Impending Paradigm Shift in Engineering and Third Industrial Revolution

8/2/2019 Impending Paradigm Shift in Engineering and Third Industrial Revolution

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IMPENDING PARADIGM SHIFTIN ENGINEERING AND

3RD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Amitabha GhoshSenior Scientist

National Academy of Sciences India

Honorary Distinguished Professor

IIT Kanpur and BESU Shibpur



Paradigm shift in technology brings overwhelmingtransformations in the society affecting almost all

spheres of activities. In the recorded history only

twice such changes took place. These are usually

referred to as µ INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS¶.

The first IR happened during the period 1775-

1830 and the second IR started in the 1960s and

reached its maturity in the 1990s.



Industrial Revolutions in the Human History

First IR: 1775 Emergence of Prime Movers.Technology and Manufacturing became the deciding factor for

World Power

Second IR: 1970 Emergence of Microelectronics,Computers and Communication.Knowledge-based industry and

Information Technology transfo--rmed the society and startedplaying a major role in WorldEconomy.



10

100

1000

1700 1750 1800

Yearly Pig Iron

Production in

England -1000

Tons)

Newcomen¶s

Atmospheric

Engine (1712)

James Watt¶s

Separate Condenser

(1769)

Rotary

Engine

(1788)

Trevithik¶s

Real Steam

Engine (1802)

Railway



First Industrial

Revolution

Second Industrial

Revolution



Third IR: ? Engineering based on Biomimeticsand advanced systems based upon

the principles of Synthetic Biologywill follow the principles of biologyand life science.

The emergence of such systems will

take the society to a situation beyondthe science fictions. Maximum impactwill be on health care and artificialintelligence. Man still may not be ableto create artificial life but many future

machines will possess many of theattributes of a living organism.

Presently it is difficult to identify the appropriate parameter to

mark the event



The Second Industrial Revolution was

characterized by 2 dimensional

miniaturization. Objective was tomanipulate information.

The Third Industrial revolution will be

characterized by 3 dimensionalminiaturization. Objective will be

to manipulate material.

But Why Miniaturize?

To understand the importance of miniaturization

and its need one has to examine the trend of

development in technology



1/Size1/Size

D e g r e e o f A u t o m a t i o n &

I n t e l l i g e n c e L e

v e l

D e g r e e o f A u t o m a t i o n &

I n t e l l i g e n c e L e

v e l

Intelligent Microrobots/ Intelligent Microrobots/

Manipulating Blood CellsManipulating Blood Cells

Molecular Motor Molecular Motor Micro Machine Tool Micro Machine Tool CNC Machining CentreCNC Machining Centre

Autonomous Autonomous

Humanoid RobotsHumanoid Robots

Mars Land Rover Mars Land Rover



Trend of Miniaturization

2000 ??

Traditional Processes

Current Micro & RP Technology

Nano technology

Time

Macro

Meso

Micro

Nano

Atomic

Level of material

manipulation



MiniaturizationMiniaturization willwill bebe aa veryvery majormajorfeaturefeature inin futurefuture machinesmachines forfor manymanyreasonsreasons

# Lower cost and higher packing density makes it# Lower cost and higher packing density makes itpossible to incorporate a very large number of variety ofpossible to incorporate a very large number of variety of

sensors which is essential to make a machine intelligentsensors which is essential to make a machine intelligentand autonomous.and autonomous.

# Non invasive health care can be possible through# Non invasive health care can be possible throughminiaturization.miniaturization.

# Low energy and low material consumption leading to# Low energy and low material consumption leading tobetter conservation of resources.better conservation of resources.

# Fast response and disposable.# Fast response and disposable.

# New laws of physics and chemistry for small scale may# New laws of physics and chemistry for small scale maybe necessary for particular applications.be necessary for particular applications.



It should not be forgotten that miniaturization

will be unavoidable for making not onlysmall things but for developing systems of

macroscopic sizes also miniaturization will be

a very important activity

Compact packing of very large number of sensors

Making actuators relatively more powerful

Reducing the cost for necessary social impact



The trend of change in fabricating

miniaturized systems through the

new capability for manipulatingmaterial at micro, nano and molecular

levels can be represented by the

next diagram in a schematic manner.



Impact of Miniaturization on Various

Aspects of Futuristic Systems

Configuration and Design

Material

Actuation

Sensing and Control

Fabrication and Manufacturing

Energy Source



Intelligent systems¶ major

characteristics depend on themassively parallel arrangement

of miniaturized devices like all

living organisms.

This is not only to just increase the

information collection ability butto use the advantages of scaling laws



In Design Monolithic StructuresMiniaturizationMassive ParallelismSoft Material

In Fabrication Bottom-Up ApproachSelf Assembly of

Materials at Micro,Nano and Molecular Levels

Self Replicating

In Operation Intelligent

Self LearningSelf Correcting

Energy Biochemical

Metabolism, Photosynthesis



Force(N)

10¹

10¹

10

10

Object Radius (m)

10 10 10 10³

Surface Tension

Van der Waals

Electrostatic

Gravity/Electromagnetic

Scaling of different types of forces



Electrostatic Force ~ l²Inertia Force/Electromagnetic Force(Const. Heat Flow) ~ l³

Electromagnetic Force(Const. Current Density) ~ l

F F

l

l/n F/n² F/n²

(F/n²)×n³=nF nF

Number of actuators = n³



Features

Trends of Paradigm ShiftsTrends of Paradigm Shifts

MultiMulti componentcomponent MonolithicMonolithic

Hard and dumbHard and dumb Soft and smartSoft and smart

Electric, hydraulic,Electric, hydraulic, Smart materials, ionicSmart materials, ionicPneumatic motorsPneumatic motors polymer based artificialpolymer based artificialand actuatorsand actuators muscles and moleculesmuscles and molecules

CentralizedCentralized DistributedDistributed

Microscopic, mesoscopic sizeMicroscopic, mesoscopic size Microscopic, nanoscaleMicroscopic, nanoscale

Limited numbersLimited numbers Very large numbersVery large numbers

SeperatedSeperated IntegratedIntegrated

Material

Actuation

Sensors



External andExternal and Internal andInternal andpredominantlypredominantly biochemical andbiochemical and

electricalelectrical electricalelectrical

CentralizedCentralized DistributedDistributed

MostlyMostly Miniaturized inMiniaturized inMacroscopicMacroscopic many casesmany cases

Bottom up andBottom up andTop downTop down self assembled inself assembled in

many cases. Self many cases. Self replicationreplication thethe

ultimate dreamultimate dream

Energy Source

Size

Manufacturing



For actuation and operationsmart materials will be used

which respond to electrical

signals viz Electro ActivePolymers, Shape Memory

Alloy and some Smart Macro

Molecules.



Shape Memory

Alloy



Basic Principle of Bending of IPMC Beams



Molecular Motors



In extremely miniaturized systems the source of energy

may be very different and can be localized at the places

of their requirement. The major clue to such matters

are expected to come from the living world. In such

situations the power transmitting electrical connections

can get eliminated. The maximum potential in this

direction belongs to the use of hydrolysis of ATP that

releases a substantial amount of free energy. In fact this

is the common energy currency in all plants and otherliving objects.

Energy Source



Energy is stored in the covalent bonds between phosphates.

ADP + Pi + Energy ATP

Hydrolysis of ATP

ATP ADP + Pi

ENERGY



Fabrication and Manufacturing

Fabrication and manufacturing of microsystems

is going to be the real challenge. The traditional

µtop down¶ approach will be very unsuitable and,

sometimes, impossible to implement.

A fundamental paradigm shift is inevitable andone must switch over to the µbottom up¶ approaches

which is universal in all living organisms.



Progress of TOP-DOWN & BOTTOM-UP approaches

1990

Microelectronics

Generative Manufacturing MEMS

nEMS Molecular

electronics

Time

Macro

Meso

Micro

Nano

Level of

material

manipulation

1950 2010

Chemistrybiotechnology



Fabrication of Miniaturized Systems

by Top Down ApproachTill now the primary process for microsystem fabrication

is based on lithography. As a result the confugarations of mostsuch devices are prdominantly 2 & ½ dimensional. The realchallenge is to create truely 3 D microsystems in a cost effectivemanner



The real challenge can be met withtechniques adopting µbottom up¶

approach.

Furthermore, economically viable

fabrication will have to adopt the

µself assembly¶ principle



Components that interact irreversibly give rise to disorderedComponents that interact irreversibly give rise to disordered

productsproducts

Components that can adjust positions once in contact canComponents that can adjust positions once in contact can

form ordered objects if the ordered form is the lowestform ordered objects if the ordered form is the lowest

energy configurationenergy configuration



Self Assembly ± Molecular Level



Pattern Generation by Self Assembly

HPB



Pattern Generation by Self AssemblyPattern Generation by Self Assembly

HPB



Miniaturization Massiveparallelism

Embedded

Biochemical

Energy Source

And Control

Electronics

Bottom upFabrication

And Self Assembly

Based Mass

Manufacturimg

Futuristic Engineering

S

M

A

R

T

M

A

T

E

R I

A

L

S



From many points of view the engineering

systems of the coming age will mimic the

living objects.

There will be a major synthesis of life science

and engineering. The artificially designedand developed devices and systems will be

based upon biological principles.

A new branch of applied science and

technology entitled

µSynthetic Biology¶ has started emerging.



Traditional Engineering

Mathematics

and Computation

for Extensive

Simulation &

Modeling

Physics

Chemistry

Life

Science

Engineering of the New Era



EMERGING ENGINEERING SUBECTS

Molecular Engineering

Synthetic Biology

Smart Macromolecules and

Intelligent MaterialsManufacturing by Self Assembly

of Materials

Artificial Intelligence, Self Learning,Self Correction

Self Replication



Thus, it is apparent that in not too distant

future the subject µEngineering¶ will have

a different look. It will be heavily dependent

on Physical Sciences and in many cases the

guiding principle will follow the living world.

It may not be impossible that a very many

systems and devices will depend on biochemical

energy for their operation. And photosynthesis

could also be a source. It can make a very

major impact on the world environment

and save our world



Thank You

Impending Paradigm Shift in Engineering and Third Industrial Revolution

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