Impacts of Sand & Dust Storms (On Agriculture)css.escwa.org.lb/SDPD/1827/5-3.pdf · 2012. 7. 5. ·...

RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013

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Climate Change Signals and Impacts:

From region to sub region

Impacts of

Sand & Dust Storms

(On Agriculture)

Jaser Rabadi , Ph.D.,

Representative of WMO for

West Asia

Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources and Socio-Economic Vulnerability in the Arab Region

Immediate Objectives of Initiative: (5) Identification and analysis of projected

extreme events in the Arab Region examples of severe weather conditions: flooding, drought, tropical storms, heat wave, cold spells, sand & dust storms, ..etc.

RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July

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IPCC Projected: Increase frequency of Occurrence & intensity of Sever Weather Conditions


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Noah’s ark .. And the floodgates of heavens

opened. And rain fell on the earth forty days and fort nights….


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Joseph, the son of Jacob… 7 years of plenty followed by 7 years of famine


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Climate & Climate Change:

Perpetual interaction of Earth’s System Components

Temperature Currents Chemistry ….

Surface characteristics; Biological Processes. .etc.

Thermal Regime; Hydrological Regime; Atmospheric chemistry;

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2

3

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AWA/WBI Training Workshop, October 2, 2011 Abu Dhabi

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Looks familiar ??


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Frequency… Regional examples Rising Dust (Days) distribution over Middle & southern Iraq (1971-2000) days/month

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 Decadal Mean number of days with S&D in Amman

0

10

20

30

40

50

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

Years

Storms Kuwait (1962-2010)

Dust Storm ( Riyadh )

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Years

Nu

mb

er o

f D

ay

s

Riyadh

Bahrain

Amman

Iraq


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Known Sources in the Region… another geopolitical issue !!!!

Tigris & Euphrates basin,

Sistan & Baluchistan Basin,

East of Alhejaz Mountains,

Southwest Alhajar Mountains,

Sahara Desert.

SDS Recipe …

Weather conditions

(Temp., wind, rain, evpn., solar..,)

+ Soil Biophysical Characteristics (type, texture, moisture, vegetation cover, etc...).

Land degradation

SDS


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Identification Card

~100 μm or less 6000 μg/m3 Up 10 km high Life time: 4-7 days Intercontinental transport


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How much dust there is ?

10

0 k

m

Global Flux of dust: 3 Billion tons/yr


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Impacts: Human Health (Respiratory, asthma, infections,

meningitis in Africa, valley fever in the America’s);


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Road blocker


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Transportation (air, ground, marine..)

In 542 BC, Cambyses II, son of Syros the Great, sent 50,000 strong soldiers to Siwa Oasis to destroy the oracle at the Temple of Amun after the priests there refused to legitimize his claim to Egypt…. They all vanished in a sand storm…..


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More historical stories ????

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Amun.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambyses_II_capturing_Psamtik_III.png

Other Impacts

Industrial activities (out doors works, oil

production, Precision Manufacture Industry, etc..);

Weather and Climate Processes : Radiation

Agriculture


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Impact of Sand & dust storms on Agriculture

1. Immediate Impact on ag. Systems: i. Plant & Crop’s yield;

ii. Operators, systems & infrastructure;

iii. Livestock (diseases, productivity,.. )

iv. Marine life (+ ve impact)

2. Wind erosion (removal of top soil)


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Dust storms can be useful fertilizers

dedicated for SDS haters….

Amazon rain forest: receives from Sahara/Sahel dust 2.5 and 0.2 kg ha-1y-1 of K and P & 1-4 kg of phosphate ha-1 y-1;

Saharan dust is the most important parent material for clay-rich soils on Caribbean islands;

Dust from China is major component of alkali ice crystals which neutralize acid rain in Japan.

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10-13 October 2011, Tehran 20

ph

yto

pla

nkto

n


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SDS Impact Plankton

Planktons: Who Care ???

Major source of food production "grass" of aquatic habitats….. Base in food chain;

Consume aquatic bacteria;

Generate 50% of world’s Oxygen, Sink of CO2; Oceans’ Invisible Forest;

Major Climate controllers (past-present).

Iron fertilization of the oceans (Return of Ice Age:16

tankers of Fe particles.. $b 20, John Martine 1991)

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1. Blasting of leaves

6CO2 + 12H2O

light

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20

Carbon Water Sugar Oxygen Water


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http://www.invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1402065

Timing Scenarios

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1. Emerging plants

Total loss

2. Early growing season

Minor damage

3.Flowering 4.Maturity & harvesting

Loss of flowers Major damage RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July

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2. Impacts on irrigation systems: Regional examples

Yemen Morocco

Iraq


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2. Wind erosion of Soil

Removal of topsoil

Loss of vital nutrients (Potassium & Phosphorous)

Decrease in crop productivity:

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Erosion V3

Measures to mitigate SDS ??

1. Reduce wind: wind breakers

2. Protect surface:

Distance from

windbreak 5H 10H 15H 20H 25H 30

H % reduction in wind speed

78% 66%

35% 14% 10%

4%


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H

Wind breakers: the higher, the more efficient

Regional Examples-ACSAD

Egypt

Saudi Arabia, Ihsaa RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013

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Regional Examples Wind breakers


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Sudan Morocco

Tunis

Saudi Arabia: wind breakers


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Riyadh

Mecca

Regional examples


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Sudan

Morocco

Regional examples: Local Material

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Egypt


Indigenous Technology Jordan


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Aden Tanks, Yemen

الصهاريج


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RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July 2013 34

Thank you

Jaser Rabadi, Ph.D.

WMO Office for West Asia

UN House

PO Box 26814, Manama, Bahrain

Office: + 973 173 19 401

Fax: + 973 173 11 607

Cell: + 973 390 64 305

E-mail address: [email protected]

www.wmo.int

mailto:[email protected]

References

IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, WMO, Geneva.

Olga Kalashnikova and Ralph Kahn (2007), Dust over ocean surfaces - Capabilities & limitations of

space-borne passive remote sensing.

R Stefanski and M V K Sivakumar (2009), Impacts of Sand and Dust Storms on Agriculture and Potential

Agricultural Applications of a SDSWS.

Moutaz Al-Dabbas et al (2011), The Mineralogical and Micro-Organisms Effects of Regional Dust Storms

over Middle East Region

Hadi GERIVANI et al (2010), The Sources of Dust Storms in Iran, A case Study based on geological I I

I nformation and Rain Fall Data.

Len Barrie and SlobodanNickovic (2010), The WMO Sand and Dust Storm Warning and Advisory Assessment System.


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Impacts of Sand & Dust Storms (On Agriculture)css.escwa.org.lb/SDPD/1827/5-3.pdf · 2012. 7. 5. ·...

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