Impact of public electric vehicles charging infrastructure on EV … · 2019. 2. 15. · Impact of...
Transcript of Impact of public electric vehicles charging infrastructure on EV … · 2019. 2. 15. · Impact of...
Impactofpublicelectricvehiclecharginginfrastructure
onEVadoption
Preparedfor:CharlotteArgue,ProgramManager,PlugInBC,FraserBasinCouncil
ErikBlair,Sr.PolicyandPlanningAnalyst,MetroVancouver
Preparedby:
DianaAguilarandYehanChen,
UBCSustainabilityScholars,2018
August2018
Impact of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure on EV Adoption: 2018 UBC SustainablyScholarsSurvey
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TableofContents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................4
Background..................................................................................................................................................6
ResearchApproach...................................................................................................................................7
Analysis.....................................................................................................................................................8
Discussions............................................................................................................................................26
Limitations............................................................................................................................................32
FutureConsiderations......................................................................................................................33
Conclusions................................................................................................................................................36
AppendixA.................................................................................................................................................37
AppendixB.................................................................................................................................................39
Surveydesign.......................................................................................................................................39
ChargingStations................................................................................................................................47
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TableofFigures
Figure1NumberofpublicandDCfastchargingstationsforeachauthorityinMetro
VancouverRegionalDistrict.................................................................................................................5
Figure2Someoftheresponsesregardingshopandshopping..........................................21
TableofTables
Table1PercentageofthenumberofpublicchargersusedmonthlyforEVowners
whohavechargingaccessathomeandwhodon’t...................................................................26
Table2Venuetypevs.Stateofchargeuponarrival................................................................27
Table3Venuetypesvs.Havesomechargingornot................................................................27
Table4Venuetypevs.backupplanforpubliccharging........................................................28
Table5Behaviourshiftassociatedwiththechargervenuetype......................................29
Table6Havinghomechargingornotvs.wouldyouliketopayforcharging..............29
Table7Chargeuponarrivalatchargingstationvs.thewillingnesstopayfor
charging.......................................................................................................................................................30
Table8Stateofchargevs.EVtype..................................................................................................30
Table9EVrangeandownerschargingbehaviour(stateofchargeuponarrival).....31
Table10Homechargingandincome.............................................................................................31
Table11Homechargingandage.....................................................................................................32
Table12FuelconsumptionratingsBEVs.....................................................................................37
Table13FuelconsumptionratingsPHEVs..................................................................................38
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Impact of public electric vehicle
charging infrastructure on EV adoption
Introduction
Theelectricvehicle (EV)markethasseensignificantgrowth in the last fewyears.
According to the International Energy Agency, the electric car market hit a new
record in 2017, surpassing 1 million sales worldwide that year. The total global
electriccarstocksurpassed3millionvehicles in2017aftercrossing the1million
thresholdsin2015,and2millionin20161.
Canada’sBatteryElectricVehicle(BEVs)salesincreasedatnearlydoubletherateof
Plug-inHybridVehicle(PHEV)sales.A totalof9,840BEVsweresoldnationally in
2017,which increasedby92%compared to thepreviousyear.PHEVsales across
theCountrywere8,730,whichincreased48%comparedtothepreviousyear.
In line with this trend, there are a growing number of electric vehicle charging
stationsinhomes,atworkplaces,andinpublicplacesthroughoutBritishColumbia,
withover1,000publicchargingstationsavailable.
TheuseofpublicchargingstationsisgrowinginMetroVancouver,butitisnotyet
clear the degree towhich they are relied upon compared to residential charging.
Currently, there are more than 500 public charging stations located through the
region.
1 International Energy Agency. (2018). Global EV Outlook 2018, 9. https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/1045?filename=global_ev_outlook_2018.pdf, 5.
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This projectwas developed to better understand the impact that public charging
infrastructurehasonEVadoption,tripbehaviourandlifestylesinMetroVancouver.
Table1 shows the totalnumberofpublicLevel1and2chargingstationsand the
total number of public Direct Current (DC) fast-charging stations in each
municipality,withVancouver, Surrey,RichmondandBurnabyaccounting forover
76%ofthetotal.
Figure 1 Number of public and DC fast charging stations for each municipality in Metro Vancouver.
Notes: This image uses the most updated information available on www.plugshare.com. It should
be noted that based on field survey experience, some of the charging stations shown on
www.PlugShare.com belong to the private sector or do not actually exist.
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Background on EVs and Infrastructure
Electricvehicles (EVs)useabatterypack tostoreelectricalenergy,whichpowers
themotorandpropelsthevehicle.EVsincludefullyelectric,batteryelectricvehicles
(BEVs)2, or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)3. Plugging the vehicle into an
electric power source charges EV batteries. Although electricity production may
contributetoairpollution(theamountdependingontheregion’sgridgeneration),
BEVs are considered a zero-emission vehicle because it produces no direct
emissions at the tailpipe. InBC, electricity is a low carbon energy source,making
EVsaverygoodlow-carbonalternativetoconventionalfossilfuelvehicles.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use batteries to power an electricmotor
anduse another fuel, such as gasolineordiesel, topower an internal combustion
engine.Usingelectricitytorunthevehiclesomeorallofthetimereducesoperating
costandfueluse,relativetoconventionalvehicles.
For a list of fuel consumption ratings for BEV andPHEVs, see table 12 and 13 in
AppendixA.
ThenetworkofchargingstationsinNorthAmericaisgrowingeveryday.Thereare
three levels of charging offering different amounts of power. The more power a
chargingstationprovides,thefasterthevehicleischarged4.
• Level1(120volt,Onehourofcharge~8kmofRange):Regularoutlet,also
knownas“tricklecharge”,bestusedwhenparkedovernightorlong-term;
• Level2(240volt,Onehourofcharge~30km):Typicalforathome,atwork,
orshort-tomedium-termparking,e.g.whileshopping;and
2https://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-all-electric-cars-work3https://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-plug-in-hybrid-electric-cars-work4http://pluginbc.ca/ev101/
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• DCFastCharging(Onehourofcharge~250kmofRange):Best for longer
trips, allowing travel between cities. There are three standards: CHAdeMO,
CCS,andTeslaSupercharger(Tesla).
Manypublicchargingstationsare free touse,butrequiredrivers to joinaservice
networktoaccessthestations.Membersareoffereddiversewaystoauthorizethe
useofachargingstation,suchasscanningamembercardatthedesiredstation.By
registering online with the different charging service networks, EV owners can
obtainamembercard.Somenetworks’stations(ChargePoint,FLO,andGreenLots)
canalsobeauthorizedthroughasmartphoneapporacreditcard.
Research Approach
Thesurvey intentwas tounderstand theroleofpublicEVcharging infrastructure
and host organizations, to have a better sense for future investment in public
chargingassetsandtoidentifyhowtohelpincreasethenumberoffutureEVowners
andmaintainownershipamongcurrentEVowners.
ThesurveytargetedEVownersintheMetroVancouverregion.Threemethodswere
usedtodistributethesurvey:in-personatpublicchargingstations(Burnaby,North
Vancouver,Richmond,Surrey,VancouverandWestVancouver),online(EVowners
groups)andbyaflyerleftonelectricvehiclesthatwerechargingatpublicstations
(QRCodeandURL).
The85in-personsurveyswereconductedat52chargingstations,selectedbasedon
theirenergydispensed(higher-levelofusestationsweretargeted),andaccessibility
fortheresearchers.
Therewas a conventionalpretesting,which involveda relatively small numberof
interviews (Fraser Basin Council and Metro Vancouver employees) with a draft
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versionofthequestionnaire,followedbyaninformalgroupdebriefingsessionand
pilotsurveys.Thisidentifiedsomeimprovementstothesurveydesign.
Analysis
The following analysis was done individually for each of the 29 questions in the
survey, using Excel and NVivo. Additionally, some groupings were done to test
correlationsandpotentialvalueforfutureinitiativesandprojects.
10%
17%
5%2%
5%
7%
27%
1%
1%
22%
1% 2%
EVMake BMWChevroletFiatFordKiaMitsubishiNissanPorscheSmartEDTeslaToyotaVW
14%
11%
41%4%
18%
12%
EVModel
ChevroletBolt
ChevroletVolt
NissanLeaf
TeslaModel3
TeslaModelS
TeslaModelX
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Ofthe85surveys,two-thirdsoftherespondent’svehicleswereoneofthreemakes:
Nissan(27%),Tesla(22%),andChevrolet(17%).While9ofthe12othermakesof
EVcomprisedtheremainingthirdoftheremainingvehicletypes.
TheNissan Leafwas themost popular vehicle of those surveyed, followedby the
TeslaModelSandChevroletBoltat12%and9%,respectively.
Newer model years (2017 and 2018) were the most represented in the survey,
suggesting the survey included relativelynewEVdrivers (although somevehicles
mayhavebeentheowner’ssecondEV).
6%5%
15%
12%
15%
23%
22%
2%
WhatyearisyourEV?
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
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Whether a participant’s vehicle has a DC fast charging port is insightful to
understandwhatpublicstationstheyareabletoaccess.However,thisquestionalso
madeitapparentthatsomeEVownerslacksufficientknowledgeabouttheirEV.Of
the85 surveys,13%answered that theydon’thaveaDCFast chargingport.Two
Chevrolet Volt owners answered, “Yes”, however the vehicles do not have fast-
chargeportsandaTeslaModelXdriverownerresponded,“Idon’tknow”.Therefore,
anEVeasyownerguidethatcomeswiththevehiclepurchasemightbeveryhelpful
tooutlinechargingoptionsandvehiclecapabilities.
81%
13%
6%
DoesyourEVhaveaDCFastchargingport?
Yes
No
Idon"tknow
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38%
43%
19%
Doyouhaveaccesstochargingathome?
Yes-Level1(120v)
Yes-Level2(240v)
No
71%
27%
2%
Doyouhaveabackupplanforgettingachargeifthisstationis
unavailable?
Yes
No
N/A
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Ofthe85surveys,19%answeredthattheydon’thaveaccesstochargingathome.
This was higher than expected, an important consideration for charging plans in
MetroVancouver.
Whenaskedwhetherdrivershadaback-upplan,15EVownersansweredthattheir
backupplanwastheirhomecharger,fromwhichfouroftheseresponseshadLevel
1 (120v),and11of themhadLevel2 (240v). Additionally,45EVownersrelyon
othernearbypublicstationsastheirbackupplan.
Accordingtotheresponses,ofthe20%ofEVownersthatarrivedwithapercentage
chargebetween0-20%,88%didn’thaveabackupplan.
EVownersseemtobeusingpublicchargingstationsmostlybecausetheyhavean
immediateneedtochargetheirEVs,andwererelyingonthepublicinfrastructureto
doso.
20%
31%28%
20%
1%
Whatpercentagechargedidyouhavewhenyouarrivedatthe
station?
0-20%
20-40%
40-60%
60-80%
80-100%
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Amongalltheintervieweeswhodon’thaveachargerathome,11ofthemprovided
areason,ofwhich64%answeredthattheydonothavebecausetheyliveinacondo.
Otherresponsesincludedthattherearepublicchargingstationsneartheirhome,or
theyparktheircaronthestreet.
Based on the fact that 74% of the EV owners commute to work, it’s possible to
concludethatelectricvehiclesarecontinuallymovingaroundMetroVancouver,and
manyareusedonadailybasis.
64%
36%
Ifno,whydon’tyouhaveachargeathome?
Liveincondo
Other(havechargingstationsnearby,etc.)
74%
22%
4%
Doyouoranotherfamilymembercommutebycartowork?
Yes
No
N/A
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Due to the screening question included (question 7), 26% of the responseswere
blank,becausetheEVownersoranotherfamilymemberdidn’tcommutebycarto
work,whichalignswiththepreviousresults(22%“No”and4%“N/A”).
However,forthosewhodocommute,43%don’thaveaccesstoworkplacecharging.
Itseemslikethereisanopportunityforworkplacestoconsidertheincreasingtrend
ofEVadoption.
31%
43%
26%
DoyouhaveaccesstoanEVchargingatwork?
Yes
No
Blank
5%
24%
2%69%
Ifyes,whattype?
Level1:120V
Level2:240V
Level3:DC-Quick
Blank
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There were 69% blank responses, from which 38% were because of screening
question7and62%because,eventhough,they hadchargingatwork,chosenotto
answer, indicating that creating an EV easy owner guide could be a great
opportunitytomakeEVownerseasiertounderstandthetypesofchargingstations
(ChargePoint,Flo,Greenlots,SunCountry,amongothers).
7%
34%
33%
26%
Howmanydifferentpublicchargerswouldyousayyouuse
onamonthlybasis?Justone
1-2otherstations
3-5otherstations
Morethan5otherstations
5%
12%
34%42%
7%
Onaverage,howoftenarethepublicchargersavailable?
Almostnever-lessthan10%ofthetime
Rarely-25%ofthetime
Sometimes-50%ofthetime
Often-75%ofthetime
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Accordingtothesurvey,EVownersreliedonmorethanonepublicchargingstation,
with69%ofrespondentsindicatingtheyusebetween2and5differentstationsina
givenmonth.
Mostpeoplefindthatpublicstationsareavailablemorethanhalfofthetime,with
49%indicatingthatthey’reavailableoftenoralways,whichindicatesasatisfactory
serviceofpublicchargingstationsinMetroVancouver.However,somepeoplewho
answered “always” mentioned that's due to the fact that they checked the
availability on applications or they knewwhen the stations aremore likely to be
available.
45%
12%4%
20%
3%
6%2% 1%
5% 2%
Pleasedescribethelocationofthelastpublicchargingstationyou
used Vancouver
Richmond
CityofNorthVancouver
Burnaby
Coquitlam
Surrey
PortMoody
NewWestminster
ElectoralAreaA
DistrictofNorthVancouver
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ThesurveywasdesignedtogetanunderstandingofwhyEVdriverswereusingthe
public charging station at the survey location (in the case of in-person intercept
surveys),orthelastpublicstationtheyhappenedtofrequent(inthecaseofonline
survey).Half of the surveys conducted tookplace in theCityofVancouver,which
hasthehighestdensityofpublicchargersinMetroVancouver.
Of the85 surveys, 22%weredoneatOakridgeMall (Vancouver), and20%of the
surveys were done at Metrotown (Burnaby). These two station locations are the
mostfrequentlyvisitedpublicchargingstationsinMetroVancouver.Whileatotalof
27 sites were visited, high traffic in these locations allowed the surveyors to
interceptmorepeopleonthosevisits.
20%
21%
5%3%4%4%
43%
Pleasedescribethelocationofthelastpublicchargingstationyou
used 4700Kingsway
5733CambieSt
3185GrandviewHighway
1375096AveSurrey
2083AlmaStreet
6085ThunderbirdBoulevard
Other
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Ofthe85surveys,35%ofthemusethesurveyedstation1-2timespermonth,and
27% of them use 1-2 times perweek, indicating thatmost of them don’t use the
surveyedpublicchargingstationsveryoften,orastheirprimarycharge.
The three EV owners who answered “No’ to this question, were referring to
Metrotown (Burnaby), 1st Street East, between Lonsdale and St. Georges (North
Vancouver) andThunderbirdParkade (Vancouver). For the first case, the reasons
includethattherearenotenoughchargingstations,EVsparkwithoutcharging,or
36%
30%
16%
18%
Howoftendoyouusethisparticularstation
1-2timespermonth
1-2timesperweek
3-5timesperweek
Firsttime
94%
4%2%
DoyouGindthisstationreliable
Yes
No
N/A
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non-electricvehiclestakethespot.Forthesecondcase,thestationisconstantlyin
use,probablybecauseitisaLevel3DC-fastcharger.Thelastcaseisthatthereare
notenoughchargersfordemand,andoftencarsaren'tmovedawayfromEVparking
oncechargingiscomplete.
Themostpopularreasonstochargeare“freecharging”(23%)and“accesstoshops
and services” (22%). Other popular answers are “close to work/home”, “usually
available/reliable”,and“fitsintomyroutine”.Mostpeoplewhoanswered“fitsinto
myroutine”alsoindicatedthatthestationsareclosetotheirwork/home.
11%
23%
10%10%
22%
7%
9% 4%1% 3%
Whydidyouchoosetochargehere? Closetomywork
Freecharging
Usuallyavailable/reliable
Fitsintomyroutine
Accesstoshopsandservices
Easytouse
Closetomyhome
Safe,securelot
Reasonableparkingprice
Weatherprotected
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AlargeportionofEVownerschoosetochargeforunder4hours:0-1hour(32%),1-
2hours(30%)or2-4hours(31%),whichmeansthattheydonotneedthestation
forthewholedayorlongperiodsoftime.However,duringthein-personsurvey,a
coupleofthemmentionedthatsomeownersdonotmovetheirvehicleawaywhen
theirvehiclesarefullycharged.
Morethanhalfoftheintervieweeswouldnotbewillingtopayforcharging(atthe
stationinquestion)unlesstheyweredesperate.33%ofrespondentswerewillingto
pay$1perhourbutveryfewmorethanthis.Thismaybeduetothefactthatthere
32%
30%
31%
1% 6%
Howlongdidyoustay/doyouplanonstayingforcharging?
0to1hour
1to2hours
2to4hours
4to8hours
Morethan8hours
33%
9%1%
51%
6%
Iftherewasacosttousethischarger,wouldyoustilluseitifit
was: $1perhour
$2perhour
$3perhour
IwillnotpayanythingforchargingunlessI"mdesperate
Morethan$4perhour
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arecurrentlymanyfreeoptions.Iffreechargingalternativesdidn’texist,theresult
mightbedifferent.
Forthequestion,“HasthefactthatthislocationprovidesEVchargingchangedyour
travelorshoppinghabits?”62.4%(53/85)oftheintervieweesrespondedthatpublic
EVchargingdoeschangetheirtravelorshoppinghabits.37.6%(32/85)answered
no.Amongthosewhoansweredno,23peopleprovidedaspecificreason.
When theywere asked, “Pleaseelaboratewhyorwhynot”, over half of thosewho
responded yes (22/43) mentioned an increase in shopping behaviour. Keywords
includeashop,shopping,grocery,store,andretail.
Forthosewhoanswerednoandelaborated,14ofthemindicatedthechargerfitinto
their routine: close to their home/ where their family lives/ on the way to
somewhere.3saidthere’snoshoppingnearby.
Figure 2 Some of the responses regarding the shop and shopping
shop
to come here more toto come here more to
I would patronize aI would patronize a
I willI will
II
One of several placesOne of several places
charge my car whilecharge my car while
80 % places now80 % places now
go to the local coffeego to the local coffee
while chargingwhile charging
where therewhere thereis charging , L2is charging , L2
are EV chargersare EV chargers
that has free or inexpensivethat has free or inexpensive
more heremore here
in the Canadian Storein the Canadian Store
has EV stationshas EV stations
Beyond Bread . Other stores andBeyond Bread . Other stores and
at locations with a chargerat locations with a charger
and charge up at theand charge up at the
shoppingyour car fully charged whileyour car fully charged while
now tend to do grocerynow tend to do grocery
I do most of myI do most of my
good local neargood local near
moremore
herehere
at locations with EV charging .at locations with EV charging .
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Inthecaseofthequestion“Whatchangesorimprovementswouldyouliketoseefor
publicchargersinMetroVancouver?”88.1%(74/84)commentedthattheywantto
see more stations in general and 13.1% (11/84) mentioned more fast-charging
stations.
For the question “Doyouhaveadditional comments that youwould like to share?”
additional commentsweremostly related to improvements for public chargers in
MetroVancouver.Forexample,tohavemorepublicchargingstationsaswellasDC
fast-charging stations, to have lower rates for charging, and to have uniformed
charging station availability information available to the public, to encourage
customers to leave the spot when they don't need charge, to provide more
incentives,toreducethetimeittakestomaintainchargingstations.
Finally, for thedemographicdata, the analysiswasperformed tounderstandhow
ouraudience,electricvehiclesowners,differfromaverageBritishColumbiansand
Canadians.
4% 6%
16%
11%
9%8%
21%
11%
6%7%
1%
Howoldareyou?20-24yearsold25-29yearsold30-34yearsold35-39yearsold40-44yearsold46-49yearsold50-54yearsold55-59yearsold60-64yearsold65-69yearsold75-79yearsold
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Thereweremoreoptionsthatarenotshowninthisfigure:15-19yearsold,70-74
yearsold,80-84yearsold,85-89yearsoldand,90andolder.Becausethereareno
intervieweesfromtheseageranges,theyarenotdisplayed.
TheagerangeofEVownersthatwasmorerepresentativewasbetween50and59
yearsoldwith32%, followedbytherangebetween30and39yearsold(27%). It
seems to be a good strategy for automakers to set those as target age groups for
potentialEVownerstoincreaseEVadoptioninMetroVancouver.
Additionally, it’s important toadd thatbothof theseagerangesrepresent14%of
the2017Canada’spopulation,aswellasBritishColumbia’s5.
Ofthe85surveys,79%ofourintervieweesweremale.
5https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000501https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000501&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.11&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.1
19%
79%
2%
Whatisyourgender?
Female
Male
Prefernottosay
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The two most representative racial groups in the EV owners interviewed were
WhiteandAsian.Only4%didn’tanswer.
According to the 2016 Census, British Columbia population origins are 51%
European,Asian23%,andOtherAmerican17%6.
6https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=933&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1
7%
41%48%
4%
Howwouldyoudescribeyourself?
FirstNations
Asian
White
Blank
1% 1% 5%6%
11%
23%18%
12%
3%
7%
13%
Whatwasyourtotalhouseholdincomebeforetaxesduringthe
past12months?Under$5,000$20,000and$24,999$25,000and$34,999$35,000and$49,999$50,000and$74,999$75,000and$99,999$100,000and$149,999$150,000and$199,999$200,000and$249,999$250,000andoverBlank
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Ofthe85surveys,87%answered,although,duetothesensitivenatureofthisfinal
question, some interviewees during the in-person survey didn’t feel comfortable
providingaresponse.
Over one-third of the interviewees live in the City of Vancouver, followed by
BurnabyandRichmond.Thisresultcomplieswiththesurveyedlocations.However,
the responses suggest that some respondents live in interior BC and Vancouver
IslandandwerevisitingMetroVancouverintheirelectricvehicleswhentheytook
thissurvey.
15%4%
15%
4%39%
7%
3%
3% 10%
WhataretheGirst3numbersofyourpostalcode?
Other
Anmore/Belcara/PortMoody
Burnaby
Surrey
Vancouver
DistrictofNorthVancouver
Delta
PittMeadows
Richmond
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Discussions
Basedonthesurveydata,someadditionalquestionscameup,whichexploredbelow.
1. HomeCharger
Public Chargers Used
Monthly
Percentage
(Have Charging at Home)
Percentage
(Have No Charging at Home)
Just one 6% 13%
1-2 other stations 35% 31%
3-5 other stations 32% 38%
More than 5 other stations 28% 19%
Table 1 Percentage of the number of public chargers used monthly for EV owners who have charging access at home
and who don’t.
ThetableshowsthatalargerportionofEVownerswhohaveachargerathomeuse
morethan5publicchargingstationspermonthcomparedtothosewhodonothave
charging access at home. A smaller portion of EV ownerswho have a charger at
homeusejustonepublicchargingstationpermonthcomparedtothosewhodonot
havechargingaccessathome.Thesamplesizeofdriverswhodon’thavechargingat
homewasfairlysmall(16drivers)comparedwiththosewhodo(69drivers),soit’s
hardtoinferwhatthesenumbersmighttellus.
2. EVownersknowledge
Amongthe85responses,5ofthemdonotevenknowiftheirvehicleshaveDCfast
chargingport.However,ifanelectricvehicleisequippedwiththefastchargingport,
thechargingtimecanbecutbyhalfwithfastchargingcomparedtolevel2charging.
3. Chargingbehaviour
Venue Type 0-20% 20-40% 40-60% 60-80% 80-100%
Retail 22.9% 29.2% 25.0% 22.9% 0.0%
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Parking Lot/Garage 25.0% 37.5% 25.0% 12.5% 0.0%
Government 50.0% 16.7% 33.3% 0.0% 0.0%
Education 0.0% 60.0% 20.0% 20.0% 0.0%
Business/Commercial 0.0% 0.0% 80.0% 20.0% 0.0%
Leisure Destination 20.0% 40.0% 40.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Table 2Venuetypevs.Stateofchargeuponarrival
Thereisnomeaningfulconclusiondrawnfromthedataanalysis.
No interviewee charged their vehicle when they had a 80-100% charge, which
indicates that they had adapted good charging etiquette without using public
chargingstationswhentheydonotactuallyneedthem.
However,around40%ofintervieweesusechargingstationswhentheyhada40-80%
charge,inwhichcasetheownersdon’tnecessarilyneedthecharge.
Workplace, street parking,medical, and library locations are excluded because of
thelimitednumberofsurveycollectedatthosestations.
Venue Type Have Home Charging
Retail 81.3%
Parking Lot/Garage 75.0%
Government 100.0%
Education 80.0%
Business/Commercial 60.0%
Leisure Destination 80.0%
Table 3 Venue types vs. Have some charging or not
According to the table,business/commercialhas the lowestpercentageofvisitors
who have home charging. However, all the EV owners surveyed at government
locationshavehomecharging(interestingly, thiscategoryhadthehighestnumber
of drivers below 20% state of charge,which couldmean they are driving further
distances). It will be interesting to find out if these stations are less reliable or
Impact of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure on EV Adoption: 2018 UBC SustainablyScholarsSurvey
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available. Workplace, street parking, medical, and library locations are excluded
becauseofthelimitednumberofsurveycollectedatthosestations.
Venue Type Backup Plan
Retail 62.5%
Parking Lot/Garage 87.5%
Government 100.0%
Education 80.0%
Business/Commercial 100.0%
Leisure Destination 100.0%
Table 4 Venue type vs. backup plan for public charging
All the EV owners surveyed at a government, business/commercial, and leisure
destination locations have backup plans for public charging, from which
government also has the highest percentage of customerswho have a charger at
home. Thatmay also indicate low availability at those stations.Workplace, street
parking,medical,andlibrarylocationsareexcludedbecauseofthelimitednumber
ofsurveycollectedatthosestations.
4. Shoppingbehaviour
Of the 85 surveys, 28 out of 48 (58.3%) interviewees at retail charging stations
believed that use of that station changed their behaviour. 24 of them provided
explanations, with 13 saying the station increased their patronization of the
business in that location. 27% of the EV owners who visited retail locations for
chargingbroughtnewbusiness.
Based on the result and previous analysis in the data analysis section, it can be
concludedthathavingchargingsignificantlychangedpeople'sbehaviour.
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Venue Type Total Behaviour
Changed Percentage
Retail 48 28 58.3%
Parking Lot/Garage 8 6 75.0%
Government 6 6 100.0%
Education 5 4 80.0%
Business/Commercial 5 4 80.0%
Leisure Destination 5 1 20.0%
Table 5 Behaviour shift associated with the charger venue type
According to the table, it is interesting to find that all EV owners who charge at
governmentstationshavechangedtheirbehaviour.Thisconclusionmightbecaused
bysmallsamplesize.Retail,parkinglot/garage,educationandbusiness/commercial
locations have also seen a large shift in behaviour. However, leisure destination
locationshaveseenlittleshiftinbehaviour.
5. Willingtopayforpubliccharging
According to the previous table, business/commercial locations have the highest
percentageofpeoplewhodidn'thaveaccesstohomecharging.
Have home charging Would pay for charging Would pay more than
$4 per hour
Yes 69.6% 2.9%
No 62.5% 12.5%
Table 6 Having home charging or not vs. would you like to pay for charging
Basedontable6,thereisnocleartrendshowingthatpeoplewhodonothavehome
chargingaremorewillingtopayforchargingingeneral,butofthosewhowouldbe
willingtopay,thereisamuchhigherpercentageofthosewhowouldpaymorethan
$4perhourcomparedtothosewhohavehomecharging.
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6. Thelinkbetweenowners’EVrangeandstateofchargeuponarrival
Charge upon
arrival
Won't Pay
unless
Desperate
$1 per
hour
$2 per
hour
$3 per
hour
More than
$4 per
hour
0-20% 41.2% 29.4% 17.6% 0.0% 11.8%
20-40% 46.2% 34.6% 15.4% 0.0% 3.8%
40-60% 54.2% 33.3% 4.2% 4.2% 4.2%
60-80% 58.8% 35.3% 0.0% 0.0% 5.9%
80-100% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Table 7 Charge upon arrival at charging station vs. the willingness to pay for charging
According to table 7, there is a clear trend showing that there is an increasing
percentageofpeoplewhowouldnotliketopayforchargingwhentheyarriveatthe
charging stationwithahigher stateof charge, and there is alsoa clear trend that
peoplearemorewillingtopaymorewhentheyarriveatthestationwithlesscharge,
which couldbe associatedwith their charginghabits: someEVownerswouldnot
like to rechargeunless theyarerunningoutof charge,whilesomeEVownersare
moreconservativeandchargewhentheycan.
EV Type\state of
charge 0-20% 20-40% 40-60% 60-80% 80-100%
PHEV 37.5% 18.8% 12.5% 25.0% 6.3%
BEV 16.2% 33.8% 30.9% 19.1% 0.0%
Table 8 State of charge vs. EV type
PeoplewhohaveaPHEVtendtochargeatlowbatterycomparedtothosewhoown
aBEV,whichmightbeduetothefactthatPHEVcanstillrunonfossilfuelswhenit
isrunningoutofelectricity.
EV range (Km) 0-20% 20-40% 40-60% 60-80% 80-100%
51-100 17.9% 32.1% 32.1% 17.9% 0.0%
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101-150 8.3% 50.0% 25.0% 16.7% 0.0%
151-200 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 0.0%
201-250 16.7% 0.0% 33.3% 50.0% 0.0%
251-300 20.0% 40.0% 40.0% 0.0% 0.0%
301-350 25.0% 75.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Table 9 EV range and owners charging behaviour (state of charge upon arrival)
There is aweak trend indicating that ownerswhohave largerEV rangeprefer to
chargewhenthebatteryislow,andownerswhohavelowEVrangearemorelikely
tochargewhentheirbatteryisstillhigh.
7. Stationsdemographics
Thereisnoremarkabledifferenceindemographicsatanyvenuetype.
Income\ Home Charging Yes No
Under $5,000 0.0% 7.7%
$5,000 and $9,999 0.0% 0.0%
$10,000 and $14,999 0.0% 0.0%
$15,000 and $19,999 0.0% 0.0%
$20,000 and $24,999 1.6% 0.0%
$25,000 and $34,999 3.3% 15.4%
$35,000 and $49,999 4.9% 15.4%
$50,000 and $74,999 14.8% 0.0%
$75,000 and $99,999 24.6% 38.5%
$100,000 and $149,999 21.3% 15.4%
$150,000 and $199,999 16.4% 0.0%
$200,000 and $249,999 4.9% 0.0%
$250,000 and over 8.2% 7.7%
Table 10 Home charging and income
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Thereisnoclearindicationthatpeoplewhohaveachargerathomehaveahigher
income than thosewhodonot.However, there is a greaterportionof EVowners
whohaveachargerathomeearnahigherincome(over$100,000/year)compared
tothosewhodonothave.
Home Charging Yes No
20-24 years old 2.9% 6.3%
25-29 years old 4.3% 12.5%
30-34 years old 17.4% 12.5%
35-39 years old 11.6% 6.3%
40-44 years old 8.7% 12.5%
45-49 years old 10.1% 0.0%
50-54 years old 20.3% 25.0%
55-59 years old 8.7% 18.8%
60-64 years old 7.2% 0.0%
65-69 years old 7.2% 6.3%
70-79 years old 0.0% 0.0%
75-79 years old 1.4% 0.0%
Table 11 Home charging and age
Accordingtothetableabove, itshowsaweaktrendthatyoungpeople(<30years
old)tendtonothaveachargerathome,whilepeoplewhoareolder(>60yearsold)
prefertohavehomecharging.
Limitations
! There are 23 member municipalities/electoral areas members located in
Metro Vancouver Regional District, and 19 of them provide public electric
vehicle charging stations. In the survey, only 10 regions are covered. A
portionofthesurveyswasconductedonline,andthustheauthenticityofthe
informationgatheredcannotbeguaranteed.
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! Thissurveyonlyfocusedonalimitednumberofchargingstationsandmost
were done near the shopping mall because those stations are most
frequently visited,whichmight createbias. Future research should include
morestreetparkingandworkplacelocations,orlowerfrequentedstationsto
provide comparison across a wider variety of public charging types and
locations.
! Insurveyquestion9:“Onaverage,howoftenarethepublicchargersavailable
onyourfirstattempt?”someofthemansweredalwaysduetothereasonthat
theycheckedtheavailabilityonapplicationsortheyknewwhenthestations
aremorelikelytobefree.
! 85 survey responses are reasonable but not a large enough sample size
considering there are currently over 3,000 electric vehicles in the Metro
Vancouver region. As a consequence, the result might not be really
representativeoftheentireregion.
FutureConsiderations
! The charging station selection shouldbebasedon thedifferentplatforms that
exist,suchasChargePoint,Flo,andothers;thatmentionifthechargerisbeing
used and the popular times. It is more effective to conduct surveys on sites
wheretherearemorechargingportsandavenuetypesuchasretail,duetothe
highervisitors’flowrate,unlikemedicaltype.
! Atthebeginningofthein-personsurvey,abriefintroductionexplainingthatthe
studentsareworking forPlug InBC/FraserBasinCouncil shouldbegiven to
interviewees so that the interviewees will be more comfortable giving their
answersbecausetheywillmakeadifferenceontheEVcharginginfrastructure.
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! The survey shouldhave fewernumbersofquestionsbecause the interviewees
don’tusuallyhavemorethan3to5minutestoanswerit.
! Theopen-endedquestions,where the interviewers shoulddescribeevenmore
of their answers, should be evaluated because there were not commonly
answered.
! It’s very important to take into account that surveys are more feasible when
peoplearrivetochargecomparedtowhentheyleavechargingstationsbecause
whentheyarereadytogo,thetimethattheyhaveisreduced.
! Having a pamphlet/flyer designed to be placed on the windshield of those
vehiclesthatwerechargingresultedtobeeffective.SomepassionateEVowners
thatreceiveditdidthesurveyintheirowntimeandgreatlycontributedtothe
85responsescollected.
! Is also important to take into account that the following questions should be
evaluatedsothattheanswerswillbeeasiertoanalyzeandtounderstandeven
better what the EV owner meant. Some suggestions on survey questions for
futureconsiderationinclude:
- Howmanydifferent public chargerswould you say youuse onamonthly
basis?
Itwillbebettertomodifythisquestionbyreplacingmonthlybasiswith
weeklybasis.
- Pleasedescribethelocationofthelastpublicchargingstationyouusedin
MetroVancouver?(Pleaseprovideaddressand/ordetaileddescription)
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Thisquestionshouldbemorespecific for the in-personmethod,so that
the interviewee would be able to indicate, exactly, at which charging
stationtheyreceivedtheflyer.
Thiswillfacilitatetheidentificationoftheeffectivenessoftheflyers.
- Why did you choose to charge here? (Please check all the answers that
apply)
Thisquestionshouldbemorespecific.Itwasnotveryconclusive,because
when the interviewee saw thatmanyoptions, therewerenotvery sure
which3optionstoselect.
- Iftherewasacosttousethischarger,wouldyoustilluseitifitwas:
This question should be asked in a different way, such as a multiple
choice,inthefollowingway
“Howmuchareyouwillingtopaytousethischarger”
! $1perhour
! $2perhour
! $3perhour
! Other
! Iwillnotpayanythingextraforcharging
- What was your total household income before taxes during the past 12
months?
Thisquestionshouldbemodifiedtofindoutthetotalhouseholdincome
beforetaxduringthelastmonthtomakeiteasierfortheinterviewee.
Additionally, it has to be taken into account that not everybody feels
comfortablechoosingtheaccurateoption.
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Conclusions
! Duetothelimitationsofthissurvey,theresultsprovidesomehigh-levelinsight
towhy people are using public charging stations, but no definitive conclusion
shouldbemade. It is the researchers’ hope that these insightsmight generate
additional questions to consider for future research and analysis, to better
understandtherelationshipbetweenEVdriversandpublicchargingstations.
! IngeneralEVownersagreedon theurgentneed formorechargers, especially
DCFastchargingthatwillbeaccessedfreelyatadifferenttime.EVownerswill
like to find more chargers in the streets and to take less time during their
charging time. Making these changes will increase EV adoption as well as
customersatisfaction.
! Thereshouldbemoreenforcementforthoseownersthatleavetheirvehiclesat
thestationwithoutrequiringacharge.Whilethishappensotherelectricvehicles
thatdon’thaveenoughchargearenotabletousethestation.Theenforcementof
aspecificcontrolwillincreasethenumberofcarschargingataspecificstation.
! The development of an EV User Guide seems to be an opportunity for those
ownersthatdon’tknoworarenotsureof theirchargingpossibilities(Level1,
Level2,DC-fastcharger).ThisGuidewillfacilitatetheowners’understandingof
theirvehicleandwillgenerateaviralmarketingthatwill increaseEVadoption
andfacilitatethechargingprocess.
! There is a constant request toquicklydealwithmaintenance inconvenient for
charging stations. When it is required, it causes a decrease in the chargers
availability(e.g.Metrotown).Thisquicknesswillaugmentthechargersofferand
thesatisfactionandreputationtowardsthehosts’organizations.
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Appendix A
Battery-electricvehicles
Make Model Fuel type
Range (km)
Recharge time (h) Specifications
BMW i3 S, 125 kW, A1 B 183 5
CHEVROLET BOLT EV WS, 150 kW, A1 B 383 9.3 FORD FOCUS ELECTRIC C, 107 kW, A1 B 185 5.5
HYUNDAI IONIQ EV M, 88 kW, A1 B 200 4
KIA SOUL EV WS, 81 kW, A1 B 179 5
NISSAN LEAF M, 110 kW, A1 B 242 8
TESLA MODEL 3 Long Range, AWD, AWD Performance M, 192 kW, 358 kW, A1 B 499 10
TESLA MODEL S 100D L, 386 kW, A1 B 539 12
TESLA MODEL X 100D UL, 386 kW, A1 B 475 12
VOLKSWAGEN e-GOLF C, 100 kW, A1 B 201 5.3
Table 12 Fuel consumption ratings BEVs
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Plug-inhybridvehicles
Make Model Fuel type Range (km)
Recharge time (h) Specifications
BMW 330e C, 65 kW, 2.0 L,
B/Z 23 2 4 cyl, AS8 BMW i3 Rex S, 125 kW, 135 kW, 0.6 L,
B/Z 156 5 2 cyl, A1 BMW X5 xDRIVE40e UL, 83 kW, 2.0 L,
B/Z 23 3 4 cyl, AS8 CHEVROLET VOLT C, 111 kW, 1.5 L,
B/X 85 4.5 4 cyl, AV FORD FUSION ENERGI M, 68 kW, 2.0 L,
B/X 35 2.5 4 cyl, AV KARMA REVERO S, 300 kW, 2.0 L,
B/Z 60 3.75 4 cyl, A1 KIA OPTIMA PLUG-IN M, 50 kW, 2.0 L,
B/X 47 2.7 4 cyl, AM6 HYUNDAI IONIQ ELECTRIC PLUS M, 32 kW, 1.6 L,
B/X 47 2.3 4 cyl, AM6 MITSUBISHI OUTLANDER PHEV AWD US, 60 kW, 2.0 L,
B/X 35 3.5 4 cyl, A1 TOYOTA PRIUS PRIME M, 71 kW, 1.8 L,
B/X 40 2 4 cyl, AV
Table 13 Fuel consumption ratings PHEVs
! Fueltype:X=Regulargasoline;Z=Premiumgasoline;D=Diesel;E=E85;B
=Electricity;N=NaturalGas.
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! Range: For PHEVs and battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), the range is the
estimateddrivingdistance(inkilometers)onafullychargedbatteryorafull
tankoffuel.
! Rechargetime:ForPHEVsandBEVs,rechargetimeistheestimatedtime(in
hours)tofullyrechargethebatteryat240volts.
Appendix B
Survey
a) Introduction
EVsmake a continued difference!We are UBC Students conducting a survey on
behalfofPlugInBC(aninitiativethatincludestheFraserBasinCouncilandMetro
Vancouver).WewouldliketoknowmoreaboutyourEVexperienceandhowpublic
chargingstationsarerelatedtoEVadoptiontohelpnon-profitsandgovernment
betterrespondtocurrentandfutureneedsofEVowners.Additionally,wewantto
usetheresultstoidentify,whatopportunitiestherearetoencourageandengage
evenmorecurrentandpotentialEVowners.
Anyinformationthatyoucontributethroughthissurveywillbeanonymizedinthe
final results to protect your privacy. If you have any additional questions about
howthisdatawillbeusedbyUBCoritspartners,pleasefeelfreetocontactKaren
Taylor, Program Manager of the UBC Sustainability Scholars Program, UBC
([email protected])orCharlotteArgue,ProgramManager,Plug InBC, Fraser
BasinCouncil([email protected]).
QuestionnaireUBC-FBC-MVC-001
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b) Mainbody
! Ownershipknowledge
Type:Open-ended
1) Whatmakeisyourvehicle(e.g.Nissan)?
___________________________________________________
Type:Open-ended
2) Whatmodelisyourvehicle(e.g.Leaf)?
___________________________________________________
Type:Open-ended
3) WhatyearisyourEV?
___________________________________________________
Type:Closed-ended-Selectionamongnominalcategories
4) DoesyourEVhaveaDCFastchargingport(e.g.canyouchargeatfast
chargingstationsorSuperchargers?
o Yes
o No
o Idon’tknow
Type:Closed-ended-Selectionamongnominalcategories
5) Doyouhaveaccesstochargingathome
o Yes-Level1:120V
o Yes-Level2:240V
o No
Type:Open-ended
a. Ifno,whydon’tyouhaveachargeathome?
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(E.g.Liveinacondo,can’tafford,nopower,don’tneedone,etc.)
Type:Closed-ended-Selectionamongnominalcategories
6) Doyouoranotherfamilymembercommutebycartowork?
o Yes
o No
o N/A
Iftheinterviewerdoesn’tworkorcommutebycar,skipquestioningNo.8.
Type:Closed-ended-Selectionamongnominalcategories
7) DoyouhaveaccesstoanEVchargingatwork?
o Yes
o No
b. Ifyes,whattype?
o Level1:120V
o Level2:240V
o Level3:DC-Quick
! ChargingStationUse
Type:Closed-ended–Selectionamongordinalcategories
8) How many different public chargers would you say you use on a
monthlybasis?
o Justone
o 1-2otherstations
o 3-5otherstations
o Morethan5otherstations
Type:Closed-ended–Selectionamongordinalcategories
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9) Onaverage,howoftenarethepublicchargersavailable(onyourfirst
attempt)?
o Always~100%ofthetime
o Often~75%ofthetime
o Sometimes~50%ofthetime
o Rarely~25%ofthetime
o AlmostNever~lessthan10%ofthetime
Type:Open-ended
10) Please describe the location of the last public charging station you
used in Metro Vancouver? (Please provide address and/or detailed
description)
___________________________________________________
Type:Closed-ended–Selectionamongordinalcategories
11) Howoftendoyouusethisparticularstation?
o Onadailybasis
o 3-5timesperweek
o 1-2timesperweek
o 1-2timespermonth
o Firsttime
Type:Closed-ended–SelectionamongnominalcategoriesandOpen-ended
12) Doyoufindthisstationreliable?
o Yes
o No(pleasedescribe)
o N/A(pleasedescribe)
Type:Closed-ended–SelectionamongnominalcategoriesandOpen-ended
13) Do you have a backup plan for getting a charge if this station is
unavailable?
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o Yes(pleasedescribe)
o No
o Other
Type:Closed-ended–Selectionamongordinalcategories
14) Whatpercentagechargedidyouhavewhenyouarrivedatthestation?
o 0-20%
o 20-40%
o 40-60%
o 60-80%
o 80-100%
! TripbehaviourinMetroVancouver
Type:Closed-ended–Checklist
15) Whydidyouchoosetochargehere?(Pleasecheckalltheanswersthat
apply)
o Accesstoshopsandservices
o Usuallyavailable/reliable
o Weatherprotected
o Easytouse/lowbarriertoaccess
o Safe,securelot
o Reasonableparkingprice
o Freecharging
o Fitsintomyroutine
o Closetomyhome
o Closetomywork
Type:Closed-ended-Selectionamongordinalcategories
16) Howlongdidyoustay/doyouplanonstayingforcharging?
o 0to1hour
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o 1to2hours
o 2to4hours
o 4to8hours
o Morethan8hours
Type:Closed-ended-Selectionamongordinalcategories
17) Iftherewasacosttousethischarger,wouldyoustilluseitifitwas:
o $1perhour
o $2perhour
o $3perhour
o Morethan$4perhour
o Iwillnotpayanythingextraforcharging
Type:Closed-ended-Selectionamongnominalcategories
18) Has the fact that this location provides EV charging changed your
travelorshoppinghabits?
o Yes
o No
Type:Open-ended
19) Pleaseelaboratewhyorwhynot
___________________________________________________
Type:Open-ended
20) What changes or improvements would you like to see for public
chargersinMetroVancouver?
___________________________________________________
Type:Open-ended
21) Doyouhaveadditionalcommentsthatyouwillliketoshare?
___________________________________________________
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! Demographicdata
Type:Closed-ended-Selectionamongordinalcategories
22) Howoldareyou?
o 15-19yearsold
o 20-24yearsold
o 25–29yearsold
o 30-34yearsold
o 35-39yearsold
o 40-44yearsold
o 46-49yearsold
o 50-54yearsold
o 55-59yearsold
o 60-64yearsold
o 65-69yearsold
o 70-74yearsold
o 75-79yearsold
o 80-84yearsold
o 85-89yearsold
o 90andolder
Type:Closed-ended-Selectionamongnominalcategories
23) Whatisyourgender?
o Female
o Male
o Other
o Prefernottosay
Type:Closed-ended-Selectionamongordinalcategories
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24) How would you describe yourself? (Choose one or more from the
followingracialgroups)
o FirstNation
(ApersonhavingoriginsinanyoftheoriginalpeoplesofNorth
and South America (including Central America), and who
maintainsatribalaffiliationorcommunityattachment.)
o Asian
(ApersonhavingoriginsinanyoftheoriginalpeoplesoftheFar
East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for
example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia,
Pakistan,thePhilippineIslands,Thailand,andVietnam.)
o BlackorAfricanCanadian
(A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of
Africa–includesCaribbeanIslandersandotherofAfricanorigin.)
o NativeHawaiianorOtherPacificIslander
(ApersonhavingoriginsinanyoftheoriginalpeoplesofHawaii,
Guam,Samoa,orotherPacificIslands.)
o White
(ApersonhavingoriginsinanyoftheoriginalpeoplesofEurope,
theMiddleEast,orNorthAfrica.)
o Other
Type:Closed-ended-Selectionamongordinalcategories
25) Whatwasyour totalhousehold incomebefore taxesduring thepast
12months?
o Under$5,000
o $5,000and$9,999
o $10,000and$14,999
o $15,000and$19,999
o $20,000and$24,999
o $25,000and$34,999
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o $35,000and$49,999
o $50,000and$74,999
o $75,000and$99,999
o $100,000and$149,999
o $150,000and$199,999
o $200,000and$249,999
o $250,000andover
Type:Open-ended
26) Whatarethefirst3numbersofyourpostalcode?
___________________________________________________
! Thankyouforyourtimeandeffort.
ChargingStations
Forthefollowingaddresses,wehaveidentifiedwhattypeofchargingstationthere
wereusingthefollowinglegend:
! Level1(120V)
! Level2(240V)
! Level3(DCQuick)(CHAdeMOandCCS)
! Level3(DCQuick)(Tesla)
! Burnaby
Retail:
1. 4700Kingsway,Burnaby,BCV5H4M1,Canada
! NorthVancouver
StreetParking:
2. 1401stSt.E.NorthVancouver,BCV7L1B1,Canada
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3. CivicPlaceMews,NorthVancouver,BCV7M1P2,Canada
Business/Commercial:
4. 2300LonsdaleAve.,NorthVancouver,BCV7M3L1,Canada
Medical:
5. 23115thSt.E.,NorthVancouver,BCV7L2L7,Canada
! Richmond
Business/Commercial:
6. 3320JacombsRoad,Richmond,BCV6V1Z6Canada
7. 9251AlderbridgeWay,Richmond,BCV6X2K5,Canada
8. 7008No3Rd,Richmond,BCV6Y2C6,Canada
StreetParking:
9. 13091VanierPl,RichmondBCV6V2J1,Canada
10. 12800CambieRoad,Richmond,BC
ParkingLots/Garages:
11. TempletonStationRd,RichmondBC,Canada
12. 7373WestminsterHwy,RichmondBCV6X,Canada
Government:
13. 6911No.3Rd,Richmond,BCV6Y2C1
! Surrey
Medical:
14. 1375096AveSurrey,BCV3V1Z2Canada
Library:
15. 15288105Ave,Surrey,BritishColumbia,V3R1R9
ParkingLots/Garages:
16. 15250104thAvenueSurrey,BCV3X6N8,Canada
Workplace:
17. 1238888Ave,Surrey,BCV3W7R7,Canada
1238888Ave,Surrey,BCV3W7R7,Canada
Business/Commercial:
Impact of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure on EV Adoption: 2018 UBC SustainablyScholarsSurvey
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18. 10355152St,Surrey,BCV3R7C1,Canada
19. 10025KingGeorgeHighwaySurrey,BCV3T2W1,Canada
20. 13450102Ave,Surrey,BCV3T0A3,Canada
! UBC
Business/Commercial:
21. 3335WebberLn,Vancouver,BCV6S0H3,Canada
22. 3228RossDrive,Vancouver,BritishColumbia,V6S0C6
Education:
23. 6085ThunderbirdBoulevard,Vancouver,BCV6T1Z3
24. 6163/6133UniversityBlvd,Vancouver,BCV6T1Z1,Canada
25. 6115StudentUnionBoulevard,Vancouver,BCV6T1Z1,Canada
! Vancouver
LeisureDestination:
26. 4915W16thAve,Vancouver,BCV6T2H2
Business/Commercial:
27. 5503WestBlvd,Vancouver,BCV6M3W6,Canada
28. 3185GrandviewHwy,Vancouver,BCV5M2E9,Canada
29. 489InterurbanWay,Vancouver,BCV5X0C7,Canada
30. 500W.CordovaSt.,Vancouver,BCV6B4N4,Canada
31. 900WCordovaSt,Vancouver,BCV6C0A7,Canada
Retail:
32. 1077GreatNorthernWayVancouver,BCV5T1E1,Canada
ParkingLots/Garages:
33. 999CanadaPlace,Vancouver,BCV6C0C3,Canada
34. 1661NapierSt,Vancouver,BCV5L4X4,Canada
35. 596W16thAve,Vancouver,BCV5Z,Canada
36. 2675OakSt,Vancouver,BCV6H3Z6,Canada
37. 1333WBroadway,Vancouver,BCV6H4C1,Canada
38. 1470WBroadway,Vancouver,BCV6H1H4,Canada
Impact of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure on EV Adoption: 2018 UBC SustainablyScholarsSurvey
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39. 3161ArbutusSt,Vancouver,BCV6K,Canada
40. 535RichardsSt,Vancouver,BC,Canada
Medical:
41. 890W12th,Ave,Vancouver,BCV5Z4S5,Canada
Government:
42. 1580WBroadway,Vancouver,BCV6J5K9,Canada
StreetParking:
43. 977MainlandSt,Vancouver,BCV6B1A9,Canada
44. 310West4thAvenue,Vancouver,BCV5Y1G9,Canada
Business/Commercial:
45. 1055EveleighSt,Vancouver,BC,Canada
46. 1050WPenderSt,Vancouver,BC,Canada
Government:
47. 455W10thAve,Vancouver,BCV5Y,Canada
Retail:
48. 2083AlmaSt,Vancouver,BCV6R4N6,Canada
49. 5733CambieSt,Vancouver,BCV5Z2M9,Canada
5733CambieSt,Vancouver,BCV5Z2M9,Canada
! WestVancouver
Retail:
50. 964ParkRoyalNorthWestVancouver,BCV7T,Canada
51. 2100ParkRoyalSouth,WestVancouver,BCV7T2W4,Canada
52. 901ParkRoyalSouth,WestVancouver,BCV7T,Canada