Imperialism expands to Japan – in two forms

Unit Enduring Understandings1. The motives of competition and profit often prompt people and groups to expand into new areas

of opportunity.2. Changes in technology and exchange during the 18th and 19th centuries led to the social and

economic changes around the world that are still relevant today.3. Technology, transportation and communication enabled European nations to become the

dominant world powers in the 19th century.4. Centers of global economic and political power shift over time.5. Technology and industrial advancement can alter existing social and economic systems.

Agenda –1. Review p 33 2. Geography p 34 and 35 – the Opium War –how does the opium war relate

to issues the US faces today?3. Reading – Actively Read p 36 and answer the 3 questions on the bottom.

Complete p 37 – How does the Japanese experience differ from that of other imperialized countries? Why?

4. Summarizing & making connections – complete p 38 parts 1 a, b; 2, 4 and 55. Reading – Actively Read and summarize the selections on p 39 6. A bit of review – name the three key economic theories and explain which

one would seem to be most acceptable to many people in the imperialized nations.

IMPERIALISM IN CHINA

Imperialism in China

• Imperialism in China – Chinese had firm traditions stable & secure– Looked down at outsiders – Had strong agricultural economy– Foreign traders brought new products – foods – led to

population boom in 18th Century– Strong mining and manufacturing • Many natural resources – salt, tin, silver, iron ore• Produced fine silks, cottons, porcelain

• Tea/Opium Connection– Chinese self sufficient did not need to trade WITH West

but did trade TO West– British wanted to find a good (product) Chinese would want

to buy to improve trade balance

OPIUM!Used as pain reliever in Chinese medicine

Highly addictive Over 12 million were hooked by 183

Imperialism in China

• “By what right do they (British Merchants) …use the poisonous drug (opium) to injure the Chinese people?...I have heard that the smoking of Opium is strictly forbidden by your country…Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries.”

• Lin Zexu, quoted in China’s Response to the West

Imperialism in China

Imperialism in China • Opium War– The British refused to stop

trading OPIUM– China begins naval battle with

British to stop sale of Opium– China easily DEFEATED– Effects:

• Effects– HONG KONG given to G.B.– Special rights given to G.B. –

exempt from trade laws at ports

Imperialism in China

• Issues in China – POPULATION had grown dramatically– Food supply lacking – Government CORRUPTION– Opium use INCREASING

WHAT’S A NATION TO DO?

Overthrow the government, of course!TAIPING REBELLION &

BOXER REBELLION

Self Strengthening Movement• Effects of Instability in China – Foreigners import resources for

MILITARY– China loses control of QUALITY

and in trade balance– Increasing WESTERN INFLUENCE– Public not overly supportive of

program– Foreigners attack

• Other countries capitalize on China’s weaknesses

• Resulting treaties lead to “FOOTHOLDS”—spheres of influence

China Responds to ImperialismCauses Event/policy Effects

Britain imported opium into China and Chinese asked Britain to stop this illegal trade. China went to war to stop the opium trade.

The Opium War 1839-1842. China’s navy attacked British ships and Britain destroyed most of China’s navy and took Shanghai. The Treaty of Nanjing ended the war.

Treaty of Nanjing gave Britain ownership of Hong Kong, and a 1944 Treaty granted extraterritorial rights – foreigners did not have to follow Chinese law. The opium trade continued

Population increase & not enough land or good jobs led many young men to take low-paying transport jobs. Also, girl infanticide led to too few women for wives. Hong Xiuquan a Christian mystic tapped into Chinese anger and humiliation from opium and foreigners

Taiping Rebellion – rebels took Nanjing and spread outwards to create an equal utopia, forced the end of gender inequality, opium, alcohol.Manchus (Qing Dynasty) showed weakness by hiring private army

Disappointment and distrust of Qing Dynasty20 million die of war or starvationSelf-strengthening policy - modernization of military, transport and diplomacy (western-style)

China Responds to ImperialismCauses Event/policy Effects

Weakening of Qing Dynasty was seen in the Taiping Rebellion. Weakness also shown in Opium War – only way to defend the country was to modernize. The Dowager Empress was in favor of this – mostly.

Self-Strengthening Movement - military, transport and diplomacy were all built-up using western-style ideas and technology

Domestic military industries were developed, but many were owned and operated by foreigners, new transport like trains were installed

Weakness after Sino-Japanese War led to loss of Korea and Taiwan and showed continued Chinese Weakness

Open Door Policy – 1899 – US demanded that all foreigners have equal and free access to China’s markets

US and others get access to China’s trade without the Chinese having mush control. China felt humiliated but because the imperialists were so competitive, China was able to stay independent and united, but foreigners had spheres of influence

China Responds to ImperialismCauses Event/policy Effects

Reform movement of 100 days led by Emperor was suppressed by the Dowager Empress – Chinese political infighting led to Emperor imprisoned. Reforms and modernization ended, preventing a constitutional monarchyContinued frustration over humiliation, Open-door policy, spread of Christianity and very poor living conditions.

Boxer Rebellion – 1900 - the Secret Society of the Harmonious Fist led an uprising to kick out the foreigners, Christians and make government better, more effective and more responsive to the people

20,000 foreign troops were used by the imperialists to put down the Boxers. China was forced to concede even more land and huge amounts of money. Some reforms were planned.Chinese nationalism grew strong at this new example of humiliation.Nationalism grew to the ending of the dynasty and the creation of the Republic of China under the Guomindong Party of Sun Yatsen.

Japan annexes Korea

Russia and Japan go to war over Manchuria

Sino-Japanese War begins

Japan Modernizes18531854

1867

1885

1894

1904

1910

Matthew Perry arrives in Tokyo HarborJapan signs Treaty of KanagawaThe Americans sent the fleet to open Japan to trade and to provide a refueling station for US steamboats needing coal.The Americans gained access to Japanese markets and got rights to enter 2 ports for refueling, as well as diplomatic rights

Emperor Mutsuhito establishes a new government called the Meiji restoration as the Tokugawa Shogun is forced to step aside due to anger over the perception that he gave in to the foreigners and had not done enough to improve the Japanese economyJapan and China pledge to not send armies into Korea

Meiji (enlightened) Reforms include: creating a constitutional monarchy, Developed more favorable trade with the west,Sent ambassadors and students around the world to learn how to beat the West at their own game, Centralized control of land under the ownership of the emperor,Universal public educationModernized the economy with rail, factories and weapons production Modernized the military and defeated the last of the old samurai

Both Countries wanted Korea for trade and as a military outpost

The War begins because Korean king was having trouble controlling his own people and asked the Chinese Emperor for help. When the Chinese troops entered Korea, the Japanese saw it as a violation of their agreement and sent in the Japanese army.

The results of the war were that Japan took all of Korea, destroyed the Chinese Navy and took Manchuria as well. The treaty that ended the war also gave Japan Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands and trading rights in China equal to the Europeans and AmericansRussia and Japan had been competing for influence in East Asia, especially in Manchuria and KoreaJapan quickly and easily defeated Russia, its Pacific and Baltic Navies, Russia withdrew from Korea and Manchuria, and Japan took them as imperialists in the same way the Europeans had taken Vietnam and India.

Japan Rules Korea very harshly, establishing a very repressive regime that would benefit Japanese business interests, similar to what Europeans had done in the Indies and America had done in Hawaii., albeit somewhat more harsh. Similar to the other imperialized territories, Japan also modernized Korea and the harsh treatment developed a strong nationalist movement.