Important 25 Questions

8/14/2019 Important 25 Questions

1/42

Important 25 Questions

Unit 1

Q1: Describe the process, networks and barriers of communication.

Ans. A. The Communication Process

Communication is a process whereby information is enclosed in a package and is channeled

and imparted by a sender to a receiver via some medium. The receiver then decodes the

message and gives the sender a feedback. All forms of communication require a sender, a

message, and a receiver. This can be shown through the following diagram

B. Types of Communication

Downwards Communication:

Downward communication is highly directive. It moves from senior to subordinates

Upwards Communications :

It is non directive in nature from subordinates to superiors.

Lateral or Horizontal Communi cation :

SENDER

(encodes)

RECEIVER

(decodes)Barrier

Barrier

Medium

Feedback/Response


2/42

Horizontal communication refers to communication among colleagues, peers at

same level for information exchange.

C. Communication Network

Formal Network : Virtually vertical as per chain go command within the

hierarchy.

I nformal Network: Free to move in any direction may skip formal chain of

Command.

D. Barriers to Communication

Listening barriers:

Interrupting the speaker

Not maintaining eye contact with the speaker

Rushing the speaker to complete what he/she has to say

Making the speaker feel as though he/she is wasting the listener's time

Being distracted by something that is not part of the on going communication

Getting ahead of the speaker and completing his/her thoughts

Ignoring the speaker's requests

Topping the speaker's story with one's own set of examples

Forgetting what is being discussed

Asking too many questions, for they sake of probing

Barriers while speaking:

Unclear messages

Lack of consistency in the communication process

Incomplete sentences

Not understanding the receiver

Not seeking clarifications while communicating

The other barriers include:

An individual's subjective viewpoint towards issues/people, which leads to assumptions.

An emotional block, which can lead to an attitude of indifference, suspicion or hostility towards

the subject.


3/42

An emotional block or bias that is based on a third party's view point, or on what you have

read/heard.

Words can have different meanings to different people, thus blocking communication.

Use of negative words

Q2: Discuss Verbal and Nonverbal Communication.

Ans. A. Verbal Communication:

Verbal communication refers to communication through words. Verbal

communication can be written as well as oral

B. Non-verbal Communication

Knowledge of non-verbal communicationis important managers who serve asleaders of organizational "teams," for at least two reasons:

To function effectively as a team leader the manager must interact with the othermembers successfully. Non-verbal cues, when interpreted correctly, provide him with

one means to do so.

The team members project attitudes and feelings through non-verbal communication.

Some personal needs such as approval, growth, achievement, and recognition may be met

in effective teams. The extent to which these needs are met is closely related to how

perceptive the team leader and team members are to non-verbal communication inthemselves and in others on the team.

If the team members show a true awareness to non-verbal cues, the organization willhave a better chance to succeed, for it will be an open, honest, and confronting unit. Argyleand his associates have been studying the features of nonverbal communication that provideinformation to managers and their team members. The following summarizes their findings:

Static Features

Distance.

The distance one stands from another frequently conveys a non-verbal message. In somecultures it is a sign of attraction, while in others it may reflect status or the intensity of theexchange.

Orientation.

People may present themselves in various ways: face-to-face, side-to-side, or even back-to-

back. For example, cooperating people are likely to sit side-by-side while competitorsfrequently face one another.


4/42

Posture.

Obviously one can be lying down, seated, or standing. These are not the elements of posture

that convey messages. Are we slouched or erect ? Are our legs crossed or our arms folded ?

Such postures convey a degree of formality and the degree of relaxation in the

communication exchange.

Physical Contact.

Shaking hands, touching, holding, embracing, pushing, or patting on the back all conveymessages. They reflect an element of intimacy or a feeling of (or lack of) attraction.

Dynamic Features

Facial Expressions.

Facial Expressions. A smile, frown, raised eyebrow, yawn, and sneer all convey information.Facial expressions continually change during interaction and are monitored constantly by the

recipient. There is evidence that the meaning of these expressions may be similar acrosscultures.

Gestures.

One of the most frequently observed, but least understood, cues is a hand movement. Most

people use hand movements regularly when talking. While some gestures (e.g., a clenched

fist) have universal meanings, most of the others are individually learned and idiosyncratic.

Looking.

A major feature of social communication is eye contact. It can convey emotion, signal whento talk or finish, or aversion. The frequency of contact may suggest either interest orboredom.

The above list shows that both static features and dynamic features transmit importantinformation from the sender to the receiver.

Tortoriello, Blott, and DeWine have defined non-verbal communication as:

". . . the exchange of messages primarily through non-linguistic means, including: kinesics

(body language), facial expressions and eye contact, tactile communication, space andterritory, environment, paralanguage (vocal but non-linguistic cues), and the use of silenceand time."

Let's review these non-linguistic ways of exchanging messages in more detail.


5/42

Kinesics

Lamb believes the best way to access an executive's managerial potential is not to listen to

what he has to say, but to observe what he does when he is saying it. He calls this new

behavioral science "movement analysis." Some of the movements and gestures he hasanalyzed follow:

Forward and Backward Movements.

If you extend a hand straight forward during an interview or tend to lean forward, Lambconsiders you to be an "operator"- good for an organization requiring an infusion of energy

or dramatic change of course.

Vertical Movements.

If you tend to draw yourself up to your tallest during the handshake, Lamb considers you to

be a "presenter." You are a master at selling yourself or the organization in which you areemployed.

Side-to-Side Movements.

If you take a lot of space while talking by moving your arms about, you are a good informer

and good listener. You are best suited for an organization seeking a better sense of direction.Lamb believes there is a relationship between positioning of the body and movements of the

limbs and facial expressions. He has observed harmony between the two. On the other hand,if certain gestures are rehearsed, such as those made to impress others, there is a tendency to

separate the posture and the movements. The harmony disappears.

Studies by Lamb also indicate that communication comes about through our degree of bodyflexibility. If you begin a movement with considerable force and then decelerate, you are

considered a "gentle-touch." By contrast, if you are a "pressurizer," you are firm from

beginning to end. The accuracy of Lamb's analyses is not fully known. However, it is

important that corporation executives are becoming so sensitive to the importance of non-verbal messages that they are hiring consultants, such as Lamb, to analyze non-verbalcommunications in their organizations.

Facial Expressions

Facial expressions usually communicate emotions. The expressions tell the attitudes of thecommunicator. Researchers have discovered that certain facial areas reveal our emotional

state better than others. For example, the eyes tend to reveal happiness or sadness, and evensurprise. The lower face also can reveal happiness or surprise; the smile, for example, can

communicate friendliness and cooperation. The lower face, brows, and forehead can also

reveal anger. Mehrabian believes verbal cues provide 7 percent of the meaning of the

message; vocal cues, 38 percent; and facial expressions, 55 percent. This means that, as the


6/42

receiver of a message, you can rely heavily on the facial expressions of the sender becausehis expressions are a better indicator of the meaning behind the message than his words.

Eye Contact

Eye contact is a direct and powerful form of non-verbal communication. The superior in the

organization generally maintains eye contact longer than the subordinate. The direct stare of

the sender of the message conveys candor and openness. It elicits a feeling of trust.Downward glances are generally associated with modesty. Eyes rolled upward are associated

with fatigue.

Tactile Communication

Communication through touch is obviously non-verbal. Used properly it can create a moredirect message than dozens of words; used improperly it can build barriers and cause

mistrust. You can easily invade someone's space through this type of communication. If it is

used reciprocally, it indicates solidarity; if not used reciprocally, it tends to indicatedifferences in status. Touch not only facilitates the sending of the message, but the emotionalimpact of the message as well.

Personal Space

Personal space is your "bubble" - the space you place between yourself and others. Thisinvisible boundary becomes apparent only when someone bumps or tries to enter yourbubble.

How you identify your personal space and use the environment in which you find yourselfinfluences your ability to send or receive messages. How close do you stand to the one with

whom you are communicating ? Where do you sit in the room ? How do you positionyourself with respect to others at a meeting ? All of these things affect your level of comfort,and the level of comfort of those receiving your message.

Goldhaber says there are three basic principles that summarize the use of personal space inan organization: The higher your position (status) in the organization,

(a) the more and better space you will have,

(b) the better protected your territory will be, and

(c) the easier it will be to invade the territory of lower-status personnel.

The impact of use of space on the communication process is related directly to theenvironment in which the space is maintained.


7/42

Environment

How do you arrange the objects in your environment - the desks, chairs, tables, and

bookcases? The design of your office, according to researchers, can greatly affect the

communications within it. Some managers divide their offices into personal and impersonalareas. This can improve the communication process if the areas are used for the purposes

intended.

Your pecking-order in the organization is frequently determined by such things as the size of

your desk, square feet in your office, number of windows in the office, quality of the carpet,and type of paintings (originals or copies) on the wall.

It is obvious that your personal space and environment affect the level of your comfort andyour status and facilitate or hinder the communication process.

Paralanguage

Is the content of your message contradicted by the attitude with which you arecommunicating it? Researchers have found that the tone, pitch, quality of voice, and rate of

speaking convey emotions that can be accurately judged regardless of the content of themessage. The important thing to gain from this is that the voice is important, not just as the

conveyor of the message, but as a complement to the message. As a communicator youshould be sensitive to the influence of tone, pitch, and quality of your voice on theinterpretation of your message by the receiver.

Silence and Time

Silence can be a positive or negative influence in the communications process. It can providea link between messages or sever relationships. It can create tension and uneasiness or create

a peaceful situation. Silence can also be judgmental by indicating favor or disfavor -agreement or disagreement.

For example, suppose a manager finds a couple of his staff members resting.

If he believes these staff members are basically lazy, the idleness conveys to him that they

are "goofing off" and should be given additional assignments.

If he believes these staff members are self-motivated and good workers, the idleness conveysto him that they are taking a well-deserved "break."

If he is personally insecure, the idleness conveys to him that they are threatening hisauthority.

Time can be an indicator of status. How long will you give the staff member who wishes tospeak to you ? How long will you make him wait to see you ? Do you maintain a schedule?


8/42

Is your schedule such that your subordinates must arrange their schedules to suit yours ? In ahealthy organization, the manager and his subordinates use time to communicate theirmutual respect to each other.

Q3:Do as directed.

(i) A man is mortal. (Correct the sentence)

Ans.Man is mortal

(ii) She is learning swimming. (Correct the sentence)

Ans.She is learning how to swim.

(iii) He prevented him to smoke. (Correct the sentence)

Ans. He prevented him from smoking.

(iv) His trouser is torn. (Correct the sentence)

Ans. His trousers are torn.

(v) Twelve dozens oranges will cost five hundred rupees. (Correct the

sentence)

Ans. Twelve dozen oranges will cost five hundred rupees.

(vi) Shes in holidays. (Correct the sentence)

Ans.Shes on holidays.

(vii) Her hairs are brown. (Correct the sentence) (Jan 08)

Ans.Her hair is brown.

(viii) Ravi bought four dozens of apples. (Correct the sentence) (Jan 08)

Ans.Ravi bought four dozen of apples.

(ix) The amount has to be divided between three people. (Correct thesentence) (Jan 08)

Ans. The amount has to be divided among three people.

(x) The study of grammatical rules are necessary. (Correct the sentence)

(Jan 08)

Ans. - The study of grammatical rules is necessary.


9/42

(xi) A committee will (look into/ look for) the scandal. (June 08)

Ans. - A committee will look into the scandal.

(xii) Some people dont know how to react to

(compliment/complement) (June 08)

Ans. Some people dont know how to react to compliment.

(xiii) She always (cook) in the morning. (Give the correct tense) (June

08)

Ans. She always cooks in the morning.

(xiv) He is indebted .. his friend. (give suitable preposition) (June 08)

Ans. - He is indebted to his friend.

(xv) I first met him year ago. (Give the correct article) (June 08)

Ans. - I first met him a year ago.

(xvi) I met with the real estate agent sold us our house. (Correct the sentence)

(Sep 09)

Ans. - I met with the real estate agent who sold us our house.

(xvii)The car was in the left lane suddenly put on its brakes. (Correct the

sentence) (Sep 09)

Ans. - The car in the left lane suddenly put on its brakes.

(xviii)To go, we are ready. (Correct the sentence) (Sep 09)

Ans. - We are ready to go.

(xix) He was wearing a cotton red shirt. (Correct the sentence) (Sep 09)

Ans. - He was wearing a red cotton shirt.

(xx) Myself is going to the college. (Correct the sentence) (Sep 09)

Ans. I am going to college.


10/42

Q4: Transcribe the following words phonetically.

(i) Car - /ka/

(ii)Thing -/In/

(iii)Total -/total/

(iv)I -/I/

Q5: What is the importance of feedback in the process of communication?

Ans: Communication is a two way process. In a communication five distinct

elements play a vital role. Let us glance on a communication cycle.

Hence in a communication cycle, sender, receiver, message, channel

and feedback plays a vital role. Feedback is the response after a particular

communication. For example, if a receiver gets a message and replies to it by

sending a message in return, it is called a feedback. The most important link in the

communication cycle is the feedback. It is the reply that is sent by the receiver

back to the sender. The response could be based on clear interpretation of the

symbols sent or it could be based on misunderstanding or misinterpretation of the

symbols sent.

Some feedback is non-verbal-smiles, sighs, nods and so on. Feedback is an oral or

written form. Ultimately, the success or failure of the communication process

depends on feedback.

Unit- 2

Q6: Define the following:

(i)Multimedia

Ans. Multimedia refers totransmission thatcombine media ofcommunication,

like text, video,graphics,sounds etc.

(ii)Velocity

Ans. -Velocity refers to the rate of change of displacement with respect to time.
http://www.definitions.net/definition/transmissionhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/combinehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/communicationhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/graphicshttp://www.definitions.net/definition/soundhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/soundhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/graphicshttp://www.definitions.net/definition/communicationhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/combinehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/transmission


11/42

(iii)E-mail

Ans.E-mail refers to asystem of world-wide electroniccommunication in which

acomputer user can compose amessage at oneterminal that can be regenerated at

the recipient'sterminal when therecipient logs in.

(iv)Electrolysis

Ans.Electrolysis is achemicaldecompositionreactionproduced bypassing anelectriccurrent through asolution containing ions.

(v)E-commerce

Ans.E-commerce refers to business transactions through and on the internet.

(vi)Mass

Ans. - Mass is theproperty of abody that causes it tohaveweight in a gravitationalfield.

(vii)Gravity

Ans.Gravity is theforce ofattractionbetween allmasses in the universe;

especially theattraction of the earth'smass for bodies near itssurface.

(viii)Molecule

Ans.Molecule is the simplest structuralunit of anelement orcompound.

(ix)Atom

Ans.Atom is the smallestcomponent of anelement having thechemical

properties of theelement.

(x)Friction

Ans.Friction is theresistance encountered when onebody is moved incontactwith another.

(xi)Speed

Ans.Speed isdistance travelled perunittime
http://www.definitions.net/definition/systemhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/communicationhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/computerhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/userhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/messagehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/terminalhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/terminalhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/recipienthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/chemicalhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/decompositionhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/reactionhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/passinghttp://www.definitions.net/definition/electrichttp://www.definitions.net/definition/currenthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/solutionhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/propertyhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/bodyhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/havehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/weighthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/fieldhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/forcehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/attractionhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/masseshttp://www.definitions.net/definition/attractionhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/masshttp://www.definitions.net/definition/surfacehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/unithttp://www.definitions.net/definition/elementhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/compoundhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/componenthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/elementhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/chemicalhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/elementhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/resistancehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/bodyhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/contacthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/distancehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/unithttp://www.definitions.net/definition/timehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/timehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/unithttp://www.definitions.net/definition/distancehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/contacthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/bodyhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/resistancehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/elementhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/chemicalhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/elementhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/componenthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/compoundhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/elementhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/unithttp://www.definitions.net/definition/surfacehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/masshttp://www.definitions.net/definition/attractionhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/masseshttp://www.definitions.net/definition/attractionhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/forcehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/fieldhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/weighthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/havehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/bodyhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/propertyhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/solutionhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/currenthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/electrichttp://www.definitions.net/definition/passinghttp://www.definitions.net/definition/reactionhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/decompositionhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/chemicalhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/recipienthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/terminalhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/terminalhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/messagehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/userhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/computerhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/communicationhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/system


12/42

(xii)Microscope

Ans.Microscope is an optical instrument, consisting of a lens, orcombination of

lenses, formaking an enlargedimage of anobject which is toominute to be viewed

by the naked eye.

(xiii)Friction

Ans.Friction is theresistance encountered when onebody is moved incontactwith another.

(xiv)Engineering

Ans.Engineering is thedisciplinedealing with the art orscience of applyingscientificknowledge to practical problems

Q7: What do you mean by effective listening? Discuss the importance of

listening in communication.

Ans "We were given two ears but only one mouth, because listening is twice as

hard as talking."

Brief Theory of Communication

Expressing our wants, feelings, thoughts and opinions clearly and effectively is only half of

the communication process needed for interpersonal effectiveness. The other half is listening

and understanding what others communicate to us. When a person decides to communicatewith another person, he/she does so to fulfill a need. The person wants something, feels

discomfort, and/or has feelings or thoughts about something. In deciding to communicate, the

person selects the method or code which he/she believes will effectively deliver the message

to the other person. The code used to send the message can be either verbal or nonverbal.When the other person receives the coded message, they go through the process of decoding

or interpreting it into understanding and meaning. Effective communication exists betweentwo people when the receiver interprets and understands the senders message in the sameway the sender intended it.

Sources of Difficulty by the Listener

1. Being preoccupied and not listening.2. Being so interested in what you have to say that you listen mainly to find an opening to

get the floor.
http://www.definitions.net/definition/combinationhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/makinghttp://www.definitions.net/definition/imagehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/objecthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/minutehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/resistancehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/bodyhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/contacthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/disciplinehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/dealinghttp://www.definitions.net/definition/sciencehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/knowledgehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/knowledgehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/sciencehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/dealinghttp://www.definitions.net/definition/disciplinehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/contacthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/bodyhttp://www.definitions.net/definition/resistancehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/minutehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/objecthttp://www.definitions.net/definition/imagehttp://www.definitions.net/definition/makinghttp://www.definitions.net/definition/combination


13/42

3. Formulating and listening to your own rebuttal to what the speaker is saying.4. Listening to your own personal beliefs about what is being said.5. Evaluating and making judgments about the speaker or the message.6. Not asking for clarification when you know that you do not understand.

The Three Basic Listening Modes

1. Competitiveor Combative Listeninghappens when we are more interested inpromoting our own point of view than in understanding or exploring someone elses

view. We either listen for openings to take the floor, or for flaws or weak points we canattack. As we pretend to pay attention we are impatiently waiting for an opening, or

internally formulating our rebuttal and planning our devastating comeback that willdestroy their argument and make us the victor.

2. In Passive orAttentive Listeningwe are genuinely interested in hearing andunderstanding the other persons point of view. We are attentive and passively listen. We

assume that we heard and understand correctly. but stay passive and do not verify it.

3. Active orReflective Listening is the single most useful and important listening skill. Inactive listening we are also genuinely interested in understanding what the other person isthinking, feeling, wanting or what the message means, and we are active in checking out

our understanding before we respond with our own new message. We restate orparaphrase our understanding of their message and reflect it back to the sender for

verification. This verification or feedback process is what distinguishes active listeningand makes it effective.

Levels of Communication

Listening effectively is difficult because people vary in their communication skills and inhow clearly they express themselves, and often have different needs, wants and purposes for

interacting. The different types of interaction or levels of communication also adds to thedifficulty. The four different types or levels are.

1. Clichs.2. Facts.3. Thoughts and beliefs.4. Feelings and emotions.

As a listener we attend to the level that we think is most important. Failing to recognize thelevel most relevant and important to the speaker can lead to a kind of crossed wireswherethe two people are not on the same wavelength. The purpose of the contact and the nature of

our relationship with the person will usually determine what level or levels are appropriateand important for the particular interaction.

If we dont address the appropriate elements we will not be very effective, and can actually

make the situation worse. For example: If your wife is telling you about her hurt feelings and


14/42

you focus on the facts of the situation and dont acknowledge her feelings, she will likelybecome even more upset.

There is a real distinction between merely hearing the wordsand really li stening for themessage.When we listen effectively we understand what the person is thinking and/orfeeling from the other persons own perspective. It is as if we were standing in the other

persons shoes, seeing through his/her eyes and listening through the person's ears. Our own

viewpoint may be different and we may not necessarily agree with the person, but as welisten, we understand from the other's perspective. To listen effectively, we must be activelyinvolved in the communication process, and not just listening passively.

We all act and respond on the basis of our understanding, and too often there is a

misunderstanding that neither of us is aware of. With active listening, if a misunderstandinghas occurred, it will be known immediately, and the communication can be clarified beforeany further misunderstanding occurs.

Listening Tips

Usually it is important to paraphrase and use your own words in verbalizing yourunderstanding of the message. Parroting back the words verbatim is annoying and does notensure accurate understanding of the message.

1. Usually it is important to paraphrase and use your own words in verbalizing yourunderstanding of the message. Parroting back the words verbatim is annoying and does

not ensure accurate understanding of the message.2. Depending on the purpose of the interaction and your understanding of what is relevant,

you could reflect back the other persons:

(i)Account of the facts.(ii)Thoughts and beliefs.(iii) Feelings and emotions.(iv) Wants, needs or motivation.(v)Hopes and expectations.

3. Dont respond to just the meaning of the words, look for the feelings or intent beyond thewords. The dictionary or surface meaning of the words or code used by the sender is not

the message.4. Inhibit your impulse to immediately answer questions. The code may be in the form of a

question. Sometimes people ask questions when they really want to express themselves

and are not open to hearing an answer.

5. Know when to quit using active listening. Once you accurately understand the sendersmessage, it may be appropriate to respond with your own message. Dont use active

listening to hide and avoid revealing your own position.6. If you are confused and know you do not understand, either tell the person you dont

understand and ask him/her to say it another way, or use your best guess. If you are


15/42

incorrect, the person will realize it and will likely attempt to correct yourmisunderstanding.

7. Active listening is a very effective first response when the other person is angry, hurt orexpressing difficult feelings toward you, especially in relationships that are important to

you.8. Use eye contact and listeningbody language. Avoid looking at your watch or at other

people or activities around the room. Face and lean toward the speaker and nod your head,

as it is appropriate. Be careful about crossing your arms and appearing closed or critical.9. Be empathic and nonjudgmental. You can be accepting and respectful of the person and

their feelings and beliefs without invalidating or giving up your own position, or without

agreeing with the accuracy and validity of their view.

Q8: Write short note:-

(i) Corruption

Corruption in Indiais a major issue and adversely affects its economy.[1]A

study conducted by Transparency International in year 2005 found that more

than 62% of Indians had firsthand experience of paying bribes to get jobs

done in public offices successfully.[2]In its study conducted in year 2008,

Transparency International reports about 40% of Indians had firsthand

experience of paying bribes or using a contact to get a job done in public

office.[4]Most of the largest sources of corruption in India are entitlement

programmes and social spending schemes enacted by the Indian

government. Other daily sources of corruption include India's trucking

industry which is forced to pay billions in bribes annually to numerousregulatory and police stops on its interstate highways

(ii)Role of women in politics:-

Women today find themselves staring at an interesting conundrum: they

enjoy more rights today than perhaps ever before, and yet there seems to be the

"glass ceiling" of patriarchal tradition. Women still earn less on average than men in the

business world. The United States, unlike some of its South American friends, has yet

to swear in a female president. It seems that progress is slow on the gender front,though it was less than 100 years ago that women first enjoyed the right to vote. But

just what are women doing today?

While female competitiveness in the workplace seems to be on an upward trend, it still

has not matched the income level of male counterparts. In politics, women have

competed in presidential primaries and have yet to win presidency. There is still a lot
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-tfe2010-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-tfe2010-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-tfe2010-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_India#cite_note-tfe2010-1


16/42

women have to overcome even in a society which prides itself in ideals of equality. Yet

perhaps more promising are women in the global world

Q9: Write the technical description of Lathe machine.

(1) Lathe Machine:

A lathe may or may not have a stand (or legs), which sits on the floor and elevates thelathe bed to a working height. Some lathes are small and sit on a workbench or table, and do

not have a stand.

Almost all lathes have a bed, which is (almost always) a horizontal beam (although some

CNC lathes have a vertical beam for a bed to ensure that swarf,or chips, falls free of the

bed). A notable exception is the Hegner VB36 Master Bowlturner, a woodturning lathedesigned for turning large bowls, which in its basic configuration is little more than a verylarge floor-standing headstock.

At one end of the bed (almost always the left, as the operator faces the lathe) is a headstock.The headstock contains high-precision spinning bearings. Rotating within the bearings is a

horizontal axle, with an axis parallel to the bed, called thespindle.Spindles are often hollow,and have exterior threads and/or an interiorMorse taper on the "inboard" (i.e., facing to the

right / towards the bed) by which workholding accessories may be mounted to the spindle.Spindles may also have exterior threads and/or an interior taper at their "outboard" (i.e.,

facing away from the bed) end, and/or may have a handwheel or other accessory mechanismon their outboard end. Spindles are powered, and impart motion to the workpiece.

The spindle is driven, either by foot power from a treadle and flywheel or by a belt or geardrive to a power source. In most modern lathes this power source is an integral electricmotor, often either in the headstock, to the left of the headstock, or beneath the headstock,concealed in the stand.

In addition to the spindle and its bearings, the headstock often contains parts to convert themotor speed into various spindle speeds. Various types of speed-changing mechanism

achieve this, from a cone pulley or step pulley, to a cone pulley with back gear (which is

essentially a low range, similar in net effect to the two-speed rear of a truck), to an entire gear

train similar to that of a manual-shift auto transmission. Some motors have electronic

rheostat-type speed controls, which obviates cone pulleys or gears.

The counterpoint to the headstock is the tailstock, sometimes referred to as the loose head, as

it can be positioned at any convenient point on the bed, by undoing a locking nut, sliding it tothe required area, and then relocking it. The tailstock contains a barrel which does not rotate,

but can slide in and out parallel to the axis of the bed, and directly in line with the headstockspindle. The barrel is hollow, and usually contains a taper to facilitate the gripping of various

type of tooling. Its most common uses are to hold a hardened steel centre, which is used to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarfhttp://www.hegner.co.uk/pages/VB36_Lathes/vb36_lathes.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_(tool)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_taperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeds_and_feeds#Spindle_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeds_and_feeds#Spindle_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_taperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_(tool)http://www.hegner.co.uk/pages/VB36_Lathes/vb36_lathes.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNC


17/42

support long thin shafts while turning, or to hold drill bits for drilling axial holes in the workpiece. Many other uses are possible.[2]

Metalworking lathes have a carriage (comprising a saddle and apron) topped with a cross-

slide, which is a flat piece that sits crosswise on the bed, and can be cranked at right angles tothe bed. Sitting atop the cross slide is usually another slide called a compound rest, which

provides 2 additional axes of motion, rotary and linear. Atop that sits a tool post, which holds

a cutting tool which removes material from the work piece. There may or may not be aleadscrew,which moves the cross-slide along the bed.

Woodturning and metal spinning lathes do not have cross-slides, but rather have banjos,which are flat pieces that sit crosswise on the bed. The position of abanjo can be adjusted by

hand; no gearing is involved. Ascending vertically from thebanjo is a tool post, at the top ofwhich is a horizontal tool rest. In woodturning, hand tools are braced against the tool rest and

levered into the work piece. In metal spinning, the further pin ascends vertically from the toolrest, and serves as a fulcrum against which tools may be levered into the work piece.

Q10: Write a paragraph of about 250 words on any one of the following:

(I)Use of Internet.

The internet is a worldwide system of computer networks

which was conceived in 1969 by The Advance Research Project Agency (ARPA) of

the U.S. government .It was created with the aim of creating a network that

allows researchers at one university ;communicate with their counterparts atother universities.

The internet which comprises of thousand of smaller regional networks scattered

throughout the globe allows communication to take place between connected

computers and online users.

Today, the internet is a public, cooperated and self-sustaining facility,accessible to billions of people worldwide. What distinguishes it from other

telecommunication network is its use of a set of protocol called TCP and ICP

(Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Control Protocol).The internet

which literally means network ofnetworksis use for the following:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe#cite_note-1#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe#cite_note-1#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe#cite_note-1#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadscrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadscrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo_(wood_lathe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo_(wood_lathe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo_(wood_lathe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo_(wood_lathe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadscrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadscrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe#cite_note-1#cite_note-1


18/42

1. INFORMATION;The internet provide its users with messages ranging from job

vacancies to current affairs and many more.

2. ENTERTAINMENT;It has interesting games, movies e.t.c. that are stored to

entertain its users worldwide.

3. SOCIALIZATION;The internet aid social interaction between relatives, friends e.t.c.

4. EDUCATION;It develop the academic skills of learners through the educational

books, tapes e.t.c. that are store.

5.ADVERTISMENT;The internet aid business activities because most business

enterprises now store information about its product, diagram e.t.c.and buyers can bulk

for product by using electronic fund transfer (ETF) to pay for goods purchased.

(II)Industrial Pollution:-

Industrialpollutionis pollution which can be directly linked with industry, in contrast to otherpollution sources. This form of pollution is one of the leadingcauses of pollutionworldwide;in the United States, for example, the Environmental Protective Agency estimates that up

to 50% of the nation's pollution is caused by industry. Because of its size and scope,

industrial pollution is a serious problem for the entire planet, especially in nations which are

rapidly industrializing, like China.

This form of pollution dates back to antiquity, but widespread industrial pollution

accelerated rapidly in the 1800s, with the start of the Industrial Revolution. The IndustrialRevolution mechanized means of production, allowing for a much greater volume of

production, and generating a corresponding increase in pollution. The problem was

compounded by the use of fuels likecoal, which is notoriously unclean, and a poorunderstanding of the causes and consequences of pollution.

There are a number of forms of industrial pollution. One of the most common is water

pollution, caused by dumping of industrial waste into waterways, or improper containment

of waste, which causes leakage intogroundwaterand waterways. Industrial pollution canalso impact air quality, and it can enter the soil, causing widespreadenvironmentalproblems.
http://www.wisegeek.org/what-cities-have-the-worst-pollution.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-cities-have-the-worst-pollution.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-cities-have-the-worst-pollution.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-the-most-common-causes-of-pollution.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-the-most-common-causes-of-pollution.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/which-country-is-most-dependent-on-coal.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/which-country-is-most-dependent-on-coal.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/which-country-is-most-dependent-on-coal.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-groundwater.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-groundwater.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-groundwater.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-some-environmental-problems.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-some-environmental-problems.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-some-environmental-problems.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-some-environmental-problems.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-some-environmental-problems.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-groundwater.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/which-country-is-most-dependent-on-coal.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-the-most-common-causes-of-pollution.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-cities-have-the-worst-pollution.htm


19/42

Unit 3

Q11You have recently seen an advertisement in Times of India for the post of

executive engineer posted by an MNC. Write an application for the aforesaid

post.

To,

The Chief Executive Officer

XYZ, Company

Indore

Subject: Application for appointment to the post of Computer Teacher.

Sir,

with reference to your advertisement in Times of India, dated 13/05/2013, I wish to

offer my candidature for the post of Executive Engineer in your esteemed company.

MyResumeis enclosed herewith for your kind perusal.

I assure you that if I am given an opportunity to work in your esteemed institution, I

will give my best and will live up to your expectations.

Thank you.

[PRIYA SINGH]

17, Kalindi Midtown

INDORE(M.P.) - 452001.

Enclosed: - my CurriculumVitae


20/42

Q12:. As the purchase officer of Sandeep Traders, Indore, you ordered three

full size almirahs. When the consignement arrived, you found two almirahs in

damaged condition, which were supplied by Raj Furnitures, Indore. Write a

complaint letter in this regard. (Jan 2008, June 2008)

Ans.

Sandeep Traders

Jawahar Marg, Indore, Tel - 99983633

18 Jan 2010

Ref No. 019/Com/02

Mr D.K. Verma

The Sales Executive

Raj Furnitures

Indore

Dear Sir

Sub: Your consignment no. 43/NM dated 15 Jan 2010.

Thank you for the dispatch of almirahs. But we are extremely sorry to say that the

consignment received by us was not in proper condition. The two almirahs were in

damaged condition. The door and the lock of the almirahs are not working properly.

Thus they are useless. Since we are in need of them right now, I request you to

replace them and send two new almirahs to meet our requirements.

We would very much appreciate a quick action.

Yours truly

Dr S Srinivasan

Purchase Officer


21/42

Q13.What is the difference between tenders and quotations?

Ans.A tender is an invitation asking for rates of the goods/services to be offered.

Tenders are published publically, i.e., in news papers, journals or other public

media.

Quotation, on the other hand, is about asking for rates of goods. Unlike tenders,

quotations are not publically published. They are correspondence among some

parties only.

Q14. What is the importance of a resume?

To understand the importance of the resume, you need to put yourself in the shoes

of a hiring manager. Imagine that you have ajob opening and you want to hire the

best person for the job. Now imagine that you receive resumes from a dozen,perhaps even 50 applicants. You have a job that needs to be filled, but is currently

vacant. For every day that you leave that position vacant, work that needs to get

done isn't getting done. No problem, right? After all you have 50 people that are

aching to fill that position. All you've got to do is find out who of those 50 will be

the best pick. While the best option would be to interview all 50 applicants, get to

know them personally, conduct background checks on all of them and call all their

past employers to see what kind of employee they'd be to you, time constraints

make that scenario simply impossible. You need to weed out the dead wood, andyou need to do it fast. Your first line of defense in narrowing down the field? The

resume. A well put together resume tells you that the applicant cares enough to

present themselves well -- at least on paper. Those who put together a poor resume

must not care about the job that much, or at least that's the thought most hiring

managers have. Resumes that don't stand out go straight to the garbage. Whatever is

left is likely to get a quick skimming over. What the hiring manager is looking for

now is qualifications.If you don't have them, in to the garbage your resume goes.

Of those remaining, a more thorough overview is taken. Who has the most

impressive accomplishments? Who has the most experience related to the position?

Who has the best education? Several will naturally float to the top of the stack, and

it's those names that will get the call for an interview. If you're one of them, you've

only made it past the first step. Now it's time to prepare for the interview. But that's

an entirely separate article. First, let's make sure that your resume is the one that

floats to the top.
http://hubpages.com/hub/The-Importance-of-Having-a-Great-Resume-if-You-Want-a-Great-Jobhttp://hubpages.com/hub/The-Importance-of-Having-a-Great-Resume-if-You-Want-a-Great-Jobhttp://hubpages.com/hub/The-Importance-of-Having-a-Great-Resume-if-You-Want-a-Great-Jobhttp://hubpages.com/hub/The-Importance-of-Having-a-Great-Resume-if-You-Want-a-Great-Jobhttp://hubpages.com/hub/The-Importance-of-Having-a-Great-Resume-if-You-Want-a-Great-Jobhttp://hubpages.com/hub/The-Importance-of-Having-a-Great-Resume-if-You-Want-a-Great-Job


22/42

Q15. Write a letter as marketing manager Veekay Export Private Ltd,

Kolkata, calling quotation for microwave, refrigerator and television to New

Era Electronics Pvt Ltd, Indore.

Veekay Export Private Ltd,

Tagore Road, Kolkata,

18 Jan 2010

The Manager

New Era Electronics Pvt Ltd

Indore

Dear Sir

Sub: Quotation for Electonics equipmentsWe are interested in buying some microwaves, refrigerator, televisions.

Kindly quote your lowest rates for the following items, giving full particulars and

technical details. Please send your quotation on or before 15 Jan 2007. The quantity

we propose to buy is indicated against each item.

S.No Description and specification of the item Quantity required

1. Television 100

2. Refrigerato 30

3. Microwaves 20

Please indicate the terms and conditions regarding the following details:

Earliest delivery time

Guarantee period, and after-sale services

Tax inclusion

Packing and forwarding charges

Discount rate

Contract terms

We look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience.

Yours faithfully

Dr S Srinivasan

Marketting Manager


23/42

Unit 4

Q16: What is Noting & Drafting?

Noting :-

The process of writing down important points, arguments, facts, or ideas in a

written material is called Note Making. Note making is a very skilled work. It

involves sound vacablary. It is the skill of summarizing, paraphrasing, and

sequencing. It can help us to store a large amount of information in a short form

for a long period of time.

Purpose of Noting:

(i) Notes are a written record which helps in gathering the information.

(ii) It increases listening power and retaining ability of the person noting

information with concentrtation.

(iii) It makes report work easier.

(iv) It is time consuming.

(v) It develop the qualities of discernment, judgement and quick

comprehension.

Drafting:

Drafting is the process of formulation of decision and orders in writing form for

communication to others. The business is flourished with effective drafting of

important ideas. Any business requires frequent communication with parties,

clients, buyers and customers, in the form of letters, memeos, faxes, reports. So

the effective drafting of alln these formats is necessary in the success of any

business. Proper use of words and correct grammer are the key points in drafting

business correspondence. Effective drafting is essential to clear the writers aim

and purpose.


24/42

Q17: What do you mean by prcis? How can prcis writing skill be useful to you?

Prcis writing is the art of presenting certain information in a condensed form. The

dictionary meaning of a prcis is Anabstract or Asummary. So prcis is also

known a summarizing, abstracting, or epitomizing.

Qualities of good Precis:

Completeness: A good prcis is that which covers the essential contents of

the given passage. It should not omit any important facts or ideas.

Clarity:-The meaning of the passage should express clearly without any

ambiguity. It should clearly express the ideas.

Conciseness:-A good prcis should be brief and precise, which presents the

ideas of the passage logically. A prcis must give an impression of being homogeneous.

A prcis should be one third the length of the original passage.

A prcis must ways be given a heading which reflects its central idea.

It should be written in indirect form.

It should be written in writers own words, use your own vocabulary.

Do not add your comment or opinions.

Q18: Discuss the characteristics of a good speech.

Advertising is a non-personal form of promotion that is delivered through

selected media outlets that, under most circumstances, require the marketer to

pay for message placement. Advertising has long been viewed as a method of

mass promotion in that a single message can reach a large number of people.

But, this mass promotion approach presents problems since many exposed to an

advertising message may not be within the marketers target market, and thus,may be an inefficient use of promotional funds. However, this is changing as

new advertising technologies and the emergence of new media outlets offer

more options for targeted advertising.

Advertising also has a history of being considered a one-way form of marketing

communication where the message receiver (i.e., target market) is not in

position to immediately respond to the message (e.g., seek more information).


25/42

This too is changing. For example, in the next few years technologies will be

readily available to enable a television viewer to click a button to request more

details on a product seen on their favorite TV program. In fact, it is expected

that over the next 10-20 years advertising will move away from a one-way

communication model and become one that is highly interactive.

Another characteristic that may change as advertising evolves is the view thatadvertising does not stimulate immediate demand for the product advertised.

That is, customers cannot quickly purchase a product they see advertised. But as

more media outlets allow customers to interact with the messages being

delivered the ability of advertising to quickly stimulate demand will improve.

Importance of Advertising

Spending on advertising is huge. One often quoted statistic by market research

firm Zenith Opt media estimates that worldwide spending on advertisingexceeds (US) $400 billion. This level of spending supports thousands of

companies and millions of jobs. In fact, in many countries most media outlets,

such as television, radio and newspapers, would not be in business without

revenue generated through the sale of advertising.

While worldwide advertising is an important contributor to economic growth,

individual marketing organizations differ on the role advertising plays. For some

organizations little advertising may be done, instead promotional money is

spent on other promotion options such a personal selling through a sales team.For some smaller companies advertising may consist of occasional

advertisement and on a very small scale, such as placing small ads in the

classified section of a local newspaper.

But most organizations, large and small, that rely on marketing to create

customer interest are engaged in consistent use of advertising to help meet

marketing objectives. This includes regularly developing advertising campaigns,

which involve a series of decisions for planning, creating, delivering andevaluating an advertising effort. We will cover advertising campaigns in greater

detail in our next tutorial.


26/42

A speech can help you communicate a message, bore your audience. The way

you present and speak contributes to your end result. Practicing the correct way

and gaining more and more experience will help you build your skills and give a

great presentation.

Language

Be comfortable and confident with what you are going to say and the words

you will use to do so. This language should also be something your audience will

understand and be comfortable with The language you use should be

comfortable for both you and the audience. Use words that come to you

naturally.

Get to the point

Less is more! Dont tell the audience everything you know, but only what

they need to hear to understand your point or argument. Choose the most

relevant information to include in your speech is an invaluable skill.

Also be sure to arrange your speech in a way that is quick, clear, and

understandable.

Mix it up

If you are comfortable with things like engaging your audience, go for it!

Maintain their attention by sharing stories that fit in your speech, or asking a

question. en writing your speech try to think of how you can bring your topic

back to the everyday.

Back up parts of your speech that could be hard to understand with

examples that relate to everyday life. Examples will also help your audience

remember what you said.

Tone

Its important to say what you say in the right tone. Your speechs content

should match how you present it. Practice saying serious things in a more

serious tone, and alerting things in a manner that will shock the audience.

You should also be sure not to sound monotone (sounding emotionless) .

Part of giving a speech involves being convincing. hen delivering a speech, how


27/42

you say something can be just as important as what you say. Try not to put your

audience to sleep by practicing speaking in a way that complements and

emphasises what you are trying to say.

Pace

Slow it down! Its often natural for new speakers to speed along. Monitor

yourself, take deep breath and pretend like you are having a serious

conversation with your friend. Make a conscious effort to speak slowly and

clearly.

Volume

Your voice should be loud enough to carry to the back wall, but not at loud

that makes you seem like you are shouting.

Body language

Be aware of how you are standing.

Be careful not to lean on the podium.

Stand with both feet in line with your shoulders. This will help you keep your

balance.

Go ahead and use your arms, facial expressions, and hands to gesturing. This

is natural and might help you emphasize parts of your speech or better connect

with the audience. Yet, some speeches might not call for this, they might be

more poignant or serious. This is up to you to decide. But, no matter what-

dont overdo it onthe gesturing- too much will distract your audience. Let it be

natural and again, make an effort to be aware of what you do with your hands.

Do not put your hands in your pockets or behind youthis will disconnect

you from the audience and make you seem uncomfortable. Let your arms be

comfortable by your side and ready to gesture and convey!

Dress

Add to your first impression by wearing something that is comfortable for

both you and the audience. Dont under dress for the event, you want your


28/42

audience listening, not looking at a hot pink shirt. But also dont be over

dressed.

Yet, dont be afraid to be yourself. If you are going to a corporate event and

representing a youth mentoring organization, dress formally, but keep it fun

and youthful. Blending in is not always the goal.

Eye contact

This is the key! You dont want to stare anyone down, but be sure to look

into the audience and make a connection. Look up from your notes and have a

conversation with your audience.

Move

If you have a handheld mic, no mic, or one on a wire, move around! You

dont have to walk around the entire time, but give some special attention to

the different sides of the room!

Speech aids

Rehearse! Anyone and too many people read from a paper. Its okay if you

skip a few words here and there. You are probably giving a speech because you

where asked to share something that you are good at or know a lot about, so

this information should come out of you naturally.

Reading from your paper will also decrease your opportunity to connect with

the audience. Try using index cards with your main points on them instead.

Visuals

If you have the opportunity and want to add another level to your

presentation, make a PowerPoint, bring posters, pictures, or info graphics that

will wow the audience!

If you do use a PowerPoint, be sure to not stare at the slides- take a glance

and present what you want to, or have a printed copy. You should also never

read the PowerPoint to your audience, tell them the bigger picture or smaller

details. They can read and listen at the same time.


29/42

Go easy, dont use too many slide transitions, noises, pictures, or moving

parts. Also try to keep things uniform and use clear colors that will be easy to

read in the back of the room.

Really spend time on whatever visuals you want to use. Just having

something doesnt mean your speech will be better. It should be quality and

you should be comfortable incorporating your visual into your presentation.

Nerves

If you normally get nervous or slightly anxious, here are some tips: take deep

breaths before and during your speech, when you first step on stage ground

yourself and take a moment to get comfortable with the audience, remember

you believe in the cause and that this is your passion, and pretend that you are

talking to your friends.

Also remember that its normal to be nervous and the more you present the

better and more comfortable you will be. Also know that everyone makes

mistakes, and if you make one, no one will know unless you tell them or show it

on your face!

Before the big day makes sure you practice lots!

More Tips

If you make a mistake dont worry. The chances are the audience didnt

notice. If it is obvious, dont apologies, simply make the correction and continue

with the rest of your speech.

Rememberno matter how large an audience seemsit is made up of

individuals.

Q19: What do you mean by prcis? How can prcis writing skill be useful to you?

Q20: Explain Advertising and illustrate its importance.

Ans Advertising is a non-personal form of promotion that is delivered through selected

media outlets that, under most circumstances, require the marketer to pay for message

placement. Advertising has long been viewed as a method of mass promotion in that a

single message can reach a large number of people. But, this mass promotion approach

presents problems since many exposed to an advertising message may not be within the

marketers target market, and thus, may be an inefficient use of promotional funds.


30/42

However, this is changing as new advertising technologies and the emergence of new media

outlets offer more options for targeted advertising.

Advertising also has a history of being considered a one-way form of marketing

communication where the message receiver (i.e., target market) is not in position to

immediately respond to the message (e.g., seek more information). This too is changing. For

example, in the next few years technologies will be readily available to enable a television

viewer to click a button to request more details on a product seen on their favorite TVprogram. In fact, it is expected that over the next 10-20 years advertising will move away

from a one-way communication model and become one that is highly interactive.

Another characteristic that may change as advertising evolves is the view that advertising

does not stimulate immediate demand for the product advertised. That is, customers

cannot quickly purchase a product they see advertised. But as more media outlets allow

customers to interact with the messages being delivered the ability of advertising to quickly

stimulate demand will improve.

Importance of Advertising

Spending on advertising is huge. One often quoted statistic by market research firm

ZenithOptimedia estimates that worldwide spending on advertising exceeds (US) $400

billion. This level of spending supports thousands of companies and millions of jobs. In fact,

in many countries most media outlets, such as television, radio and newspapers, would not

be in business without revenue generated through the sale of advertising.

While worldwide advertising is an important contributor to economic growth, individual

marketing organizations differ on the role advertising plays. For some organizations little

advertising may be done, instead promotional money is spent on other promotion optionssuch a personal selling through a sales team. For some smaller companies advertising may

consist of occasional advertisement and on a very small scale, such as placing small ads in

the classified section of a local newspaper.

But most organizations, large and small, that rely on marketing to create customer interest

are engaged in consistent use of advertising to help meet marketing objectives. This

includes regularly developing advertising campaigns, which involve a series of decisions for

planning, creating, delivering and evaluating an advertising effort. We will cover advertising

campaigns in greater detail in our next tutorial.

. As the Secretary of the college union, prepare a speech welcoming the chief

guest on the college day function.

(Jan 2008)

Ans. Esteemed chief guest, respected principal and teachers and my fellow students

on behalf of the college union I welcome you all on the occasion of the college day


31/42

function. College day is marked to celebrate the founding of our illustrious college

and on this day our students showcase their talent and learning. As secretary of the

college union, I would like to extend a special warm welcome to our esteemed chief

guest, who has during her college days held the post of president of college union

for many years. We hope you will enjoy the program put together by my fellow

students.

Thank you.

Unit 5

Q21: What is a report? State the main points to be considered in drafting a

report. (June 2006, Feb 2009)

Ans.Overview

At the outset, it is important to understand that the structure of the report results

naturally from the necessity that it can be read at many levels. The level of detail of

information that your immediate boss needs from a report is clearly going to differ

from that which the managing director requires, but rather than writing separate

reports for every level of management, it is clearly better to write astructured

report designed to be read in different ways by different people.

Following are the main points of a report:

Title page Must include the title of the report. Reports for

assessment, where the word length has been specified,

will often also require the summary word count and the

main text word count

Summary A summary of the whole report including important

features, results and conclusions

Contents Numbers and lists all section and subsection headings

with page numbers

Introduction States the objectives of the report and comments on the

way the topic of the report is to be treated. Leads

straight into the report itself. Must not be a copy of the


32/42

introduction in a lab handout.

The sections which make

up the body of the report

Divided into numbered and headed sections. These

sections separate the different main ideas in a logical

order

Conclusions A short, logical summing up of the theme(s) developed

in the main text

References Details of published sources of material referred to or

quoted in the text (including any lecture notes and URL

addresses of any

Bibliography Other published sources of material, including

websites, not referred to in the text but useful for

background or further reading.

Acknowledgements List of people who helped you research or prepare thereport, including your proofreaders

Appendices (if

appropriate)

Any further material which is essential for full

understanding of your report (e.g. large scale diagrams,

computer code, raw data, specifications) but not

required by a casual reader

Q22: What factors would you keep in mind while giving an oral presentation

before a large group? (Jan 2008)

Ans.

Making a good oral presentation is an art that involves attention to the

needs of your audience, careful planning, and attention to delivery.

This page explains some of the basics of effective oral presentation. Italso covers use of notes, visual aids and computer presentationsoftware.

A. The audience

Some basic questions to ask about an audience are:


33/42

1. Who will I be speaking to?2. What do they know about my topic already?3. What will they want to know about my topic?4. What do I want them to know by the end of my talk?

By basing the content and style of your presentation on your answers

to these questions, you can make sure that you are in tune with youraudience. What you want to say about your topic may be much less

important than what your audience wants to hear about it.

B. Planning your presentation

In an effective presentation, the content and structure are adjusted to

the medium of speech. When listening, we cannot go back over adifficult point to understand it or easily absorb long arguments. A

presentation can easily be ruined if the content is too difficult for the

audience to follow or if the structure is too complicated.

As a general rule, expect to cover much less content than you would in

a written report. Make difficult points easier to understand by

preparing the listener for them, using plenty of examples and going

back over them later. Leave time for questions within the presentation.

Give your presentation a simple and logical structure. Include an

introduction in which you outline the points you intend to cover and aconclusion in which you go over the main points of your talk.

C. Delivering your presentation

People vary in their ability to speak confidently in public, but

everyone gets nervous and everyone can learn how to improve their

presentation skills by applying a few simple techniques.

The main points to pay attention to in delivery are as follows:

(1)Voice quality


34/42

Your voice is your main channel of communication to the audience, somake sure you use it to its best effect

Volume

Is your voice loud enough or too loud? Adjust your volume to the size

of the room and make sure the people at the back can hear. In a bigroom take deep breaths and try to project your voice rather than shout.

Speed and fluency

Speak at a rate so your audience can understand your points. Do not

speed up because you have too much material to fit into the time

available. Try not to leave long pauses while you are looking at your

notes or use fillers such as 'um' or 'er'. Use pauses to allow the

audience to digest an important point. Repeat or rephrase difficult orimportant points to make sure the audience understands.

Clarity

Speak clearly. Face the audience and hold your head up. Your speech

will be clearer if you look directly at the members of the audience

while you speak. Keep your hands and notes away from your mouth

and keep your eyes on the audience when you are talking about

overhead transparencies. If you have to look at the whiteboard or theoverhead projector, stop talking until you are ready to face theaudience again.

Pronunciation

You may not be able to improve your general pronunciation much

before an important presentation. However, you can make sure you

know how to pronounce names and difficult words. Do not use

exaggerated intonation or pronunciation of individual words. Your

natural speaking style will be good enough as long as you speakclearly.

(2)Engaging the audience

One of the secrets of a good presentation is to involve the audience.


35/42

Maintain Eye Contact

Look your audience in the eyes. Spread your eye contact around the

audience including those at the back and sides of the room. Avoid

looking at anyone too long because this can be intimidating!

Ask for feedback

You can involve the audience by asking occasional questions. Try to

ask genuine questions to which you do not already know the answer

and show interest in any replies. Leave time for the audience to think

and try to avoid answering your questions yourself or telling members

of the audience that their answers are wrong. Questions to the

audience work well when you manage to make those who answer

them feel that they have contributed to your presentation.

You can also pause occasionally to ask if anyone has any questions for

you. If a question disrupts the flow of your talk too much, you can say

that you will answer it later (but don't forget to do it!). Before you ask

for questions, make sure you are ready to pick up your presentation

again when the Q & A session has finished.

Look Confident

It is natural to feel nervous in front of an audience. Experiencedspeakers avoid looking nervous by breathing deeply, speaking slowly

and avoiding unnecessary gestures or movements. Smiling and

focusing attention on members of the audience who show interest can

also help you feel more confident as your talk progresses.

Voice quality involves attention to volume, speed and fluency, clarity

and pronunciation. The quality of your voice in a presentation will

improve dramatically if you are able to practice beforehand in a roomsimilar to the one you will be presenting in.

Rapport with the audience involves attention to eye contact, sensitivity

to how the audience is responding to your talk and what you look like

from the point of view of the audience. These can be improved by

practicing in front of one or two friends or video-taping your


36/42

rehearsal.

D. Effective use of notes

Good speakers vary a great deal in their use of notes. Some do not use

notes at all and some write out their talk in great detail. If you are notan experienced speaker it is not a good idea to speak without notes

because you will soon lose your thread. You should also avoid reading

a prepared text aloud or memorizing your speech as this will beboring.

The best solution may be to use notes with headings and points to be

covered. You may also want to write down key sentences. Notes can

be on paper or cards. Some speakers use overhead transparencies as

notes. The trick in using notes is to avoid shifting your attention fromthe audience for too long. Your notes should always be written large

enough for you to see without moving your head too much.

E. Visual Aids

Visual aids help to make a presentation more lively. They can also

help the audience to follow your presentation and help you to presentinformation that would be difficult to follow through speech alone.

The two most common forms of visual aid are overhead

transparencies (OHTs) and computer slide shows (e.g. PowerPoint).

Objects that can be displayed or passed round the audience can also be

very effective and often help to relax the audience. Some speakers

give printed handouts to the audience to follow as they speak. Others

prefer to give their handouts at the end of the talk, because they can

distract the audience from the presentation.

Q23:Why do we need a survey report?

Ans.The purpose of writing a survey report is to study a research topic thoroughly,

and to summarize the existing studies in an organized manner. It is an important

step in any research project.


37/42

On-campus students may work as groups and are required to do a presentation and

submit a report. Off-campus students may work alone and is only required to

submit a report. The report is expected to be 15 pages plus references. Latex is

recommended for writing the report, but Microsoft Word file will also be accepted.The presentation is 30-minute long. The report is due by Friday, December 9.

At the end is a list of suggested topics. You can also propose your own topic bysending e-mail to the instructor with a short description. Each topic comes with a

few introductory papers to help you to start. You should search the literature for as

many related papers as possible. The number is at least 20 for any topic in the list

and could be much higher for some topics.

Here is a suggestion on how to search papers: Search a well-known paper in a good

digital library, and look for papers citedby the paper andpapers citingthis paper.

ACM and IEEE digital libraries are good ones. The CiteSeer web site is also a goodsource but is not as authoritative.

After a list of papers is obtained, the next step is to read them. Read good papers

and skip bad papers. You may contact the instructor for help (but be aware that he

may not read every paper). Then find a way to organize the papers. Pay attention to

the contributionsmade by each paper. A good example of survey is "Cache

Memories" by Alan Smith in 1982

Q24:What is a Laboratory report? Discuss.Ans.

A laboratory report is the report of any experiment or work performed in the

laboratory. Science students are required to do many experiments to test a theory,

record the findings, verify the research findings etc. A laboratory report is an step

by step recode of the experiments performed in the laboratory. An experiment

involves choosing the right equipment, arranging the instruments, recording the

procedures and the conclusion of the experiment.

All these steps are logically arranged and put together sequentially in the form of a

laboratory report. A Scientific experiment is not considered valid unless it is

presented in terms intelligible to other scientists and scholars.


38/42

There is a prescribed format for writing a laboratory report. The report contains the

following ingredients:

(a)Heading: - it is the first ting in the report. It describes the name of the

experiment performed.(b)Experiment Number: - it gives the number of the experiment performed.(c)Date of conclusion and submission.(d)Statement of objects: - the object/objects of the experiment must be clearly

defined and stated.

(e)Apparatus used: - a list of all the instruments and apparatus must be given.(f) Method or Procedure followed.(g)Observations: - the findings and observations must be clearly stated. The

conclusion of the report will solely depend mainly of the observations.

(h)Conclusions: - conclusion should clearly state whether the observation andfindings in the experiment verified the validity of the experiment or not.

(i) Signature

1.As the works manger you have been asked to investigate the accident and

fire caused by electricity during 1999-2000 in your factory. Write a report

paying special attention to their causes, the extent of damage on eachoccasion and also suggest preventive measures. Invent the necessary details.

An

Report No. A-1

REPORT OF ACCIDENTDUE TO FIRE

Prepared for

The Managing Director

Delton Cables, Gwalior


39/42

Prepared by

The Works Manager

13 Feb. 2009

Acknowledgement: -

Table of Contents:-

1. Terms of reference

2. Procedure

3. Findings

4. Conclusion

5. Recommendation

Terms of Reference: -

To investigate the causes of fire accidents on 12 May 2007 in the laboratory, the

undersigned was authorized by the principal, Metro college at the meeting held on

21 June, 2007. The undersigned was also assigned the task of detecting the causes,

estimating the losses and making recommendations for preventive measures in his

report to be submitted to the managing director.

Procedure: -

(i) Meeting with the maintenance incharge of the paper covering dept. were held

twice on, once alone and once in the presence of the electrician.

(ii)Two meetings were held on the same date, one with the Assistant Works

Manager alone and the second with the Laboratory incharge in the presence of

Assistant Works Manager.

(iii)Seven workers randomly chosen were interviewed personally and their views

ascertained.

(iv)The electric fittings of the laboratory were thoroughly inspected by the

companys electrical engineers and his views and conclusions noted down.


40/42

Findings: -

(i) The PC department is looked after by Assist Works Manager assisted by two

supervisors. each supervisor is incharge a team of twelve workers. There is an

electrician assigned to look after the proper functioning of the electricity,

maintenance of fittings and safety arrangements.

(ii)The fire accidents took place on 12 May 2007 at 1:55 PM. On making detailed

investigation it was discovered that it was the electrician incharge, who was at fault

since his careless and casual approach led to short circuits.

(iii)The accidents could have been avoided if the electric faults had been detected

earlier. Neither the electrician nor any of the workers were present at the spot since

it was time for lunch break.

Losses that occurred:-

(A)The soft components of 8 DPC machines turned to ashes

(12 May 2007) Rs. 1, 50,000

(B)5.5 qtls of imported papers for covering wires burnt away totally

Rs. 16,000

(C)Furniture window pans doors cupboards and the plaster of the building

Got damaged duie to flames. Rs 70,000

Total Loss Rs. 2,36,000

Conclusions: -

(i) The electrician incharge showed negligence towards his duties by not looking

after the maintenance properly and being unable to detect the lose connections.

(ii)There was no guard or other personnel present at the spot at the time when thefire occurred.

(iii)The electric fittings have become old and obsolete. An overhaul has been due

for long.

Recommendations: -


41/42

(i) An action should be taken against the electrician due to gross negligence.

(ii)Assistant Works Manager and supervisor must be instructed to be cautious

towards their surroundings.

(iii)The electric fittings should be completely overhauled.

Appendices:-

Not Applicable

Bibliography:-

Not Applicable

Q25: What is bibliography? How is bibliography different from the list of

references? Discuss. (June 2007)

Ans.

A bibliography is the list of published and unpublished works that the writer has

consulted or is indebted to for ideas and topics. It may also contain names of works

recommended for further study.

A bibliography is different from List of references in the following ways:

(i) A bibliography is the list of published and unpublished works that the writer has

consulted or is indebted to for ideas and topics. List of references on the other hand

helps the reader to locate the original source of material used.

(ii) In bibliography it is not always necessary to give reference of or credit to the

ideas used. In list of reference it is essential to do this.

(iii) The bibliography may contain works recommended for further study while the

reference does not do any such thing.

(iv) The entries in the bibliography are in alphabetical order whereas the list of

references are arranged in the sequence in which they have been cited in the text.

(v) The author often prepares the bibliography before writing the report to list out

the works he plans to consult and read. The list of references is prepared during the

time the report is being written.


42/42

Important 25 Questions

Documents

Transcript of Important 25 Questions