Imperialism - Polytech High School...Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation to attempt to...
Transcript of Imperialism - Polytech High School...Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation to attempt to...
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Imperialism
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Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating
weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.
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A coaling station for steamships, Cape Town, South Africa
How Did Imperialism Begin?
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The Industrial
Revolution
• The Industrial
Revolution began
in Great Britain
in the mid-18th
century
• Britain’s
advantages
• The spread of
industrialization
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Economic Motives
Industrialized nations sought:
• Raw materials
• Natural resources
• A cheap labor supply
• New marketplaces for manufactured goods
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Technological
Advances • The steam engine
• Better transportation
• Increased exploration
• Improvements in communication
The steamboat Herald
(with mounted machine guns)
on the Zambezi river in Africa
One of the first steam engines
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British
troops
fighting
forces in
Benin in
1897
The Maxim Gun
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Exploration
• David Livingstone
• Mapping the “Dark
Continent”
David Livingstone
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Ideological Motives
• A desire to “civilize” non-Europeans also spurred the development of imperialism
• Social Darwinism
Darwin’s handwritten cover page for
The Origin of Species Herbert Spencer
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―The White Man’s Burden‖
Take up the White Man’s burden—
Send forth the best ye breed—
Go, bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives’ need;
To wait, in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild—
Your new-caught sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden—
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain,
To seek another's profit
And work another's gain.
By Rudyard Kipling
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The “White Man’s
Burden” appeared in
children’s books and
even in advertisements
of the time period.
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Nationalism
• 19th-century political
changes
• Allegiance to one’s
country rather than
to a monarch
• Role of the
“common people”
• Unification
movements
• Militarism Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi (on
horseback) leading an attack in Palermo, Sicily
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Other strong
nations
emerged in
the mid-
1800s as the
result of
political and
economic
changes in
Europe and
beyond.
German Unification
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The Scramble for Africa Begins
King Leopold II of
Belgium
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Henry Morton Stanley in 1869
“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
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Steamboat Stanley on the Congo River
The International African
Association
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The Berlin Conference
Established a set of
agreed-upon rules
regarding the
competition among
the great powers for
colonies in Africa
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Egypt
The Suez Canal in 1875, six years after it opened
• The Suez Canal
• Shares in the canal
held by France, Egypt
• Britain buys out
Egypt’s interest
• Egyptian financial
crisis
• 1882 uprisings
• British invade and
occupy Egypt
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By 1914,
only two
African
nations
remained
independent
European Control of Africa
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Cecil Rhodes
• British imperialist who
made huge profits from
Africa’s natural resources
• Founder of the state of
Rhodesia in Africa
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This cartoon
depicts British
imperial
ambitions to
control the
entire African
continent.
“The Rhodes Colossus”
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A Closer Look at
Imperialism in Africa
• European quest to control natural resources
• Doing so led to drastic changes in the infrastructure of the continent
The port of Zanzibar around 1900
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Improvements in
Transportation and Communication
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Direct vs. Indirect Rule
European nations chose one of two different paths when it came to colonial rule:
Indirect rule: colonies were given a degree of internal autonomy
Example: Nigeria
Direct rule: the colony was directly administered by the colonizer
Example: Senegal
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South Africa
• The Dutch first
arrived on the
Cape of Good
Hope in the late
17th century.
• Europeans soon
began to settle on
the Cape, taking
land and forcing
the natives out.
Jan van Riebeeck landing on
the Cape of Good Hope in 1652
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The Great Trek, 1835–1843
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In 1867,
diamonds
were
discovered in
South Africa;
in 1886, gold
was
discovered.
Diamond mining in South Africa
Diamonds and Gold
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British troops landing on the Cape
• Dutch and British
troops fought for
control of the
Cape
• The British
prevailed
The Boer War, 1899–1902
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In the 1700s,
China enjoyed a
favorable
balance of trade.
China
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The Power of Opium
• By 1779, the British
East India Company
was importing
opium into China
• Within a generation,
opium addiction in
China became
widespread
Mandarin with Opium Pipe
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The East India Company’s opium factory stacking room
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China and Britain
Clash over Opium
Chinese unloading opium from a British ship
In 1839, a
Chinese official
demanded that
the opium trade
in Guangzhou
(Canton) stop.
The British
refused, and
war ensued.
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The British navy attacks
The Opium War: 1839–1842
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The Treaty of Nanjing
Britain gained
• Control of Hong
Kong
• The right to trade
in five major
cities
• Extraterritoriality
• The legalization
of opium in
China
The signing of the Treaty of Nanjing
aboard the British ship Cornwallis
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Treaty Ports
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U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
• Turmoil in China
• “Spheres of influence”
• “Open Door” policy formulated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
• No nations formally accepted Hay’s proposal, but they didn’t counter the Open Door policy’s provisions either
The Open Door Policy
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Catholic cathedral in Shanghai
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American, Japanese, and British troops storming Beijing
The Boxer Rebellion, 1899
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Signing of the Boxer Protocol
• China was forced to
sign the Boxer
Protocol
• Required to pay
damages to
Europeans
• Forced to allow
foreign soldiers
to live in Beijing
The Boxer Protocol
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Nationalism
increased in
China as groups
fought to not
only rid China of
foreigners, but to
end centuries of
imperial rule.
Chinese Nationalism
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Japan had closed its doors
to the world in the 1600s
Japan
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In the mid-
1800s, the U.S.
opened Japan to
trade; soon, it
too became a
strong
industrialized
nation.
Japanese admire gifts brought by U.S. Commodore Perry
The ―Opening‖ of Japan
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The Meiji Restoration
• Tokugawa Shogunate
overthrown by
imperial forces
• Emperor Mutsuhito
ruled 1867–1912
• Modernization
Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito
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Japanese battleship Shikishima
Japanese Modernization
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Japanese Industrialization
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A Japanese print depicting Japan's naval victory
in the Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War
• 1904–1905
• Japan and
Russia fought
for control of
Manchuria
• Japan won
easily; Russia
was humiliated
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Axis rally in Tokyo, 1937
Japanese Empire-Building,
1929–1939
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Women at work on a power loom mill
The United States
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The Monroe Doctrine • Part of President
Monroe’s 1823 Message to Congress
• Warned European powers not to interfere with Western Hemisphere affairs or overthrow independent republics there
• Promised the U.S. wouldn’t interfere with European affairs or colonies
Political cartoon titled “Keep Off!”
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Queen Liliuokalani, the last reigning queen of Hawaii
• Independent
kingdom in the
Pacific Ocean
• Became a republic
in 1894
• Annexed by the
United States in
1898
Hawaii
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The United States
gained control of
Spanish colonies in
the Pacific and the
Caribbean, most
notably Cuba and
the Philippines.
The wreck of the Maine
The Spanish-American War
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A native district of Manila burning
The Philippines • Filipino rebels
fought alongside
U.S. soldiers against
the Spanish
• U.S. fails to grant
the Philippines
independence after
the war
• U.S.-Filipino
fighting breaks out
in 1899 and
continues for years
• Philippines didn’t
gain independence
until 1946
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The Panama Canal Construction of the canal’s Miraflores Lock
• De Lesseps obtains canal rights from
Colombia
• U.S. buys rights in 1903
• U.S. backs Panamanian independence
• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
• Panama as U.S.
protectorate
• Canal completed in 1914
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Imperialism in India
• Vasco da Gama
• Post in Calicut
• The spice trade
Vasco da Gama and the ruler of Calicut
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Mughal Emperor Jahangir receives Sir Thomas Roe
The British East India Company
• Sir Thomas Roe
meets with
Mughal Emperor
Jahangir
• The British East
India Company
gains a monopoly
on trade with
India
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Cotton bales on Cotton Green, Bombay, early 1900s
Cash Crops in India
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The Battle of Plassey, 1757
Robert Clive
• Nabob of Bengal seizes
Calcutta, imprisons
British East India
Company workers
• Nabob supported by
the French
• British troops win a
major victory at
Plassey
• Victory drives the
French from India,
giving Britain a
monopoly on trade
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Improvements in India’s
Infrastructure
In India, the British built:
• The world’s third largest railroad system
• Telephone and telegraph lines
• Dams, bridges, and canals
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The Sepoy Rebellion • Sepoys: Indian
soldiers who served under British commanders
• 1857: Sepoys refused to use ammunition greased with pork/beef fat
• Full-scale rebellion broke out
• After quashing the rebellion, the British took control of India
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―The Jewel in the Crown‖
In this 1897
map of the
world,
British
possessions
are outlined
in red and
shaded pink.
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French Indochina
“French
Indochina”
encompassed a
number of self-
governing regions
in Southeast Asia,
including modern-
day Vietnam, Laos
and Cambodia.
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Saigon harbor, circa 1887
The French Imperial System
in Indochina
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British forces land at Rangoon (now Yangon), Burma, 1824
Burma
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The Legacy of Imperialism
• World War I
• Economic Consequences
• Third-World Nationalism
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World War I
British troops on the front line, Somme area, 1916
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Economic Consequences
Tea workers on a plantation in Assam, India, circa 1950
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Third-World Nationalism
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The Legacy of Imperialism
Mozambican war refugees, 1978
Caricature of former
Ugandan dictator Idi Amin