1. Membrane Organization and the Plasma Membrane 1a. The lipid bilayer.
IMPORTANT POINTS & MORE IMPORTANT POINTS. CELL MEMBRANE IS ALSO THE: ◦ PLASMA MEMBRANE ◦ LIPID...
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Transcript of IMPORTANT POINTS & MORE IMPORTANT POINTS. CELL MEMBRANE IS ALSO THE: ◦ PLASMA MEMBRANE ◦ LIPID...
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BIOLOGY EOCTIMPORTANT POINTS & MORE IMPORTANT
POINTS
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OTHER NAMES FOR THE SAME TERM
CELL MEMBRANE IS ALSO THE:◦ PLASMA MEMBRANE◦ LIPID BILAYER◦ PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
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OTHER NAMES FOR THE SAME TERM
DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS ALSO THE RESPONDING VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS ALSO THE MANIPULATED VARIABLE
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CUTICLE – PROTECTIVE COVERING EPIDERMIS – HELPS PROVIDE PROTECTION
ALONG WITH OTHER ROLES; IS LOCATED INSIDE OF THE CUTICLE;
STOMATA – OPENINGS IN LEAVES THAT OPEN AND CLOSE TO RELEASE WATER
LEAVES
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PHYTOPLANKTON INCLUDES DINOFLAGELLATES & DIATOMS
OCEAN FOOD WEB PRODUCERS
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PRIMARY CONSUMERS – ZOOPLANKTON INCLUDE CILIATES, COPEPODS, SHRIMP,
LARVAE OF MOLLUSKS, ETC
OCEAN FOOD WEB & PRIMARY CONSUMERS
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THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
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FOSSILS
PRESERVED REMAINS OF PLANTS, ANIMALS MOST FOUND IN SEDIMENTARY ROCK OLDEST FOSSILS ON THE BOTTOM
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COMPARE FOSSIL PLACEMENT WITH FOSSILS IN OTHER LAYERS OF ROCK
ESTIMATES THE AGE OF THE FOSSILS
RELATIVE DATING
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USE HALF-LIVES TO DETERMINE THE AGE OF FOSSILS;
CALCULATES THE AGE OF A SAMPLE BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF REMAINING RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IT CONTAINS;
GIVES THE ABSOLUTE AGE; (HALF-LIFE – THE LENGTH OF TIME
REQUIRED FOR HALF OF THE RADIOACTIVE ATOMS IN A SAMPLE TO DECAY)
RADIOACTIVE DATING
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CARBON 14 (C-14) – 5,730 YEARS HALF-LIFE CARBON 12 (C-12) – NO DECAY COMPARE THE TWO CARBONS – THE MORE
C-12 THERE IS COMPARED TO C-14, THE OLDER THE SAMPLE IS;
CARBON-14 USED TO DATE FOSSILS YOUNGER THAN 60K YEARS
K-40 USED TO DATE FOSSILS BILLIONS OF YEARS OLD
RADIOACTIVE DATING
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INDEX FOSSILS
USED TO COMPARE THE RELATIVE AGE OF FOSSILS
MUST:◦ BE EASILY RECOGNIZED◦ HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED FOR A SHORT TIME◦ HAVE A WIDE GEOGRAPHIC RANGE
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INDEX FOSSILS
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HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
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HAVE DIFFERENT MATURE FORMS BUT DEVELOP FROM THE SAME EMBRYONIC TISSUE
EACH LIMB HAS ADAPTED IN WAYS THAT ENABLE ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
PROVIDES STRONG EVIDENCE THAT ALL 4 LIMBED ANIMALS WITH BACKBONES HAVE DESCENDED WITH MODIFICATION FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR.
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
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PROCESS BY WHICH UNRELATED ORGANISMS COME TO RESEMBLE ONE ANOTHER.
(CONVERGE – COME TOGETHER FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS, BACKGROUNDS, ETC)
EX. SWIMMING ANIMALS - SHARK, PENGUIN, DOLPHIN – DIFFERENT GROUPS – RESEMBLE ONE ANOTHER IN STREAMLINED BODIES & SWIMMING APPENDAGES;
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
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PROCESS BY WHICH A SINGLE SPECIES OR SMALL GROUP OF SPECIES HAS EVOLVED INTO SEVERAL DIFFERENT FORMS THAT LIVE IN DIFFERENT WAYS.
EX. DARWIN’S FINCHES – SINGLE SPECIES EVOLVED INTO OVER A DOZEN DIFFERENT SPECIES.
ADAPTIVE RADIATION
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STRUCTURES THAT LOOK AND FUNCTION SIMILARLY BUT ARE MADE UP OF PARTS THAT DO NOT HAVE A COMMON EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY.
ANALAGOUS STRUCTURES
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ANALAGOUS STRUCTURES
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COEVOLUTION PROCESS BY WHICH TWO SPECIES EVOLVE
IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN EACH OTHER OVER TIME;
EX. FLOWERS & POLLINATOR INSECTS – ORCHID FROM MADAGASCAR & HAWK MOTH
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PLANTS AND INSECT INTERACTION - PLANTS DEVELOP POISONOUS COMPOUNDS TO PREVENT INSECTS FROM FEEDING ON IT.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF COEVOLUTION
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SHOWS THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG A GROUP OF ORGANISMS
USES DERIVED CHARACTERS – CHARACTERISTICS THAT APPEAR IN RECENT PARTS OF A LINEAGE BUT NOT IN OLDER MEMBERS.
CLADOGRAM – EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
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CLADOGRAMS
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ANIMAL THAT GENERATES ITS OWN BODY HEAT AND CONTROLS ITS BODY TEMPERATURE FROM WITHIN.
ENDOTHERMS
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ANIMAL THAT RELIES ON INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT TO HELP IT CONTROL ITS BODY TEMPERATURE
ECTOTHERMS
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A GROUP OF SIMILAR ORGANISMS THAT CAN BREED AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING.
A hybrid from a male lion and a female tiger is called a liger
a hybrid from a male tiger and a female lion is a tiglon
SPECIES
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SPECIES(LIGERS & TIGLONS OH MY!)
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CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS (AT SOME POINT IN THEIR LIFE CYCLE)
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THE THREE BACTERIAL SHAPES
coccus (sing.), cocci (pl.):
are spherical (coccus = a berry), bacillus (sing.), bacilli (pl.):
are rod-shaped (bacill(um) = a little stick), and
spirillum (sing.), spirilla (pl.): are spiral (spiro = spiral, coil).
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STREPTOCOCCUS – A CHAIN OF ROUND BACTERIA
STAPHYLOCOCCUS – A CLUSTER OF ROUND BACTERIA
DIPLOCOCCUS – TWO ROUND BACTERIA
BACTERIAL SHAPES
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PHYLA PORIFERA – PORE BEARERS - SPONGES PHYLA CNIDARIA – HOLLOW INTESTINE -
JELLYFISH, CORALS, HYDRA PHYLA PLATYHELMINTHES – FLATWORMS
(PARASITIC & NONPARASITIC) PHYLA NEMATODA – PARASITIC ROUNDWORMS PHYLA MOLLUSCA – BIVALVES, OCTUPUS, SQUID PHYLA ANNELIDA – SEGMENTED WORMS -
EARTHWORMS
ANIMAL KINGDOM PHYLA
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PHYLA ECHINODERMATA – SPINY SKINNED ANIMALS – SEASTARS, SEA ANEMONES
PHYLA ARTHROPODA – JOINTED FEET - INSECTS, LOBSTERS, SPIDERS
PHYLA CHORDATA – BACKBONES – FISH, BIRDS, MAMMALS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS,
ANIMAL KINGDOM PHYLA
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ANGIOSPERMS
THE FLOWERING PLANTS EX. MAPLE, OAK, DOGWOOD, HICKORY,
PECAN, APPLE, PEACH, PEAR TREES EX. ROSES, DANDELIONS, DAYLILIES,
TULIPS, HIBISCUS, TOMATO, BEAN PLANTS
THE FLOWER IS AN ADAPTATION TO ATTRACT POLLINATORS AND REPRODUCTION TO OCCUR.
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GYMNOSPERMS THE CONE-BEARING PLANTS EX. PINE, SPRUCE, FIR, REDWOOD,
HEMLOCK TREES THE CONE IS A PLANT ADAPTATION TO
PRODUCE AND PROTECT SEEDS FOR REPRODUCTION.
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ASYMMETRY – NO SYMMETRY (SPONGES) RADIAL – BODY PARTS REPEAT AROUND THE
CENTER OF THE BODY (JELLYFISH, SEASTARS, SEA ANEMONE)
BILATERIAL – BODY PLAN IN WHICH A SINGLE IMAGINARY LINE DIVIDES THE BODY INTO TWO EQUAL HALVES (CHORDATES, EARTHWORMS, FLATWORMS, MOLLUSKS, ARTHROPODS)
SYMMETRY – 3 KINDS
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EXAMPLES OF SYMMETRY