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![Page 1: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102906/56649cec5503460f949b8181/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because:
• Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. –determined by soil physical & chemical characteristics, amount of soil weathering
• Less weathered soils, root commonly found in the soil while in highly weathered soils rooting in soil is limited
• Soil chemical & physical characteristics control plant species dominance. Plants adapted to soil chemistry through roots.
• Symbionts and root grafting necessary for plants growing in soils with lower nutrient availabilities
• Treating ecosystems with a limiting nutrient may not increase total NPP, just shift allocation of C from belowground
• Land use legacies that alter soil nutrients can affect ecosystem recovery after a disturbance
• Natural disturbances are an important agent of increasing site nutrient availability
![Page 2: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102906/56649cec5503460f949b8181/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Detritus
Plants
Dissolved OM (eg, P, Si, Al)
Other crystalline & non-cryst Al-Silicate PO4
-3 exch sites
Imogolite paracrystalline Al-SilicatePO4
-3 exch sites/complex
Organic exch sites /complex
SOIL
Solution
Mineralization
Uptake
Mineralization
Decomposition
Uptake
LitterfallThe Links between Plants (Belowground) & Soils
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![Page 4: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102906/56649cec5503460f949b8181/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Temperate Coniferous Forest Soil
Tropical Forest Soil
•Roots / mycorrhizas found more than 30 meters deep
•Roots not just found in soils
•Old soils
•Soils low in Ca, K, N (except where N fixing trees for coffee)
•Roots / mycorrhizas found mainly in the soil
•Young soils
•Soil nutrient availabilities decrease with land-uses (i.e. acid precipitation)
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Root excavation for tracking disease in Washington (photo Bob Edmonds)
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http://www.hubbardbrook.org/research/gallery/soil/HB_115_Spodosol.jpg
Leached layers where nutrient availability is low
Layers that are impermeable to easy root penetration so restrict roots to surface horizons
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Pacific silver fir tip-over, Findley Lake, Washington
Root tip-over, Kenai, Alaska
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Canada – Root excavation
Root growth is extensive – can be 30 meters from base of the tree
Roots are growing to available nutrients
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http://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/rainforests-tropical/rhinohornbilldipterocarp.html
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Sparse palm trees spread across the savanna of Madagascar. Photograph by Maria Stenzelhttp://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/savannah/palmdottedsavannah.html
Greater rheas graze in the tall savannah grass of Brazil's Pantanal. Photograph by Joel Sartorehttp://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/savannah/rheasgraze.html
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http://travel.mongabay.com/malaysia/images/malaysia1016.html
http://travel.mongabay.com/indonesia/images/singapore5485.html
http://travel.mongabay.com/indonesia/images/singapore5456.html
OR roots do not remain in the soil
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Apogeous roots of Tabonuco climbing up a Sierra palm to acquire stem flow nutrients, Luquillo LTER, Puerto Rico
Roots in streams
Nodules of nitrogen fixing tree species (e.g. Inga spp.)
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Root - fungal mats accessing nutrients
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Tabonuco root mat (> 40 cm deep) on the surface of the forest floor, Luquillo LTER, Puerto Rico
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Root grafting between different species of plants and borrowing C, nutrients from other plants
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Root rot disease transmitted through root grafts – western hemlock (photo Bob Edmonds)
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10 year old Site Class II [HIGH SITE QUALITY] Douglas-fir, Washington (note person in photo)
Person
Tree height
10 year old Site Class IV [LOW SITE QUALITY] Douglas-fir, Washington (note person in photo)
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Douglas-fir(% of Total Annual Production)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Aboveground Belowgr > 2mm Belowgr < 2mm
ControlFertilized
30%
18%
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Nutrient Availability
Water Availability
Leaf Area
Root Area
Regulation point
What controls how much roots are produced?
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Oa
E
Bhs
OeOi
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Root appearance when not affected by high aluminum levels and properly functioning roots
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Roots dying from aluminum toxicity and no longer able to take up nutrients
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Image of roots taken in spruce forests in Germany where trees were dying from acid rain
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Abies amabilis, WA
01
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Oa E Bhs Litterfoliage
ForestFloor
Ca/Al ratio
Fine roots < 1mm diam
Ca/Al ratio -< 0.2 critical, mortality
10 parts Ca and 50 parts Al = 0.2 ratio
10 Ca, 1 Al
10 Ca, 11 Al10 Ca,
50 Al
10 Ca, 100 Al
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0
100
200
300400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Forest floor E Bhs
ppmx10MRT, yrs
Aluminum in Roots by HorizonMRT = mean residence time (yrs) of decaying roots
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0
510
1520
2530
3540
4550
A. amabilis T. mertensiana
foliagebolewoodroots <1 mm
Al accumulator- foliage 500-1,120; fine roots 1320 ppm
Not Al accumulator - foliage 110-260; fine roots 730 ppm
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Wet Nitrate Deposition (kg/ha) 1995-1998NADP/NTN Monitoring Data
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http://www.hubbardbrook.org/research/gallery/soil/HB_115_Spodosol.jpg
Spruce dominated stands with
co-associates fir, birch,
maple
SP
OD
OS
OL
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NY
aa
b
bb
bba
Between 1992-1998, BOLEWOOD GROWTH:N, Ca/N, Ca significantly increased in NY;N significantly increased in NH
a b b b
b b ba
a a
bb
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Control Calcium Ca + N Nitrogen
ANPP
(Mg
ha-1
yr-1
)
Wood
Foliage
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Control Calcium Ca + N Nitrogen
ANPP
(Mg
ha-1 y
r-1)
Wood
Foliage
ab b
b
b b ba
NY
a
b bb
a a
ab
b b
b b
bb
a a
NH
Between 1992-1998,FOLIAGE GROWTH:
N, Ca/N or Ca significantly increased in NY, NH
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ANPP - Tree Species compared to Controls (significant only)
Picea rubens (spruce)
Abies balsamea(fir)
Acer spp. (maple)
Betula spp. (birch)
New York – N saturation stage II
Ca
Ca + N
N
Vermont – N saturation stage I
Ca
New Hampshire – N saturation stage I
Ca
Ca + N
N
After 6 years treatment
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http://www.mnwetlands.umn.edu/tour/tour_images/vege1.jpg
Aerenchyma - secondary respiratory tissue or modified
periderm, found in many aquatic plants and
distinguished by the large intercellular spaces
Invasive plants without aerenchyma not persist in these environments with high rainfall
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http://luq.lternet.edu/research/projects/environmental_setting_description.html#Figure1
Forests almost
completely cleared in
early 1900s
Subtropical forests with
strong legacies of agriculture
i.e. fruit trees, N-
fixing trees used to
shade coffee plants
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Soil characteristicsSite Total Soil
N%
NO3--N
mg/kg/mo
El Verde 0.34 0.6
Bisley 3 0.29 1.6
Bisley 5 0.37 6.6
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Date
Ba
sal A
rea
In
cre
ase
(cm
2 )
0
20
40
60
80
100EVB3B5
Agriculture N legacy – coffee with N-fixing trees
Agriculture legacy – but no coffee with N-fixing trees,
had houses & farms because of royal palms
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Hurricane Georges hits Puerto Rico on September 21, 1998. Image by Dennis Chesters, Marit Jentoft-Nilsen, Craig Mayhew, and Hal Pierce, Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center from data derived from NOAA GOES-8 satellite. Image from "http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/rsd/images/Georges.html".
6 Hurricanes during ~ 10 yr study:
Sept 1989 – Hugo;early-mid Sept 1995 –
Luis & Marilyn;Jul 1996 – Bertha;Sept 1996 -Hortense;Sept 1998 - Georges
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Foliage decay < 6 months so pulse of nutrients available;
however, foliage area takes several years to
re-establish
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Date
Ba
sal a
rea
gro
wth
ra
te (
cm2 d
ay-1
)
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
Wood RemovalWood AdditionControl
Wood removal
Wood addition
Root growth increased with wood
addition
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http://luq.lternet.edu/data/lterdb09/data/CTE-photos/coqui10.JPG
1 m2 calling area for mates at night
Amount habitat increases significantly with hurricanes
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Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because:
• Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. –determined by soil physical & chemical characteristics, amount of soil weathering
• Less weathered soils, root commonly found in the soil while in highly weathered soils rooting in soil is limited
• Soil chemical & physical characteristics control plant species dominance. Plants adapted to soil chemistry through roots.
• Symbionts and root grafting necessary for plants growing in soils with lower nutrient availabilities
• Treating ecosystems with a limiting nutrient may not increase total NPP, just shift allocation of C from belowground
• Land use legacies that alter soil nutrients can affect ecosystem recovery after a disturbance
• Natural disturbances are an important agent of increasing site nutrient availability