Impact of mining in scheduled area of Orissa

A Case Study from Keonjhar                                            

 

A study by 

Environment & Development Team, Vasundhara, 

August, 2008 

        Revised: December, 2008 

Supported By: Concern world wide 

 

VASUNDHARA 

  A/70‐ Sahid Nagar, Bhubaneswar 

www.vasundharaorissa.org 

Impact of mining in scheduled area of Orissa

A Case Study from Keonjhar  

 

 

Research Team

Mr Himansu sekhar Patra

Dr Bijay Kumar Mishra

Mr Biswajyoti Sahu

Mr Prasad Dash

Dr Pratyush P Mohapatra

 

 

Foreword

The mineral resource base of Orissa is mainly spread in the tribal community

dominated pockets. In the past several years, Orissa has emerged as dynamic state

that is poised to turn around its development fortunes by utilizing its mineral

resource. Mineral- intensive growth is known to create significant environmental

externalities and this is clearly observed in mineral rich districts of the state. This

study has sought to explore the impact of mining on the surrounding environment

& on the most vulnerable sections of society.

This report is an outcome of the research project titled “Impact of mining in

scheduled area of Orissa , A Case Study from Keonjhar ”. Concern world wide,

India supported the study. We express our gratitude to Mr.Naresh Chandra

pattnaik, Dr S.K.Nath, Mr.B.sethy, geologist who provided vital inputs in some of

the key aspects i.e. socio-economical, geo-hydrological and mining in relation to

their impact on the community. we are thankful to Dr P.C.Swain, health expert who

provided us an overall view of health scenario in mines infested area.

This research study is a reflection of ground realities related to impacts of the

development programmes on the surrounding environment, ecology & livelihood of

the poor in rural areas. We are deeply indebted to the Anchalika Bhuiyan Pidha

Mahasangha & Juanga pidha, Banspal , villagers of Uper Jagar, Banspal, Phuljhar,

Kadakala, Luhakala, for their help. We would like to gratefully acknowledge Shri

Purna Chandra Pradhan and Shri Bishnu Dehury for their support and cooperation

during the field study.

I

II

Contents of study

Sl. No Name of chapter Page number

1 Executive summary (Chapter I) 1

2 Methodology ( Chapter II) 5

3 Introduction (chapter III) 6

4 Base line study ( chapter IV) 23

5 Suggestion ( chapter V) 68

6 Conclusion (Chapter VI) 71

7 Reference (chapter VII) 72

III

Tables & figures

Table No Table content page

Table-I The Mineral wealth of Orissa 7

Table-II Socio-economic development of Orissa-at a glance 9

Table-III The mining districts Vs HDI of Orissa 10

Table-IV Risks & challenges of developing sustainable mining & strategy Response

10

Table- V Mineral deposits of Keonjhar district 13

Table VI The iron ore deposits of Keonjhar district 14-15

Table VII Salient features of impact of mines at Keonjhar 15-16

Table-VIII Re-fforetasted forest status of Keonjhar 18-19

Table- IX Mining and Land Use at Keonjhar 20-21

Table- X Status of on going iron ore mines in Banspal 22

Table- XI Details of Environmental setting of site-I 26-27

Table- XII Detail of the Environmental setting of site-II 28-29

Table-XIII Details of soil sampling locations (site-I) 31

Table-XIV Soil analysis result of Site-I 31-32

Table-XV Details of the soil sampling locations(site II) 34

Table-XVI Soil analysis result of site- II 34

Table-XVII Standard Soil classification 35

Table-XVIII Annual rainfall of Keonjhar district (1993-2004) 37

Table- XVIV Average monthly max. & min. temperature at IMD station Keonjhar, from 1993-2004

38-39

Table- XVV Monthly average relative humidity at Keonjhar (1993-2004) 40

 

IV

Table XVVI Standards of ambient air quality 43

Table-XVVII Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring of Site-I 43

Table-XVVIII Ambient Air Quality Monitoring station, Site-II 45

Table-XVVIV Water sampling locations of Site-I 46

Table-XVVV Water sampling locations of Site-II 48

Table-XVVVI The land use pattern of study area-I 56

Table-XVVVII land use cover of study area-II 60

Table- XVVVIII Demographic pattern of the study area I 62

Table-XVVVIV Loss of productivity of paddy in periphery villages of mines area 64

Table-XVVVV Averagely monthly income of households at site-I 65

Table-XVVVVI Socio Economic status of study area-II 66

Table-XVVVVII Averagely monthly income of households at site-I 67

V

Figure

Figure No Figure content Page

Fig I GDP Vs mineral in GDP 8

Fig II The implication of mining on perennial 12

Figure-III distribution of minerals in Keonjhar 13

Fig IV clearance of forest by a open cast iron mine 16

Fig V Mines area affected due to mining activity in Keonjhar 17

Fig VI satellite picture shows the impact of mining on land scape, Keonjhar

20

Fig VII Index map of study area 23

Figure VIII Location of study site, Banspal block, Keonjhar 24

Figure IX Location of site-I 25

Fig X Location of site II 29

Fig XI Deposition of overburden in agricultural field at mines site 33

Figure XII annual average rainfall 38

Fig: XIII Monthly minimum & maximum temperature. 39

Fig: XIV monthly average relative humidity of keonjhar (1993-2004) 41

Fig XV Dust found in mines area 45

Fig - XVI Vehicle number as found in site I 50

Fig-XVII Vehicle count at site II 51

Figure-XVIII Land use pattern of site I (20 years before mining) 57

Fig-XVIV Present land use pattern at site I 58

Fig –XVV Land use pattern of site-II 60

VI

ABBREVIATION

PTG- Primitive Tribal Group

HDI- Human development Index

RTI -Respiratory tract infection

OMC- Orissa Mining Corporation

AAQM- Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

DO- Dissolved oxygen

NTFP- Non Timber Forest Produces

1

CHAPTER-I

Executive summary

1 Orissa is rich in natural resources, endowed with an abundance of mineral,

forest, marine & water resource. The state is India’s main supplier of valuable

minerals such as chromites, nickel ore, coal, bauxite, iron ore and manganese.

About 30% of its area is under forest cover, which provides for the livelihood

of a large and growing tribal population. It is a co-incidence that, the forest

area of the state is superimposed with its mineral deposit, richest biodiversity

regions, and water catchment of major rivers & habitat of tribal community

of state.

2 Keonjhar district occupies an important place in the mineral resource map of

eastern India. High quality of iron & manganese ore deposits are found to be

located under large tracts of forestland, rich in bio-diversity & water

catchment areas of Baitarani river one of the large river of state. The forest

land of Keonjhar constitutes one of the major parts of forest resource of

Orissa. Apart from this, it is home to a sizeable tribal population; including

some of the most primitive tribes, those who are totally dependent on forests

and agriculture for their livelihoods and survival.

3 It has been found out that the entire forest range of Keonjhar is dotted with

several surface iron ore &manganese ore mines of varying production

capacities. Apart from few large mechanized iron ore mines, there are several

small & medium-sized mines found scattered over the entire district.

2 During the year 1985-2000, liberalization of Indian economy has brought in

its wake a large number of investors, including multinational companies to

the mineral sector in the state. These processes get accelerated during post

2000 leading to opening of more mines. Orissa is emerging as a dynamic state

by using its mineral sector as a major driver. In 2004-05, the state accounted

2

for 28% of India’s total production of iron ore. This boom in mineral sector

has resulted in massive environmental degradation since the local

environment has limited the carrying capacity to absorb and assimilate

effluents and wastes produced from such gigantic process.

3 Environmental impacts due to iron ore mining in these areas comprise

cumulative environmental impacts of several contiguous small, medium

sized iron ore mines as well as environmental impacts of large

mechanized iron ore mining projects. In different study areas

environmental impacts of these clusters of mines on forest growth and

natural watercourses are of prime concern. Large-scale deforestation

going on for development of infrastructure & other mine facilities. No

significant effort (barring only a few mines) has been made to rehabilitate

mined out areas through plantation. In recent years after enforcement of

certain statutory provisions compensatory plantation work has been done

by the mining companies in few isolated patches, far away from mines

area (mostly with exotic species).

4 The objective of study is to assess the environmental, ecological, geo-

hydrological as well as socio-economic impact of iron ore mining activity.

The study which was conducted for one year, focused on issues like (i)

addressing the externalities of mineral-intensive development in tribal

dominated areas , (ii) providing suitable alternatives for these type of area for

an overall development.

5 The research study involved consultative process with the affected & non-

affected groups, field level data gathering, sampling of environmental

parameters, assessment of health of affected communities during the

course of study period. A number of meetings, training programmes were

conducted to enhance the capacity building of community on various

rules & regulation. The study also contributed to environmental

3

awareness through media coverage and development of booklets &

manuals on various rules & regulation in vernacular language.

6 The findings of study shows that the land use pattern surrounding the

mines area are changing rapidly. The major sufferers of this change are

forest, agricultural land. Apart from the above two, another important

findings of the study is the sharp increase in wasteland which is putting

negative implication on livelihood of tribal. Apart from environmental

degradation, this resource extractive development process has put a negative

impact on the tribal inhabiting surroundings of mining. The local economies

that used to circled around agriculture, forest produces and traditional

occupations (fishery, handicrafts) are on the verge of collapse (extinction).

7 Due to absence of proper benefit-sharing mechanisms from mineral sector ,

the benefits are found to be concentrated in a few hands. Although a large

number of sponge iron plants, Ferrochorme plants, iron ore mines and ore

crushers are operating in Keonjhar since long, still this district is found at the

lower position in term of HDI (Human development Index.). The

communication & transport system is found in a shattered condition today.

62% of the populations are still living below poverty line. And the worst

sufferers of this whole process are the marginalized groups. Overall it can be

said that Income from mineral extraction is hardly benefiting the regions

from where these minerals are explored.

8 The study reveals that, areas in and around the mining area has mostly

affected by the progressively increasing in pollution generated due to mines

& associated activities. Fugitive dust pollution is found to be a major problem

through out the year in these areas . Similarly the perennial streams passing

through the mines area has become severely polluted. Some streams are

found chocked & some path has been diverted due to deposition of

overburden in its path.

4

9 The huge overburdens generated from the mines are found to be the major

source of land-scape change of mines area . Wastes generated during

extraction, beneficiation and processing of minerals are deposited in

unplanned manner leading to affect the agricultural land. The overburden

management of mines is extremely poor, in most mines, the waste is just

piled up in huge heaps on unlined surfaces and mine management do not

bother themselves with measures to prevent run off or particulate emission.

10 The number of RTI (Respiratory tract infection) patients is increasing

significantly in surrounding area of mines which indicates the pollution load

of environment. The mines workers are suffering from occupational health

diseases like Bronchitis, Hearing disorder, Arthritis, Sleeplessness and

Fibrotic lungs etc.

11 The benefits of mining to the local communities living in and around the

mining affected area are not shared. There is a need of establishment of a

comprehensive and operational peripheral development mechanism which

has been failed due to concentrated interests.

5

CHAPTER-II

Methodology: For the research study, both qualitative and quantitative methods were

adopted. Data regarding the field area were collected both from primary as well as

secondary sources. Primary sources include data collected through direct field sampling,

observations based on schedules, questionnaires etc. Secondary sources include various

reports, records, literatures, documents, maps, charts, and photographs etc, collected

from various public and private organisations. The data collected from various sources

were processed, computed and tabulated to fit the problem. These tabulated data was

interpreted and analysed with the help of various quantitative techniques and

ideographic approaches. The analysis was corroborated with some useful maps, charts,

graphs and diagrams. Furthermore GIS was used in mapping the habitats, analysing

gaps in biodiversity, change in land scape, the drainage pattern of study area & various

socio-economic pattern of study area.

The present report has been prepared based on baseline environmental data generated

during Pre- monsoon period (2008) and Post- Monsoon i.e. Winter (2007) season

covering meteorological data , air quality, water quality, soil quality, ecology, land

use and socio-economic environment of the study site.

Two study areas were selected for this study in Banspal block of Keonjhar district . The

first study area (site I) comprises of large scale of ongoing developmental activities

including mechanized iron ore mines & crusher, while the second study area (site II) do

not have any operating mines but this area consists of one of the large deposit of iron ore

covering with dense forest. Area falling within 10 km of the active mining area (site I) &

10km surrounding the Khandhadhar water fall ( site-II) was taken as impact zone of this

study . The selection of site was choose basing upon composition & number of tribal

people affected due to mines activity, number of streams getting affected and other

associated environmental impact. Sample survey has been conducted by filling up

detailed questionnaire in about 200 households under each stratum. GIS soft wares like

Arc-Gis-9.1, ERDAS 8.4 were used to analyze the existing land use pattern and rate of

change that has occurred due to commencement of mining activity.

6

CHAPTER-III

Introduction: Located on the east coast of India, Orissa is well endowed with forest,

minerals and bio-diversity. More than two thirds of Orissa is made of hilly forests: the

state accounts for seven percent of India’s forests1. It comprises 4.74% of India's

landmass and the population of the State is 36.71 million people approx (Census of

India, 2001, Provisional). About 30% of its area is under forest cover, which provides for

the livelihood of a large and growing tribal population. The state is India’s main

supplier of numerous valuable minerals such as accounting 24 percent India’s reserves

of coal, 17 percent of its iron ore, 98 percent of chromites, 51 percent of bauxite and 35

percentages of manganese ore. It leads the country in production of iron ore with a share

of 28%. The mineral resource base in Orissa is mainly spread in the tribal community

dominated districts. Orissa is also one of the richest biodiversity regions in India.

Mineral resources of Orissa: Geologically, two thirds of Orissa is Pre-Cambrian rocks

which have long been known to harbor many metallic and non metallic minerals. Orissa

is endowed with a variety of vast mineral deposits and therefore occupies a prominent

place in the country as a mineral rich State. On the basis of geological classification, the

mineral resources of Orissa can be categorized in to eight distinct categories: (i) Achaean

sedimentary, (ii) Granite Gneisses, (iii) pegmatite, (iv) other veins in Achaeans, (v)

Cuddapah system, (vi) Gondwana system, (vii) Laterite and (viii) Alluvium. Abundant

reserves of high-grade Iron ore, Coal, Bauxite, Chromites along with other minerals such

as Limestone, Dolomite, Manganese, Tin, Nickel, Vanadium, china clay, Gemstone,

Granite, Graphite, Lead, Gold etc., are extensively available in the State. The state has

about 97% of the Chromite, 71% of the bauxite, 33% of the iron, 32% of the manganese

and 24% of the coal resources in India. This has opened up immense possibilities for

locating mineral based industries for manufacturing of Steel, Cement, Alumina/

                                                            

1 State of environment report orissa, government of orissa, Bhubaneswar, page: 122

7

Aluminum etc., along with setting up of other auxiliary and ancillary downstream

industries. According to the Directorate of Mines, Government of Orissa, there are more

than 26 types of minerals available in the state. Out of these the state government has

identified 13 minerals (Iron ore, Bauxite, chromite, coal, limestone, Dolomite, Fireclay,

China clay, Nickel ore, Quartz/ Quartzite/silica, mineral sand, graphite and

Manganese) as major minerals. The mineral resources of the state are widely distributed

covering as many as 25 out of the 30 districts in the state. Kendrapada, Jagatsinghpur,

Bhadrak, Balasore and Gajapati are the five districts of Orissa where no minerals have

been identified till yet. The areas where mineral resources have been definitely

identified are 327 in number.

Table-I : The Mineral wealth of Orissa

Minerals Reserves % of India's Rank

(million tonnes) Reserves

in India

Chromites 183 98.4 1

Bauxite 1,626 69.7 1

Graphite 1.5 32.6 1

Manganese ore 49 31.8 1

Dolomite 563 12.2 1

Quartzite - - 1

Pyrophyllite - - 1

Fireclay 88 12.5 2

Quartz 15 1.9 4

Coal 44, 304 23.8 4

Iron Ore 3,120 26 5

Source: Coopers and Lybrand, Prospects for Industrial Development of Orissa. 1996.

In 1999-2000 mining exports from Orissa – minerals and metallurgical products – were Rs 17.04 billion, accounting for 80% of the exports originated in orissa with aluminium and chromites being the most important items of export. In 2004-2005, mining revenues paid to state amounted to Rs 6.7 billion according to the Directorate of Mines, a nearly 90% increase from 2000-2001, representing about 6% of total revenue by the state and

8

12% of states own revenue. Apart from this private investors in the mineral sector based industry have signed memorandum of understandings for 43 projects with potential investments of US $31.89 billion. In the year 2003 alone, 10 new mining leases and 22 prospecting licenses were granted covering 742.9 Ha and 811.5 ha respectively. This is in addition to seven quarry leases for decorative stones covering 23.6 Ha.

Despite its natural bounty, Orissa remains one of India’s poorest states, with a per capita income approximately half of the national average. A relatively weak economic performance is mirrored in a high incidence of poverty, high levels of illiteracy and inadequate sanitation. A large section of the population lives below the poverty line and the state occupies one of the lowest positions on the human development index when compared to the rest of India.( See table-II). In recent years, the states growth has accelerated but it still lags behind the rest of the country. Poverty is further exacerbating along the lines of social groupings. Orissa’s marginalized sections, specifically tribal’s,

scheduled castes and other forest dwellers suffer from some of the worst indicators in terms of poverty levels and incomes, access to productive assets, education, heath etc. For instance 72% of Orissa’s tribals live under poverty line. They live in conditions of subsistence dependence on agriculture

and forests, and are linked to the larger economy through predatory and extractive market linkages.

In the past several years, the state is trying to emerge as a dynamic and reforming state by an investment boom in the mineral sector. With the recent boom in prices of mineral intensive products, it has become a favored destination for much of the country’s foreign and domestic investment in steel, aluminum and other mineral intensive manufacturing industries. Statistics says that Orissa has a high level of reliance on mineral resources, but lower per capital incomes. Apart from poor GDP, other measures of development like lower growth rates and higher levels of mortality, malnutrition, morbidity, lower index of education are found in mines infested districts of Orissa. Most of the mineral deposit of the state is home to a sizeable tribal population; including some of the most primitive tribes in the world those are totally dependent on forests and agriculture for

Fig I: GDP Vs mineral in GDP

9

their livelihoods and survival. These areas have become hinterlands of an internal colony of the nation, providing cheap sources of raw materials like coal, iron ore, manganese and chromite and paying the cost in terms of displacement of the local people and the despoliation of the environment. Global development pattern also confirms that a high level of mineral dependence, without developing forward and backward linkages with other sectors of the economy, retards economic performance. In particular countries like India, which are dependent on point resources- i.e. resources extracted from a narrow geographic base such as minerals- perform poorly across a range of development indicators. This is being found in mineral rich area of Orissa, which shows poor human development indicators. The state has a poor human development index (0.404)2 with comparison to other non mineral states like Haryana, Kerala and Punjab. Except a few industrial districts, most of the heavily mined districts are showing poor human development index (Table-III) for e.g. in districts like Keonjhar, 62 percent of populations are living below poverty line.

Table-II: Socio-economic development of Orissa-at a glance

Indicators Orissa India

Population : 2000 ( Million) 37 1016

GDP/income per capita: 2002 ( INR, thousand)

11.25 21.15

No. of people below poverty line; 1999-00(%)

47 26

Infant mortality; 1999-00( per 000 live births)

81 68

Literacy; 1999-00(%) 64 65

Access to water; 1999-00(%) 65 78

Growth rate; 1991-00(%) 4.1 6.1

Source: The World Bank, Orissa investment climate assessment, April 2005.

                                                            

2 Human development report 2004, Government of orissa

10

Table-III: the mining districts Vs HDI of Orissa

District Tribal population ( as percentage total)

Ranking among 150 Backward district (made by CSE, New delhi)

HDI Literacy rate

% of BPL population

Crude birth rate

Keonjhar 44.52 30 24 59.75 61.92 32.3

Sundergada 50.74 18 4 65.22 36.48 29.3

Koraput 50.67 10 27 36.2 78.65 34.3

MayurBhanja 57.87 15 9 52.43 68.42 33.3

Orissa 23 90% * 50.97 48.01 -

*- 27 out of 30 districts are in backwards list , Source: Human development report 2004, Government of orissa

A rapidly changing economic profile in mineral sector is putting a two-way pressure on environmental and social changes on the ground. This is leading a two way pressure on environmental institution. On one hand there is a growing public awareness demand for better environment management, while the level non compliance of polluted industries is increasing3. Rapid growth in industrial & mineral sector is increasing workload for the environmental regulators to process the application, proper monitoring & enforcing compliance and to respond to large number of public complaints. The ability of state institutions to manage the environmental & social impacts of mining is also lacking.

Table-IV: Risks & challenges of developing sustainable mining & strategy Response

Risks Challenges Strategic response

• Displacement and loss of livelihoods resulting in growing regional poverty

• Environmental Risks (water, air, soil)

• Lack of informed consultation with affected communities

• Lack of clear sectoral environmental and social management & mitigation

• Adopt credible consultation framework and implement a

community development plan (GOO)

• Establish sectoral environmental & social guidelines.

                                                            

3 The status of Environment report, Orissa states that there are 2461 no of industries, out of which 60% are falling in red category ( highly polluted), 11% in orange & 25 % in green category.

11

• Natural resources degradation- deforestation, soil erosion loss of agricultural productivity, loss of water sheds.

• Social & Health risks, safety and work related risks.

• Risk of expansion of informal small scale mining.

• Institution erosion: risks of corruption at the lease granting stage, during operation ( non compliance with regulations ) and misallocation of mining revenues.

• High cost to public sector of maintaining infrastructure.

systems.

• Lack of adequate requirements for social, health, and safety and environmental protection and potential conflict with large scale mining.

• Lacks of accountability and incentives to enforce regulations and safeguards.

• Lack of accountability and incentives to enforce regulations and safeguards.

• Introduce modern mining techniques including environmental management systems. (GoO)

• Formalize small scale mining and provides services to help the small scale miners to achieve sustainability (GoI, GoO)

• Build capacity both at central and local levels for environmental and social management (GoI, GoO)

• Increase accountability of environmental agencies to stakeholders.

• Clear and non-discriminatory tax treatment of mining sector, taking account of the costs of addressing the negative externalities created by mining(GoI, GoO)

Source: Towards sustainable mineral-intensive growth in Orissa, Sanjay srivastav, et al, Pg 10

Most of the mineral deposits of state are in forests that are inhabitated by tribal populations including a number of primitive tribal groups, who are heavily dependent on forests for livelihood and have lower adaptive capacity to social changes. Mineral extraction often leaves an “ecological footprint” which adversely impact on the communities. For tribal people of the schedule districts like Keonjhar, Sundergarh, Koraput and Raygada, those who depends upon the forest for their livelihood, the take over of their lands for mining purpose is depriving them from their basic livelihoods. The tribal people those who depend on various NTFP for their livelihood are the major looser due to transfer of the forest for mining activity. After the commencement of mining, the family income has been found to have reduced significantly. Mining industries in Orissa are mainly of open cast type. It has been found out that majority of

12

the area presently used for mines were previously used for cultivation of various types of crops. It has been found out that a few numbers of displaced persons are provided employment in the mines. Rather majority numbers of out siders are being employed in these mines. It has been found out that the agricultural lands surrounding the mines area become unfertile due to air, water pollution & deposition of huge amount of overburden. Due to pollution of water bodies & choke of natural stream, the agricultural activity of surrounding area gets affected. This leads to affect the livelihood of the tribal people inhabiting in that area.

Most of the river of the state has originated from rich mineral deposits like iron & manganese. Rampant mining activity is taking place at the upper catchment area of this river like Joda, Koida , Banspal & koraput. Mining & associated activites like blasting, removing of ore, movement of heavy vehicles has lead to affect of flow of small springs/ streams which supplies water to the main river thus affecting the flow rate of river. In upcoming days this

problem is going to aggravate as water catchment area like Malangtoli, Khandadhar, Niyamgiri are being leased out for mining. Water security will become a major issue in upcoming days due to possibility of reduction in annual flow rate of rivers.

Status of Minerals of Keonjhar:

Keonjhar is endowed with a variety of rich mineral deposits thus occupying a prominent place in mineral profile of State. Abundant reserves of high-grade Iron ore, Manganese & Chromites are found along with other minerals such as Limestone, Dolomite, Nickel, Granite, Pyrophylite, stone, Gold, platinum etc. The reserve of iron ore deposit approximated as more than 1000 million tonne and places of deposit are found at Joda, Thakurani hills, Banspani Hills, Sasangoda hills and Gandhamardhan hill range which is densely populated by tribal population. The Singhbhum-Keonjhar-Bonai mining belt passes through the district. Iron ore formations occupy most part of the district which can be traced from the Jharkhanda Border in the North to the Jajpur district boarder in the South of the district. Extensive deposits of manganese are found in Thakurani hills and Joda East hills of Joda Block. Good deposits of Chromite which are important and strategic minerals are found in Boula hills near village Nuasahi of

Fig II: The implication of mining on perennial stream

13

Anandapur Sub-Division. The hill range of Pyrophillite and Quartz mines are located in Sadar, Banspal and Harichandanpur block. The production of iron ore, manganese and Chromite was 57.85%, 3.95% and 1.2% to the total production in Orissa State during the year 1992 respectively.

Table- V: Mineral deposits of Keonjhar district

Name of ore Amount of deposit (Million Tonne)

Iron ore- 2600 Manganese 28.470

Chromite- 24.40

Bauxite 10.00

Dolomite 10.00

China clay 1.70

Quartz 14.10

Nickel 7.90

Vandium 1.20

Source- data obtained under RTI act from Mines & geology department

Figure-III: distribution of minerals in Keonjhar

Till 31st December 2006, 119 numbers of mines are operating at Keonjhar. Out of this iron ore comprises maximum no (46) followed by iron & manganese (38) and manganese ore(15). Out of the total number of mines the state owned Orissa Mining

Corporation (OMC) has only 22 number of mines. Similarly SAIL have 2 number of mines operating at Kiriburu . The rest mines belongs to private parties. Similarly out of the 111 no of mines, 88 number belongs to private party while rest 23 belongs to government based agency. Statistics states that maximum number of leases were granted during the period of 1980 to1990 (47) followed by 1990-2000 (25). The total mining area covers 31255.472 hectare land which includes 10747.731 ha ( 35%) forest land. At present most of the iron & manganese mines are confined to Joda block, while the chromite mines are confined to Anandpur block.

Distribution of minerals in Keonjhar( MT)

Iron ore-ManganeseChromite-BauxiteDolomiteChina clayQuartzNickelVandium

14

Table VI: The iron ore deposits of Keonjhar district

Location Deposit(MT) S.G.B.K Mines 10.00

Bharamunda 1.17

Inganijharan 20.30

Jurudi 3.07

Raita 51.05

Sakradiha- Dubuna 5.54

Bhlubeda 0.05

Thakurani 541.00

Bagiabura 0.34

Baitarani 6.04

Balada, Palasa, Jajanga 6.00

Balita 5.02

Haramath- Guali 27.70

Kasia- Barapada 36.68

Belukundi 32.98

Bhadrasahi

63.57

Bolani 489.00

Gandhamarda 350.00

Banspani- Gurudbeda 16.00

Jaluhuri 14.00

Jilinga 91.00

Jaribahal 14.00

Joda east 210.00

Putulipani 26.00

Dalki 62.00

Do mitri 1.45

Murgabeda 234.66

Central Raika 3.19

Ramdeo- Joda 0.15

Jalanga 121.00

15

Kalaparbat 1.45

Kasia- Barpada 63.38

Kata mati 55.00

Khandabandha- Bichakundi 38.00

Nuagaon 76.43

Barapada- serenda- Bhadrasahi 8.00

Tiringa Pahada 5.20

Sidhamatha 3.00

Daitarai 40.00

Malangtoli A & B 600

Total 3358.55 Source- data obtained under RTI act from Mines & geology department

Environmental Impacts of Mining activity: Taking into account various facts such as Concentration of mines, tonnage produced quantity of excavated material , their handling & environmental impacts, state pollution control board has divided whole Orissa in to 16 mining zones . Keonjhar district is falling in two zones.4

I: Zone: 1 (highly polluted zone consisting area like Joda, Badbil, Bolani, Joda-Barbil area- (North) East of Khandabandh- Matangtoli (South) Koli River, (Barsuan -Kalta area)

II Zone: 2 (where mining activity has just started like Gandhamardan of Banspal)

Table VII: Salient features of impact of mines at Keonjhar

Salient features of Zone I

JODA AREA

A- Air pollution is a major issue in all most all mines, though the observations at monitoring points are within the norms. Localized dust levels are very high at crusher, loading and transfer points. SPM level goes up to 1000 mg/m3, often it is just around 600 mg/m3. RPM is also high, but silica content is expected to be low.

B- Rivers & rivulets carry heavy suspended particles of iron oxide and look red in rainy season. TSS often goes up to 1000 mg/lit.

C- Though afforestations & reclamation have been attempted by many individual mines, land degradation and deforestation vis-à-vis reclamation and afforestations are not being planned &

                                                            

4 State of environment report orissa, government of orissa, Bhubaneswar, page: 212

16

executed in a regional scale essential for the effective land use planning of the area for sustainable development.

D- Local tribal people continue to be poor and there is not much of improvement in their standard of living. Education and medical facilities need improvements.

E- Infrastructure like road, water & power supply is in very bad condition & deserves attention.

F- Regional impact surveys need to be carried out in 4 sub-areas.

i) Joda-Barbil area- (North) & East (ii) Khandbandh-Malangtoli(South) Koli River (iii) Barsua-Kalta area (North) (iv) Khandadhar- West of Mankarnacha (South Koli river)

Salient features of Zone II

BANSPAL AREA

This zone has very small iron ore mines with no reported pollution or environment issue so far. This area is likely to become a major mining belt for the newly proposed industries and hence adequate pollution control measures need to be enforced.

Degradation of forest land due to mining at Keonjhar : One of the most severe impacts of mining has been the changes it has brought to Keonjhar land use

patterns and concurrently its land scape. It has been found out that maximum land diverted for mining activity is either forest land, agriculture fields or common grazing land. Forests have especially borne the brunt of mining. Till December, 2006 mining is taking place involving around 10052.551 Ha of forest land in the district. This involve 347.810 Ha for chromite mines,

6974.869 ha for iron mines, 1497.000 ha for iron & manganese mines, 42.630 Ha for pyrophylite mines & 1071.140 Ha for manganese mines. Mining of various organizations

Fig- IV: clearance of forest by a open cast iron mine

17

like OMC (Orissa Mining Corporation) involves 398.760 Ha of forest land, OMDC involves 1636.910 Ha, TISCO 2636.918 Ha & SAIL involves 1102.160 Ha while the rest belongs to private companies like ESSEL mining, Rungta sons, M/s seerajudin ltd, Bhanjaprava group & patnnaik groups. Apart from this a number of illegal mining activity is going on which involves large patch of forest land. Till January 2006, around 6004.190 ha of forest land has been diverted for mining activity.

Apart from mining, related activities like construction of approach road, setting of crushers are involving large patch of forest land.

The impact of diversion of forest land for mining in Keonjhar was assessed by a study conducted by World Bank in 2006 . The study states that in Joda and Keonjhar sadar, the forest land has degraded by 50% & 70% respectively. The condition of re-afforested forest is found in a shattered condition. Either no plants exist in the site or a few number of exoitic species like Eucalypatus and acacia are planted for this purpose. The purpose of compensatory afforestation has totally

failed in its objective.

Similarly rapid loss of mega fauna like elephant &

increasing conflict between human-elephant conflict is largely found in mines infested area like Joda, Barbil. Due to rampant mining activity, the migratory path

of elephant has affected thus reducing their number.

Fig V: Mines area affected due to mining activity in Keonjhar

18

Table-VIII: Re-fforetasted forest status of Keonjhar

Name of the mines for which Forest diverted

Name of afforested forest/ Protected forest where compensatory afforestation programme was made

Area in Ha

Tisco Ltd, East Joda mines

1- Dehulijodi

2- Ranipada

3- Raidiha

4- Nippo

5- Kantala

6- Patajhari

7- Haribeda

8- Bhalughara

9- Deojharan

10- Uleikundi

11- Total

1- 16.3857

2- 40.4686

3- 3- 7.6164

4- 139.675

5- 19.9065

6- 4.8764

7- 9.7085

8- 21.9866

9- 6.7178

10- 6.9444

11- 274.2859

M/s SAIL, Bolani area Kalanda( Kha)

Nayagada R.F

1- 170.60

2- 600.00

Total- 777.60

O.M.D.C, Bhadrasahi 1- Kalanda

2- Putugaon

Total

1- 40.45

2- 76.864

3- 117.314

O.M.D.C,Belkundi 1- Budhighara

2- Bansspal

1- 60.478

2-45.56

19

Total- 106.038

O.M.D.C, Bagiaburu Budhighara 11.602

B.P.M.E ltd, Thakurani Kalikaprasad P.F 165.00

B.P.M.E ltd, Dalki 1- Banspal

2- Emri

Total

Naranpur P.F

Nelunga P.F

Total

50.12

76.00

126.12

200.00

135.63

335.63

K.S.Sahu, Nitigotha pyrolite mines

Bininda 3.92

A.Roy & B.Roy, Julhuri mines area

Benidihi 40.00

N.Pattnaik, Jurudi Puttunga 60.96

Facor ltd, Boula 1- Talpada

2- Alasuan

53.0166

21.0834

Total- 74.10

Total 2085.5699 Ha

Source- Aarnyara Antardaha, Pg 10-11.

20

Impact of mining on land scape, Keonjhar: While mines area occupies very negligible area of the total geographic area of district, the devastation it has brought has been immensely large because most of the mineral deposits are in regions with dense forest cover. Nearly 39 percent of the land area in Keonjhar is

forested, out of which 1,255.5 ha of land is under mining activity. According to estimates, mining alone accounts for more than 2/3rd of the forest land diverted. The land under agricultural land also shows a dip in mining areas. Percentage of Wasteland &

mining land has increased at the cost of agricultural land. A world Bank study shows the clear picture of this degradation of agricultural land in mine infested Joda area.

Table- IX: Mining and Land Use at Keonjhar

Land use change in Joda Block

Land use Area during 1989 (in Ha) Area during 2004 ( in ha)

Habitat 1466.27 1644.45

Forest 36191.82 24501.17

Waste land 8294.82 18540.86

Mining 1646.41 2807.11

Fig -VI: satellite picture shows the impact of mining on land scape, Keonjhar

21

Agriculture 22128.61 21520.57

Land use changes in Keonjhar sadar Block

Habitat 2822.02 3642.86

Agricultural land 36282.00 35452.14

Forest 12837.99 7576.63

Wasteland 4,177.00 6280.43

Mining 755.54 77.76

Water body 1089.64 1054.10

Source: Environment and social challenges of mineral based growth in orissa: Building partnership for sustainable

development, world bank.

Status  of  mining  in  Banspal  Block:  During 1965, the iron ore mining started in Gandhamardan hillrange by Orissa Mining Corporation (OMC). Slowly the number of mines increased and at present the total number of mining reached to six covering an area of 2218.4433 hector. Two mining are being operated by Private companies called G.S.I. Pvt.ltd By Madanlal Agrawalla & B.D. Agrawalla at Putulpani (Talajagar) and at Urumunda covering total area of 182.1932 hectors. Particularly following mines are being operated at Gandhamardan Hill range in Banspal Block of the district. Apart from this Banspal block has a huge deposit of iron ore which are found in Khandadhar pahad(hill), Malangtoli & gandhmardan block.

22

Table- X: Status of on going iron ore mines in Banspal

Sl no. Name and location of the Mines

Lease( total area in hector)

Type of mines

Lease Holder

1 Bolder Face

2218.4433

Iron Ore

OMC

2 Jagar Face

3 Jharana Face

4 Danla

5 Ichhinda

6 Putulpani (Talajagar)

100.1632 - do - G.S.P. Pvt.

7 Urumunda 082.0003 - do - B.D. Agarwalla

8 Anjara 072.0052 Pyraphillite

Keonjhar Mineral Ltd.

Total:- 8 – Mines Two type 4 Companies

 

 

 

23

CHAPTER-IV

Baseline environmental status: This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of the study area with reference to the prominent environmental attributes. The study area covers 10-km radius around the study site. The existing environmental setting is considered to adjudge the baseline environmental conditions, which are described with respect to climate, hydro-geological aspects, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality, vegetation pattern, ecology, land use and socio-economic profiles of people. The baseline studies are carried out for three months, covering pre-monsoon season in the various domains of environment. Apart from secondary information, field verification, samplings & satellite data interpretation was carried out to make this study more authentic and informative.

Fig- VII: Index map of study area

24

Location & Accessibility of study site:

Two sites of Banspal block of Keonjhar district has been selected for this study based upon various criteria such as area going to affected & presently affected due to mining, geo-hydrological importance, socio-cultural importance & importance from bio-diversity point of view . The first study area (site I) comprises a cluster of iron ore & Pyraphillite mines. The mines are working for last 25 years. The second study area (site II) do not have any working mines but this area has a large deposit of iron ore covered with dense forest. Apart from recent geological survey states that gold is also found in this area. Already some part of this area has been granted ML by state government to different mining companies. This involves the Malangtoli & khandadhar iron block. Area falling within 10 km of the active mining area (site I) & 10km surrounding the Khandhadhar waterfall has been taken as impact zone. The sample survey has been conducted by filling up detailed questionnaire among 10% of the listed households under each stratum. Apart from it, satellite data has been used to know the land use pattern of the study area. Similarly various environmental parameters such as air, water & soil status were made through sampling & analysis.

Figure-VIII: Location of study site, Banspal block, Keonjhar

25

Profile of site -I

The study site- I is located near to Gandhamardan hill at Telkoi Tehsil in Keonjhar district of Orissa. The site is well connected with Keonjhar town by road. The distance between Keonjhar town, the head quarter of district & site is 16 km . The site is covered under survey of India topo-sheet nos. 73 G/6 and 73 G/10 at latitudes 21°37'09" - 21°40'02"N and longitudes 85°29'20" - 85°31'30"E.

 

Figure-IX: Location of site-I

26

Table- XI: Details of Environmental setting of site-I

Sl. No. Particulars Details

1 Location Area surrounding the Gandhamardan hill, Keonjhar

2 Longitude 85°29'20" - 85°31'30"E.

3 Latitude 21°37'09" – 21°40'02"N

4 Elevation above Mean Sea Level 150-m to 800-m

5 Climatic conditions As per IMD Keonjhar

Annual Mean Max Temp: 47OC

Annual Mean Min Temp: 12 OC

Annual Mean Rainfall: 1403 mm

6 Land use at the proposed project site

Hillock& plain area

7 Nearest Highway National Highway 6

8 Nearest Railway Station Keonjhar

9 Villages within 1-km radius surrounding the mine lease

Upar Jagar, Sana Jagar, Uparjagar, Uramunda, Upper Kainsari, Nitigiotha, Ichinda, Ambadahara and Saharapentha villages.

10 Nearest major habitation Suakati

11 Nearest major town Keonjhar (15 -km)

12 Reserved Forests

1. Sanchagara R. F.: 2 km 2. Amjor R. F. : 1 km 3. Sidhamatha R.F. : 3 km 4. Suakati R.F. : 2.5 km 5. Lungar R.F. : 4 km 6. Rajpur R.F. : 6 km 7. Bayakumutia R.F. : 8 km 8. Khejurmundi R.F. : 4.3 km 9. Kumundi P.F.: 2.5 km 10. Raiguda R.F.: 6.7 km 11. Jagar P.F. : 1.6 km 12. Amuni R.F. : 2 km 13. Nayagarh R.F. : 9 km

27

Sl. No. Particulars Details

13 Historically Important Places A number of old caves, found in the Gandhamardan hill like Hatimara, Gumphaghara, Parvatigumpha

14 stream/ Major Water Bodies 1-Goda Majuni

2. Dansa Jhari

3. Ghagara Pani

4. Brahamani Jhara and Sargadai Dalki

5. Raktiya Chua

6. Samaka Pani

7. Pacheri Pani

15 Dams and barrages No

16 Major other Industries A number of iron ore mines (3) & iron ore crushers are located in 10-km radius

17 Survey of India Topo sheet covering the plant and surroundings

73 G/6- 73 G/10

22 Seismic zone Zone-II (stable zone) as per IS-1893

Profile of site-II: The site II is located near to the Malangtoli & Khandhadhar hill range (Kadakala village has been regarded as the core area of this study). The site is located between Bonai tehsil of sundergada, Koida block of sundergada & telkoli tehsil of Keonjhar district. The study site is located in between latitudes 210 4’ N& 210 53’ N and 85015’ E& 85027’ E in the survey of india toposheet no73G/5. The site can be approached from Keonjhar town covering a distance of 56 KM road consisting of 7 km on NH 215 ( Panikoili-Keonjhar Kalta) and 49 Km all weather road between NH215and Srikagutu on Palaspanga- Bamberi road. The famous Khandadhar water fall (small) is located in the core area of study area. ( 500 meter away from kadakala village)

28

Table- XII: Detail of the Environmental setting of site-II

Sl. No. Particulars Details

1 Location Area surrounding the Malangtoli & Khandadhar hill

2 Longitude 85015’ E& 85027’E

3 Latitude 210 4’ N& 210 53’ N

4 Elevation above Mean Sea Level 150-m to 800-m

5 Climatic conditions As per IMD Keonjhar

Annual Mean Max Temp: 47OC

Annual Mean Min Temp: 12 OC

Annual Mean Rainfall: 1403 mm

6 Land use at the proposed project site

Hillock& plain area

7 Nearest Highway NH- 215

8 Nearest habitation Upar Kadakala

9 Villages within 1-km radius surrounding the mine lease

Kadakala, singhpur, Luhakala, srikagutu

10 Nearest major habitation Banspal

11 Nearest major town Keonjhar (45 -km)

12 Reserved Forests Kadamdihi R.F, khajuridihi R.F, Khandhadhar R.F,

13 Historically Important Places Silganibahi, Bankulibahaghara, Bhalughara, Dholadhai Hill, Musabata, Deuta bahi

14 Rivers/ Major Water Bodies Rakam Nadi, Malda nadi, Suna nadi, Khandhadhar Nala, Kaijhora Nala, Jalpa, Gharijhala Nadi

15 Dams and barrages No

16 Major other Industries No

17 Survey of India Topo sheet covering the plant and surroundings

73 G/5

18 Seismic zone Zone-II (stable zone) as per IS-1893

29

Fig- X: Location of site II

30

BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

The present environmental setting of both the study area is described in this chapter. This includes the physical environment comprising air, water and land components, the biological environment and socioeconomic environment. The major purposes of describing the environmental settings of the Study area are:

To understand the project need and environmental characteristics of the area

To assess the existing environmental quality, as well as the environmental impacts

of the future developments being studied.

Scope of study:

Collection and compilation of required baseline data/information for both core and buffer zones.

Monitoring of ambient air, water and soil quality for all relevant parameters, land use pattern and meteorological conditions.

To study the various ecosystem, vegetation community ecological habitats and demographic profile of the region.

To study the proposed project activities related to iron and manganese mining.

To asses the impact of the proposed mining and allied activities likely to affect the various environmental attributes.

Formulation of a suitable Environmental Management Plan indicating the mitigation measures to be implemented for improving and maintaining the ecological balance of the project area even during and after commencement of mining and allied activities.

Soil Characteristics

It is essential to determine the potential of soil and base line status in the area to identify the impacts of urbanization and industrialization on soil quality. Accordingly, a study of assessment of the soil quality has been carried out.

Data Generation

For studying base line status of the soil of the region, a total of 9 sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around both mining infested site & non mining area representing various land use conditions. Soil samples were collected by ramming an auger into the soil up to a depth of 90-cm at each location. The physical,

31

chemical and heavy metal concentrations were determined in each sample .The details of the soil sampling locations are given in as follows. The results are compared with standard classification given in table- XV.

Table-XIII: Details of soil sampling locations (site-I)

Sl. No.

Location Characteristic of

sampling site

Present Land Use pattern

1 Talajagar Near to over burden

deposit

No agriculture practice due to low

yield

2 Uparajagar-1 Near to Mines

Colony

Agricultural land at present used for Mining purposes

3 Uparajagar-2 Residential area

Agricultural land used for Mining purposes

4 Uparajagar-3 Road side Agricultural land used for Mining purposes

5 Suakati Agricultural field

Agricultural land

Table-XIV: Soil analysis result of Site-I  

Sl. No. Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 pH (1:5 extract) 6.0 6.5 5.8 6.0 6.0

2 Electrical Conductivity 1.00 1.3 1.2 .8 1.0

2

Texture* Brownish with thin

film of Red coloration

Blackish red

Reddish Red Iron dust

deposit in a thick

Reddish

32

Sl. No. Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

layer

3 Sand (%) 13 16 18 18 16

4 Silt (%) 52 48 44 46 44

5 Clay (%) 35 36 38 36 40

6 Moisture Content( %) 45.9 42.4 47.0 28.0 31

7 Organic Matter (%) .56 .32 .26 .17 .23

Analysis: it has been found out that organic matter content in all the soil samples collected from site I are found to be less with comparison to the standard range . Generally it can be said that the organic matter of soil in this area has been affected due to addition of inorganic matters brought in by silts and runoff from the mines area . In all the samples it has been found out that increased solution of stable lechates of iron has affected the fertility of soil. Similarly the PH of the soil varies between acidic to slightly acidic which is not favorable for germination of seed and growth of crop. The moisture content in the above sampling area soil is not found to conducive for agricultural activity. Moisture content of soil plays a vital role in germination of seed. It was found out that the overburden of the iron ore quarries and the wash off of the mines contain enough silt that covers the nearby croplands forming silt coating thus affecting soil life system and crop productivity. Wash off of the overburden also contributes trace metal to the soil. The villagers complain movement of vehicle leads to generate more dust including iron ore dust which is getting deposited in the nearby field thus affecting the fertility of soil. High silt content of soil also leads to affect the moisture content of soil which is very much vital for agricultural activity. It has been found out that the soil aeration mechanism of soil has been affected due to addition of overburden. This trend of soil is observed in maximum of the land situated near to iron ore mines area of site I. A research study made by botany department, Utkal university found that the population of most of the microbes in the mine soil is less with comparison to that of non mine area.

Some of the causative factors for degradation of soil quality of the soil of this area are:

1- Deposition of iron ore dust generated due to movement of vehicle.

2- Mines lechate generated in rainy season.

3- Deposit of overburden & ores near to agricultural field.

4- Acid Drainage

33

5- Sedimentation in the agricultural field during rainy season.

The quality of soil will become more adverse for cultivation, if these causative factors continue in upcoming days. The village situated near to mines site are no more growing vegetables & paddy production as it has reduced drastically. It can be undoubtedly said that mining activity has definitely affected the quality of soil (both physical as well as chemical) thus affecting the productivity & livelihood of people.

Fig- XI: Deposition of overburden in agricultural field at mines site

34

Soil quality of site II

Table-XV: Details of the soil sampling locations(site II)

Sr. No. Location Distance wrt Site core area

(km)

Present Land Use

1 Kadakala 1 Agricultural land with high productivity

2 Badanala 5 Same as above

3 Luhakala 3 Highly fertile

4 Singh pur 7 Agricultural land having high fertility

Table-XVI: Soil analysis result of site- II

Sr. No. Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4

1 pH (1:5 extract) 8.0 7.0 6.3 7.0

4

Texture* Sandy Brown

Brownish with

numerous sand

pebbles

Sandy brown

Silty dark

brown

5 Sand (%) 11 16 14 08

6 Silt (%) 48 53 52 58

7 Clay (%) 41 31 34 34

8 Moisture Content( %) 21.4 27.6 33 49.7

9 Organic Matter (%) .66 .72 .56 .64

Analysis of soil samples: The analysis of soil samples of this area shows that the soil quality is conducive for agricultural activity. The moisture content is found within optimum level. It is found out that the organic content of soil is found quite high. This may be due to the carrying of litter material through stream water which deposits on the

35

soil and decay to form humus material. The stream water of various stream carries the degraded & decomposed leafs and other organic matter from forest thus maintaining the fertility of soil. The pH of soil is found to be optimum and has not affected as found in case of site I where it has been affected due to overburden deposit from the iron ore mines. Apart from this, the NPK value of this soil is found to be within optimum quality. It can be concluded that as there is no anthropogenic activity going on around this area, it may be a reason for restoration of optimum quality of soil. Any sort of mining activity in this area will definitely put deleterious impact on the soil quality. Considering the larger dependency of local people on agricultural activity in this area, it will be wiser if any kind of mining activity is not allowed in or around this area which can alter the productivity and fertility of present soil.

Table-XVII: Standard Soil classification

Sr. No. Soil Test Classification

1 pH <4.5 Extremely acidic

4.51- 5.50 Very strongly acidic

5.51-6.00 moderately acidic

6.01-6.50 slightly acidic

6.51-7.30 Neutral

7.31-7.80 slightly alkaline

7.81-8.50 moderately alkaline

8.51-9.0 strongly alkaline

>9.00 very strongly alkaline

2 Salinity Electrical Conductivity (ppm) (1 ppm =640µmho/cm)

Upto 1.00 Average

1.01-2.00 harmful to germination

2.01-3.00 harmful to crops (sensitive to salts)

3 Organic Carbon Upto 0.2: very less

0.21-0.4: less

0.41-0.5 medium,

0.51-0.8: on an average sufficient

0.81-1.00: sufficient

36

Sr. No. Soil Test Classification

>1.0 more than sufficient

4 Nitrogen (Kg/ha) Upto 50 very less

51-100 less

101-150 good

151-300 Better

>300 sufficient

5 Phosphorus (Kg/ha) Upto 15 very less

16-30 less

31-50 medium

51-65 on an average sufficient

66-80 sufficient

>80 more than sufficient

6 Potassium (Kg/ha) 0 -120 very less

120-180 less

181-240 medium

241-300 average

301-360 better

>360 more than sufficient

Source: Hand book of Agriculture

Micro-Meteorology of study site

The meteorological data recorded during the study period is very useful for proper

interpretation of the baseline information. Historical data on meteorological parameters

plays an important role in identifying the general meteorological regime of the region.

Data related to climatology and meteorology is very useful for proper interpretation of

baseline information collected, as well as for prediction of the impact of the project on

ambient air quality in the surrounding region. The methodology used for measuring

various meteorological data has been laid down by the Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM)

37

and the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). Data was collected from IMD regional

office located at Keonjhar.

The study area lies in tropical region where the climate is characterized by very hot summers and cool summers. Summer season occurs between march and June when temperature goes up to maximum 470 Celsius during day time to minimum 100 Celsius during night time. Winter is from November to February when the temperature during days goes up to 40 0 Celsius and in night it falls up to 2 degree Celsius. The average annual rain fall as recorded by IMD keonjhar is 1269.1mm. The south west monsoon lasts from mid June to mid September and the area gets more than 80% rainfall during this period. The meteorological data such as wind speed & direction, air temperature and relative humidity were collected from the study area by the help of IMD, Keonjhar office.

Rainfall : The average rainfall of the district was 1247.04 mm during the period 1993-2004, which is less than the normal climatological rainfall of 1534.5 mm (As per IMD). The monsoon season is spread over the months June to September. The annual total rainfall for Keonjhar district is given in the Table-XVI below and the graph for the concerned period is presented in Figure-XII.

Table-XVIII : Annual rainfall of Keonjhar district (1993-2004)

Year Rainfall (mm)

1993 1461.30

1994 1292.20

1995 1174.40

1996 927.80

1997 1431.20

1998 1152.00

1999 1594.90

2000 1152.80

2001 1389.90

2002 1095.70

2003 965.00

2004 1327.30

38

Average 1247.04

Annual Average Rainfall

0.00200.00400.00600.00800.00

1000.001200.001400.001600.001800.00

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Year

Rai

nfal

l (m

m)

Rainfall (mm)

Average

Temperature: The monthly average of daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the period 1993-2004 has been furnished in Table- XVII and graphical representations of the same have been given in Figure- XIII.  

Table- XVIV : Average monthly max. & min. temperature at IMD station Keonjhar, from 1993-2004

Month Temperature in 0C

Max Min

Jan 29.33 8.02

Feb 31.40 11.38

Mar 36.34 14.40

Apr 39.10 18.36

May 40.66 20.17

Jun 36.08 21.22

Month Temperature in 0C

Max Min

Figure-XII

39

Jul 32.85 22.30

Aug 32.09 21.47

Sep 32.03 20.66

Oct 31.74 17.01

Nov 29.84 12.75

Dec 28.10 7.89

Average 33.30 16.30

Monthly Average Maximum & Minimum temperature

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Tem

pera

ture

in 0 C

Temperature in 0C MaxTemperature in 0C MinTemperature in 0C Avg. MaxTemperature in 0C Avg. Min

4.3

Relative Humidity: The average monthly relative humidity for Keonjhar district is given in Table-XVIII and Figure- XIV. It is observed from the data that relative humidity is higher during the monsoon and lowest during summer. Month-wise relative humidity recorded at IMD Keonjhar from 1993 to 2004 at 0830 Hours and 1730 Hours is given in Annexure - IV.

Fig: XIII

40

Table- XVV: Monthly average relative humidity at Keonjhar (1993-2004)

Month

Relative Humidity (%)

At 8:30 hrs At 17:30 hrs

Jan 66.58 49.83

Feb 65.58 44.67

Mar 54.92 33.50

Apr 54.00 42.92

May 61.83 52.82

Jun 77.00 73.73

Jul 83.64 82.45

Aug 86.18 85.27

Sep 81.64 82.45

Oct 78.27 77.09

Nov 71.27 65.55

Dec 64.55 54.55

Average 70.46 62.07

0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.0090.00

100.00

Humidity (%)

Months

Monthly Average Relative Humidity at Keonjhar(1993-2004)

Relative Humidity (%) At 8:30 hrs

Relative Humidity (%) At 17:30 hrs

Relative Humidity (%) Avg. at 8:30hrs

Relative Humidity (%) Avg. at 17:30hrs

Fig: XIV

41

Observation of climate in study area-I

It was found out that during post-monsoon season, the predominant wind direction was from north eastern sector. During day time North- North- East (NNE) is the predominant wind direction followed by North-East (NE) & North(N). calm condition prevailed for 45% of the observed time. During night, the predominant wind direction was NNE followed by N & NE. calm condition was found in 42% of the time. Overall the predominant wind direction is NNE, followed by NE & N. The wind speed during monitoring varies from 0.44-2.0m/second.

In winter season, during day time the predominant wind speed is NE followed by NNE and N. during night time, the wind direction is NW followed by N & NNW. Overall during winter time, the wind direction is NW followed by NE & N. the wind speed varies from 0.44-2m/second.

Analysis: For last few years, the local climate is showing peculiar changes . The maximum temperature is going high while the minimum temperature is increasing also. According to meteorologist, It may be due to large scale of deforestation and vehicular movement. Similarly change in land scape is resulting in to affecting the solar radiation thus increasing the temperature. Apart form it, reduction in green cover is the major reason in alternation of this.

Observation of Climate in study area-II

The study area shows a normal rain fall pattern. During 2001, the annual rainfall occurred was 1720 cm, which decrease up to 1495 cm during 2003 and increase up to 1530 cm during 2004. The temperature ranged from 7.5 Celsius to 31.5 Celsius and relative humidity varies from 19.0% to 89.5% during winter season.

The predominant wind direction varies from North, North west North( mostly during day time) while there is very little wind from east south, south west and south west in winter season. The area lies in the tropical region with very hot summers and severe winters.

Analysis: the local climate of this area shows peculiar character. The winter becomes harsh. Local peoples told that frost falling is observed during December & January month. The summer is not so hot at this place because of presence of dense vegetation. This is a very conducive climate for growth of fruit orchards.

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Air Quality

The baseline status of the ambient air quality of both the study area has been assessed through a scientifically designed ambient air quality-monitoring network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance program has been based on the following considerations:

• Meteorological conditions • Topography of the study area; • Representatives of likely impact areas.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were set-up at five locations with due consideration to the above mentioned points. Table-XVI gives the details of environmental setting around each monitoring station.

Ambient air quality monitoring was carried out in both pre-monsoon & post monsoon season. The baseline data of air environment was monitored for parameters mentioned below:

• Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM); • Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM); • Sulphur dioxide (SO2); and • Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx);

Table No- XVVI: Standards of ambient air quality

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (In microgram per cubic meter)

Area Category SPM RPM SO2 NOx CO Time weighted Average

A Industrial and mixed carbon zone

500 200 120 1120 5000 8 Hrs

B Residential and rural

360 120 80 80 - Annual Average

C Sensitive 100 75 30 30 2000 (1Hr)

8 Hr

-do- 70 50 15 115 1000 Annual Average

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Table-XVVII: Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring of Site-I

Station Code

Name of the Station

Distance w.r.t. site

mines (km)

Environmental Setting

A1 Talajagar 2km Rural/Residential set up

A2 Uparjagar-1 In the mines site

Rural/Residential set up

A3 Uparjagar-2 1 km Rural/Residential set up

A4 Suakati market 7km Urbann settlement

Result Analysis:

The study site comprises clusters of open cast iron ore mines. The locations of sampling station were set near to markets and human settlement in order to know the status of air pollution. It has been found out that concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in ambient air is found much above the permissible limit at all the sampling stations. The analysis shows that SPM concentration increases during night time due to more movement of trucks. At Uparjagar, the concentration of SPM is found to be maximum (610µg/m3). It is because of movement of large number of vehicle, bad road infrastructure condition and running of other machinery for exploration of iron ore. The SPM value at Suakati market is found to be quite high (320 µg /m3 ) where as the permissible value is 200 µg/m3 . It is mainly because of movement of large number of vehicles & bad condition of road . sprinkling of water to suppress dust is found to be inadequate. The value of SPM is also found to be quite high at other two stations at Taljagar & Uperjagar-2. Similarly the Sox content is found to be quite high in all the above stations because of large scale movement of vehicle. Vehicular emission is responsible for this high value of SOx. The value of NOx is found to be within optimum vale (80 µg/m3). This high level of SPM and SOx content is a mater of concern as far as air quality of the area is concerned. This high content of SPM, SOx, level it self reflects the level of air pollution status of this area. Already this area has been put in zone-7 by orissa state pollution control board and has warned that this area will face high level of air pollution in upcoming days if adequate pollution prevention step is not taken up.

The Main reason of air pollution in this site is mainly because of:

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• Poor management of overburden dumping areas

• Blasting operation carried out without dust suppression system

• Ore beneficiation at mines area creating a lot of SPM to air due to inadequate dust suppresses mechanism.

• Bad road infrastructure and dust suppression system like sprinkling of water is inadequate.

• Large number of trucks, lorry moving for loading and transportation.

• Use of diesel by vehicles is causing SOx pollution.

• Lack of vegetation cover near to road side.

It is recommended that if the above problems are not cared up in upcoming days, air pollution problem will become more critical as found at Joda area. District administration, State Pollution Control Board must look this issue seriously in order to prevent any

further deterioration in the air quality of this area.

Figure: XV: Dust found in mines area of suakati 

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Air quality status of SITE-II

Table-XVVIII: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring station, Site-II

Station Code

Name of the Station

Distance w.r.t.

core site (km)

Environmental Setting

A1 Kadakala market 2km Rural/Residential set up

A2 Luhakala village 7 Rural/Residential set up

A3 Near to Badanala 10 Rural/Residential set up

Result Analysis: The analysis of air sampling of (site II) show a very healthy & conducive air quality. All the parameters are found to be within the optimum limit indicating a healthy atmosphere. Even SPM is found to be present in very negligible amount. Another reason of this air quality may be because of presence of dense forest in the study area. It has been found out that forest comprises more than 50% of land use cover of the study area which acts as sink for any sort of air pollution. Apart from this absence of any major industrial activity or mining in surrounding 10 km is responsible for this air quality. The analysis shows that SPM and SOx value are remain little high during day time. This is because of more movement of vehicles during day time. Any sort of mining or industrial activity in this area in upcoming days can alter this air quality.

From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the air quality at Banspal has been degraded due to mining & allied activities and this will be repeated at Khandhadhar area, if any sort of mining activities are permitted to commence.

Water Quality

Selected water quality parameters of water resources within 10km radius of both the study area have been studied for assessment of the water quality in the region (site-I) and to evaluate anticipated impacts due to the proposed mining activities in site-II.

The key objectives of this study are to:

• Assess the water quality characteristics for critical parameters in site I and

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• Predict impact on water quality due to upcoming mining and other developmental activities in site II.

The information required has been collected through primary surveys and secondary sources.

Water Sampling Locations

Water samples were collected from site I & II during both pre & post monsoon season. These samples were taken for analysis of various parameters. The water sampling locations are listed below.

Table-XVVIV: Water sampling locations of Site-I

Sl.

No.

Code Location Distance Direction

W r t Mines Site

Surface Water

1 SW-1 Talajagar 4 North

2 SW-2 Uparjagar-1 2 North

3 SW-3 Uparjagar-2 1 North

4 SW-4 Uparjagar-3 0 North

Analysis of result:

Already mining is in operation at this site. Samples were collected from streams at

various places like Talajagar, Upar Jagar- I, Upar Jagar- II and Upar Jagar- III. Talajagar

is little away from the mining area and presently a small stream flows in this area which

has originated from the Gandhamarda hill. Upar Jagar is the place where a number of

mines activities is going on. Samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory. The

interstitial water temperature of the stream is found highest at UperJagar- II and is

lowest at Tala Jagar followed by Upar Jagar- III & Upar Jagar I. The pH of water samples

of Talajagar is found to be more acidic than other three sites and all the four sites are

basically acidic in nature. This acidic nature of water is mainly because of mixing of

lechates from mines site which is acidic in nature.

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Animal as well as plant life depends upon the dissolved oxygen (DO) percentage which

generally gets lower if it is badly polluted and decomposition process is going on. It was

found that the DO content of Talajagar and Upar Jagar- II monitoring station is on the

edge of being called not suitable for animal and plant life, where as Upar Jagar- I and

Upar Jagar- III are already have the effect of detritus reactions with very low dissolved

oxygen percentage. This is mainly because of mixing of mud, washed effluents from

mine water to the stream water. But residual chlorine percentage in sample water is

found to be within range at all the four sampling points which is quite good for all type

of fresh water life. Due to overburden and unending transport service inside the mining

area the amount of turbidity in the water at all the sampling sites are above permissible

limit with Uparjagar- I followed by Talajagar, Upar Jagar- II and Upar Jagar- III .

Regarding chloride content in the water, it is found within the normal limit at all the

sites. Nitrite is found to be in trace amount at all the sites followed by phosphate being

very low at these respective sites. Iron is one of the constituents, which is found 10 times

higher than potable standards at Talajagar and Upar Jagar- III, where as its

concentration is lower at Upar Jagar- I and II but it is seven times higher than the

permissible limit. Analysis of the Hardness of water samples shows that it is highest at

Upar Jagar- II and where as the rest three concentrations are within permissible limit. So

in a nut shell it was found out that the content of Iron, Hardness and Turbidity of the

stream waters flowing through the mines area are much higher than the permissible

standards which is not good for the animal as well as plant masses.

Reason of water pollution of the area is mainly because of:

• Mud, washed water and effluents generated from beneficiation plants and mine

water are normally find their way to stream water. It results in to pollution of

stream water flowing through the mines area.

• Release of oily substances, grease, use of streams for washing the vehicles, other

purposes by truck drivers is reason of water pollution of the perennial streams.

• Overflow of mines seepage/ water in to streams during rainy season thus

increasing the turbidity of stream.

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• Garland drains of mines area are channelised to natural streams.

• Use of stream water for mines purposes thus affecting the flow and volume of

water.

Table-XVVV: Water sampling locations of Site-II

Sr.

No.

Code Location Distance Direction

W r t Proposed Mines Site

Surface Water

1 SW-1 Kadakala 2 West

2 SW-2 Luhakala 7 West

3 SW-3 Badanala 10 West

Analysis of the result: The samples collected from this area are collected from the stream

water flowing through this area. The analysis of samples shows that pH values of all the

monitoring stations are found to be neutral, which is a very good indicator of water

purity. It was found out that the dissolved oxygen (DO) content of all the water samples

are found within favourable limit (i.e 6.0-8.0 mg/l) which is very much conducive for

growth of aquatic animals and it’s a sign of absence of any sort of pollution. The residual

chlorine content in all the 3 monitoring stations are found to be minimum (0.01 mg/l),

which is most suitable for fresh water life. The turbidity of all the three station fall

within the stipulated limit & it is mainly because absence of any sort of mines or

industrial activities. The Alkalinity percentage at Kadakala water sampling station

varies from 35.45 mg/l to 75. mg/l, which is quite low than standard permit of 250-1000

mg/l. The fluoride percentage in all the water sampling location was found to be varies

from0.3mg/L to 0.6 mg/l, which is quite good for potable and as such it is healthy for all

type of animal and plant life. The percentage of Iron content of the water samples

collected from Khandhadhar nala at Kadakala is found to be at 1 mg/l, which is quite

high from potable point of view but safe for fresh water aquatic life which suits their

development. This clearly shows that the water quality is found to be quite optimum at

site II. As no mining or industrial activity is going at this area, & in upstream area, this is

the reason of maintaining of good water quality.

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By comparing the water quality of Khandadhar (site II) with Gandhamardhan (site-I)

and its peripheral area, it was observed that the quality of water is deteriorating at an

alarming rate in site I. Even springs are slowly getting ceased due to mining activity. As

the local people are using the water of streams for day to day activities, a chance of large

scale epidemics in upcoming days can not be ruled out. And it is another contention that

this deteoriation of water quality may start at Khandadhar, once mining activities get

under way in that area. It is advisable that a comprehensive study regarding loss of

livelihood and health condition due to water pollution by mining must be carefully

studied by regulatory agencies before the quality of water deteriorates beyond repair.

Traffic monitoring

The traffic study was conducted at Suakati market to study the traffic variations and to assess the peak traffic flows for 6 hours . The traffic study includes the enumeration of vehicles as per their categorization.

Methodology: The vehicles plying on opposite directions were counted at selected locations. Category-wise vehicle counting has been done continuously and recorded in the traffic volume count charts under respective category.

Categorization of Traffic

The engine driven vehicles were categorized into various heads viz. Light Motor Vehicles (cars, jeeps, minibuses), buses (6 wheelers), trucks and tankers (6 wheelers), Heavy Motor Vehicles (8 and above wheelers), tractors, three wheelers (auto rickshaws, tempo etc.), two wheelers (scooters, motor cycles etc.). Beside these automobiles cycles and bullock carts have also been counted.

Fig - XVI: Vehicle number as found in site I

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Observations

It has been pragmatically viewed that appreciable vehicular movement is observed in site- I with comparison to site- II area. It was observed that the number of vehicular traffic ( heavy vehicle) is found to be high during night time due to restriction of movement of trucks by district administration during day time . Vehicular traffic mainly comprised of trucks which moves to the mines located at Gandhmardan area for transport of iron ore. It has been found out that the number of heavy vehicle is increasing with comparison to last 5 years ( as told by the check gate located near to mines site ) . This has lead to direct impact on the road & infrastructure facility present in (at) that area. The road is found in a shattered condition from the National Highway to mines area due to frequent movement of large number of heavy vehicles. The frequency of road related accidents has increased many folds during last 5 years. The real sufferer of this is the local people due to frequent traffic jams. One can find the road is blocked with large number of iron ore carrying trucks thus creating nuisance for public.

How ever, this problem is not found in site II and the road condition is found to be(in) better with comparison to site I. it was found out that the road condition is also responsible for the air pollution to some extent. The vehicles at site II mainly comprises of two wheelers. The frequency of vehicles gets slightly increase during tourist season but its percentage is very negligible in comparison to site I.

Fig: XVII: Vehicle count at site II 

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Any mining and related activities at Khandadhar area (site II) can lead to increase in the traffic intensity thus affecting the existing infrastructure.

Vegetation Analysis:  

Vegetation of Khandadhar (site II) and Gandhamardan (site I): According to Champion and Seth, 1960, the vegetation of the area is tropical moist deciduous type. But the perennial hill streams favors different micro climatic conditions and support three sub categories of vegetation namely (i) mixed dry-deciduous forests and (ii) semi-evergreen forests and (iii) Dry deciduous forest. Major portion of the area is covered by a mixed dry type forest where Shorea robusta dominates. The common associates are Diospyros melanoxylon, Cleistanthus collinus, Chloroxylon swietenia, Terminalia alata, Syzygium cumini, Ochna abtusata, Casearia elliptica, Cochlospermum religiosum, Sterculia urens, Schleichera oleosa, Phyllanthus emblica, Madhuca indica, Buchnania lanzen, Bauhnia varigata, Dalbergia latifolia, Dalbergia sisso, Pterocarpus marsupium etc.

Semi-evergreen type of forests is restricted to the stream banks and along the water courses. Species like Diospryros malabarica, Pongamia pinnata, Mangifera indica, Ficus semicordata, Barringtonia acutanqula, Terminalia arjuna, Mallotus philippinensis etc. are fairly common in such type of plant communities. Climbers and twiners are represented by Schefflera venulosa, Pothos scandens, Millettia extensa, Uvaria hamiltonii, Scindapsus officinalis, Aganosma aryophyllata, Erycibe paniculata and many such others. The ground flora is very rich with a large number of herbaceous members of which species belonging to grass and sedge family dominate. Borraria articularis, Hyptis suaveolens, Ageratum conyzoides, Cassia tora, Lepidagathis incurva, sericocalyx scaber, Desmodium gangeticum, Barleria strigosa, Lindernia parviflora etc. constitute the herbaceous cover in both of these vegetation types, besides a large number of sedges and grasses.

The exposed rocks and crevices are ideal habitat for a large number of interesting lithophytes. Included in these are Sarcostemma lothophytes, Arides multiflora, Dysophylla quadrifolia, Hoya pendula, Bulbophyllum triste, Pholidota pallida, Dendrobium sp etc. Cymbidium aloefolium, Dendrobium formosum, Rhynchostylis retusa, Vanda tessellata, Saracanthus insectifier, Acampe praeomorsa etc. are the orchidaceous elements found as epiphytes on large trees. There are also many other epiphytes like Drynaria quercifolia, Viscum articulatum, Dendrophthoe falcata, Viscum monoicum, Scurula parasitica which deserve mention. Nyctanthes anbortristis is seen in abundance near the foot hills of Khandadhar but scanty in Gandhamardan. The undergrowth is usually rare and consists of shrubs like Lantana camera and some grasses. Due to favourable factors like soil, texture, drainage and humidity the area has developed a unique type of vegetation and the type of crop in this area is post climax of the dry deciduous forest. Along the water course, Pongamia pinnata, Terminalia arjuna, Barringtonia acutangula, Trewia nodifloar, Syzygium heyneanum are found in profusion. The muddy bank of the stream form microecological nitches for some interesting marsh/ swamp plants like Equisetum

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ramossisimum, Lasia spinosa, Crinum defixum, Ludwigia perennis, Flascopa scadens, Polygonum hydropipper etc.

Methodology: Vegetation sampling has been conducted just after the monsoon seasons for two years (2006-2008). It is undertaken in three different forest patches in and around the mining clusters. The first area is chosen as closed forest where the canopy cover continues to be more than 40% due to lack of disturbances as it is far off from the mining centers (Khandadhar hill). The second area is an open forest where the canopy covers ranges between 10-40%. It is relatively closer to the centers of mining activities which are responsible for the opening of canopy (Gandhamardan hills). The third patches is a scrub jungle adjacent to and/ or surrounded by mining pits where forest crops have been reduced to bushy growth due to repeated hacking and mining is imminent here at any time (Gandhamardan hills). Quadrates of size 10 m2 were laid out randomly at locations in all the above three categories of forests in order to enumerate species with g.b.h (girth at breast height at 1.37 m above ground level) more than 30 cm. Inside that quadrat a small quadrat of 5 m2 was selected to enumerate species with g.b.h of 10-30 cm. Yet another quadrat of 1m2 was selected to enumerate species mainly herbaceous with girth size < 10 cm. Thus for each location viz. site I, II, III three sets of enumeration data were generated for plants of three different diameter groups via. Gbh > 30cm, gbh = (10-30cm) and gbh < 10 cm. Further since the diameter group for gbh > 30cms constitutes mainly big plants the enumeration data were put under the category trees. The angiosperms were identified as per Saxena and Brahmam, 1997. Similarly for bryophytes and lichens a small quadrat of 1 m2 was also led in all the three sites to access their diversity and density of population and their presence/absence has been taken to study the impact of mining on these lower plants. For our convenience we took only 107 angiosperms, 10 bryophytes and 10 lichen species to study the impact of mining activities on their diversity and distribution in both Gandhamardan and Khandadhar hills as they were the dominant flora of both hills

Results and discussion: Keonjhar is one of the richest botanical treasures in Orissa is under intense biotic pressure owing to mining activities, forest fire , practice of podu cultivation, over exploitation of medicinal plants for drugs and conversion of forest to agricultural lands. These factors of degradation result not only in the depletion of certain valuable interesting medicinal taxa but also leads to substantial reduction in the density and genetic diversity of forest cover. This rapid damage to natural habitats, thus threatening the very survival of several indigenous species. The flora of the region includes 514 species of flowering plants belonging to 106 families, 15 species of bryophytes, 10 species of lichens, 10 species of fungi and 15 species of orchids. During the study it is observed that Fabaceae is the dominant family followed by Caesalpiniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Mimosaceae, Apocyanaceae, Acanthaceae, Rubiaceae, Moraceae, Acanthaceae, Rutaceae, Zingiberaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Boraginaceae, Ascleiadaceae, Mollaginaceae,

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Cucurbitaceae, Combretaceae, Rhamnaceae and Meliaceae. It is also found that their are certain species which are discontinuous in distribution and presently occur in the scheduled habitats which are rather becoming endangered/rare either on account of habitat loss or any other factors. Under these circumstances both in situ and ex- situ conservation of plant genetic recourses come to attend pivotal importance. Apart from angiosperms and wild life, there is several species of algae, fungi, lichens and bryophytes found to be occurred in the forest, whose over all contribution to the productivity of the ecosystem is unnoticed. The present study also highlighted the diversity and distribution of lower cryptogams and their importance in the forest. Apart from the common angiosperms the there is also the occurrence of 18 plant species found in both Gandhamardan and Khandadhar which comes under RET plant list of IUCN category. The lower plants like bryophytes, lichens and fungi are reported during the study for the first time from this region of the State.

Findings: From the study, it was found that Khandadhar is more diverse in terms of dominant flora as compared to Gandhamardan (88 species under-mining and 60 species in non-mining areas). The IVI values of all the species was higher at Khandadhar indicating the less disturbance and close canopy except the exotic species that are dominant in Gandhamardan. This indicates the invasion of exotic species over native species due to anthropogenic activities like mining which leads to opening of canopy. The survival of Shorea robusta indicates that it is able to persists under moderate shade but its best development is obtained by admission of complete overhead light, though it requires partial shade in the beginning (Khanna, 1977). Hence with opening of canopy due to the removal of higher members of the ecosystem, the shade on the ground required in the early stage of Shorea robusta seedlings is no longer available. As a result with the onset of disturbance to the ecosystem, both the germination and establishment of the most dominant species of the forest receives a severe setback. So before trying to usher in the establishment of this dominant species, in the past mining period, it is important to create niche conditions conducive to its smooth take over. With the increasing degradation to natural forest due to onset of anthropogenic pressure like mining, gregarious exotic species viz. Lantana camera – a native of West Indies (Saxena and Brahmam, 1995) and Chromolaena odorata – indigenous to South America (Saxena and Brahmam, 1996) have invaded the scrub forest. With gradual more and more opening of the forest floor in course of time, they take overt the center stage of niche occupation. Even when the area is left abandoned after partial mining and almost all unattended over burden dumps, these two species are ruling the forest without allowing other species any chance to put their foothold.

Species diversity

The perusal of table reveals that the number of total tree species is highest for Site I (48) followed by III (44) and III (34), while for shrub species the order of importance is III = II

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(18) > (13). Highest value for herb species was recorded for site III (31) followed by II (22) and I (20) i.e. III > II >I. It is brought out that maximum number of species of 31 occurs in herb/ seedling category of site III i.e. scrub jungle.

Dominant species

Shorea robusta is the dominant species in all stages viz., tree, shrub/sapling and herb/seedling in the site I (closed forest) followed by Buchnania lanzan, Terminallia belerica, Dalbergia sisoo and Pterocarpus marsupium. It is only dominant in tree and shrub/ sapling stage in the site II (open forest). It is not dominant at all in any stage in the site III (scrub forest) where mining is imminent at any point of time.

Bryophytes and Lichens as Bioindicators of Environment and Forest

The present study reveals the occurrence of 15 species of Bryophytes and 11 species of lichens from the study area. Conocaphalum conicum, Polytrichum juniperum, Plagiochila porelloides etc. are few bryophytes that are found only in Khandadhar hills showing the nature of environment and habitat for these rare bryophytes. Like wise the density of other bryophytes is also low in Gandhamardan. Two species like Heteroscyphus argutus and Riccia trichocarpa which are the indicators of disturbed habitat were only found in Gandhamardan hills. Riccardia livierii showed its highest IVI value in Gandhamardan indicating the nature of disturbance in Gandhamardan due to mining and also its luxuriant growth in Open forest. Similarly some lichen species and their presence/absence is used in the study to evaluate the environmental quality of both the hills. Haterodermia diademata, lichen which is an indicator of clean air was only found in Khandadhar. Parmellia saxatilis and Parmellia sulcata were two lichen species found in Khandadhar indicating the clean environment in the hill. Since lichens are used as environmental indicator throughout the world, and its absence from the forest indicates the increase of SO2 pollution in the environment, the absence of lichens in Gandhamardan showed the air quality is contaminated due to increase pollutants.

Land Use Studies

The studies of land use aspects of an area play an important role in identifying vulnerable issues and to take pertinent action to sustain `Ecological Homeostasis’ in the expanse. The objective of this study is to provide a brief idea about the existing land use pattern of the study area, so that it will be easier to observe the chronological changes owing to various activities.

The objectives of land use studies are:

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* To determine the present land use pattern; * To identify the impacts on land use due to the ongoing & upcoming

industrial activities in the study area * Bringing a conclusion for optimizing the future land use pattern in light of

upcoming mining activities in the study area and its associated impacts.

Procedure Followed

The general land use/ land cover features that were studied are Built up land, Agricultural land, Vegetation and Forest, Wasteland, Water bodies and wet land, and Infrastructure and others. These divisions have been further subdivided into:

1. Built up land (Villages, Town and cities) 2. Agricultural land (Agriculture-Kharif, Agriculture-Rabi, Double crop, Fallow

land, Agricultural plantation) 3. Vegetation/Forest (Dense forest, Open forest, Scrub forest ) 4. Waste land (waterlogged land, Marshy land swampy land, Gullied and eroded

land, Land with scrub, Land without scrub, Barren and rocky land, Shifting slope cultivation)

5. Water bodies/Wet land (River and stream, Canal, Reservoir and Tank, reservoir dry bed, Mud flat, Aquatic vegetation, Aquaculture pond)

6. Infrastructure/Others The major land class units (LCU) comprising river, canal, major road, were assessed from the Topo map and field investigation with help of Top sheets of survey of India. Analysis of Land use plan of Study site- I

Table-XVVVI: The land use pattern of study area-I

Category Of land Status of land in ( Ha) before mining

Present Status of land in (Ha) using satellite imagery

Change in land use (in Ha)

TOWN/CITY 188.89 421.11 232.22(+)

VILLAGE SETTLEMENT 427.68 1232.74 805.06(+)

AGRICULTURE LAND 20446.04 14113.74 6332.2 (-30.97%)

DENSE FOREST 7475.62 1527.51 5948.11(-79.56%)

OPEN FOREST 1079.31 7430.88 6352.57(+)

FOREST PLANTATION 232.01 179.17 52.84 (-)

GULLIED/ERODED LAND 57.71 82.49 24.78(+)

LAND WITH SHRUB 1162.48 5810.32 4647.84 (+)

LAND WITHOUT SHRUB 91.99 176.22 84.23(+)

MINING/QUARRY 7.52 112.31 104.7 (+1393%)

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BAREN ROCKY/STONY WASTE

27.93 85.53 57.6(+)

WATER BODY 138.95 140.61 1.66 (+1.19%)

RIVER 103.10 133.98 30.88(+)

GROOVES/ORCHADS DNA 9.25 9.25 (+)

TOTAL AREA 31439.24 31455.85

Figure-XVIII: Land use pattern of site I (20 years before mining)

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 Analysis: Satellite data was use to study the existing land use pattern and the land use pattern condition during pre-mining period. The major settlements coming under the study area are suakati town located in the south East side and Banspal block in the West direction. A number of villages are located in the study area. The land use pattern of the area shows that agriculture remains the primary occupation of most of the inhabitants in the study area irrespective of ongoing mining activity. The agricultural land of this area is classified into two categories.

i. Single cropped land ii. Double cropped land

The land is also classified under Kharif and Rabi area. It was found out that single cropped land constitutes the major portion of irrigation land. Irrigation facility is not found in the study area except small check dams which usually get dry during summer season. Agriculture is mostly practiced during monsoon season. Analysis of pre mining & present land use patterns shows a gross 30.97% reduction of agricultural land & growth in village settlement. The loss of agricultural land is because of growth of town/city growth (122.93%) & village settlement. Expansion of village settlement due to mining & associated activities is putting pressure on the agricultural land. A lot of agricultural land has been converted to village settlement near the suakati market apart from converting to mine area. It has been found out that waste land (including gullied land, land with scrub and land without scrub) has increased significantly. This can be attributed to ongoing mining & associated activities. The study shows that the mining quarry has show a growth of 1393% with comparison to before mining period. The percentage of growth of mines area in village like Upar Jagar & nearby villages has

Fig-XVIV: Present land use pattern at site I

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resulted in conversion of agricultural land in to wasteland. Deposit of overburden, flow of mining tailing pond water has converted a large portion of fertile agricultural land in to wasteland. Open cast mining activity always associated with activities like excavation of land, loss of top soil, disfiguring/degradation of surface area & deforestation. The valuable topsoil and usable land is lost forever which can not be fully recovered.

It has been found out that the composition of dense forest land (Area having canopy cover more than 40%) has reduced by 79.56% whereas the open forest ( having canopy cover less than 10%) has increased significantly. The major reserve forests which are located near to the suakati area has been degraded in to open forest area due to anthropogenic activity like mining, development of town, Garage for making lorry body, setting and expansion of villages & to some extent by practice of shifting cultivation which is now stopped .

Land degradation & surface distortions due to mining activity is clearly observable in this site. The surrounding areas of mine site, drainage pattern have been greatly affected in & around Gandhamardan hill. Loss of top soil, agricultural land is clearly observable in this area. Enhancement in production of mines is putting more pressure on the existing natural resources of this area. A regional impact assessment of these zones (economical & environmental) should be immediately made before planning of any further industrial activity.

Some important findings of this area:

• Quarries/pit created and artificial hills formed during mining operation such as deposition of overburden are a major problem in the area surrounding Gandhamardan area.

• It is found out that “Reap & run” mining appears to be the policy of mine owners as evident from their discarding of the sustainable practice of concurrent reclamation of land.

• Post mining land use will become a major issue that needs urgent attention.

• Practicing of irregular overburden disposal has resulted in the land becoming unproductive.

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Analysis of land use plan of study site-II Table-XVVVII: land use cover of study area-II

Type of land use Area in Ha %

Village settlement 345.61 1.09

Agriculture Land 7877.86 25.04

Dense forest 18428.25 58.57

Open forest 1292.95 4.019

Land with shrub 3336.44 10.605

Mining & allied activities 18.13 0.057

Water Body 5.95 0.018

River 154.67 0.491

Total Area 31459.87

Fig –XVV: land use pattern of site-II

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Analysis: The land use pattern of this study area shows its uniqueness by the presence of large patch of dense forest . Dense forest is found to cover maximum area (58.57%) of the study area. Large patch of forest is found in places like Malangtoli, Mankadanacha & Khandhadhar hill. A number of reserve forests like Khandhadhar R.F, Khajuridihi R.F, Mankadanacha R.F, sarkanda R.F are located in the study area. The land use cover involving mining & allied activities comprises very less percentage and it is confined to Uper Khandhadhar area of sundergada district. The land use pattern shows that agricultural land cover constitutes second highest type followed by land with scrubs. Agricultural lands are predominantly doubled cropped land where pulses are cultivated after removal of paddy. The lands located on hill slope are used for cultivation of pulses, ragi, millets, maize, jawar etc. lands located near the streams are irrigated, but it is confined to some hectares only. This area also acts as catchment area of Baitarani River as a number of perennial streams originating from the hillocks are providing water through out the year. Any mining activity in this area will lead to alter in the existing geo-hydrological condition thus affecting the water catchment area of baitarani river. Provision of better Irrigation facility in this area will definitely boost the existing agricultural activity in this area. The open forests include mango Orchads & degraded forest. Observation:

• This patch of forest is the remaining part of forest of Keonjhar which needs to be protected from anthropogenic activity.

• This forest is playing a vital role by sustaining livelihood to the inhabitants of this area.

• This area has its uniqueness from ecological & hydrological point of view. • Any sort of anthropogenic activity such as mining etc can affect the streams

thus affecting the water catchment area of Baitarani River.

Demography and Socio-Economics condition of study site:

The socio economic features around the study site have been collected through primary,

secondary data collection & through field verification. The socio economic development is

closely related to the growth of industrialization of the area. The balanced development of

agriculture of an area gives rise to the development of the area. It has been found out that

the local people where the percentage of illiterate are more will be benefited through

agricultural activity. The district statistical handbook published by Directorate of

Economic and Statistics, Orissa, Bhubaneswar and Census of India publication were

referred to gather data on present baseline socio-economic status of the area. The primary

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data about the area was also collected through an open and close-ended questionnaire

designed to elicit desired information about the area.

Objective:

The main objectives are as follows:

i) To assess the impact of the project on agricultural situation;

ii) To examine the economic status of the people residing in the project area;

iii) To examine the effect of the project on education of the people in the study area;

Methodology adopted for the Study:

The methodology adopted for the study is based on the review of secondary data, such

as District Census Statistical Handbooks-2001 and the records of National Informatics

Center, New Delhi, for the parameters of demography, occupational structure of people

within the general study area of 10-km radius around the study site.

Table- XVVVIII: Demographic pattern of the study area I

SI No Item Study area Share in total population 1.0

1.1

1.2

Population Total

Male

Female

40090

20185

19905

50.35

49.65 2.0 Households 8385 20.92

3.1

3.2

SC

ST

4178

19693

10.42

49.12 4.0 Literates 18321 45.70

5.0 Working population 15446 38.53

5.1

5.1.1

5.1.2

5.1.3

5.1.4

Main workers

Cultivators

Agricultural laborers

HH industry

Others

9012

4540

1526

193

2753

22.48

11.32

3.81

0.48

6.87 6.0 Marginal workers 6434 16.05

Source: Census 2001 data

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Analysis of socio-economic activity of site-I:

The study area has a number of hillocks and patch of both fertile & unfertile land. The distribution of population is found to be significantly less number with comparison to its geographic area. From the table it is evident that population density is about 100 persons/sq.km in the study area. So far sex ratio is concerned; there are about 986 females per 1000 males. 45.7% of the people in the study area are literates. Working population constitute about 38.5% of the total population. The demographic statistics are based on Census 2001 data where population and other statistics of many of the villages are absent and as such could not be taken into account. The study area is divided into four strata. The sample of villages from each strata as well as the respondent/house-holds within each sampled village has been selected by two-stage stratified random sampling. On the first stage; villages from each stratum are selected and on the second stage; households/ respondents are selected from sampled village by simple random sampling. From each selected village, at least two respondents are selected randomly to account intra-village variability among the respondents. The present survey reveals that agriculture has no longer remain the major source of livelihood for the people of the study area though the climatic conditions are conducive for agriculture & presence of a good farming community in the study area. The study reveals that about 63% of the households are marginal farmers whereas about 18% are small. Thus, these two categories jointly account for about 81% of the total households in the study area. There are a few medium and large farmers. Lack of initiative taken by government agencies, absence of irrigation facility, is the main reason of this. The educational status of the study area is also not encouraging. Only 45% of the people are literates. The Juanga development authority ( JDA) which was formed in for social and economical upliftment of the PTG has failed to achieve its main objective i.e up-liftment of Juanga.

Impact of mining on livelihood of people at this area:

It was found out that the average income level of most of the household living in this area has reduced at present with comparison to pre-mining period. More than 75% of surveyed household shows a gross reduction in their annual income. Discussions with farmers living surrounding the mines area reveals that at present they are no more cultivating various cash-crops that they used to do before commencement of mining activity. All most all the households of this area were cultivating crops like maize, raggi, bajra, on the hill slopes and earned livelihood of it. However in post mining period, loss of fertility of soil water pollution has drastically affected their livelihood. The small holding of agriculture land that they still hold has become waste land. 76% of the farmers told that reduction in natural water resources has affected their livelihood.

It was found in the study that one of the major impacts of mining activity on the local tribal people is loss of forest resources. During pre-mining period, this area was full of forests of sal tree. A patch of teak forest was also found in this area. A majority of villagers mostly paudi bhuiyan and Juanga (both are PTGs), were dependent on the

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forest resources for earning their livelihood. They were collecting various forest products like firewood, timber, mahul, toal, mushroom, resin which used to supplement their family income. But this gross reduction in forest land due to mining and associated activities has lead to reduction in collection of the above NTFP. Maximum of the areas have been dug for extraction of iron ores. Trees have been cut down and the remaining left are found in bad condition . The Baidya (traditional healers), those who used to collect various herbs, leafs are the worst sufferers as some has left their occupation due to loss of medicinal plants. The quantity & type of various medicinal herbs which were collected from this area has been drastically affected.

Like forest resources, grazing lands too have shrinked by mining activities. Discussion with villagers reveal that prior to mining period, gochar lands, hill slopes were used for grazing of animals which are now being acquired by mining companies. Some vacant lands have turned in to dumping yard of iron ore thus seriously affecting the vegetation.

Table-XVVVIV: Loss of productivity of paddy in periphery villages of mines area

Location Village % of farmers loosing livelihood due to mining

Average % of loss in income of farmers residing in those area

Suakati Uper Jagar 84 56%

Suakati Tala Jagar 46 34%

Suakati Tala kansari 73 51%

Suakati Danla 77 45%

Banspal Phuljhar 23 12%

The above study clearly shows that farmers living near to mining areas have become the worst sufferers of this process. Environmental degradation in the buffer zone due to mining is the major contributing factor behind the loss of earning from traditional sources. A gross reduction of annual income is clearly observed near to villages located to suakati and the villagers have become mines & wage worker working in the mines as daily laborer. The loss of annual income is mainly because of loss of income from forest land, loss of incomes opportunities and grabbing of government land harnessed for ages by tribals by the land mafia, loss of income from natural water resources etc.

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Table-XVVVV: Averagely monthly income of households at site-I Village Name

Total Rural Families

Rural Families with Average Monthly Income (In Rupees)

Less than 250

250-499 500-1499

1500-2500

More Than 2500

No Response Total

Panchyat Name : Kumundi

Kumundi (Ka)

130 103( 79%) 21 (16%) 2(1%) 0 0 4 130

Kumundi (Kha)

290 206(71%) 76 (26.20%)

4 (0.1%) 0 0 4 290

Talajagar 293 228 (77%) 49 (16.72%)

6 (2%) 4 4 2 293

Uparjagar 273 157(57.50%) 101(36%) 12(4%) 1 0 2 273

Urumunda 405 394(97%) 8 (.19%) 1 1 1 0 405

Source: www.rural.nic.in Observation: It was observed during field survey that mining activities have caused degradation of natural resources in buffer zone. Extensive land damage and pollution of natural water courses are also reported by the respondents in buffer zone. Also there is significant drop in earning from pre-existing sources (agriculture, NTFP) one reason for this decline in earning could be zone wise variations in socio economic parameters. Data reveals that irrespective of various household characteristics average income from agriculture and NTFP earning are low in the buffer zone. • Decline in earning is being temporarily compensated by cash earning from casual mining jobs under petty contractors. All mines are having a finite life and thus these mining jobs can only provide short-term benefits. • Distance dummy (nearness to mines) & household earnings from agriculture show statistically significant relationship. Similar relationship could be also established with household NTFP earning and distance dummy. • Degradation of natural resources in the buffer zone can thus explain decline in earning from preexisting sources in the buffer zone. • In buffer villages there is high incidence of bronchial diseases and stomach trouble. Zone wise difference in medical expenses could be found for all classes of socio-economic variables like literacy level, annual household expenses, family size, per

65

capita household income etc. Degradation of environmental quality in the buffer zone is found to be the prime reason for increase medical expenses in mining areas.

 

Socio‐ Economic status of site‐II 

Table-XVVVVI: Socio Economic status of study area-II

Total number of Household 5113

Total number of population 23801

Total number of male 11880 49.91%

Total number of female 11921 50.09%

Total number of S.C 1455 6.11%

Total number of S.T 17789 74.74%

Total number of literate 4494 18.885

Total number of workers 8923 37.49%

It has been found out that this area is predominately habituated by S.T. population. The PTG group Paudi Bhuiyan are the major tribe residing in this area. This area is coming under Bhuiyan Pidha one of the customary boundary of paudi bhuiyans.

Agriculture is the major source of livelihood of this area. Agriculture is partially dependent upon the streams waters. Except agriculture, animal husbandry, poultry, trading, forest related activites like NTFP collection has remain major source of income. It was found out that NTFP collection has remained a major source of income as more than 50% of land use are coming under the category dense forest land. Although very few area is provided with canal facility, but it was found that people are using traditional method of irrigation by using the water coming from the streams. It has been found out that people residing near to Khandhadhar water fall are earning good amounts from selling various forest products to in 3 months of year which cater their need of half part of the year. Conducive atmosphere & availability of water resource has increased the potential of employment in agricultural field. Only 18% of the inhabitant is found to be literate. So chances of getting employment in any sort of industrial activity is

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found to be very less. Rather if the traditional agricultural activity can be supplement with modern technology to boost the production thus enhancing their livelihood. Infrastructures facilities in almost all the villages are in good condition.

Survey in 6 villages located near to Khandhadhar water fall shows that agricultural activity remains the major source of occupation (Kadakala-76%, Luhakala-80%, singhpur-67%, sundra- 72%, srikagutu-56%, Jambhiriposhi- 66% ) . Apart from agriculture, cultivation of crops like mustard, dal, ragi, Bajra, corns and vegetables are providing them a good income. During off season, most of the villagers collect NTFP from the nearby forest. It is found that the economic condition of people at this area is self sufficient. Providing them with better technology & irrigation facility will definitely boost their source of livelihood. All most all the villagers are in the view that better irrigation facility will uplift their present economic condition. Practice of shifting cultivation has already been stopped due to awareness among people. At this juncture, allowing any mining or such activity in this area will lead to destroy the self sufficient economic condition of this area apart from the social & cultural value.

Table-XVVVVII: Averagely monthly income of households at site-I

Village Name

Total Rural Families

Rural Families with Average Monthly Income (In Rupees)

Less than 250

250-499 500-1499 1500-2500

More Than 2500

No Response Total

Panchyat Name : Tala Kadakala

Luhakala 181 163 (90%) 11(6%) 4(0.22%) 0 0 3 181

Mursuan 142 127(89%) 13(9%) 1 1 0 0 142

Narsinghpur 194 50(25%) 119 (61.34%)

23(11.85%) 2 0 0 194

Rakam 109 87(79%) 22 (20%) 0 0 0 0 109

Sundra 213 119 (55.86%)

85 (39%) 6 (0.02%) 0 0 3 213

Talakadakala 219 136 (62%) 78 (35.61%)

3(0.1%) 1 1 0 219

Tiribo 143 60(41.95%) 63 (44.05%)

19(13%) 0 1 0 143

Uperkadakala 113 91(80.53%) 16(14.15%) 4( .35%) 1 0 1 113

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CHAPTER-V

Suggestion for improvement of Socio-Economic Conditions in & around mining sites of Gandhamardan.

The socio-economic conditions in the study area I indicated the quality of life of the people. The important indicators which decide the quality of life and require to be improved for better living conditions are literacy levels, improved occupational structure, infrastructure facilities, transportation, communication linkages, land development and improvement in cropping pattern.

Incidentally, all parameters mentioned above are directly or indirectly affected by mining activities in study site I . At this juncture, improvement of Socio-economic levels of people in the study area, should be the prime responsibility of the mines company apart from the government agencies.

OMC (Orissa Mining Corporation) along with other private companies should engaged in social development activities in all the villages surrounding the area, which they have neglected. Social welfare activities shall be taken up on a large scale. These activities can be done in the following areas:

• Watershed development and sustainable agriculture; • Vocational training; • Rural housing and roads; • Capacity building towards better livelihood; • Health and sanitation; • Education development; • Animal husbandry; • Afforestation; • Rural water supply; • Assistance in utilizing government programs and • Prevention of pollution

The following activities can be implemented in each of these areas:

Watershed Development and Sustainable Agriculture

• Demonstrating the appropriate agricultural practices to farmers; • Holding farmers mela and providing information about sustainable

agriculture and organic farming; • Providing technical support, demonstrations and training to the farming

community; • Spreading of awareness on water harvesting with village bodies; and

68

• Undertaking of watershed development.

Agricultural Improvement

• Organize training programs (like Gramashree) for farmers in relevant areas such as animal husbandry, dairy development, modern cultivation, scientific storage of grain, water conservation etc;

• Organize veterinary camps; • Arrange if necessary, for soil testing and technical inputs for increasing yield;

and • Distribution of horticultural saplings.

Vocational Training

• Initiation of Vocational training centers at villages; • Electrical and motor winding courses to the youth; • Two wheeler repair courses to youth; • Tailoring/embroidery/hobby classes for women; and • Orientation programs for self-employment.

Medical Assistance

• Providing mobile dispensary to surrounding villages on a regular basis; • Appointment of village health workers in surrounding villages; • Project to tackle the issue of fluoride problem; • Periodic specialist camps, e.g. Eye, ENT etc; and • Sanitation programs.

Education

• Repair/Rebuilding of village schools; • Provision of playground equipment in schools; • Institution of scholarship and prizes; • Setting up of pre-primary schools; and • Supporting adult education programs.

Water Supply

• Providing bore wells for drinking water purposes of villagers; • Construction of cattle drinking water ponds; • Provision of bore wells to schools for drinking water needs of students; and • Construction of check dams.

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Community Development

• Formation of youth groups for village development; • Renovation of anganwadi centres; • Renovation of gram panchayat buildings; • Construction of community toilets; and • Construction of roof rainwater harvesting systems.

Communication

The company shall maintain roads to the project site from nearest state roads. The company shall also help in creating the facilities like post office, telegraph office etc.

Prevention of pollution

• Regular water spray /sprinkle.

• Plantation near to(on both side) of the road

• Blasting during early morning period

• Checking of drainage of lechate from overburden

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CHAPTER-VI

CONCLUSION: Mining to extract non-renewable resources played a crucial

role in economic development of any country. Though Keonjhar is playing a

significant role in fulfilling the iron ore demand of both domestic & world

markets, it has remained as poor as it previously use to be. Rather, the vast forest,

water resources has been completely affected due to this process. Mining

activities for last 3 decades has resulted in to affecting the economic condition of

tribal. Too much of the environment is being consumed through depletion of

forest resources and down stream pollution of water bodies etc. this is creating an

external cost to the society in form of water, air & soil pollution.

Prerequisite to environmentally sustainable development of iron ore resources,

there is a requirement of integration of environmental issues in decision-making

process both at the project approval stage and operational stage. It is essential to

use economic instruments to reduce subjectivity in decision-making. This can be

only achieved by integration of damage costs and benefits to private cost –

benefit analysis of a project. There is an urgent need to make shifts in polices and

priorities to ensure sustainable development of virgin areas through promotion

of agriculture, use of NTFP not by leasing the remaining mineral resource. The

economic pattern of common people in mines prone area like Joda has shown

that the gap between poor and rich has rich has increased multifold. The poor are

at receiving end due to this developmental process. The policies should aim at

reduction of damage cost.

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CHAPTER-VII

References

Center of Environmental Studies (undated), “Chromite Mines in Orissa”, retrieved from http://www.cesoridda.org. Chatterji, A. (2005), “Who benefits? At what cost? - State tyranny in Orissa, India”, Sikh Spectrum Quarterly Issue No. 19, retrieved from http://www.sikhspectrum.com/022005/ orissa.htm. Council of Professional Social Workers or CPSW (1994), State of Orissa’s Environment, CPSW (2001), Odisa Paribesh Vols. I and II, CPSW: Bhubaneswar. Das, V. (2001), “Orissa: Mining Bauxite, Maiming People” retrieved from http://www.saanet.org/kashipur/articles/vidhyadas.htm. Dash, J. (2005), “Mining Threatens Orissa’s Environment”, Indo-Asian News Service, 05 November 2005, retrieved from http://www.indiaresource.org/news/2004/1048.html. State of Environment Report, Orissa, prepared by state pollution control board, Orissa. Overview of mining and mineral industry in india, Tata Energy institute, New Delhi, December, 2001, No 185

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Government of Orissa (various years), Climatological Data of Orissa, Bureau of Statistics and Economics: Bhubaneswar. Government of Orissa (undated), “Development of Mineral Sector”, retrieved from http://orissagov.nic.in/industries/index.htm. Agarwal, D. 1998. Preventing Impoverishment from Displacement: The NTPC Experience. In: Development Projects and Impoverishment Risks: Resettling Project-Affected People in India. H.Mohan Mathur, and D. Marsden (eds). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Asian Development Bank. 1998a. Handbook on Resettlement: A Guide to Good Practice. Asian Development Bank. Manila, Philippines. 1998b. Summary of the Handbook on Resettlement. A Guide to Good Practice. Asian Development Bank. Manila Philippines. Resettlement Policy and Practice in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Manila. Available Free on line at www.adb.org Ali, Saleem & Larissa Behrendt. 2001. Mining and Indigenous Rights. The emergence of global social movement. Cultural Survival Quarte