ImperialismImperialism

The ambition of a powerful The ambition of a powerful nation to dominate the political, nation to dominate the political, economic, and cultural affairs of economic, and cultural affairs of another country.another country.

The British EmpireThe British Empire

As the 1As the 1stst country to industrialize, Britain country to industrialize, Britain came to be the dominate world power from came to be the dominate world power from 1815-1900.1815-1900.

Britain led the world in the production of coal, Britain led the world in the production of coal, iron and manufactured goods.iron and manufactured goods.

British money (Pound) was used for most British money (Pound) was used for most international trade.international trade.

Their world empire was used for markets to Their world empire was used for markets to sell goods, as well as land to take natural sell goods, as well as land to take natural resources from.resources from.

““The sun never sets on the British Empire”.The sun never sets on the British Empire”.

Technology that allows for Europe to Technology that allows for Europe to dominate Africa and Southeast Asiadominate Africa and Southeast Asia

Machine gunMachine gun

Quanine (access to jungle, combat Malaria)Quanine (access to jungle, combat Malaria)

SteamshipSteamship

TelegraphTelegraph

RailroadsRailroads

The British Navy: Her naval and merchant fleet was larger than all other countries combined during most of the 1800s.

MissionariesMissionariesThe urge to spread the Christian religion The urge to spread the Christian religion increased with imperialism.increased with imperialism.

As worldwide trade increased with As worldwide trade increased with industrialization, people in Europe were industrialization, people in Europe were introduced to new cultures in Africa and introduced to new cultures in Africa and Southeast Asia. The desire to “save” Southeast Asia. The desire to “save” these people from their uncivilized ways these people from their uncivilized ways developed. (White Man’s Burden)developed. (White Man’s Burden)

Missionaries built many schools and Missionaries built many schools and hospitals; thus, knowledge of Christianity, hospitals; thus, knowledge of Christianity, medicine and European languages and medicine and European languages and learning spread throughout the world.learning spread throughout the world.

The Scale of Justice

In 1884, European powers met in Berlin, Germany to resolve conflicts over territory. No African representatives were there. European leaders simply carved up Africa to their own benefit. Tribes and ethnic groups in Africa were separated which caused major social disruption which has lasted up until today. “The Berlin Conference” illustrates the blatant disregard for colonized people during the Age of Imperialism.

By 1900, Britain’s predominance was By 1900, Britain’s predominance was slipping.slipping.

By 1890, the US had overtaken Britain in By 1890, the US had overtaken Britain in the production of iron, coal, steel and the production of iron, coal, steel and manufactured goods.manufactured goods.

Britain was beginning to show some Britain was beginning to show some vulnerability; she had no standing army and vulnerability; she had no standing army and other European countries were beginning to other European countries were beginning to challenge her.challenge her.

The Sun is Setting…..

MAIN Causes of WWIMAIN Causes of WWI

MM MilitarismMilitarism

AA AlliancesAlliances

II ImperialismImperialism

NN NationalismNationalism

MilitarismMilitarism Germany was competing with Russia Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their armies= and France to expand their armies= Chain reaction where one builds up Chain reaction where one builds up so the others have to as well.so the others have to as well.

18801880

19141914Germany 1.3mGermany 1.3m 5.0m5.0mFranceFrance 0.73m0.73m 4.0m4.0mRussiaRussia 0.40m0.40m 1.2m1.2m

Industrialization allows them to Industrialization allows them to build their armies quickly.build their armies quickly.

WWI was the 1WWI was the 1st st industrialized industrialized war. war.

Germany & Great BritainGermany & Great BritainGermany believed that to Germany believed that to be a great power it needed be a great power it needed a strong navy (as well as a strong navy (as well as army) to rival Britain.army) to rival Britain.

(This is a mix of nationalism (This is a mix of nationalism and militarism)and militarism)The British could not The British could not understand why Germany understand why Germany needed a navy since it needed a navy since it was more of a land power was more of a land power with few colonies.with few colonies.Britain took Germany’s Britain took Germany’s developing navy as a developing navy as a threat.threat.

AlliancesAlliancesBy 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances.of alliances.

The alliances made it more likely that a war would The alliances made it more likely that a war would start. Once war started, the alliances made it more start. Once war started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.likely to spread.

Why are there alliances?Why are there alliances?

Imperialism Imperialism created rivalries for larger empires and created rivalries for larger empires and prestige. Towards the end of the 1800s, these rivalries prestige. Towards the end of the 1800s, these rivalries caused small wars.caused small wars.

For example: France and Germany went to war in 1870. For example: France and Germany went to war in 1870. (France lost) And, in 1905 they fought over Morocco. (France lost) And, in 1905 they fought over Morocco.

Fear of revenge, or desire for revenge, led to militarization Fear of revenge, or desire for revenge, led to militarization and to the need to make alliances for protection.and to the need to make alliances for protection.

France BritainFrance Britain RussiaRussia

France & Great Britain were long time enemies, however, the fear of Germany led them to form alliances.

France sought an alliance with Russia to help protect her from Germany. With agreements between all three the Triple Entente was formed in 1907.

Germany & Austria/HungaryGermany & Austria/Hungary

Germany knew that France might seek revenge for their loss in the war of 1870. So, Germany made an alliance with the Austrian-Hungarian Empire to try to isolate France.

By allying with Austria-Hungary, Germany upset Russia. Russia felt threatened. Russia also wanted to control this area to have access to the Mediterranean Sea.

Germany, under the leadership of Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany, under the leadership of Kaiser Wilhelm II, wanted to extend it’s influence through Austria-Hungary wanted to extend it’s influence through Austria-Hungary all the way to Constantinople with a railroad. all the way to Constantinople with a railroad. His actions worsened the fears of France, Britain and His actions worsened the fears of France, Britain and Russia. Their alliance grew stronger.Russia. Their alliance grew stronger.Austria-Hungary wanted to use German strength to stop Austria-Hungary wanted to use German strength to stop the Slavs in the Balkans from gaining too much power.the Slavs in the Balkans from gaining too much power.Austria-Hungary was very weak militarily but Germany Austria-Hungary was very weak militarily but Germany protected her.protected her.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary was a very weak empire. They wanted to control the Balkans to prove themselves, however, they needed the backing (protection) from Germany.

Their empire was falling apart. They wanted to go to war to squash any rebellions.

Two Armed CampsTwo Armed CampsWith the Triple With the Triple Entente and the Entente and the Triple Alliance, Triple Alliance, Europe was divided Europe was divided into two armed into two armed camps. All of these camps. All of these nations had nations had promised to come promised to come to the defense of to the defense of their allies if a their allies if a conflict arose….and conflict arose….and in 1914 one did.in 1914 one did.

The Balkans (The “Powder Keg”)The Balkans (The “Powder Keg”)

Nationalism: Serbian Nationalists wanted to extend their land to the sea, creating a large Slavic State.

In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia-Herzegovina. Serbia was infuriated, so too was Russia who identified with the Slavic culture of the Balkan people.

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 19141914This is considered the “spark” that This is considered the “spark” that started WWI.started WWI.

Young men, part of the Black Hand Young men, part of the Black Hand Society, planned the murderSociety, planned the murder

They were Serbian nationalists They were Serbian nationalists opposed to Austrian-Hungarian rule opposed to Austrian-Hungarian rule over Bosnia-Herzegovina.over Bosnia-Herzegovina.

They felt that Serbia was next to be They felt that Serbia was next to be conquered by Austria-Hungaryconquered by Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary saw this as an Austria-Hungary saw this as an excuse to attack Serbia (but only excuse to attack Serbia (but only with the backing of Germany)with the backing of Germany)

What kind of What kind of ultimatumultimatum did Austria- did Austria-Hungary present to Serbia?Hungary present to Serbia?

Princip assassinates the ArchdukePrincip assassinates the Archduke

The Outbreak of War: 1914The Outbreak of War: 1914After rejecting the ultimatum, Serbia began mobilizing (getting troops ready) for war.

Russia promised to come to the defense of Serbia and began to mobilize for war.

Germany demanded that Russia stop mobilizing, but this was ignored.

Germany then declared war on Russia..and believing that France would join in soon, Germany declared war on France as well.

SchlieffenSchlieffen Plan: German plan to attack France Plan: German plan to attack France through Belgium, surround Paris and knock through Belgium, surround Paris and knock France out of the war quickly before Russia France out of the war quickly before Russia has a chance to mobilize…then turn on Russiahas a chance to mobilize…then turn on Russia

The attack on BelgiumThe attack on Belgium

Belgium was supposed to be neutral territory where the Germans promised not to invade. When the Germans did invade, the British came to the defense of the innocent Belgian people.

The Central PowersThe Central Powers

Italy dropped out of its’ alliance with Germany and instead joined the Allies or the Triple Entente.

Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined Germany and Austria-Hungary. To form the Central Powers (They’re in the center)

Stalemate: 1914Stalemate: 1914

Map of Western FrontMap of Western Front

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

The Central PowersThe Central Powers

Italy dropped out of its’ alliance with Germany and instead joined the Allies or the Triple Entente.

Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined Germany and Austria-Hungary. To form the Central Powers (They’re in the center)

The Allied Powers: France, Britain, Russia The Allied Powers: France, Britain, Russia and Italy, (32 countries in all)and Italy, (32 countries in all)

The “Allies” (changed name from Triple Entente) have more troops and a stronger naval power, but the Central Powers have the ability to transport troops and communicate quickly through central Europe.

New Weapons of War: These weapons New Weapons of War: These weapons had never been used before. had never been used before.

Machine Gun

Tank (British 1916)

Make troop advancements deadly. Soldiers built trenches to protect themselves from the machine gun fire.

The British introduced the tank which allowed troops to get through barbed wire and cross over to enemy lines.

Tanks proved ineffective at first since they had trouble getting through the mud.

New Weapons ContinuedNew Weapons Continued

Artillery German U-Boat (submarine)

Zeppelins

Used by Germans in the beginning of the war, Zeppelins or airships, carried bombs and guns. They were abandoned because they were too easily shot out of the sky.

Poison GasPoison Gas

The soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats.

These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.

Shell ShockShell Shock

VerdunVerdunThe Battle of Verdun resulted in more than a The Battle of Verdun resulted in more than a quarter of a million deaths and at least a million quarter of a million deaths and at least a million wounded. Verdun was the longest battle and one of wounded. Verdun was the longest battle and one of the bloodiest in World War I and the bloodiest in World War I and more generally in human history. In both France . In both France and Germany it has come to represent the horrors and Germany it has come to represent the horrors of war, of war,

The SommeThe Somme

The final tally included 420,000 British casualties, 200,000 French and the Germans 500,000.

The reward for this effort was the six-mile movement of the British front line into German territory.

The Paris Peace Conference

&The Treaty of Versailles

What made Germany to surrender?

• After Germany and Russia agreed to Peace (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) Germany made a last attempt to defeat France.

• However, by this time, 1918, it was too late.

• The Allies had reorganized and led by new generals, helping them push back the Germans.

• The other Central Powers had surrendered.

• The American troops were adding strength to the Allied forces.

Other factors leading to the defeat of the Central Powers

• After failing to defeat France in 1914, Germany was then forced to fight on two fronts (surrounded).

• Outnumbered: The Central Powers only had 22 million men, where the Allies had 38 million.

• The Allies had more money (American loans)• The British blockade was very effective in keeping supplies

from the Central Powers• British tanks became more effective on the battlefield• American President Woodrow Wilson’s plans for peace were

very attractive to many German people…they were afraid of being punished by France and Britain, so it seemed like a good idea to agreed to Wilson’s peace plans (Fourteen Points)

November 11th (Armistice Day)Or, “Veteran’s Day” in the U.S.

• On the 11th hour, of the 11th day of the 11th month, the Armistice was signed.

• What is an armistice?

• An agreement to stop fighting.

So, what were they really fighting about? It wasn’t the assassination of the Archduke

Ferdinand. It was Imperialism. World Power. Trade. & Money.

Costs of the War

• Allies lost 5.1 million men, and another 12.8 million wounded.

• Spent: 125 billion dollars.

• Central Powers lost 8.5 million men, and another 21 million wounded.

• Spent: 60 billion dollars.

What did the Big Four want at the Paris Peace Conference?• Britain and France wanted revenge much more so than

President Wilson.

• They suffered and sacrificed more in WWI; they wanted to make sure Germany would not be able to wage war again.

• France wanted the territory they had lost to Germany in 1870 (Alsace-Lorraine).

• Britain wanted Germany’s African colonies (as payment for what Britain sacrificed in war) and to destroy Germany’s navy.

Paris Peace Conference 1919

• The Allies claimed to support Wilson’s Fourteen Points (his plan for peace) yet they also wanted revenge.

• The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty made up for Germany alone (not the other Central Powers). It blamed Germany for causing the war in the “War Guilt” clause.

• The United States never ratified this treaty.

Hall of Mirrors, Versailles

Fourteen Points• Open Diplomacy - There should be no secret treaties between powers

Freedom of Navigation - Seas should be free in both peace and war Free Trade - The barriers to trade between countries such as custom duties should be removed Multilateral Disarmament - All countries should reduce their armed forces to the lowest possible levels Colonies - People in European colonies should have a say in their future

Russia - Russia should be allowed to operate whatever government it wanted and that government should be accepted, supported and welcomed. Belgium - Belgium should be evacuated and restored to the situation before the war. France - should have Alsace-Lorraine and any lands taken away during the war restored. Italy - The Italian border should be readjusted according to nationality National Self -Determination - The national groups in Europe should, wherever possible, be given their independence. Romania, Montenegro and Serbia - Should be evacuated and Serbia should have an outlet to the sea Turkey - The people of Turkey should have a say in their future Poland - Poland should become an independent state with an outlet to the sea. 14th Point!!! League of Nations - An assembly of all nations should be formed to protect world peace in the future.

Europe at the beginning of WWI 1914

The Map of Europe After WWI

Buffer Zone

THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF

VERSAILLES1919

WAR GUILT CLAUSE

GERMAN NATIONAL TERRITORY

GERMANY’S MILITARY FORCES REDUCED

GERMAN OVERSEAS TERRITORRIES

NO UNION WITH AUSTRIA

REPARATIONS

Germany had to accept blame for starting WW1

- Army restricted to 100,000 men.

- No modern weapons such as tanks, military air force.

- Navy could not have battle ships over 10,000 tons and no U-Boats.

- Germany lost national territory which was given to Belgium and Denmark, most went to Poland.

Germany lost Chinese ports [Amoy and Tsingtao], Pacific Islands, and African colonies [Tanganika and German SW Africa].

RHINELAND TO BE DE-MILITARISED

Germany forced to pay massive fine for war damages - 1,000,000,000 Marks (6.6bn pounds).

The Treaty was designed to cripple Germany militarily, territorially and economically

Treaty of Versailles

Black Tuesday 1929- stock market crashes

Great Depressionduring 1930s

Increasing influence of new political parties that emphasize

state control-For example: Communism,

Nazism, Fascism

Total Controlof State by a

Dictator

Nazism

FascismCommunism

*These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour

Totalitarianism

The treaty of Versailles: the world’s reactions and its legacy

Pre-WWI Europe

The Big Four

Georges Clemenceau David Lloyd George

Vittorio Orlando Woodrow Wilson

David Lloyd

Woodrow

WILSON – I want a ‘Fair’ peace. Trade with

Germany! League of

Nations! Self-Determination!

Clemenceau – A ‘Harsh’ peace! To make Germany pay!!! Vive France! Oh!

Orlando told me to say that he is getting some prime skiing land from Austria.

Lloyd George – Trade and reparations! I’m with you on

making Germany pay (A TON OF CASH INTO MY POCKET), Clemenceau.

Results of the Treaty

France- Cripple Germany politically, economically, and militarily. Were given coal from Germany’s Ruhr region, several choice pieces of land, and a much smaller standing army from Germany Reparations for death and destruction. Were dissatisfied with the treaty because it did not hurt Germany enough.

MADE SURE THAT GERMANY WOULD SIGN THE WAR GUILT CLAUSE!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Britain- Reparations for the loss of British lives. Control of the seas by limiting the German navy to 6 warships and no subs.

Italy- Joined the war really late. All they wanted was land.

The United States- Stressed that Germany should not be treated so harshly. President Wilson wanted to establish a League of Nations with only four permanent members: who do you thing these were?

Its title is 'Lost but not forgotten land'.

The poem under the map reads:

 You must carve in your heart

 These words, as in stone -

  What we have lost   Will be regained

What is the Peace Treaty of Versailles but the work of men? It is not a burden which has been imposed or laid upon us by Providence I am of the opinion that there is nothing which has been produced by the will of man which cannot in its turn be altered by another human will.

Both the Peace Treaty of Versailles together with all the consequences of that Treaty have been the result of a policy which perhaps fifteen, fourteen, or thirteen years ago was regarded as the right policy, .. today stands revealed in its utter impossibility. I am bound therefore to assert that there must of necessity have been in Germany, too, some responsibility for these happenings if I am to have any belief that the German people can exercise some influence towards changing these conditions.

d

France- Cripple Germany politically, economically, and militarily. Were given coal from Germany’s Ruhr region, several choice pieces of land, and a much smaller standing army from Germany Reparations for death and destruction. Were dissatisfied with the treaty because it did not hurt Germany enough.

MADE SURE THAT GERMANY WOULD SIGN THE WAR GUILT CLAUSE!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Britain- Reparations for the loss of British lives. Control of the seas by limiting the German navy to 6 warships and no subs.

WILSON – I want a ‘Fair’ peace. Trade with

Germany! League of

Nations! Self-Determination!

Clemenceau – A ‘Harsh’ peace! To make Germany pay!!! Vive France! Oh!

Orlando told me to say that he is getting some prime skiing land from Austria.

Lloyd George – Trade and reparations! I’m with you on

making Germany pay (A TON OF CASH INTO MY POCKET), Clemenceau.

Georges Clemenceau David Lloyd George

Vittorio Orlando Woodrow Wilson

David Lloyd

Woodrow