Implementing of ISA’s in SME Audits Prepared for the use of MGI-alliance on October 10, 2013 and extended on November 27, 2013 by

Auditors’ Network Finland Ltd. / Kari W. Saari, APA

Implementing of ISA’s in SME Audits - IFAC's Risk Based Audit Process Model

- Basic Audit Procedures

- Scaling of ISA-standards

- SME Audit Process

- Contents of audit engagement file

Implementing of ISA’s for SME Audits, contents

- IFAC's ISA –SME-Guide as background

- Presentation of IFAC's Risk Based Audit Process Model

- General comments concerning this model

- Way to downscale ISA-standards for SME Audits

- SME audit process using IFAC's model extended with basic audit procedures

- Preliminary Audit Procedures and materiality limits

- Risk Register and Risk Assessment Procedures

- Basic Audit Procedures

- Responding to Assessed Risks

- Reporting phase

- Case example: Risks in sales process and use of assertions

- Extension: Contents of audit engagement file (IFAC’s ISQC 1- SME Guide)

3

IFAC’s Model as Risk Based Audit Process I

Risk Based Audit Process:

- This ‘Risk Based Audit Process is described in IFACs publication named

‘Guide to Using ISAs in the Audits of Small- and Medium-Sized Entities’

The main phases of the model are:

- Risk Assessment

- Risk Response

- Reporting

4

IFAC’s Model as Risk Based Audit Process II

Main phase 'Risk Assessment', Activities:

- Preliminary Engagement Activities

- Planning of the Audit

- Risk Assessment Procedures

5

IFAC’s Model as Risk Based Audit Process III

Preliminary Engagement Activities:

Purpose:

- Deciding whether to accept engagement

Documentation:

- Listing of risk factors

- Independence

- Engagement letter

6

IFAC’s Model as Risk Based Audit Process IV

Plannig of the Audit:

Purpose:

- Developing an overall audit strategy and audit plan

Documentation:

- Materiality

- Audit team discussions

- Overall audit strategy

7

IFAC’s Model as Risk Based Audit Process V

Risk Assessment Procedures:

Purpose:

- Identifying and assessing risks of material misstatement

through understanding the entity

Documentation:

- Busines and fraud risks including significant risks

- Design and implementation of relevant internal controls

- Assessed risks of material misstatement

on the level of financial statements and

on the level of assertions

8

IFAC’s Model as Risk Based Audit Process VI

Main phase 'Risk Respose', Activities:

- Design overall responses and further audit procedures (as risk responses)

- Implement responses to risks of material misstatement

9

IFAC’s Model as Risk Based Audit Process VII

Design overall responses and further audit procedures (as risk responses):

Purpose:

- Developing of appropriate responses to the

assessed risks of material misstatement

Documentation:

- Update of overall strategy

- Overall responses to assessed risks

- Audit plan that links assessed risks of material misstatement

to further audit procedures

10

IFAC’s Model as Risk Based Audit Process VIII

Implement responses to risks of material misstatement :

Purpose:

- Reducing audit risk to an acceptably low level

Documentation:

- Work performed

- Audit findings

- Staff supervision

- Working paper review

11

IFAC’s Model as Risk Based Audit Process IX

Main phase 'Reporting', Activities:

- Evaluate the audit evidence obtained

- Decision: is additional work required?

- Yes = back to perform risk assesment procedures

- No = continue to the next step

- Prepare the auditor’s report

12

IFAC’s Model as Risk Based Audit Process X

Evaluate the audit evidence obtained :

Purpose:

- Determine what additional audit work (if any) is required

Documentation:

- New or revised risk factors and audit procedures

- Changes in materiality

- Communications on audit findings

- Conclusions on audit procedures performed

13

IFAC’s Model as Risk Based Audit Process XI

Prepare the auditor’s report :

Purpose:

- Form an opinion based on audit findings

Documentation:

- Significant decisions

- Signed auditor’s report

14

Comments to IFAC’s Model as Risk Based Audit Process

Comments to IFAC's model :

- As the way of thinking the model is applicable in all audits

- The description as audit process helps to adopt ISA-standards

- Risk based approach is built on materialities

- The model gives more systematics for the planning phase of any audit

- The model gives the basics of how to recognize and evaluate risks

- Risk based approach helps to scale ISA-standards for SME audits

- Examples are concretizing the need of documentation in SME-audits

- Lack: the model says nothing of basic audit procedures

15

The downscaling of ISA standards I

Good Audit Practice means audits in compliance with ISA-standards

At least in Finland, according to ISAs, ISQC 1 etc., the implementation of ISA-standards

is reviewed by authorities through external quality control procedures

There are two ways to approach ISA-standards:

- To document something of the implementation of every ISA-standard

(this way is too heavy for SME audits)

- Risk based approach: ISA standards are needed only where they are

relevant in reducing audit risk to an acceptable low level

(this way enables rational, effective and efficient SME-audits)

16

The downscaling of ISA standards II

Audit procedure groups including into every audit:

- Preliminary engagement procedures (= IFAC’s model main phase ‘Risk Assessment’)

- Basic audit procedures (IFAC’s model says nothing)

- Audit procedures responding to risks (= IFAC’s model main phase ‘Risk Response’)

- Other audit procedures (= IFAC’s model main phase ‘Reporting’)

17

The downscaling of ISA standards III

The purposeful course of risk based audit process in any SME-audit:

- Preliminary engagement procedures according to IFAC’s model

- Designing of audit strategy and determining of materiality limits

according to IFAC’s model

- Basic audit procedures and updates into risk register, differ from IFAC’s model

- Risk assessment and audit plan according to IFAC’s model

- Audit procedures responding to risks acccording to IFAC’s model

- Other audit procedures as reporting according to IFAC’s model

18

The downscaling of ISA standards IV

Risk based audit process is able to scale down the ISA standards:

- In case preliminary engagement procedures accepts the audit engagement,

the next step is to design audit strategy and determine materiality limits

- Then perform basic audit procedures with updates into risk register

- Risk assessment can be part of risk register updates but should be finalized

not until all basic audit procedures are performed

- After this is the time to implement more ISA standards, but

only so far where after performed basic audit procedures still exist

significant or material risks without sufficient responses

19

Preliminary engagement procedures I

Obtain and document an understanding of the entity and its environment,

issues to be considered and documented:

- External factors (nature of industry; regulatory environment;

financial reporting framework)

- Nature of Entity (operations and key personnel; ownership and governance; investment; structure and financing)

- Accounting policies (selection and application; reasons for changes; appropriateness to entity)

(Continues)

20

Preliminary engagement procedures II

Obtain and document an understanding of the entity and its environment,

issues to be considered and documented, continues:

- Entity objectives and strategies (business plans and strategies;

financial implications and risks undertaken)

- Measurement and review of financial performance (what is measured;

who reviews financial results)

- Internal control relevant to the audit (processes and relevant controls

to mitigate risks at the entity level (and at the transactional level))

21

Preliminary engagement procedures III

Assess and document competency and independency,

independency threat factors:

- threat of self interest

- threat of self-review

- threat of advocacy

- threat of familiarity

- threat of intimidation

- safeguards if needed

22

Preliminary engagement procedures IV

Prelimiary audit implementation plan issues:

- Is it enough that the performing of all audit happens

after the end of the period under audit, or

- what kind of audit procedures, if any, are needed

during the period under audit.

- Is it possible to perform the whole audit alone, or

- is there also needed team structures or other help.

23

Preliminary engagement procedures V

Decision to accept or continue the engagement

- when preliminary understanding of the entity is obtained and

- when both competency and independency are noticed and

- when prelimiary audit implementation plan is prepared

- then assess your own capability and adequacy of time

- if then the decision to accept is yes

- prepare or update the engagement letter

24

Determining of audit strategy and materiality levels I

How to complement consideration of the entity to audit strategy:

- the six aspects of the concideration of the entity should be

complemented as general audit strategy with following extensions

- Control environment of the entity (tone at the top;

management is always able to override controls)

- Entity level IT-controls (how IT-management is organized)

- Income sources and recording of incomes (always material risk area)

- Related parties and related transactions (always material risk area)

- Possible fraud risks (fraud triangle: pressure, opportunity, rationalization,

always material risk)

25

Determining of audit strategy and materiality levels II

Materiality levels according to IFAC's model:

- Overall materiality (the highest materiality level

on the whole financial statements)

- Overall performance materiality (lower than the above allowing room to prevent the possibility existence of undetected and immaterial misstatements

from aggregating to a material amount)

- “Specific” materiality (lower than the above for particular financial statement areas as classes of transactions, account balances, or disclosures)

- “Specific” performance materiality (lower than the above giving more room

as explained above, roughly 50 % of the highest materiality level)

. Regarding SMEs, one materiality level may be much enough

26

Determining of audit strategy and materiality levels III

Determining materiality levels in practise:

- Professional consideration is always needed

- An helping comparision value can be calculated as average of

the following four figures according to the financial statements:

- 1 % of financial periods turnover (or of the sum of all incomes)

- 2 % of balance sheet total (0,2 % if dwelling house)

- 5 % as absolutive value of the total of own capital (0,5 % if dwelling house)

- 10 % as absolute value of financial periods net result

27

Risk register and handling of risks I

Risk register definition:

- Basic working paper in customer file for continual updates

done beside any other audit procedure

- Register that collects information of all finded (material) risks and of

controls implemented to reduce these risks

Practical hints

- It is efficient to collect risk information beside basic audit procedures, and

- to finalize risk assessment not until all basic audit procedures are done

- after this, further audit procedures can be focused to reduce those

significant risks not reduced sufficiently through basic audit procedures

28

Risk register and handling of risks II

Risk handling through 'long formula':

(= the way explained in IFAC’s ISA-SME-guide)

- Phase 1: risk identification (what could go wrong)

- Phase 2: control design (planned way to control risks by the entity itself)

- Phase 3: control implementation (are these controls implemented)

- Phase 4: control documentation (are these controls used properly and

assessment of remainder risks after these controls)

29

Risk register and handling of risks III

Risk handling through 'short formula':

- Also in small entities the ‘long formula’ functions well as model of thinking, but to document the four phases separately may mean too heavy process

- An experienced auditor with good understanding of the customer,

when identifying a risk, may be able to

assess it straight according to phase 4 and

then to document only this result

30

Basic audit procedures I

General aspects regarding 'basic audit procedures':

- The concept ‘basic audit procedures’ means such procedures that

at least are to be performed in any audit so far they are relevant

- These ‘basic audit procedures’ are to be performed

in spite of materiality lines and in any sequence

- The issues disclosed in appendix 2 of the old review standard ISRE 2400

(in force until the end of the year 2012) can be applicably adapted

and interpreted to describe the contents of ‘basic audit procedures’

so far they are relevant

- risk register should be continually updated beside these procedures

- ‘Basic audit procedures’ means a kind of review and becomes as

audit when extended according to the risk based audit process

31

Basic audit procedures II

The contents of 'basic audit procedures':

- Updates to basic customer information

- Review of minutes and other entity governance aspects

- Comparison of opening balance figures in ledgers

- Comparisons of cash figures in bank statements and ledgers

- Comparisons of vouchers and ledgers

- Financial statements process and comparisions of figures

- Substantive analytical procedures

- Other basic audit procedures

32

Basic audit procedures III

Updates to basic customer information:

- Key persons and connections

- Those charged with governance, management and related parties

- Preciseness of disclosed information in public registers

33

Basic audit procedures IV

Review of minutes and other entity governance aspects:

- Review of the minutes of shareholders’ meetings or general meetings

- Review of board minutes

- Review of other entity governance aspects

34

Basic audit procedures V

Comparision of opening balance figures in ledgers:

- Comparing of opening balance figures in ledgers

to the figures in preceding financial statements

- A rapid routine when same auditor has audited

also the preceding financial statements

- Can be much more troublesome when the previous financial statements

is audited by another auditor or totally lacks the audit

35

Basic audit procedures VI

Comparision of cash figures in bank statements and ledgers:

- Comparisions to recognize how the figures in bank statements and

figures in ledgers are corresponding each others

- Suggested to be done monthly covering both volumes and balances

- means pervasive external control which is

not easy to override by management

- Effectiveness of this control is depending on

how far bank accounts are covering all money transactions

- this procedure also helps to assess the quality of ledgers and

their appropriateness as object for other audit procedures

36

Basic audit procedures VII

Comparision of vouchers and ledgers:

- Comparisions of cash figures in bank statements and in ledgers

are also a part of these audit procedures

- In addition, these audit procedures should cover at least material

general ledger transactions and vouchers near the end of financial period

37

Basic audit procedures VIII

Financial statements preparing process and comparisions of figures,

questions to be answered:

- Is the accounting system producing appropriate journals and general ledgers?

- Does the accounting system produce also

balance sheets and income statements per account?

- Does the structure of financial statements correspond their previous structure?

- Are the comparing figures same as in previous financial statements?

(continues)

38

Basic audit procedures IX

Financial statements preparing process and comparisions of figures,

questions to be answered (continues):

- Are the comparing figures sufficient?

- Are the financial statements figures correspondig to ledgers?

- Are the figures in the specifications of financial statements corresponding

both to ledgers and financial statements figures?

- Are the calculations in financial statements correct?

- Are the specifications of financial statements appropriate and sufficient?

- Are the notes in financial statements according to circumstances sufficient?

(continues)

39

Basic audit procedures X

Financial statements preparing process and comparisions of figures,

questions to be answered (continues):

- Are the financial statements properly signed?

- Is the explanation of ledgers and vouchers appropriate and sufficient?

- Are the stuctures and contents of the financial statements

appropriate according to circumstances?

- What other accounting systems and ledgers are in use

in addition to entity level journals and general ledgers

(payroll ledgers?; debitors’ ledgers?; creditors’ ledgers?; inventory ledgers?;

what else?) and are they comparing to the contents of general ledger?

40

Basic audit procedures XI

Substantive analytical procedures:

- Analyses concerning the contents of income statement and balance sheet

- Supplying basis evidence of the contents of

income statement and balance sheet items

- Comparisions to information from other sources

- assessments of material trends

- Also analyze systems and programs can be used as help

41

Basic audit procedures XII

Other basic audit procedures:

The following significant questions are to be answered (verbally):

- How the conclution has been reveived that

all incomes of the entity are recognized in ledgers?

- How the conclution has been received that

all inventories are recognized in ledgers as appropriately valued?

- Assessment of the the entitys risk management and insurance issues

- How earlier audit results are utilized by the entity?

42

Risk response and further audit procedures I

Finalizing of risk assessment:

- Beside basic audit procedures, update entitys risk register

- Finalize risk assessment not until all basic audit procedures are performed

- the first phase is to assess risks ignoring internal control effects

- then chart the internal controls which are reducing these risks

- then assess if there still exist such significant risks that still need

mitigations through further audit procedures

43

Risk response and further audit procedures II

Further audit procedures:

- Inquire and assess the material risk reducing internal controls that

the entity may have implemented and which are able to be tested

- As far such internal controls exist, consider the needs to test them and

perform proper testing procedures

- If such intenal controls cannot be found (typical circumstance in SMEs),

or if these controls are not reliable, risk response shouls be based

on substantive audit procedures

- all significant risks (in SMEs typically half dozen or less)

should be responded (on assertion level)

- In case the evidence received through basic audit procedures can be assessed

as sufficient to reduce all significant risks to an acceptable low level,

then no further audit procedures are needed and then

it is much enough and sufficient to document this conclusion

44

Conclusions and process to correct misstatements

- Document received conclusions and their reasons

- Prepare audit memorandum of recognized misstatements etc.

- Communicate with management and others involved

into the financial statements preparing process, as far as needed

- Ask them to perform the needed corrective actions

- Review the corrections

- Prepare management’s representation letter

(in SMEs typically not more than one page)

45

Management’s representation letter and auditor’s report

- Management’s representation letter may need following appendicies:

- Audit memorandum of recognized misstatements etc.

- Explanation of principles regarding related parties

- Management’s representation letter, when signed

by authorized management’s representative, also gives

evidence of communications with those charged with governance

- Prepare auditor’s report

- Regarding SMEs it may be rational, that in same occasion both management’s representative signs the representation letter and auditor signs auditor’s report

- In case during this occasion new material issues are founded,

then, if needed, continue the audit

46

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions I

Case example, Risks in salesprocess, background:

- The following case example is prepared according to the contents of IFACs publication ‘Guide to Using ISAs in the Audits of Small- and Medium-Sized Entities’, Third Edition, Volume 2 – Practical Quidance, pages 166 - 167

- This case example descibes also the purposeful contents of risk register

Risks and assertions

- Assertions are managements implicite or disclosed statements that

the items and issues disclosed in financial statements are correct.

- Risks are suspicions raised through auditor’s professional scepticism that these assertions may include misstatements

- Risks can be mitigated by control activities implemented by management and

audit procedures performed by auditor

47

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions II

Case example, existing risks and controls in salesprocess

Risk 1: goods shipped or services performed not invoiced (assertion completeness)

Control a: received order ise immediately entered into accounting system,

which automatically assigns a sequencial number

Control b: when the order is ready for shipment, a shipping document is

prepared, entered into the system and matched with the order

Control c: An invoice is then prepared by Karla from the accountingsystem,

which automatically assigns a sequential number (continues)

48

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions III

Case example, existing risks and controls in salesprocess (continues)

Risk 1: goods shipped or services performed not invoiced (assertion completeness)

Control d: It is a strict rule that no shipment can be made without the

shipping document number being entered into the system

Control e: The system can then track which orders have been filed and

which ones are still pending by delivery date

(continues)

49

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions IV

Case example, existing risks and controls in salesprocess (continues)

Risk 2: revenues incorrect/not recorded (i.e. Cash sales)

in the accounts (assertion completeness)

Control a: Sales orders are prepared for each order received and entered into the accounting system, which automatically assigns a sequential number

Control b: The only exception is furniture sold directly from the shop

or other small items on hand

(continues)

50

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions V

Case example, existing risks and controls in salesprocess (continues)

Risk 3: related party transactions not identified (assertion existence)

Control a: no controls in place at present

(continues)

51

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions VI

Case example, existing risks and controls in salesprocess (continues)

Risk 4: revenue recognition policies not followed (assertion accuracy and cutoff)

Control a: revenue is recorded when invoice is submitted

Control b: all orders over 500 euros, or where the sales price is

below the minimum sales price,

must be reviewed and approved by Arjan

(continues)

52

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions VII

Case example, existing risks and controls in salesprocess (continues)

Risk 5: fictitious sales/sales credits recorded in accounts (assertion existence)

Control a: all orders over 500 euros, or where the sales price is

below the minimum sales price,

must be reviewed and approved by Arjan

(continues)

53

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions VIII

Case example, existing risks and controls in salesprocess (continues)

Risk 6: goods shipped/services provided to a bad credit risk (assertion valuation)

Control a: Arjan does not do a credit check on customers

unless he does not know them or the order is large

(continues)

54

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions IX

Case example, existing risks and controls in salesprocess (continues)

Risk 7: sales/services recorded in wrong accounting period

(assertion accuracy and cutoff)

Control a: Karla prepares a month end report of

revenue and cash receipts for the month

Control b: the month end report is reviewed by Suraj

(continues)

55

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions X

Case example, existing risks and controls in salesprocess (continues)

Risk 8: receipts are partially or not deposited/recorded (fraud or error)

(assertion completeness)

Control a: cheques received are listed, totaled and reviewed before deposit

Control b: Karla prepares the daily deposit slips but

Jawad makes the cash deposit to ensure functions are segregated

(continues)

56

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions XI

Case example, existing risks and controls in salesprocess (continues)

Risk 9: receipts are credited to the wrong account (fraud or error)

(assertions completeness; accuracy and cutoff)

Control a: Could be noticed during the review of monthly sales and receivables

(continues)

57

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions XII

Case example, existing risks and controls in salesprocess (continues)

Risk 10: receipts are recorded in wrong accounting period

(assertion accuracy and cutoff)

Control a: Karla checks for proper cut off each month to ensure

receipts are recorded in the correct period

(continues)

58

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions XIII

Case example, existing risks and controls in salesprocess (continues)

Risk 11: no allowance is recorded for doubtful or uncolleltible balances

(assertion valuation)

Control a: accounts over 60 days are followed up for payment but

no allowance is made for doubtful accounts other than at year end

(continues)

59

Case example, risks in sales process and use of assertions XIV

Case example, existing risks and controls in salesprocess (continues)

Risk 12: overdue receivables are not followed up on timely basis

(all assertions: completeness; existence; accuracy and cutoff; valuation)

Control a: Jawad prepares an aged accounts receivable listing and

gives the lising to Suraj for his review

Control b: Accounts over 60 days are followed up each month and comments are made on the listing as to when the customer has agreed to pay the balance

Control c: For customers who are over 90 days and have not made alternative payment arrangements, future sales are made on cash-on-delivery basis

60

Final contents of audit engagement file I

Procedures for final assembly of the engagement file should be performed ordinarily no more than 60 days after the date of the report

IFAC’s Guide to Quality Control for Small- and Medium-Sized Practices, section 7, includes the following checklist (year-end audit file index) of the divisons and sections of work that sould be included into the final documentation of each engagement file as far as relevant.

It is suggested that in the end of each engagement, go through these checklist items in order to check that each item includes proper documented contents.

In case an item of this checklist is not relevant, document this conclusion.

61

Final contents of audit engagement file II

Year-end audit file index, division 'finalization of audit', sections:

- Audit file closing

- Engagement completion memorandum

- Subsequent changes to the audit file

- Financial statements / auditor’s report

- Final analytical review

- Reviewer’s checklist

- Quality control review (if EQCR applicable)

- Financial statement presentation and disclosure review

continues

62

Final contents of audit engagement file III

Year-end audit file index, division 'finalixazation of audit', sections: continues

- Engagement partner / sole practitioner review

- Adjusting and closing journal entries

- Working trial balance

- Correspondence, discussions, and notes

- representation letter

- Discussions with management and others

- Management letter

- Notes and queries

63

Final contents of audit engagement file IV

Year-end audit file index, division 'audit acceptance', sections:

- Audit engagement acceptance checklist

- New or continuing client

- Information from predecessor’s files

- Engagement letter

- Understanding the entity and its environment

- Client profile

- Documents to request

64

Final contents of audit engagement file V

Year-end audit file index, division 'overall audit strategy', sections:

- Establishing the overall audit strategy checklist

- Determining materiality

- Evaluating misstatements

- Identifying risks using analytical procedures

- Conducting an audit team planning meeting

- Assessing inherent risks

- Determining whether the risks indicate the need for an EQCR

- Audit budget – time and fees

- Schedule of documents to be prepared by client

- Overall audit strategy

65

Final contents of audit engagement file VI

Year-end audit file index, division 'assessing risks of material misstatement', sections:

- Assessing the risks of material misstatement checklist

- Inquiries

- for management

- for those responsible for governance

- for those responsible for internal audit

- for others in the entity

- Evaluating the control environment

- Evaluating management’s use of estimates, including fair value

continues

66

Final contents of audit engagement file VII

Year-end audit file index, division 'assessing risks of material misstatement', sections: continues

- Information systems and internal control

- General IT system and IT controls

- Revenue, receivables, and receipts

- Purchases, payables and payments

- Payroll

- Inventory, cost of sales, and production

- Financing and equity

continues

67

Final contents of audit engagement file VIII

Year-end audit file index, division 'assessing risks of material misstatement', sections: continues

- Testing controls

- Revenue, receivables, and receipts

- Purchases, payables, and payments

- Payroll

- Inventory, cost of sales, and production

- Financing and equity

continues

68

Final contents of audit engagement file IX

Year-end audit file index, division 'assessing risks of material misstatement', sections: continues

- Review of minutes of all meetings

- Appointment of auditor (AGM resolution)

- Review of client’s annual report or other document

that will include the audited financial statements

- Risk assessment summary

69

Final contents of audit engagement file X

Year-end audit file index, division 'analytical procedures and tests of balances, balance sheet / statement of financial position', sections:

- Cash and cash equivalents

- Trade and other receivables

- Inventories

. Prepaid expenses

- Investments

- Property, plant and equipment

- Capital assets

- Goodwill and intangible assets

Continues

70

Final contents of audit engagement file XI

Year-end audit file index, division 'analytical procedures and tests of balances, balance sheet / statement of financial position', sections: continues

- Short-term and long-term debt

- Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

- Taxes payable

- Other liabilities

- Equity / Net assets

Continues

71

Final contents of audit engagement file XII

Year-end audit file index, division 'analytical procedures and tests of balances, balance sheet / statement of financial position', sections: continues

- Journal entries

- Responding to indications of fraud

- Going concern

- Foreign currency translation

. Accounting estimates

Continues

72

Final contents of audit engagement file XIII

Year-end audit file index, division 'analytical procedures and tests of balances, balance sheet / statement of financial position', sections: continues

- Changes in accounting policies and correction of prior period errors

- Related party transactions

- Significant transactions outside the normal course of business

- Contingencies and contractual obligations

- Subsequent events

- Economic dependence

73

Final contents of audit engagement file XIV

Year-end audit file index, division 'analytical procedures and tests of balances, income statement / statement of operations', sections:

- Revenue

- Cost of sales

- Expenses

- Other income and expenses

74

Final contents of audit engagement file XV

Year-end audit file index, division 'substantive tests of transactions', sections:

- Revenue, receivables, and receipts

- Purchases, payables, and payments

- Payroll

. Inventory, cost of sales, and production

- Financing and equity

75