Impact of Chemical Industry

7/29/2019 Impact of Chemical Industry

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History of the Chemical Industry

From Alchemy to Chemistry

The Alchemy

The word Alchemy is derived from the Arabic word al-kimia ( ), this word is both an

ancient practice and a philosophy that focused on the attempt to change the base metals into gold.

Second, is to investigating the preparation of the elixir of longevity. Third, is the main objective of

an Alchemy is to achieving ultimate wisdom (Magnum Opus; meaning as The Great Work) that

contribute to a new revolution for the present time and also for the incoming generation for the

goodness of mankind in understanding about the universe and its contents.

The best-known goals of the Alchemists (Alchemy) were the transmutation of common

metals into gold or silver. Certain Hermetic schools argue that the transmutation of metal into gold

is analogical for the transmutation of the physical body that is so called the metals into gold that is

the goal of attaining immortality. As the obscure hermetic language of the Alchemists is gradually

being deciphered, historians are becoming more aware of the intellectual connections between

that discipline and other facets of the intellectual communities and the evolution of science and

philosophy.

Alchemy has been practiced in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia (present time called as modern

Iraq), India, Persia (the modern Iran), China, Japan, Korea, the classical Greco-Roman world, the

medieval Islamic world, and then the medieval Europe up to the 20th

Century and 21st

Century, in a

complex network of schools and philosophical systems spanning at least 2500 years.

There was a difference between the East and the West Alchemists of achieving the ultimate

wisdom. We can see the difference in the purpose of European alchemists, Chinese (Asia) alchemists

and the Islamic (Middle East) alchemists. In the case of the Chinese and European alchemists, there

was a difference between the two. The European alchemists tried to transmute metal into gold, and

no matter how futile or toxic the element, they would continue trying until it was royally outlawed

later into the century. The Chinese, however paid no heed to transmutation the metal to gold, but

they focused more on medicine for the greater good of human race. During Enlightenment, these

"elixirs" were a strong cure for sicknesses, unless it was a test medicine. In general, most tests were

fatal but stabilized elixirs served great purposes. On the other hand, the Islamic alchemists were

interested in alchemy for a variety of reasons, whether it was for the transmutation of metals or

artificial creation of life, or for practical uses such as medicine.
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The Chemistry

When time passing by from the 19th

century, an Alchemist work that is just for fun or for a

personal reasons at the basement slightly became converging to bigger reasons for expanding their

knowledge about the art of the Great Work. Nowadays, its not just for the fun or some knowledge

about the chemistry, but for the future appliance too. Example, from joy of creating something new

or basic knowledge about it, they make a record for every reaction that they have been made and

our present time study their work to give more useful product from their past work for gains in

mankind. In the other hand, this work is like a small-scale to a massive product of producing

something benefit for our generations to come.

Although chemistry has been important for century in its practical application to the needs

and luxuries of mankind, the discipline has not always been called chemistry. It has existed in very

different forms, and in very different relations to neighbouring sciences and crafts. Chemistry is and

has always been both science and craft or philosophy, depending on its material subject matter and

on the tools and instruments developed for the manipulation and transformation of the matter.

The Chemical Industry

Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilisations, the evolution of what

we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have

begun during the Industrial Revolution in 1800, and developed to provide chemicals for use by other

industries. Examples are alkali for soap making, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium

carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals.

The organic chemical industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Perkins

discovery of the first synthetic dyestuff. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on

research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had

resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was

based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for

sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia.

The latter required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out

chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained

with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for

nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilisers and nitric acid for explosives

manufacture) with the outbreak of World War I in 1914.

The chemical Industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which

it plays a central role. It is one of the largest parts of manufacturing industry based on the value of

the products made. It makes thousands of different chemicals which the general public only usually

encounter as end or consumer products. These products are purchased because they have required

properties which make them suitable for some particular application. Examples, a non stick coating

for pans or a weed killer. Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that they produce.


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NITROGEN


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The History of Nitrogen

The discoverer of Nitrogen is Daniel Rutherford, who called it noxious air. This element

was discovered in Scotland at 1772. The origin of name actually from the Greek words nitro genes,

the meaning lies beneath these words are nitre and forming and the Latin word nitrum (nitre

is a common name for potassium nitrate, KNO). Rutherford discovered noxious air by putting a

mouse inside of a bell jar and waited for him to suffocate. When the mouse suffocated he put

another mouse in the jar that died a short time later.

Nitrogen is a Noble Gas which makes it for the most part inert unless subjected to

catalysts or high temperatures and or pressures. The element seemed so inert that Lavoisier named

it azote, meaning "without life".

The Atomic Structure and its Details

Atomic number : 7

Atomic weight : 14.0067

Melting point : -209.86C (-345.8F)

Boiling point : -195.8C (-320.4F)

Density : (1 atm, 0 C) 1.2506 g/1

e Configuration : [He]2s22p

3

Atomic Radius : 71 pm

Oxidation state : -3, 5


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Nitrogen gas (dinitrogen, N2) makes up about 78% of the atmosphere by volume. The

atmosphere of Mars contains less than 3% nitrogen. There are relatively few minerals containing

nitrogen but nitrates such as "saltpetre" (NaNO3) are very important. Also there are 6.6 atoms of

nitrogen for every 1 atom of silicon. There are only four elements that are more plentiful, Hydrogen,

Helium, Oxygen, and Neon.

Gasses like nitrogen are usually obtained by liquification of air by a process known as

fractional distillation. Nitrogen is liquefied by combining high pressure and low temperature.

Nitrogen will liquefy at -150C; making it the coldest commercially produced liquid air.

The Isotopes of Nitrogen

The Isotopes, Abundance and Half-life

Colour

Colourless

Harmful effects

Nitrogen is non-toxic under normal conditions. Direct skin contact with liquid nitrogen

causes severe frostbite. Decompression in divers or astronauts can cause the 'bends' - a potentially

fatal condition when nitrogen bubbles form in the bloodstream.

Characteristics

Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, diatomic and generally inert gas at standard

temperature and pressure. At atmospheric pressure, nitrogen is liquid between 63 K and 77 K.

Liquids colder than this are considerably more expensive to make than liquid nitrogen is.

Isotope Abundance Half-life

12N 0% 11 ms

13N 0% 9.97 min

14N 99.63% stable

15N 0.37% stable

16N 0% 7.13 sec.

17N 0% 4.17 sec

18N 0% 0.63 sec

19N 0% 0.42 sec
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Major Contribution of Nitrogen to Modern Lifestyle

As an Industrial Gas

Nitrogen gas is an industrial gas produced by the fractional distillation of liquid air, or by

mechanical means using gaseous air (e.g. : pressurized reverse osmosis membrane or Pressureswing adsorption). Commercial nitrogen is often a by product of air-processing for industrial

concentration ofoxygen for steelmaking and other purposes. When supplied compressed in

cylinders it is often called OFN (oxygen-free nitrogen).

Industrial gas is a group of gases that are commercially manufactured and sold for uses in

other applications. These gases are mainly used in an industrial process, such as steelmaking, oil

refining, medical applications, fertilizer, semiconductors. They may be both organic and inorganic,

are produced by extraction from the air by a process of separation or are produced by chemical

synthesis, and will take various forms such as compressed, liquid, or solid.

Nitrogen gas has a variety of applications, including serving as an inert replacement for air

where oxidation is undesirable;

As a modified atmosphere, pure or mixed with carbon dioxide, to preserve the freshness of

packaged or bulk foods (by delaying rancidity and other forms ofoxidative damage).

In ordinary incandescent light bulbs as an inexpensive alternative to argon.

The production ofelectronic parts such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits.

Dried and pressurized, as a dielectric gas for high voltage equipment.

The manufacturing ofstainless steel.

Used in military aircraft fuel systems to reduce fire hazard.

On top ofliquid explosives as a safety measure. Filling automotive and aircraft tires

due to its inertness and lack ofmoisture or oxidative

qualities, as opposed to air, though this is not necessary for consumer automobiles.

Used as a propellant for draught wine, and as an alternative to or together with carbon

dioxide for other beverages.

Nitrogen is commonly used during sample preparation procedures for chemical analysis.

Specifically, it is used to concentrate and reduce the volume of liquid samples. Directing a

pressurized stream of nitrogen gas perpendicular to the surface of the liquid allows the solvent to

evaporate while leaving the solute(s) and un-evaporated solvent behind.

Gaseous nitrogen is valued for inertness. It is used to shield potentially reactive materials

from contact with oxygen. Inertness is somewhat relative; some industrial gases (helium, neon,

argon, krypton and xenon) are almost totally inert. Helium and argon are commercially available in

relatively large quantities; neon, krypton and xenon have much more limited availability.
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Many applications requiring an "inert gas" rely on nitrogen, because they have very little

reactivity under normal pressure and temperature conditions and are much less expensive than the

other "inert" gases. The naturally inert or "noble" gases are members of "Group 18" of the Periodic

Table. They have their outermost, or valence, electron shell complete (with two electrons for helium

and eight for the other gases). The "noble" gases are all monatomic.

Nitrogen (N) is commonly used in the gaseous form to shield potentially reactive materials

from contact with oxygen. Nitrogen will react with oxygen at very high temperatures, as in furnaces,

but it is inert under most other circumstances. Argon, helium, neon, krypton and xenon are "noble

gases" that are extremely inert under all conditions.

As an Liquid Nitrogen

Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen in a liquid state at a very low temperature. It is produced

industrially by fractional distillation ofliquid air. Liquid nitrogen is a colourless clear liquid with

density of 0.807 g/mL at its boiling point. At atmospheric pressure, liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K

(196C; 321 F) and is a cryogenic fluid which can cause rapid freezing on contact with living

tissue, which may lead to frostbite.

Thus when appropriately insulated from ambient heat, liquid nitrogen can be stored and

transported, for example in vacuum flasks. Here, the very low temperature is held constant at 77 K

by slow boiling of the liquid, resulting in the evolution of nitrogen gas. Depending on the size and

design, the holding time of vacuum flasks ranges from a few hours to a few weeks.

Liquid nitrogen can easily be converted to the solid by placing it in a vacuum chamber

pumped by a rotary vacuum pump. Liquid nitrogen freezes at 63 K (210C; 346 F). Despite its

reputation, liquid nitrogen's efficiency as a coolant is limited by the fact that it boils immediately on

contact with a warmer object, enveloping the object in insulating nitrogen gas

Liquid nitrogen is a compact and readily transported source of nitrogen gas without

pressurization. Further, its ability to maintain temperatures far below the freezing point of water

makes it extremely useful in a wide range of applications, primarily as an open-cycle refrigerant,

including:

to store cells at low temperature for laboratory work as a source of very dry nitrogen gas

for the immersion freezing and transportation offood products

as a method of freezing water pipes in order to work on them in situations where a

valve is not available to block water flow to the work area

In food preparation, such as for making ultra-smooth ice cream.

to preserve tissue samples from surgical excisions for future studies

Liquid nitrogen also used as a refrigerant. Superconductors for practical technologies should

ideally have no electrical resistance at temperatures higher than 63 K because this temperature is

achievable relatively cheaply using liquid nitrogen. Lower temperatures come with a much higherprice tag.
http://www.uigi.com/nitrogen.htmlhttp://www.uigi.com/rare_gases.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_flaskshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://www.chemicool.com/definition/superconductor.htmlhttp://www.chemicool.com/definition/superconductor.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeranthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_flaskshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://www.uigi.com/rare_gases.htmlhttp://www.uigi.com/nitrogen.html


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Other Contribution of Nitrogen

Nitrogen is used to produce ammonia (Haber process) and fertilizers, vital for current food

production methods. It is also used to manufacture nitric acid (Ostwald process).

In enhanced oil recovery, high pressure nitrogen is used to force crude oil that wouldotherwise not be recovered out of oil wells. Nitrogen's inert qualities find use in the chemical and

petroleum industries to blanket storage tanks with an inert layer of gas.

While elemental nitrogen is not very reactive, many of nitrogen's compounds are unstable.

Most explosives are nitrogen compounds - gun powder (based on potassium nitrate), nitroglycerin,

trinitro-toluene (TNT), nitrocellulose (gun cotton) nitroglycerin and ammonium nitrate are a few

examples.

Oxides naturally form in steel during welding and these weaken the weld. Nitrogen can be

used to exclude oxygen during welding, resulting in better welds.

In the natural world, the nitrogen cycle is of crucial importance to living organisms. Nitrogen

is taken from the atmosphere and converted to nitrates through lightning storms and nitrogen fixing

bacteria. The nitrates fertilize plant growth where the nitrogen becomes bound in amino acids, DNA

and proteins. It can then be eaten by animals. Eventually the nitrogen from the plants and animals

returns to the soil and atmosphere and the cycle repeats.

Filling a liquid nitrogen Dewar from a storage tank Liquid nitrogen
http://www.chemicool.com/definition/haber_process.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewar_flaskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewar_flaskhttp://www.chemicool.com/definition/haber_process.html


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Major Environmental Impact & Adverse Effect of the Nitrogen

There is several environmental impact and also adverse effect of the industrial nitrogen. The

Impact such as acid rain and algae overgrowth.

Acid Rain

Acid rain is a rain or any other form ofprecipitation that is

unusually acidic. It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic

animals, and infrastructure through the process of wet deposition.

Acid rain is caused by emissions of compounds of, nitrogen,

ammonium, carbon and sulphur which react with the water

molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Emissions of

nitrogen oxides which are oxidized to form nitric acid.

Governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce

the production of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere with

positive results. However, it can also be caused naturally by the

splitting of nitrogen compounds by the energy produced by

lightning strikes, or the release of sulphur dioxide into the

atmosphere by volcano eruptions.

Effect of acid rain

Algae Overgrowth

Everything we put into the soil eventually ends up in our water supply. Some may argue thatmanure is a natural substance. How can adverse health effects come from putting something

completely natural into the soil? What harm is there to promoting vegetation growth? Isn't

vegetation good for us?

The earth's vegetation does produce oxygen. Unfortunately everything on this earth must

stay in balance. Too much of a good thing can also be bad. When nitrogen enriched soil leeches into

our water supply, it causes algae overgrowth. The algae then consumes the oxygen in the water. This

wipes out the fish and other plants which depend on the water for oxygen.

The adverse health effects of nitrogen enriched soil in ourwater supply doesn't stop there. Although nitrogen is a

necessary nutrient, too much nitrogen can lead to many

ailments. These include blue baby syndrome (due to lack

of oxygen), hypothyroidism, cancer, birth defects and

nervous system issues. Infants, young children and

pregnant women are especially vulnerable to the adverse

health effects of nitrogen enriched soil.

Algae Overgrowth
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Blue Baby

Blue baby infant born with a congenital heart defect that causes a bluish coloration of the

skin as a result of cyanosis (deoxygenated blood). The colour is most noticeable around the lips and

at the tips of the fingers and toes. The cyanotic condition occurs when a large portion of the venous

blood bypasses the lungs. Normally, deoxygenated blood from the veins is pumped from the right

side of the heart to the lungs, where it is oxygenated.

In some blue babies, the pulmonary artery is too narrow to allow sufficient blood to pass

into the lungs for oxygenation.

Surgical correction of the defect is

usually required and is usually

successful. An incompatibility of foetal

and maternal blood types may also

cause a bluish coloration in newborn

infants, a condition that results when

red blood cells in the infant's blood

are destroyed by antibodies in the

mother's.

This disease which occurs in infants

who ingest nitrates-polluted water

associated with excessive fertilizer

use. Blue baby; Resulted on polluted water sources


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Future Direction of the Nitrogen

Modelling Nitrogen as Soil Management (crop productivity)

Good management practices for nitrogen are vital to crop productivity and soil

sustainability, as well as to the reduction of global greenhouse gases and environmental pollution.Since the 1950's, mathematical models have advanced our understanding nitrogen cycling at both

the micro- and macro-scales. However, many of the models are scattered in the literature, undergo

constant modification, and similar models can have different names.

Modelling Nitrogen as Soil Management clarifies the confusion by presenting a systematic

summary of the various models available. It provides information about strengths and weaknesses,

level of complexity, easiness of use, and application range of each model. Modelling Nitrogen as Soil

Management provides the tools to manage complex nitrogen processes effectively.

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF)

BNF occurs when atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia by an enzyme called

nitrogenase. This process is essential for life because fixed nitrogen is required to biosynthesize the

basic building blocks of life (nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for proteins). Nitrogen fixation is

utilized by numerous prokaryotes, which are called diazotrophs, and some of them form associations

with higher plants (symbiosis). The developments of processes for plant inoculation with

dizotrophic bacteria have allowed drastic reductions in the use of nitrogen fertilizers in crops such as

soybean, with substantial economic and environmental benefits.

An article just published in the

Seed Magazine points out that the story

of modern fertilizer is really the story of

nitrogen, and how humans learned to

make plant food out of air and energy.

The next challenge will be to unlock the

secrets of the enzyme nitrogenase, a

breakthrough that would have profound

consequences for agriculture and the

environment. Certainly a great challenge

for 21st century biotechnology! If

nitrogen fixation can be put to work in

sugarcane, sorghum, maize and other

crops as it does in soybeans, the impact

will be tremendous.

Nitrogen fixation
http://seedmagazine.com/content/print/getting_our_nitrogen_fix/http://seedmagazine.com/http://seedmagazine.com/http://seedmagazine.com/content/print/getting_our_nitrogen_fix/


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Opinion & Conclusion

Life depends on nitrogen, which is a basic ingredient in amino acids that make up all

proteins. While a substantial percentage of the atmosphere is comprised of nitrogen gas, it must be

processed into a soluble form. This is done via a nitrogen cycle that occurs in the soil. Then plants

and the animals that eat them can obtain dietary nitrogen.

Seventy-eight percent of the Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen. This element, symbolized by

the letter N, was discovered in 1772 by the Scot Daniel Rutherford. Nitrogen makes up 7 percent of

the protein found in cereals. It causes green plants to produce healthy leaves that are strong enough

to withstand a heavy wind or a frost.

Plants with nitrogen deficiencies look weak. The leaves, which should be healthy and green,

may look wilted and yellow. Animals and people get dietary nitrogen by eating protein-rich foods

like milk, eggs, fish, beef and legumes. Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are found in amino

acids, which are the main structures of every protein.

Though 78 percent of the atmosphere is made of inert nitrogen, it must be transformed into

a form that can be used by plants and animals. This happens via a nitrogen cycle that occurs in the

soil. Earthworms, bacteria and other forces break down the proteins in organic material and animal

manure in the soil to decompose them. The first by product is ammonia, a compound of nitrogen

and hydrogen. Next, nitrates are formed. Nitrobacteria called azotobactors produce soluble nitrates

that plants can get out of the soil.

Nitrogen can also enter the soil directly from the atmosphere via the rhizobium bacteria in

the roots of legumes, or during a heavy rain, when it mixes with water to become nitric acid.

Chemical fertilizers are another way to put nitrogen into the soil, but these can cause pollution or

even nitrate poisoning in cattle. Organic sources of nitrogen fertilizer are rabbit droppings,

cottonseed meal and feather meal.

Other than that, digesting protein-rich food produces amino-acid nitrogen, which is a waste

product the body must eliminate through reactions called transanimations. Most of this excess

nitrogen is excreted in the form of urea.

Last but not least, nitrogen is very important for living organism. The goodness or the

badness about all compound may be vary through theoretical or experiment that have been

conducting by scientists. In my opinion, the massive product that being contributed by nitrogen

must be balanced align with environmental needy. So, future direction of nitrogen compound must

be planned rightly so that our earth has stable ecology system. Go Green!
http://www.ehow.com/pets-and-animals/http://www.ehow.com/food/http://www.ehow.com/pets-and-animals/http://www.ehow.com/pets-and-animals/http://www.ehow.com/food/http://www.ehow.com/pets-and-animals/


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Reference

1. Industrial Chemistry Lecture Notes by Dr. Rossi Setiadji

2. www.wikipedia.org3. General Chemistry by Linus Pauling4. Industrial Chemistry : For Engineering Students by Henry Kreitzer Benson

5. Nitrogen by Heather Hasan

6. Plants and Nitrogen by O.A.M Lewis

7. Biological Nitrogen Fixation by Gary Stacey, Robert H. Burris and Harold J. Evans
http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/

Impact of Chemical Industry

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