=c
b, cot(θ) =
1
tan(θ)=b
a.
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Easy angles:
isosceles right triangle: equilateral triangle cut in half:
√2
1
1
π/4
1
1/2
1
π/3
π/6
h
h =√1− (1/2)2 =
√3/2
cos(θ) sin(θ) tan(θ) sec(θ) csc(θ) cot(θ)
π/4
1√2
1√2
1√2
√2 1
π/3
1
2
√3
2
√3 2
2√3
1√3
π/6
√3
2
1
2
1√3
2√3
2√3
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Easy angles:
isosceles right triangle: equilateral triangle cut in half:
√2
1
1
π/4
1
1/2
1
π/3
π/6
h
h =√1− (1/2)2 =
√3/2
cos(θ) sin(θ) tan(θ) sec(θ) csc(θ) cot(θ)
π/41√2
1√2
1√2
√2 1
π/31
2
√3
2
√3 2
2√3
1√3
π/6
√3
2
1
2
1√3
2√3
2√3
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Step two: the unit circle
-1 1
-1
1
θ
(x , y)For 0 < θ < π
2 ...
cos(θ) =x
1= x
sin(θ) =y
1= y
Use this idea to extend trig functions to any θ...
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Step two: the unit circle
-1 1
-1
1
θ
(x , y)
y
x
1
For 0 < θ < π2 ...
cos(θ) =x
1= x
sin(θ) =y
1= y
Use this idea to extend trig functions to any θ...
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Step two: the unit circle
-1 1
-1
1
θ
(x , y)
y
x
1
For 0 < θ < π2 ...
cos(θ) =x
1= x
sin(θ) =y
1= y
Use this idea to extend trig functions to any θ...
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Definecos(θ) = x sin(θ) = y,
where θ is defined by...
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π all θ ≥ 0 θ < 0
-1 1
-1
1
θ
(x , y)
-1 1
-1
1
θ
(x , y)
-1 1
-1
1
θ
(x , y)
Sidebar: In calculus, radians are king. Where do they come from?Circumference of a unit circle: 2π
Arclength of a wedge with angle θ:θ
360◦ ∗ 2π (if in degrees) or θ2π ∗ 2π = θ (if in radians)
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Definecos(θ) = x sin(θ) = y,
where θ is defined by...
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π all θ ≥ 0 θ < 0
-1 1
-1
1
θ
(x , y)
-1 1
-1
1
θ
(x , y)
-1 1
-1
1
θ
(x , y)
Sidebar: In calculus, radians are king. Where do they come from?Circumference of a unit circle: 2π
Arclength of a wedge with angle θ:θ
360◦ ∗ 2π (if in degrees) or θ2π ∗ 2π = θ (if in radians)
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Reading off of the unit circle
-1 1
-1
1
cos(π − θ) = − cos(θ) sin(π − θ) = sin(θ)
cos(−θ) = cos(θ) sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
cos(2πn+ θ) = cos(θ) sin(2πn+ θ) = sin(θ)
x2 + y2 = 1 =⇒ cos2(θ) + sin2(θ) = 1
0 π2 π 3π
2π6
π4
π3
cos(θ)
1 0 −1 0√32
1√2
12
sin(θ)
0 1 0 −1 12
1√2
√32
2π3
3π4
5π6
7π6
5π4
4π3
5π3
7π4
11π6
cos(θ)
-12 - 1√2
-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
12
1√2
√32
sin(θ)
√32
1√2
12 -12 - 1√
2-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
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Reading off of the unit circle
-1 1
-1
1 π/2
π
3π/2
0
cos(π − θ) = − cos(θ) sin(π − θ) = sin(θ)
cos(−θ) = cos(θ) sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
cos(2πn+ θ) = cos(θ) sin(2πn+ θ) = sin(θ)
x2 + y2 = 1 =⇒ cos2(θ) + sin2(θ) = 1
0 π2 π 3π
2π6
π4
π3
cos(θ) 1 0 −1 0
√32
1√2
12
sin(θ) 0 1 0 −1
12
1√2
√32
2π3
3π4
5π6
7π6
5π4
4π3
5π3
7π4
11π6
cos(θ)
-12 - 1√2
-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
12
1√2
√32
sin(θ)
√32
1√2
12 -12 - 1√
2-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
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Reading off of the unit circle
-1 1
-1
1
π/4
π/3
π/6
π/2
π
3π/2
0
cos(π − θ) = − cos(θ) sin(π − θ) = sin(θ)
cos(−θ) = cos(θ) sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
cos(2πn+ θ) = cos(θ) sin(2πn+ θ) = sin(θ)
x2 + y2 = 1 =⇒ cos2(θ) + sin2(θ) = 1
0 π2 π 3π
2π6
π4
π3
cos(θ) 1 0 −1 0√32
1√2
12
sin(θ) 0 1 0 −1 12
1√2
√32
2π3
3π4
5π6
7π6
5π4
4π3
5π3
7π4
11π6
cos(θ)
-12 - 1√2
-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
12
1√2
√32
sin(θ)
√32
1√2
12 -12 - 1√
2-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
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Reading off of the unit circle
-1 1
-1
1
π/4
π/3
π/6
π/2
π
3π/2
0θθ
cos(π − θ) = − cos(θ) sin(π − θ) = sin(θ)
cos(−θ) = cos(θ) sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
cos(2πn+ θ) = cos(θ) sin(2πn+ θ) = sin(θ)
x2 + y2 = 1 =⇒ cos2(θ) + sin2(θ) = 1
0 π2 π 3π
2π6
π4
π3
cos(θ) 1 0 −1 0√32
1√2
12
sin(θ) 0 1 0 −1 12
1√2
√32
2π3
3π4
5π6
7π6
5π4
4π3
5π3
7π4
11π6
cos(θ)
-12 - 1√2
-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
12
1√2
√32
sin(θ)
√32
1√2
12 -12 - 1√
2-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
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Reading off of the unit circle
-1 1
-1
1
π/4
π/3
π/6
π/2
π
3π/2
0θθ
5π/6
3π/42π/3
cos(π − θ) = − cos(θ) sin(π − θ) = sin(θ)
cos(−θ) = cos(θ) sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
cos(2πn+ θ) = cos(θ) sin(2πn+ θ) = sin(θ)
x2 + y2 = 1 =⇒ cos2(θ) + sin2(θ) = 1
0 π2 π 3π
2π6
π4
π3
cos(θ) 1 0 −1 0√32
1√2
12
sin(θ) 0 1 0 −1 12
1√2
√32
2π3
3π4
5π6
7π6
5π4
4π3
5π3
7π4
11π6
cos(θ) -12 - 1√2
-√32
-√32 - 1√
2-12
12
1√2
√32
sin(θ)√32
1√2
12
-12 - 1√2
-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
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Reading off of the unit circle
-1 1
-1
1
π/4
π/3
π/6
π/2
π
3π/2
0θ-θ
5π/6
3π/42π/3
cos(π − θ) = − cos(θ) sin(π − θ) = sin(θ)
cos(−θ) = cos(θ) sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
cos(2πn+ θ) = cos(θ) sin(2πn+ θ) = sin(θ)
x2 + y2 = 1 =⇒ cos2(θ) + sin2(θ) = 1
0 π2 π 3π
2π6
π4
π3
cos(θ) 1 0 −1 0√32
1√2
12
sin(θ) 0 1 0 −1 12
1√2
√32
2π3
3π4
5π6
7π6
5π4
4π3
5π3
7π4
11π6
cos(θ) -12 - 1√2
-√32
-√32 - 1√
2-12
12
1√2
√32
sin(θ)√32
1√2
12
-12 - 1√2
-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
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Reading off of the unit circle
-1 1
-1
1
π/4
π/3
π/6
π/2
π
3π/2
0θ-θ
5π/6
3π/42π/3
7π/6
5π/44π/3
5π/3
11π/67π/4
cos(π − θ) = − cos(θ) sin(π − θ) = sin(θ)
cos(−θ) = cos(θ) sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
cos(2πn+ θ) = cos(θ) sin(2πn+ θ) = sin(θ)
x2 + y2 = 1 =⇒ cos2(θ) + sin2(θ) = 1
0 π2 π 3π
2π6
π4
π3
cos(θ) 1 0 −1 0√32
1√2
12
sin(θ) 0 1 0 −1 12
1√2
√32
2π3
3π4
5π6
7π6
5π4
4π3
5π3
7π4
11π6
cos(θ) -12 - 1√2
-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
12
1√2
√32
sin(θ)√32
1√2
12 -12 - 1√
2-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
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Reading off of the unit circle
-1 1
-1
1
π/4
π/3
π/6
π/2
π
3π/2
0
5π/6
3π/42π/3
7π/6
5π/44π/3
5π/3
11π/67π/4
cos(π − θ) = − cos(θ) sin(π − θ) = sin(θ)
cos(−θ) = cos(θ) sin(−θ) = − sin(θ)
cos(2πn+ θ) = cos(θ) sin(2πn+ θ) = sin(θ)
x2 + y2 = 1 =⇒ cos2(θ) + sin2(θ) = 1
0 π2 π 3π
2π6
π4
π3
cos(θ) 1 0 −1 0√32
1√2
12
sin(θ) 0 1 0 −1 12
1√2
√32
2π3
3π4
5π6
7π6
5π4
4π3
5π3
7π4
11π6
cos(θ) -12 - 1√2
-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
12
1√2
√32
sin(θ)√32
1√2
12 -12 - 1√
2-√32 -
√32 - 1√
2-12
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Plotting on the θ-y axis
Graph of y = cos(θ):
-1
1
π
2π
-π
-2π
A = Amplitude = 12 length of the range = 1
T=Period = time to repeat = 2π
Graph of y = sin(θ):
-1
1
π
2π
-π
-2π
A=Amplitude = 12 length of the range = 1
T=Period = time to repeat = 2π
You try: Transform the graph of sin(θ) into the graph of2 sin(12θ + π/6)− 1, one step at a time. (See notes)What is the amplitude of 2 sin
(12θ +
π6
)− 1? What is the period?
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Plotting on the θ-y axis
Graph of y = cos(θ):
-1
1
π
2π
-π
-2π
A = Amplitude = 12 length of the range = 1
T=Period = time to repeat = 2π
Graph of y = sin(θ):
-1
1
π
2π
-π
-2π
A=Amplitude = 12 length of the range = 1
T=Period = time to repeat = 2π
You try: Transform the graph of sin(θ) into the graph of2 sin(12θ + π/6)− 1, one step at a time. (See notes)What is the amplitude of 2 sin
(12θ +
π6
)− 1? What is the period?
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Plotting on the θ-y axis
Graph of y = cos(θ):
-1
1
π
2π
-π
-2π
A
A = Amplitude = 12 length of the range = 1
T=Period = time to repeat = 2π
Graph of y = sin(θ):
-1
1
π
2π
-π
-2π
A
A=Amplitude = 12 length of the range = 1
T=Period = time to repeat = 2π
You try: Transform the graph of sin(θ) into the graph of2 sin(12θ + π/6)− 1, one step at a time. (See notes)What is the amplitude of 2 sin
(12θ +
π6
)− 1? What is the period?
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Plotting on the θ-y axis
Graph of y = cos(θ):
-1
1
π
2π
-π
-2πT
A = Amplitude = 12 length of the range = 1
T=Period = time to repeat = 2π
Graph of y = sin(θ):
-1
1
π
2π
-π
-2πT
A=Amplitude = 12 length of the range = 1
T=Period = time to repeat = 2π
You try: Transform the graph of sin(θ) into the graph of2 sin(12θ + π/6)− 1, one step at a time. (See notes)What is the amplitude of 2 sin
(12θ +
π6
)− 1? What is the period?
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Plotting on the θ-y axis
Graph of y = cos(θ):
-1
1
π
2π
-π
-2πT
A = Amplitude = 12 length of the range = 1
T=Period = time to repeat = 2π
Graph of y = sin(θ):
-1
1
π
2π
-π
-2πT
A=Amplitude = 12 length of the range = 1
T=Period = time to repeat = 2π
You try: Transform the graph of sin(θ) into the graph of2 sin(12θ + π/6)− 1, one step at a time. (See notes)What is the amplitude of 2 sin
(12θ +
π6
)− 1? What is the period?
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Trig identities to know and love:
Even/odd:
cos(−θ) = cos(θ) (even) sin(−θ) = − sin(θ) (odd)
Pythagorean identity:
cos2(θ) + sin2(θ) = 1
Angle addition:
cos(θ + φ) = cos(θ) cos(φ)− sin(θ) sin(φ)
sin(θ + φ) = sin(θ) cos(φ) + cos(θ) sin(φ)
(in particular cos(2θ) = cos2(θ)− sin2(θ) and sin(2θ) = 2 sin(θ) cos(θ))
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Other trig functions
y = cos(θ) y = sin(θ)
-2
-1
1
2
π-π
-2
-1
1
2
π-π
sec(θ) = 1/ cos(θ) csc(θ) = 1/ sin(θ)
-2
-1
1
2
π-π
-2
-1
1
2
π-π
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Other trig functions
y = cos(θ) y = sin(θ)
-2
-1
1
2
π-π
-2
-1
1
2
π-π
tan(θ) = sin(θ)/ cos(θ) cot(θ) = cos(θ)/ sin(θ)
-2
-1
1
2
π-π
-2
-1
1
2
π-π
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Exponential functions
The basics: Let n and m be positive integers, and a be a real number.
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
(MML: a∧n)
Examples:
25 = 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 225 ∗ 23 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 28
(23)5 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 215
235
= 2243 >> (23)5
= 215
23 ∗ 53 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (5 ∗ 5 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5)3
Some identities:an ∗ am = an+m (an)m = an∗m
(Notice: amn
means a(mn), since (am)
ncan be written another way)
an ∗ bn = (a ∗ b)n
![Page 29: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Exponential functions
The basics: Let n and m be positive integers, and a be a real number.
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
(MML: a∧n)
Examples:
25 = 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2
25 ∗ 23 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 28
(23)5 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 215
235
= 2243 >> (23)5
= 215
23 ∗ 53 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (5 ∗ 5 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5)3
Some identities:an ∗ am = an+m (an)m = an∗m
(Notice: amn
means a(mn), since (am)
ncan be written another way)
an ∗ bn = (a ∗ b)n
![Page 30: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Exponential functions
The basics: Let n and m be positive integers, and a be a real number.
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
(MML: a∧n)
Examples:
25 = 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 225 ∗ 23 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 28
(23)5 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 215
235
= 2243 >> (23)5
= 215
23 ∗ 53 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (5 ∗ 5 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5)3
Some identities:an ∗ am = an+m (an)m = an∗m
(Notice: amn
means a(mn), since (am)
ncan be written another way)
an ∗ bn = (a ∗ b)n
![Page 31: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Exponential functions
The basics: Let n and m be positive integers, and a be a real number.
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
(MML: a∧n)
Examples:
25 = 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 225 ∗ 23 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 28
(23)5 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 215
235
= 2243 >> (23)5
= 215
23 ∗ 53 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (5 ∗ 5 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5)3
Some identities:an ∗ am = an+m
(an)m = an∗m
(Notice: amn
means a(mn), since (am)
ncan be written another way)
an ∗ bn = (a ∗ b)n
![Page 32: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Exponential functions
The basics: Let n and m be positive integers, and a be a real number.
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
(MML: a∧n)
Examples:
25 = 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 225 ∗ 23 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 28
(23)5 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 215
235
= 2243 >> (23)5
= 215
23 ∗ 53 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (5 ∗ 5 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5)3
Some identities:an ∗ am = an+m
(an)m = an∗m
(Notice: amn
means a(mn), since (am)
ncan be written another way)
an ∗ bn = (a ∗ b)n
![Page 33: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Exponential functions
The basics: Let n and m be positive integers, and a be a real number.
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
(MML: a∧n)
Examples:
25 = 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 225 ∗ 23 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 28
(23)5 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 215
235
= 2243 >> (23)5
= 215
23 ∗ 53 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (5 ∗ 5 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5)3
Some identities:an ∗ am = an+m (an)m = an∗m
(Notice: amn
means a(mn), since (am)
ncan be written another way)
an ∗ bn = (a ∗ b)n
![Page 34: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Exponential functions
The basics: Let n and m be positive integers, and a be a real number.
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
(MML: a∧n)
Examples:
25 = 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 225 ∗ 23 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 28
(23)5 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 215
235
= 2243 >> (23)5
= 215
23 ∗ 53 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (5 ∗ 5 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5)3
Some identities:an ∗ am = an+m (an)m = an∗m
(Notice: amn
means a(mn), since (am)
ncan be written another way)
an ∗ bn = (a ∗ b)n
![Page 35: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Exponential functions
The basics: Let n and m be positive integers, and a be a real number.
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
(MML: a∧n)
Examples:
25 = 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 225 ∗ 23 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 28
(23)5 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) = 215
235
= 2243 >> (23)5
= 215
23 ∗ 53 = (2 ∗ 2 ∗ 2) ∗ (5 ∗ 5 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) ∗ (2 ∗ 5) = (2 ∗ 5)3
Some identities:an ∗ am = an+m (an)m = an∗m
(Notice: amn
means a(mn), since (am)
ncan be written another way)
an ∗ bn = (a ∗ b)n
![Page 36: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Pushing it further...
Take for granted: If n and m are positive integers,
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
, an ∗ am = an+m, (an)m = an∗m.
Notice:
1. What is a0?an = an+0 = an ∗ a0
, so a0 = 1 .
2. What is ax if x is negative?
an ∗ a−n = an−n = a0 = 1
, so a−n = 1/(an) .
3. What is ax if x is a fraction?
(an)1/n = an∗1n = a1 = a
, so a1/n = n√a
and am/n = n√am = ( n
√a)m
.
Example: 85/3 =(
3√8)5
= 25 = 32 or 85/3 =3√85 = 3
√32,768 = 32
![Page 37: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Pushing it further...
Take for granted: If n and m are positive integers,
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
, an ∗ am = an+m, (an)m = an∗m.
Notice:
1. What is a0?an = an+0 = an ∗ a0
, so a0 = 1 .
2. What is ax if x is negative?
an ∗ a−n = an−n = a0 = 1
, so a−n = 1/(an) .
3. What is ax if x is a fraction?
(an)1/n = an∗1n = a1 = a
, so a1/n = n√a
and am/n = n√am = ( n
√a)m
.
Example: 85/3 =(
3√8)5
= 25 = 32 or 85/3 =3√85 = 3
√32,768 = 32
![Page 38: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Pushing it further...
Take for granted: If n and m are positive integers,
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
, an ∗ am = an+m, (an)m = an∗m.
Notice:
1. What is a0?an = an+0 = an ∗ a0, so a0 = 1 .
2. What is ax if x is negative?
an ∗ a−n = an−n = a0 = 1
, so a−n = 1/(an) .
3. What is ax if x is a fraction?
(an)1/n = an∗1n = a1 = a
, so a1/n = n√a
and am/n = n√am = ( n
√a)m
.
Example: 85/3 =(
3√8)5
= 25 = 32 or 85/3 =3√85 = 3
√32,768 = 32
![Page 39: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Pushing it further...
Take for granted: If n and m are positive integers,
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
, an ∗ am = an+m, (an)m = an∗m.
Notice:
1. What is a0?an = an+0 = an ∗ a0, so a0 = 1 .
2. What is ax if x is negative?
an ∗ a−n = an−n = a0 = 1
, so a−n = 1/(an) .
3. What is ax if x is a fraction?
(an)1/n = an∗1n = a1 = a
, so a1/n = n√a
and am/n = n√am = ( n
√a)m
.
Example: 85/3 =(
3√8)5
= 25 = 32 or 85/3 =3√85 = 3
√32,768 = 32
![Page 40: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Pushing it further...
Take for granted: If n and m are positive integers,
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
, an ∗ am = an+m, (an)m = an∗m.
Notice:
1. What is a0?an = an+0 = an ∗ a0, so a0 = 1 .
2. What is ax if x is negative?
an ∗ a−n = an−n = a0 = 1, so a−n = 1/(an) .
3. What is ax if x is a fraction?
(an)1/n = an∗1n = a1 = a
, so a1/n = n√a
and am/n = n√am = ( n
√a)m
.
Example: 85/3 =(
3√8)5
= 25 = 32 or 85/3 =3√85 = 3
√32,768 = 32
![Page 41: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Pushing it further...
Take for granted: If n and m are positive integers,
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
, an ∗ am = an+m, (an)m = an∗m.
Notice:
1. What is a0?an = an+0 = an ∗ a0, so a0 = 1 .
2. What is ax if x is negative?
an ∗ a−n = an−n = a0 = 1, so a−n = 1/(an) .
3. What is ax if x is a fraction?
(an)1/n = an∗1n = a1 = a
, so a1/n = n√a
and am/n = n√am = ( n
√a)m
.
Example: 85/3 =(
3√8)5
= 25 = 32 or 85/3 =3√85 = 3
√32,768 = 32
![Page 42: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Pushing it further...
Take for granted: If n and m are positive integers,
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
, an ∗ am = an+m, (an)m = an∗m.
Notice:
1. What is a0?an = an+0 = an ∗ a0, so a0 = 1 .
2. What is ax if x is negative?
an ∗ a−n = an−n = a0 = 1, so a−n = 1/(an) .
3. What is ax if x is a fraction?
(an)1/n = an∗1n = a1 = a, so a1/n = n
√a
and am/n = n√am = ( n
√a)m
.
Example: 85/3 =(
3√8)5
= 25 = 32 or 85/3 =3√85 = 3
√32,768 = 32
![Page 43: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Pushing it further...
Take for granted: If n and m are positive integers,
an = a · a · · · · · a︸ ︷︷ ︸n
, an ∗ am = an+m, (an)m = an∗m.
Notice:
1. What is a0?an = an+0 = an ∗ a0, so a0 = 1 .
2. What is ax if x is negative?
an ∗ a−n = an−n = a0 = 1, so a−n = 1/(an) .
3. What is ax if x is a fraction?
(an)1/n = an∗1n = a1 = a, so a1/n = n
√a
and am/n = n√am = ( n
√a)m
.
Example: 85/3 =(
3√8)5
= 25 = 32 or 85/3 =3√85 = 3
√32,768 = 32
![Page 44: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If a > 1:
(e.g. a = 2)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
2
4
6
8
x = 1, 2, 3, . . .
![Page 45: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If a > 1:
(e.g. a = 2)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
2
4
6
8
x = . . . ,−3,−2,−1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
![Page 46: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If a > 1:
(e.g. a = 2)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
2
4
6
8
x = . . . ,−3,−2,−1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
![Page 47: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If a > 1:
(e.g. a = 2)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
2
4
6
8
x = n/2, for n = 0,±1,±2,±3, . . .
![Page 48: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If a > 1:
(e.g. a = 2)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
2
4
6
8
x = n/2 and n/3, for n = 0,±1,±2,±3, . . .
![Page 49: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If a > 1:
(e.g. a = 2)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
2
4
6
8
x = n/2, n/3, . . . , n/15, for n = 0,±1,±2,±3, . . .
![Page 50: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If a > 1:
(e.g. a = 2)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
2
4
6
8
x = n/2, n/3, . . . , n/100, for n = 0,±1,±2,±3, . . .
![Page 51: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If a > 1:
(e.g. a = 2)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
2
4
6
8
y = ax
![Page 52: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If 0 < a < 1:
(e.g. a = 12)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
2
4
6
8
x = . . . ,−3,−2,−1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
![Page 53: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If 0 < a < 1:
(e.g. a = 12)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
2
4
6
8
x = . . . ,−3,−2,−1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
![Page 54: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If 0 < a < 1:
(e.g. a = 12)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
2
4
6
8
x = n/2, n/3, n/4, n/5, for n = 0,±1,±2,±3, . . .
![Page 55: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If 0 < a < 1:
(e.g. a = 12)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
2
4
6
8
x = n/2, n/3, . . . , n/100, for n = 0,±1,±2,±3, . . .
![Page 56: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If 0 < a < 1:
(e.g. a = 12)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
2
4
6
8
y = ax
![Page 57: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If 0 > a:
(e.g. a = −2)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x = . . . ,−3,−2,−1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
![Page 58: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If 0 > a:
(e.g. a = −2)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x = n/3, for n = 0,±1,±2,±3, . . .
![Page 59: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
What is ax for all x?
If 0 > a:
(e.g. a = −2)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x = n/3 and n/2, for n = 0,±1,±2,±3, . . .
![Page 60: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
What is ax for all x?If 0 > a:
(e.g. a = −2)
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x = n/2, n/3, . . . , n/100, for n = 0,±1,±2,±3, . . .OH NO!
![Page 61: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The function ax:
1 < a: 0 < a < 1:
11
D: (−∞,∞), R: (0,∞) D: (−∞,∞), R: (0,∞)
a = 1: a = 0:
1
D: (−∞,∞), R: {1} D: (0,∞), R: {0}
(If a < 0, then ax is not defined as a function on the real numbers.)
Properties:
ab ∗ ac = ab+c (ab)c = ab∗c a−x = 1/ax ac ∗ bc = (ab)c
![Page 62: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Our favorite exponential function:Look at how the function is increasing through the point (0, 1):
y = ax :
a=1.1
a=1.5
a=2a=3
a=10
Q: Is there an exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1?A: ex is the exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1.
(e = 2.71828183 . . . is to calculus as π = 3.14159265 . . . is to geometry)
Read: “Exponential growth and decay”, examples 3 and 4.
![Page 63: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Our favorite exponential function:Look at how the function is increasing through the point (0, 1):
y = ax :
a=1.1
Q: Is there an exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1?A: ex is the exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1.
(e = 2.71828183 . . . is to calculus as π = 3.14159265 . . . is to geometry)
Read: “Exponential growth and decay”, examples 3 and 4.
![Page 64: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Our favorite exponential function:Look at how the function is increasing through the point (0, 1):
y = ax :
a=1.5
Q: Is there an exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1?A: ex is the exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1.
(e = 2.71828183 . . . is to calculus as π = 3.14159265 . . . is to geometry)
Read: “Exponential growth and decay”, examples 3 and 4.
![Page 65: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Our favorite exponential function:Look at how the function is increasing through the point (0, 1):
y = ax :
a=2
Q: Is there an exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1?A: ex is the exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1.
(e = 2.71828183 . . . is to calculus as π = 3.14159265 . . . is to geometry)
Read: “Exponential growth and decay”, examples 3 and 4.
![Page 66: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Our favorite exponential function:Look at how the function is increasing through the point (0, 1):
y = ax :a=3
Q: Is there an exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1?A: ex is the exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1.
(e = 2.71828183 . . . is to calculus as π = 3.14159265 . . . is to geometry)
Read: “Exponential growth and decay”, examples 3 and 4.
![Page 67: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Our favorite exponential function:Look at how the function is increasing through the point (0, 1):
y = ax :
a=10
Q: Is there an exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1?A: ex is the exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1.
(e = 2.71828183 . . . is to calculus as π = 3.14159265 . . . is to geometry)
Read: “Exponential growth and decay”, examples 3 and 4.
![Page 68: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Our favorite exponential function:Look at how the function is increasing through the point (0, 1):
y = ax :
Q: Is there an exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1?
A: ex is the exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1.(e = 2.71828183 . . . is to calculus as π = 3.14159265 . . . is to geometry)
Read: “Exponential growth and decay”, examples 3 and 4.
![Page 69: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Our favorite exponential function:Look at how the function is increasing through the point (0, 1):
y = ax :
a=2
a=3
Q: Is there an exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1?
A: ex is the exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1.(e = 2.71828183 . . . is to calculus as π = 3.14159265 . . . is to geometry)
Read: “Exponential growth and decay”, examples 3 and 4.
![Page 70: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Our favorite exponential function:Look at how the function is increasing through the point (0, 1):
y = ax :
a=2.71828183...
Q: Is there an exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1?
A: ex is the exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1.(e = 2.71828183 . . . is to calculus as π = 3.14159265 . . . is to geometry)
Read: “Exponential growth and decay”, examples 3 and 4.
![Page 71: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Our favorite exponential function:Look at how the function is increasing through the point (0, 1):
y = ax :
e=2.71828183...
Q: Is there an exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1?A: ex is the exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1.
(e = 2.71828183 . . . is to calculus as π = 3.14159265 . . . is to geometry)
Read: “Exponential growth and decay”, examples 3 and 4.
![Page 72: Important websites - City University of New York](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011815/61d4f7ae6c3ec14af80f1436/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Our favorite exponential function:Look at how the function is increasing through the point (0, 1):
y = ax :
e=2.71828183...
Q: Is there an exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1?A: ex is the exponential function whose slope at (0,1) is 1.
(e = 2.71828183 . . . is to calculus as π = 3.14159265 . . . is to geometry)
Read: “Exponential growth and decay”, examples 3 and 4.