Impacts of Climate Change in Agriculture and Possible Adaptations in Atlantic Canada Jean-Louis...
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Transcript of Impacts of Climate Change in Agriculture and Possible Adaptations in Atlantic Canada Jean-Louis...
Impacts of Climate Change in Agriculture and Possible Adaptations
in Atlantic Canada
Jean-Louis Daigle, Executive Director
Gordon Fairchild, Ph.D., P.Ag., Soils Specialist
Presentation to:
Senate Standing Committee on Agriculture and Forestry
Ottawa, May 1st, 2003
The ECSWCC is located in a prime location:
• A highly representative Potato production area in NB• Black Brook & Little River Studies• Groundwater Studies (AAC)• Habitat Studies (CRI)• Natural Lab. for Soil and Water Conservation Education
Upper Saint John River - Grand Falls, NB
Eastern Canada Soil and Water Conservation Centre (ECSWCC)
Our Mission
To promote sustainable natural resourcemanagement with Atlantic Canada
agricultural stakeholders.
Eastern Canada Soil and Water Conservation Centre
Our Vision
We envision a future where the development of the Agricultural Industry is :
environmentally sound, economically viable, and
socially responsible
Eastern Canada Soil and Water Conservation Centre
Our Mandate
1. Information and Awareness Services2. Networking3. Policy Analysis4. Technology Transfer5. Specialized Advisory Services6. Professional Development
(2002 Strategic Plan)
Our Involvements with Climate Change & GHG in Agriculture
• Agriculture and Agri-Food Climate Change Table Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emmissions from Canadian
Agriculture Options Report 2001
• Agricultural Awareness Partnership Project Under the Climate Change Action Fund (CFA, SCCC, CCA, PFRA-AAFC and ECSWCC)
• C-CIARN Agriculture National Advisory Group CC - Impacts & Adaptation Research Network in Agriculture
• AAFC Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Advisory Committee
• Soil Conservation Council of Canada Taking Charge Initiatives & GHG Mitigation Program
Climate Change Impacts and AdaptationIn the Atlantic Region
Overview and special focus areas:
1- Conservation Implications of climate change: Soil Erosion and Runoff from Cropland
Water Quality Impacts
2- Water Conservation and Management Irrigation Needs
Flood Control
3- Actions needed for Adaptation in Agriculture
Excess Soil Erosion and Runoff
Soil Compaction
Loss of Organic Matter
Loss of Crop Productivity
Loss of Available Soil-Water
Many Atlantic soils are still impacted by serious soil erosion and degradation issues
Estimated annual on-farm cost $40 million in Atlantic region and $10-12 million in NB Potato Belt alone (1985 estimates by AAFC)
Black Brook 6,000 T/yr
Increased risks of soil erosion & impacts of agricultural runoff containing sediments, N, P, pesticides & bacteria
Regional Climatic Considerations
from: The Health of our Water. (2000). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
"A change in precipitation regime also produces a change in the level of risks to which agricultural land is exposed.
In general, a regime with greater annual precipitation particularly if increased storm intensity changes more
than storm frequency- hightens the risk of soil erosion, runoff, and related
environmental and ecological damages."
Source: Conservation Implications of Climate Change Report from Soil and Water Conservation Society
January 2003
Sheet & rill soil erosion are being addressed by:
1. Better Crop Rotation 2. Strip cropping3. Winter cover crops
Green manures4. Conservation tillage & Residue Management5. Mulching
1,2
3
54
6. Cross-slope & contour cropping7. Diversion terraces &
grassed waterways8. Land drainage enhancement 9. Nutrient and Sediment Control Basins
6 & 7
7 8
Rill & gully erosion (steeper fields) by:
9
Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation
2- Water Conservation & Management Needs
• Increasing requirements for Supplemental Irrigation
Competition for available surface and ground water
Need for water sourcing infrastructuresFeasibility of supplemental irrigation ?
• Increasing flood risks in sensitive areas or watersheds:
Coastal zones (NB, PEI, NS) Floodplains (ex. Lower Saint John River Valley, etc)
Dykelands protection (NB and NS) Flood and sediment control systems
Increased moisture deficits & frequency of localized drought may lead some farmers to consider implementing supplemental irrigation
(PEI, NB and NS)
Irrigation
Water storage
Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation
Access to water & allocation
Potential conflicts
A. Bootsma1, and all. (2001). Adaptation of agricultural production to climate change in Atlantic Canada. 1AAFC
Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation
Total Land Irrigated in Atlantic Canada by provinces (ha)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1996 2001
NBPEINSNF
Source: Stats Canada
Total: 5562 ha – 2001or eq. 0.71% of land irrigated
in Canada
NB 1996 – 3500 ac
NWSEP - Agricultural Water Supply Issues in Atlantic Canada (March 2003)
Key Findings: May not be a net shortage of water for agriculture on an annual basis however there is competition and substantial concerns over the allocation of the resource such as:
• Its availability at critical period
• Increasing demand for other users
• Concerns with its water quality for irrigation and livestock
• Lack of regulatory consistency and efficiency
• Public perception that agricultural demand for water is jeopardizing the supply of water (both quantity and quality)
Irrigation vs Integrated Soil and Water Management
In the Atlantic, with rainfall in excess of evapotranspiration, conserving the water in the soil may be more important than irrigation in producing high quality crops and preserving the environment.
• This includes measures taken to:
• increase soil-water holding capacity with conservation practices
• improve soil drainage
• Improve crop rotation
• reduce agricultural runoff risks
Actions Needed for Adaptation to Climate Change in Atlantic Canada
• Educational and Awareness Initiatives and Tools Development in natural resource management among all agricultural stakeholder and the rural community.
• Technology Tranfert & Adaptation including on-farm demonstration of cost effective and acceptable BMPs.
Actions Needed for Adaptation to Climate Change in Atlantic Canada
• Research & Development efforts in long term sustainable resource management solutions (ex. erosion and sediment prediction models and its interaction with water quality, pesticides, and nutrients losses)
• Climate Change adaptation in agriculture will need to be integrated into long term governmental programs and policies adapted to regional needs under the APF and other initiatives.
Summary • Climate Change will have significant implications on soil erosion and runoff from cropland while increasing environmental pressures.
• Need to improve communication of cost effective risk management strategies and technology tranfert at the farm gate in order to sustain our rural communities.
• Need to develop proactive strategies in soil and water conservation and environmental farm planning.
Web Site: WWW.CCSE-SWCC.NB.CA