Impact of measures to improve urban air quality in Spain....Impact of measures to improve urban air...
Transcript of Impact of measures to improve urban air quality in Spain....Impact of measures to improve urban air...
Impact of measures to improve urban air quality in Spain.
Studies to estimate impact of measures for improving air quality in Spain and in
some cities
Fernando Martín, Marta G. Vivanco, José Luis Santiago, Rocío Alonso,
Alberto Martilli Atmospheric Pollution Division,
CIEMAT, Madrid. Spain
TFIAM/FAIRMODE Workshop on modelling of urban and regional measures for improve air quality 15-16 February, 2017, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Outline • Past studies:
– International contribution to air pollution in Spain – Reducing PM10 levels applying BATs in ceramic industries – Impact of traffic redistribution on a district of Pamplona – Impact of house heating on AQ of a district of Madrid – Effect of photocatalytic pavements in urban areas – Impact of periurban forest in ozone levels – APPRAISAL project
• Present studies: – Impact of street vegetation on street air quality
• Next studies: – Effect of action plan for episodes in Madrid – Estimating the impact of emission reductio dur to Directive if National
Emission Ceilings
Reducing PM10 levels applying BATs in ceramic industries (Castellón area) DUSTCERAM project
Castellón
Burriana
BenicasimOropesa
Alcora
Onda
Almenara
La Vall d´UixóNules
Cabenes
Villareal
4420
4440
4460
Lat (
UTM
)
720 740 760 780
Long (UTM)
15101520253035404550556065707580859095100125150
PM10 annual mean concentration estimated with MM5-MELPUFF (base case)
PM10 annual mean concentration estimated with MM5-MELPUFF assuming implementation of BAT in the ceramic industries
Castellón
Burriana
BenicasimOropesa
Alcora
Onda
Almenara
La Vall d´UixóNules
Cabenes
Villareal
4420
4440
4460
Lat (
UTM
)
720 740 760 780
Long (UTM)
Plaza de la Cruz (Centre of Pamplona, Spain)
Traffic Reorganization
26-06-2013 NUEVAS MEDIDAS PARA LA MEJORA DE LA CALIDAD - UIMP - SANTANDER 7
CFD modelling to compute the contribution of each street 90
80
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E1 Avenida de Baja Navarra E2 Avenida de Zaragoza
E4 Avenida de Galicia E3 Alrededores de la Plaza de la Cruz 90
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20
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0 Wind ESE (112,5º)
E1 E2 E3 E4
Total
Traffic Reorganization
Proposal of traffic reorganization:
30% Traffic reduction in streets 2 and 3 75 % of the traffic reduction in
streets 2 and 3 goes to street 1 25 % of the traffic reduction in
streets 2 and 3 goes to street 4 Effects:
Important reduction of pollution at point A and B where there were high concentrations Incresing of pollution at point C but
with lower level than at points A and B.
% Concentration respect point A
% Change of number of LV exceedances
Point A
Before 100 - After 72 -66
Point B
Before 220 - After 160 -32
Point C
Before 35 - After 55 +40
E1 E2 E3 E4
A
C
B
Traffic Reorganization
MODELLING THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT FUELS FOR BOILERS FOR HOUSE HEATING ON AIR QUALITY OF AN URBAN DISTRICT OF MADRID
Escenario Proporción de tipos de calderas en consumo
energético
Aumento del área de superaciones de 50 µg/m3 de PM10
respecto al escenario base
Máximo aproximado de la concentración
de PM10 debido a las calderas (µg/m3)
0 Biomasa=0.6%; Gas Natural=76.6%;
Productos Petrolíferos=20.6%; Carbón=2.2%
0% 1.8
1.a Biomasa(150 mg/m3)=25% ; Gas Natural=75%
20% 6
1.b Biomasa(60 mg/m3)=25% ; Gas Natural=75%
3% 2.5
2.a Biomasa(150 mg/m3)=50% ; Gas Natural=50%
52% 11
2.b Biomasa(60 mg/m3)=50% ; Gas Natural=50%
14% 4.5
3.a Biomasa(150 mg/m3)=75% ; Gas Natural=25%
85% 16
3.b Biomasa(60 mg/m3)=75% ; Gas Natural=25%
24% 6.5
4.a Biomasa(150 mg/m3)=100% ; 117% 21
4.b Biomasa(60 mg/m3)=100% 38% 8.5 5 Gas Natural=100% -7% 0.5 6 Carbón=100% 278% 55
ESCENARIO 0
ESCENARIO 4.a
House heating (different scenarios of fuels: Biomass, coal and natural gas) and road traffic CFD Modelling Low impact of house heating in base scenario, but if massive use of biomass or coal the impact on PM10 is very important
Effect of street vegetation on air quality
Vos et al., 2013 Environmental Pollution
Paradox:
Urban vegetation removes pollutants (deposition).
Urban vegetation disturb the wind fields and
turbulence affecting to pollutant dispersion.
Modelling studies
Experimental campaigns
26-06-2013 NUEVAS MEDIDAS PARA LA MEJORA DE LA CALIDAD - UIMP - SANTANDER 13
Effect of urban vegetation in a district of Madrid CFD Modelling
Effect of street vegetation on urban air quality
VDepositonMicro = 10 cm/s
CFD simulations taken into account deposition + dynamic effects
Dense foliage Light foliage
No vegetation
LIFE-RESPIRA project Participants: Universidad de Navarra, CIEMAT, GANASA
General objetive: Assessment of cyclists and pedestrians exposure to urban air pollution.
Modelling objectives:
o High resolution modelling of urban air quality.
o Quantifying and modelling the effect of urban vegetation on urban air quality.
o …. Pamplona district
020406080
100120140160180200220240260280300320
NO
x [
µg
/m³]
UTC
March 2016
NOx_EXP NOx_SIM (LAD = 0.1)
. ; . ;
Real New Veg.
LAD 0 5 Vdep 3 LAD 0 5 Vdep 3SIM SIMC C= = = =−
Dynamic/dispersion effects are more important
than pollutant deposition effects.
Field experiments investigating effect of urban vegetation
LIFE-RESPIRA • Experiments in street canyons.
– Two streets. One with trees and other without trees.
– Simulations with CFD model.
• Experiments in streets crossing urban parks: – Effect of shurbs hedge in the sidewalk – Effect of trees
Meteo Pollutants
Campaigns in different seasons Microsensors, Grimm and meteorology
Trees
Calle San Fermín
3,8
15,5m 6,5
10m 21,1m No trees
Calle Tafalla 11,8m 7,9m 4,2m
11,7m
6,8m
3,4m
Experiments in street canyons
At 6.5 m (a.g.l.) -14% respect lower level At 10 m -14% respect lower level
At 6.8 m (a.g.l) -15% respect lower level At 11.7 m -28% respect lower level
Experiments in street canyons
meteo Contaminantes atmosf. Ave. Navarra
Experiments in streets crossing urban parks Effect of trees on black carbon
Preliminary results: No significative effect. Check depending wind direction
Ave. Navarra
Experiments in streets crossing urban parks: Effect of shurbs hedge in the sidewalk on black carbon
Some preliminary data show BC concentrations are lower (10-15%) behind the hedge compared to places without hedges
TECNAIRE Project Coordinated by UPM Participants CIEMAT, UCM, CSIC
Plaza Fernández Ladreda
22
Escuelas Aguirre
Interpolated
measurements
Modeled
concentrations
Appraisal Project Air Pollution Policies foR Assessment of Integrated Strategies At regional and Local scales (ENV2012.6.5-4 - FP7-ENV-2012-one-stage) Coordinator: Brescia University, Italy, Partners: JRC, U. Aveiro, VITO, INERIS, CIEMAT, etc Stakeholders: ARPA Lombardia, Emilia Romagna, IIASA, etc)
Scenario assessment, expert opinion
Optimization
How to select the best scenario to improve the air quality? Best cost/benefit ratio
Guidance document on integrated air quality and health assessment systems Test areas: Aveiro and Brussels
Appraisal Project
Next studies Impact of applying protocol for high pollution episodes in Madrid December 2016. TECNAIRE project. Colaboration with UPM (Julio Lumbreras and Rafael Borge group and other research groups). • Analysis of recorded data at AQ stations and
other data • WRF/CMAQ simulations Use of CFD modelling to investigate the effect of private traffic cuts in the Gran Via street.
Next studies
• Estimating the effect of the pollutant emission reductions in Spain as a result of the Directive of National Emission Ceilings. – Contract with Spanish Environment Ministry. – Iberian Peninsula domain including Balearic Islands – What improvements on AQ are expected from
reduction scenarios by SNAP sectors? – Tools: WRF/CHIMERE and SHERPA tool (Screening
High Emission Reduction Potential on Air from FAIRMODE)