Imperial ArenasImperial Arenas

New Empires in the 16New Empires in the 16thth and and 1717thth Centuries Centuries

ImperialismImperialism

Empires were arenas of exchangeEmpires were arenas of exchange Human migrationHuman migration TechnologyTechnology ReligionReligion Political ideologyPolitical ideology Plant/animal lifePlant/animal life

1616thth Century imperialism ended Century imperialism ended thousands of years of ecological thousands of years of ecological divergencedivergence

Maritime EmpiresMaritime Empires Early empires focused on people and Early empires focused on people and

landland New empires controlled ports and New empires controlled ports and

patrolled ocean routespatrolled ocean routes Precedent in early Mediterranean but Precedent in early Mediterranean but

reaches an oceanic scale in 16reaches an oceanic scale in 16thth century century New maritime technologies allowed these New maritime technologies allowed these

empiresempires New ships based on Asian designsNew ships based on Asian designs Sea charts based upon Asian scienceSea charts based upon Asian science Discovery and mapping of fixed wind/current Discovery and mapping of fixed wind/current

systems in Pacific and Atlantic Oceanssystems in Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

Portuguese ImperialismPortuguese Imperialism First to set up ports and trading bases First to set up ports and trading bases

throughout Africa and Indian Oceanthroughout Africa and Indian Ocean Would eventually be eclipsed by English and Would eventually be eclipsed by English and

DutchDutch Least invasive of European imperialistsLeast invasive of European imperialists

Mostly shippers and traders in existing Mostly shippers and traders in existing Asian commercial systemAsian commercial system So-called “trading-post” empireSo-called “trading-post” empire Spices such as cinnamon, pepper, and clovesSpices such as cinnamon, pepper, and cloves Porcelain and textilesPorcelain and textiles

Married into local cultureMarried into local culture Provided business contacts for merchantProvided business contacts for merchant Profit-sharing arrangements for wifeProfit-sharing arrangements for wife

Japanese ImperialismJapanese Imperialism Long period of Japanese civil war ended in Long period of Japanese civil war ended in

15851585 Left large class of professional warriors and Left large class of professional warriors and

thriving arms industry without jobs or marketsthriving arms industry without jobs or markets Warlord Hideyoshi began military expansion Warlord Hideyoshi began military expansion

Turned back in China/KoreaTurned back in China/Korea Took Okinawa and Ryukyu IslandsTook Okinawa and Ryukyu Islands

After Hideyoshi’s death, isolationist After Hideyoshi’s death, isolationist reactionreaction Some expansion N. to conquer Ainu peopleSome expansion N. to conquer Ainu people In 17In 17thth century begin conflict w/ Russia over century begin conflict w/ Russia over

Sakhalin islandSakhalin island

Dutch ImperialismDutch Imperialism

Prior to 17Prior to 17thth century Holland and Zealand century Holland and Zealand (Netherlands) were European fishing (Netherlands) were European fishing backwaterbackwater Initially controlled by Spain, but rebelled Initially controlled by Spain, but rebelled Entered Mediterranean and then Indian Ocean trade Entered Mediterranean and then Indian Ocean trade

to finance independenceto finance independence Portuguese were losing influence in Asia due to Portuguese were losing influence in Asia due to

religious intolerance and rising Asian religious intolerance and rising Asian nationalismnationalism Dutch moved in to capitalize on this vacuumDutch moved in to capitalize on this vacuum Formed a joint-stock company to monopolize spice Formed a joint-stock company to monopolize spice

tradetrade

Dutch-Japan ConnectionDutch-Japan Connection Japan largest producer of silver in 16Japan largest producer of silver in 16thth century century

worldworld Portuguese traded south Asian goods for Japanese Portuguese traded south Asian goods for Japanese

silver, used silver to buy more goods, etc.silver, used silver to buy more goods, etc. Also brought Catholic missionaries to JapanAlso brought Catholic missionaries to Japan

Seen as threat by Japanese rulers Seen as threat by Japanese rulers Eventually kicked completely out 1639Eventually kicked completely out 1639

Dutch took over trade with JapanDutch took over trade with Japan Protestant nation, no missionariesProtestant nation, no missionaries Kept trade to a single port city—NagasakiKept trade to a single port city—Nagasaki Led to 200 years of Japanese isolation from rest of EuropeLed to 200 years of Japanese isolation from rest of Europe Massive supply of cash allowed to build large navy and drive Massive supply of cash allowed to build large navy and drive

British from East Indies, keep Spanish/French out of the East British from East Indies, keep Spanish/French out of the East Indies, and eventually led to William of Orange taking the Indies, and eventually led to William of Orange taking the English throne 1688English throne 1688

Dutch PrecedentDutch Precedent

Dutch power led to movement from “trading-Dutch power led to movement from “trading-post” imperialism to territorial imperialismpost” imperialism to territorial imperialism Move to control not just trade but production of Move to control not just trade but production of

commoditiescommodities Other European powers followed suitOther European powers followed suit Soon South-East Asia almost entirely in European Soon South-East Asia almost entirely in European

handshands With Europeans in control of producing areas With Europeans in control of producing areas

as well as distribution, trade deficit with East as well as distribution, trade deficit with East Asia is reversed for the first time in history Asia is reversed for the first time in history

Land Empires: RussiaLand Empires: Russia

Russia emerges as large scale power Russia emerges as large scale power in 16in 16thth century century Lack of warm water ports reason Russia Lack of warm water ports reason Russia

develops land power instead of sea powerdevelops land power instead of sea power Russian wealth built upon pursuit of fursRussian wealth built upon pursuit of furs Russian czars conquer Kazan 1552 Russian czars conquer Kazan 1552

control Volgacontrol Volga Allowed dominance of Siberian fur tradeAllowed dominance of Siberian fur trade Moved to conquer Siberia itself 1570sMoved to conquer Siberia itself 1570s

Part of a “Crusade” against heathen tribesPart of a “Crusade” against heathen tribes Holy War to spread Orthodox ChristianityHoly War to spread Orthodox Christianity

Land Empires: ChinaLand Empires: China

While Russia focused only on resource While Russia focused only on resource extraction, China moved to spread extraction, China moved to spread cultureculture Added outer Mongolia and Manchuria to Added outer Mongolia and Manchuria to

China in the 17China in the 17thth century century Cultural assimilation similar to European Cultural assimilation similar to European

colonizationcolonization Chinese schools to spread language and valuesChinese schools to spread language and values Native peoples confined to “reservations”Native peoples confined to “reservations” Militarized agricultural coloniesMilitarized agricultural colonies

Land Empires: Mughal Land Empires: Mughal IndiaIndia

Est. by Babur a Central Asian warrior who Est. by Babur a Central Asian warrior who conquered Delhi Sultanate in 1526conquered Delhi Sultanate in 1526 An “old-school” empire interested in imperial An “old-school” empire interested in imperial

power and tribute states rather than power and tribute states rather than trade/culture/resourcetrade/culture/resource

Built on idea of constant conquest and expansionBuilt on idea of constant conquest and expansion Stabilized by Akbar 1556-1605Stabilized by Akbar 1556-1605

System of tribute from conquered states to fund System of tribute from conquered states to fund future conquestsfuture conquests

800 wives from different territories to serve as 800 wives from different territories to serve as hostages and mediators of alliancehostages and mediators of alliance

Mughal Empire covers nearly all of India by Mughal Empire covers nearly all of India by 17001700

Land Empires: The Land Empires: The OttomansOttomans

Ottomans were among the most effective Ottomans were among the most effective imperialists the world has ever knownimperialists the world has ever known Drew on traditions of steppelands, Islam, and Drew on traditions of steppelands, Islam, and

RomeRome Richest country in world during 16Richest country in world during 16thth and 17 and 17thth

centuriescenturies Dominated all non-oceanic spice tradeDominated all non-oceanic spice trade Taxed Russian fur trade through BosporusTaxed Russian fur trade through Bosporus

Had to be stable to deal with threats from Had to be stable to deal with threats from Christians and SafavidsChristians and Safavids

Ottoman ExpansionOttoman Expansion

Conquered Mamluk Egypt in 1517Conquered Mamluk Egypt in 1517 Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566

conquered the Balkans and most of Hungary conquered the Balkans and most of Hungary Finest land army in the world for 200 yearsFinest land army in the world for 200 years Able to move quickly over well-maintained road Able to move quickly over well-maintained road

system, could fight on three fronts in one seasonsystem, could fight on three fronts in one season Expansion slowed because of diminishing Expansion slowed because of diminishing

returnsreturns Rather than outstrip communication, allowed Rather than outstrip communication, allowed

diplomacy and tribute diplomacy and tribute Used many different methods of security and controlUsed many different methods of security and control

Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the AmericasAmericas

Spain moves from being a poor and backward kingdom Spain moves from being a poor and backward kingdom to the world’s leading power in about 50 yearsto the world’s leading power in about 50 years

Began with Columbus’ war of conquest in Hispaniola Began with Columbus’ war of conquest in Hispaniola 1495-14961495-1496

Moved through Caribbean to Mexico and Peru by 1546Moved through Caribbean to Mexico and Peru by 1546 Spanish conquistadores really just catalyst for Spanish conquistadores really just catalyst for

oppressed Native allies to overthrow Aztec and Incan oppressed Native allies to overthrow Aztec and Incan overlordsoverlords Hernan CortezHernan Cortez Vasco BalboaVasco Balboa Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro

Disease then decimated the native populaceDisease then decimated the native populace Spanish Empire built on achievements of native Spanish Empire built on achievements of native

tributary peopletributary people RebellionsRebellions Dona Marina, interpreterDona Marina, interpreter

Euro-American Empires Euro-American Empires ContrastedContrasted

Spanish first to arrive and conquered Spanish first to arrive and conquered largest, most productive regionslargest, most productive regions Labor needs met by native populaceLabor needs met by native populace IntermarriageIntermarriage

Portuguese maintained small scale ports in Portuguese maintained small scale ports in Brazil based upon the Treaty of Torsedillas Brazil based upon the Treaty of Torsedillas 14941494

English and French as latecomers left with English and French as latecomers left with less productive regionsless productive regions Natives could not meet labor needsNatives could not meet labor needs Leads to radically different types of coloniesLeads to radically different types of colonies English relied on imported labor and focused on English relied on imported labor and focused on

exclusion or extermination of native peoples exclusion or extermination of native peoples

The New Balance of Global The New Balance of Global TradeTrade

New World finally provided Europe New World finally provided Europe with resources to economically rival with resources to economically rival India and ChinaIndia and China Built up internal New World economies, Built up internal New World economies,

estab. new N-S connectionsestab. new N-S connections Cross-oceanic trade in gold and silverCross-oceanic trade in gold and silver

Spanish Treasure FleetsSpanish Treasure Fleets Pacific trade with ChinaPacific trade with China

By mid 1500s, ALL major world trade By mid 1500s, ALL major world trade routes were connectedroutes were connected