Impact on Air Quality and Climate Change: Where the Dairy Industry Stands- Frank Mitloehner
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Transcript of Impact on Air Quality and Climate Change: Where the Dairy Industry Stands- Frank Mitloehner
Impact on Air Quality and Climate Change – Where the dairy Industry Stands
Frank Mitloehner, PhDAssociate Professor & CE SpecialistDept Animal ScienceUniversity of California, Davis
DAIReXNET, April 4, 2011
Pollution LifecyclePollution Lifecycle
4) Mitigation 4) Mitigation and Regulationand Regulation
2) Transport and 2) Transport and TransformationTransformation
3) Deposition3) Deposition•SurfaceSurface•AirwaysAirways
1) Emissions1) Emissions
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CAA Legislative History
• 1963 – Congress enacts the CAA • 1965 – Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control
Act• 1967 – CAA Amendments• 1970 – CAA Amendments established:
– The Environmental Protection Agency – National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS)– New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)– National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAP)– State Implementation Plans (SIP)– Federal Enforcement
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1990 CAA Amendments
• Title I – Air Pollution Prevention and Control
– Nonattainment designations and SIP• Title II – Emissions Standards for Moving
Sources – Mobile sources
• Title III – Air Toxics• Title IV – Acid Deposition and Control
– Acid rain• Title V – Permits• Title VI – Stratospheric Ozone Protection
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CAA and Agriculture
• Mostly focused on traditional sources of air pollution (cars and factories)
• Agricultural sources may not have been fully considered during development and amendment of the CAA
Ozone Nonattainment Areas for 1-Hour Standard
NJ
Classified Ozone Nonattainment Areas
E xtr eme & Severe
Serious
M oderate
Marginal
Classifications
Sect ion 185A & I ncom ple teDat a Ar eas Not Incl uded
NEW YORK
CHICAGO
LOS ANGEL ES
PHIL ADELPHIA
HOUSTON
DALL AS
SAN DIEGO
BALT IMORE
WASHINGTON
MILW AUKEE
ST LOUIS
EL PASO
BIRMINGHAM
SACRAMENTO METRO
BAT ON ROUGE
SAN JOAQUIN VALL EY
BEAUMONT
SANT A BARBARA
SPRINGF IELD
LANCAST ER
GREAT ER CONNECTICUT
Ex tre me
MANITOW OC CO
PHOENIX
SE DESERT MODIF IED AQM A
VENT URA
ATLANT A
KENT & QUEEN ANNE'S COS., MD
SUNLAND PARK (MAR)
SAN F RANCISCOOther
SUSSEX CO, DE
RENO
KNOX & LINCOLN COS
SMYT H CO Mtn . (Mar)
JEFF ERSON CO
BUF FALO
ESSEX CO Mtn (Mar)
MANCHEST ER
ERIE
YOUNGSTOW N-SHARON
ALT OONAJOHNST OWN
HARRISBURG
YORKALL ENT OWN
SCRANTON
AL BANY POUGHKEEPSIE
DOOR CO
AT LANT IC CITY (M od)
L EW IST ON-AUBURN
PORTL ANDPORTSMOUTH
PROVIDENCE
BOST ON-WORCEST ER
1-hour Ozone StandardMay 6, 2002
greenbook_map
CINCINNATI
EAST KERN CO
Counties Designated Nonattainment for PM10
Contigusa.shpSeriousModerate
States.shp
01/2002
Classif ication
For convenience the entire county is shown as nonattainment; however, only a portion of many counties are designated nonattainment.
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Counties with Violating Monitors for
8-Hour Ozone and PM2.5 Standards (based on 1999-2001 data)
PM2.5
Only
16,413,096
(60 counties)
Ozone Only
62,123,154
(222 counties)
Both
48,772,716
(69 counties)
Totals
127,308,966
(351 counties)
Population
CA RegulationCA Regulation• Until 2003, California Agriculture was
excluded from CAA regulation (permitting)• Sen Florez; SB 700• Emission inventory for many Ag industries
is insufficient • Agencies have limited experience with
Agriculture• Many agricultural operations have to
apply for air permits and implement Conservation Management Plans
• Mitigation has to be implemented to reduce air emissions
• AB32 – Greenhouse gas
Environmental quality issues?
• National ambient air quality standards (PM, ozone)
• Hazardous air pollutants (e.g., methyl bromide)
• Visibility (regional haze)• Air deposition (acid rain, nitrification)• Global climate change (greenhouse gases)• Odors (nuisance complaints)• Water quality (nitrate, salts, phosphorus)
What are the pollutants of concern?
• PM10 (directly formed particles)• PM2.5 (secondarily formed particles)• Ammonia (potential PM precursor)• Volatile organic compounds (ozone
precursor)
• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
• Methane (“greenhouse” gas)• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx, an ozone precursor)• Nitrate, phosphorus, salts (ground water)
Setting Priorities
• For emission important on a national, regional, or global scale, focus control of emissions per unit of food production (considering the entire animal production system).
• For emissions important on a local scale, focus control at the farm boundary.
Global, National, and
Emissions Regional Local Primary Effects of Concern
NH3 Major Minor Atmospheric deposition, haze
N2O Significant Insignificant Global climate change
NOX Significant Minor Haze, atmospheric deposition, smog
CH4 Significant Insignificant Global climate change
VOCs Insignificant Minor Quality of human life
H2S Insignificant Significant Quality of human life
PM10 Insignificant Significant Haze
PM2.5 Insignificant Significant Health, haze
Odor Insignificant Major Quality of human life
“The approach to measurement, analysis, and control must match the scale of the problem”
Gaseous Emissions
Microbial
Processes
of Feed &
Manure
• Ammonia• Hydrogen sulfide• Methane• Volatile organic
compounds
Anaerobic conditions
• Ammonia• Nitrous oxide• Nitric oxide• Volatile organic
compounds
Aerobic conditions
Influenced by
Particulate Matter Emissions (PM, PM10, PM2,5)
Soil
Dander
Feathers
Manure
Feedstuffs
• Moisture
• Air movement
• Animal activity
• Animal type
Emission Control
Control strategies should:• Be Site-specific• Avoid transfer of emissions to other locations• Avoid adverse cross media impacts (e.g., water quality)
Confinement
Facilities
“…technically and economically feasible management practices designed to decrease emissions should not be delayed.”
Inhibition
Suppression
Emission Control
Storage andStabilization Facilities
Inhibition
Suppression
Emission Control
LandApplicationRapid Incorporation Into the Soil
Low-Emitting Application Methods
Man
ure
Man
ure
NAEMS National Air Emission Monitoring Study
Process based models
Pollutants, Exposure & Health - Cal DEHRICalifornia Dairy Environmental Health Research Initiative
Clearing the Air: Livestock’s Contributions to
Climate Change
Maurice Pitesky, Kim Stackhouse, and Frank Mitloehner
Advances in Agronomy, Vol 103
“Livestock’s Long Shadow” (FAO, 2006)
• “The Livestock sector is a major player, responsible for 18% of GHG emissions measured in CO2e. This is a higher share than transport”
U.S. – the big GHG picture
Source: EPA (2009)
Mt
CO
2-eq
Time (years)
Global vs US Livestock GHG
Global Livestock, 18% of GHG (FAO) US Livestock, 3.4% of US GHG (EPA)
Production Efficiency
Dairy CH4 emission factor (kg/head/yr)
Milk production
(kg/head/yr)
Non-dairy emission factor (kg/head/yr)
North America 118 6,700 47
EU 100 4,200 48
Latin America 57 800 49
Africa 36 475 32
(IPCC, 1996)
FAO (2010)
Dairy trends
• Today, there are 9 million dairy cows in the US, 16 million fewer than existed during World War II.
• Even though cow number have decreased dramatically, milk production nationally has increased 60 percent.
• The carbon footprint of a glass of milk is 2/3 smaller today than it was 70 years ago.
Dairy trends
• Over the last 10 yrs, total lactation of a cow’s life has decreased from 31 to 25 months (largely because of reduced reproductive performance - fails to get pregnant)
• Therefore, the time that a cow is not milking during her approximate 54 month lifetime is about 29 months (time during growth, prior to her first lactation, and time between lactations)
• This reduced reproductive performance increases culling and therefore replacement herd animals
Research Needs Are Significant
• Health and environmental impacts...to understand which emissions are most harmful
• Standard measurement protocols...so that research results can be directly compared
• Process‑based emission simulation models...to replace emission factors
• Transport and fate of emissions...to better understand significance on local, regional,
and national scales
• Best management practices to reduce emissions...to understand the applicability, cost, and performance
of emission control practices
Crop Residue
Animal Manure
Food Processing By-Product
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Sustainability means…
…more from less, not just less!
Frank Mitloehner, PhDAir Quality CE SpecialistAnimal Science Department University of California, Davis(530) [email protected]